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33.9
N and long. 92
0
03
05.2
E along Sripur Tamabil road.
Minor normal faults were observed at latitude 250637.5 N and longitude 920305.2 E.
3.3 Joint
As joints are typical associated structure of faults, the joints observed in our investigated area can
be assumed as the result of Dauki fault
movement. Moreover if we review the
regional setting of the area it can be seen
that multidirectional forces with variable
intensities were responsible for the
development of the investigated area. As a
consequence, joints having different
orientation and extension are scatteredly
available throughout the investigated area.
Generally joints are the common features
formed in more resistant part of sandstone,
siltstone and silty shale of different
formations.
Figure 5: Local Fault
Figure 6: Joints
18
The location of some remarkable joints is mentioned:
- Large scale vertical to sub-vertical joints is found in the Sylhet limestone near the Dauki
River
- Highly jointed Barail sandstone is
observed along the road-cut section in
Sripur.
- Some inclined joints with low dip are
also found in the Surma Group in
Tetulghat.
- Very closely spaced parallel joints seem
to be Strike joints are found in DupiTila
sandstone near the Sharighat area.
- Numerous sub vertical joints were
observed in shale of Surma Group at Rangapani section.
3.4 Unconformity
Another recognizable structural feature, unconformity is a surface of erosion or non-deposition
that separates younger strata from older strata. In the working area two types of unconformity
have been recognized.
3.4.1 Disconformity
A major unconformity exists between Barail and Surma group. Near the eastern bank of
Nayagang stream (in the north of Jaintiapur) at lat. 25
0
08
25.4
N and long. 92
0
07
17.9
E . It
is represented by a thin band of lateritic conglomerate, as
observed in the field.Laterite also found in Mahishmara.
The band of laterite is of red to dark brown color and is
composed of pebbles, cobbles, granules and other ill
sorted materials. The nature of the unconformity is non
depositional i.e. the laterite might have formed by the
hardening of the weathering products of the Barail group
of rocks (hematite cemented sandstone) during prolong
exposure before deposition of the Bhuban sediments.
According to the field investigation it can be categorized
as disconformity. This is because the laterite band was
continuous along the contact and parallel to the strike of
both of the formations.
3.4.2 Angular Unconformity
Gravel beds overlie most of the hillocks. This gravel bed
makes an unconformity with the Barail and Surma group
of sediments. The underlying beds are inclined and the
recent gravel beds are laid horizontally over it, suggest an
Figure 7: Joints
Figure 8: Angular unconf ormity
19
angular unconformity. In the field such kind of unconformity is noticed at Sonatila and near the
dry Rangapani river section in Sripur, where the gravel beds lie over the Barail sandstone. In the
Uzaninagar village near Jaintiapur, gravel beds are found to make angular unconformity with the
Surma Group.
3.4.3 Local Unconformity
A local Unconformity is observed at the bank of
Lalakhal between Tipam and Surma group.
Lithology change suggests the unconformity
between these two groups.
Figure 9: Unconformity Between Dihing and Barail
20
CHAPTER FOUR
Stratigraphy
4.1 General Stratigraphic Succession
Table 1: Stratigraphic succession of the studied area
Age Group Formation Lithology Thickness
(m)
Recent Alluvium Unconsolidated sand, silt and clay
Pleistocene Dihing Well rounded, smooth cobble to
bolder sized gravel with high
sphericity
Pliocene
Mio-Pliocene
Tipam
DupiTila
Sandstone
Coarse grained, yellowish
sandstone with subordinate clay
stone containing quartz pebbles
Girujan Clay Whitish color massive sticky clay
stone containing ferruginous
specks sparsely
432
Tipam Sandstone Yellowish brown, Medium to
course grained cross bedded
sandstone
1004
Miocene Surma Alteration of gray colored,
moderately hard, fine to very fine
grained sandstone and bluish gray
laminated shale
1309
Oligocene Barail Renji Pink colored, medium to coarse
grained, very well sorted
sandstone with subordinate
laminated shale
950
Eocene Jaintia Kopili Shale Black, fissile, splintery shale with
high clay content
110
Sylhet Limestone Light colored, very hard and
compact, massive fossiliferous
Limestone
25
[Paul, 1988 and field investigation]
The stratigraphy of the area has been differentiated into a number of formations. Sylhet
limestone formation is found as the oldest in the normal sequence. The normal sequence of the
studied formation is given below according to the law of superposition.
21
1. Alluvium
2. Dihing formation
3. DupiTila formation
4. Girujan clay
5. Tipam sandstone
6. Surma group
7. Barail sandstone
8. Kopili shale
9. Sylhet limestone
The names of the formations are established by Evans (1932) for the tertiary successions of
Assam. Although it is difficult to correlate formations separated by hundred of kilometer without
the support of paleontological data and also because of frequent facies changes.
4.2 Lithologic Description
The oldest rock exposed in Bangladesh is Tura Sandstone of Early Eocene age in Takerghat area
in Sunamganj district in Sylhet division. But this are not found in our investigated area. The
Sylhet Limestone Formation is the oldest rock exposed in our studied area, the middle unit of the
Jaintia Group of sediments. They are overlain by, from older to younger, the Barail Group,
Surma Group, Tipam Group, DupiTila and Dihing (Sonatila Gravel) sediments.
Sylhet Limestone
The term Sylhet limestone as a rock unit was first used by Khan (1963).The formation is
exposed on the east bank of the Dauki River near the Bangladesh-Meghalaya border. The
outcrop forms an inlier surrounded by recent deposits and rock of the Barail group. It is the
oldest (Eocene) rock of the investigated area.
The block has been subjected to severe
forces which produced the crush
breccias. Slickenside preserved in
Limestone.
The grey, fossiliferous Limestone
offers a variety of fossils from disk
shaped Discosyclina to elongate lens
shaped Nummulites. The hard
limestone is highly jointed and
fractured.The brecciaed limestone
occurs due to large Dauki Fault. The
assemblages of dominantly large
microfossils indicate a shallow water,
continental shelf zone and a clear water
environment is also documented by total lack of plank tonic remains(Sarwar,1979). A fault
found in our investigated area due to the Dauki fault.
Though much work had not been done in the area, the similarity of nummulites assemblage with
the Eocene of Garo Hills and Assam makes it likely that this unit is of Middle Eocene age.
Figure 10: Nummilitic Fossils Present in Limestone
22
Kopili Shale
The name of Kopili shale was given by Evans (1932) to the beds forming the upper stage of the
Jaintia group after the Kopili river of Garo Hill in India.
It gives a minor outcrop only on the
west bank of the Rangapani River.
It is dark gray to black colored,
very much fissile, thickly bedded to
paper laminated, highly jointed
shale. Inter bedded sandstone with
argillaceous matrix is present. It is
conformably overlain on the Sylhet
limestone. Base of the Kopili shale
is not seen. The top of the Kopili
shale are exposed beside Rangapani
River in Sripur tea garden. It also
found on the east bank of the Dauki
River near the Bangladesh-
Meghalaya border. The
approximate thickness is about
30m. Fossil evidence suggests that
the Kopili shale is of late Eocene age (Evans 1932).
Barail Group
The Oligocene is represented by the Barail group, named by Evans (1932) after the Barail Range
in nearby Assam, India where the unit has its type locality.
The Barail Group (Renji Formation) is well exposed in
Mahishmara Sonatila and near Sripur which is about 3.5
miles NW of Jaintiapur. Most of the exposures are
covered by Holocene deposits. The Barail forms high
ridges than the adjacent Surma Group .The thickness
found in our investigated area is about 1160m.
In the neighboring Assam Barail sediments are divided
into an arenaceous Laison Formation, an argillaceous
Jenum Formation, and an arenaceous Renji Formation.
In Bangladesh most of the Barail is deeply buried. A
series of outcrops in the area between Jaintiapur in the
east and the Dauki Nala in the west was described by
Khan (1978) as Jenum Formation. Reimann (1983)
mapped the north-eastern fringe of the Surma basin.
The river Nayagang and exposures along the Jaintiapur
Tamabil Road provide a fairly good section of the
Figure 11: Kopili Shale Formation
Figure 12: Contact Between Barail and Kopili
Shale
23
Jenum Formation.
The Jenum Formation composed of sandstone, siltstone and silty shale. The sandstone is mainly
pink in color, weathered to light
yellow and gray, very fine to
medium grained sometimes cross
bedded and thin to thick bedded
Argillaceous and Ferruginous
materials. The block jointed
sandstone is found in many
places. On the east bank of the
Dauki River near the
Bangladesh-Meghalaya border
the block jointed sandstone
confused with bedding plane.
The carbonaceous matters are
found in sandstone in east bank
of Dauki River and in Sonatila
Chara.
The siltstone is light gray to yellow in color. It is thin to thick bedded, fairly hard and compact
and well jointed.
The Unconformity boundary between Bhuban and Barail group is represented by thin bands of
Lateritic Conglomerate containing which is well exposed in Nayagang river section. Small
blocks of Laterite are widely spreaded on the hilltops and slopes of the hillocks situated on the
northern side of the horticulture garden of the investigated area. Laterite blocks are normally
formed on the surface of the iron-rich residual deposits.
It is porous, reddish brown color, has a hard protective
ferruginous incrustation on the exposed surface, which is
generally irregular and rough. Sometime it is pisolitic.
The pisolites have a concentric structure and are
cemented together by ferruginous and clay minerals. The
vesicles of Laterite are filled up with secondary mineral.
On the basis of lithology this formation is corrected with
that of Renji of Assam instead of Jenam which appear to
be absent in this area. In Assam, the Renji formation is
considered to be of Oligocene age (Evans, 1932) on the
basis of fossils.
Surma Group
The Surma Group has been named after the Surma series
of Assam, India (Evans 1932). The sediment of the
Surma group unconformably overlies the Barail Group.
Good exposures of this unit were observed in the east of
Jaintiapur and in the Shari River. The change from the
Figure 13: Barail Sandstone
Figure 14: Contact Between Surma & Barail
(Laterite)
24
Barail Group to the Surma Group rather sharp and is marked by the decrease of the interbedded
sandstone in shale and siltstones and the general predominance of argillaceous material. The
Surma Group is made up of bedded, laminated. siltstone, shale, silty shale, clay stone and
sandstone, mud clast found in Surma Sandstone in Afifanagar. Although some sandy shales are
also present. Shale of this unit is profusely jointed and fractured and even small fault were
observed in Tetulghat. It is also exposed near Afifanagar, Jaintiapur. Most of the sediments are
covered by recent alluvium. The dip direction of the beds of this formation is south-west and the
amount of dip ranges from 42 to 50. The thickness found in our investigation is about 1650m.
It is composed of yellowish gray sandstone, bluish gray shale, sandy shale, and siltstone.
Sandstone is fine to medium grained, sub angular and moderately sorted. The sandstone is hard
and is resistant to weathering and forms the cliffs. It shows micro cross lamination, lamination,
trough cross bedding and wavy bedding.
The shale is bluish gray in colour and weathered to gray and yellowish gray. The shale is well
laminated, hard and jointed.
The Surma Group is generally subdivided into two formations namely the Bhuban and the
Bokabil but in the field it is difficult to distinguish between the two units and there subdivision
becomes impractical. The contact of Surma Group with the overlying Tipam Formation is
conformable. The Surma Group is overlain unconformably by Dihing Formation at latitude
2507
/
59.7
//,
longitude
9207
/
51.1
//
. This is an
angular unconformity. The
contact between Surma
Group and Tipam
Sandstone found in
Afifanagar.
Tipam Group
The Tipam Group has been
named after the Tipam
Series (Mallet, F.R., 1876)
given after the Dihing
River in Assam, India. The
Tipam Group is subdivided
into two formations from
older to younger- the
Tipam Sandstone and the Girujan Clay.
Tipam Sandstone
The name has been used after the Tipam hills in Assam, India (Mallet 1876). The formation
constitutes the lower part of Tipam Group and is conformably overlain by Girujan Clay and the
contact found in the eastern bank of the Shari River is gradual. The river Shari gives an
excellent exposure.
Figure 15: Contact between Tipam & Surma
25
The top of Tipam Sandstone Formation form a conformable contact with the Girujan Clay
Formation is exposed at latitude 2506
/
15.7
//
, longitude 9208
/
54.4
//
in the bank of Shari River
where it consists of alternation of usually bedded to thick bedded and also laminated fine
sandstone and mudstone. The base of Tipam Sandstone is exposed also in the Shari river bank
conformably overlying the Surma Group (2506
/
36.0
//
N latitude, 9210
/
48.9
//
E longitude) where
it consists of brown, fine to medium grained, massive sandstone. Overall lithology of Tipam
Sandstone consists of gray-brown to pale-gray, coarse- grained, cross bedded, and massive
sandstone. Intercalations of gray shale, conglomerate horizons, pebbles, laterite bed, mud ball,
wood fragments and petrified trunks, coal lenses also occur.
Girujan clay
The name has been given after the
Girujan Clay stage of Tipam Series in
Assam, India. Top of this formation is
exposed at latitude 2505
/
54.5
//
,
longitude 9208
/
40.6
//
E by the Shari
River bank having a conformable contact
with the overlying DupiTila Formation
and base of this formation is exposed at
latitude 2506
/
15.7
//
N, longitude
9208
/
54.4
//
E having a conformable
contact with the underlying Tipam
Sandstone Formation. The formation
develops conformably and gradationally
from the underlying Tipam Sandstone Formation. It entirely consists mainly of gray to bluish
gray clay and mottled clay.
DupiTila Sandstone
The Dupi Gaon is the Type locality of the Dupi Tila
Formation. The formation is exposed latitude 250538.8N,
longitude 920704.0E at Sharighat behind the Sharighat
Primary school. The lithology is dominantly sandstone and
siltstone with inter beds of clay stone. At latitude
250550.8N, longitude 920839.0E, the bedding plane is
not well defined. The lithology is dominantly fine to coarse
grained, brown to yellowish brown, cross bedded sandstone
containing wood log/coal and quartz pebbles, clay gall etc.
The DupiTila Sandstone Formation conformably overlies the
Girujan Clay Formation.
Except fossil wood no other fossils are identified in DupiTila
Formation. In Assam it is considered to be Mio-Pliocene in
age (Lexique, 1957). Organic specks are also present in
DupiTila sandstone.
Figure 16: Girujan Clay
Figure 17: DupiTilla Sandstone
26
Dihing formation
The Dihing formation of Pleistocene age has
unconformable contact with the Surma Group
at latitude 250759.7N, longitude
920751.1E, Uzaninagar and with Barail
Group at latitude 251042.2N, longitude
920058.5E,Sonatila Chara. The formation
consists of yellow and gray, medium- grained,
occasionally pebbly sandstone and clayey
sandstone with inter beds of mottled clay, and
boulders of granitic rock. The rocks are in
most part poorly consolidated.
Alluvium
Unconsolidated, loose material brought down by rivers and deposited in its beds of alluvial fans
or weathered material. Alluvium consists of sand, silt, clay in various proportions. River born
alluvium are mainly sand, and coarse grained material and weathered alluvium are consists
mostly of clay and silt. They cover various rock formations unconformably and of Recent in age.
Figure 18: Dihing
27
4.2.1 Lithologic Log of Studied Section
4.2.1.1 Shari River Section
Illustration 1: Lithological log of Shari river section
28
Illustration 2: Lithological log of Shari River Section
29
4.2.1.2 Nayagang-Mohismari Section
Illustration 3: Lithological Log of Mahishmara-Nayagang Section
30
4.2.1.3 Rangapani River Section, Sripur Tea Garden
Illustration 4: Lithological log of Rangapani River Section, Sripur Tea Garden
31
4.2.1.4 Tamabil Road Section & Dauki River Section
Illustration 5: Lithological log of Tamabil Road Section & Dauki River Section
32
Illustration 6: Lithological log of Tamabil Road Section & Dauki River Section
33
Illustration 7: Lithological log of Sonatila Chara (Tamabil Road Section & Dauki River Section)
34
4.2.2 Attitude of beds
Table 2: Attitude of Beds
Station
No.
Latitude Longitude Attitude
Camp 250545.9 N 920704.8 E
1 250548.3 N 920703.7 E 70, S20E
2 250516.7 N 920839.1 E
3 250554.5 N 920840.6 E Contact between DupiTila and Girujan Clay
4 250617.0 N 920853.3 E Contact between Girujan Clay and Tipam
Sandstone
5 250622.8 N 920859.1 E Laterite in Tipam Sandstone
6 250620.9 N 921052.8 E 75, S34W; 38, S14W; 74, S14W
7 250633.7 N 921038.7 E
8 250638.7 N 921050.1 E Contact between Surma Group and Tipam
Sandstone
9 250640.4 N 921049.6 E 50, S17W
10 250644.0 N 921049.1 E
11 250645.6 N 921051.9 E 45, S8W
12 250645.6 N 921003.9 E 45, S9W
13 250645.2 N 921053.9 E
14 250647.5 N 921056.8 E
15 250653.2 N 921057.9 E
16 250654.3 N 921056.7 E 49, S15W
17 250654.9 N 921057.4 E
18 250651.5 N 921116.4 E
19 250717.7 N 921115.2 E 46, S28W
20 250718.2 N 921111.0 E
21 250723.6 N 921125.6 E
22 250731.0 N 921115.1 E 46, S24W; 33, S26W; 39, S20W
23 250759.7 N 920751.1 E 46, S26W; Gravel bed over Surma
24 250808.7 N 920759.0 E 48, S34E
25 250815.6 N 920806.3 E 58, S20E; 59, S32E
26 250824.8 N 920805.2 E 40, S26E
27 250825.5 N 920757.4 E 25, S20E; Laterite contact between Surma
and Barail
28 250834.9 N 920749.8 E 49, S25E; 45, S23E
29 250859.2 N 920755.7 E 30, S20E
30 250856.5 N 920754.2 E 48, S12W
31 250806.1 N 920729.5 E 46, S20E
32 250833.0 N 920718.2 E 32, S28E
33 250827.5 N 920723.3 E 23, S8E; 28, S6E
34 250825.2 N 920717.7 E 44, S20E
35 251036.4 N 920434.4 E 20, N20W
36 251042.8 N 920439.9 E 19, N22E
35
37 251054.8 N 920422.2 E 30, N80E; 30, N76E
38 251041.9 N 920428.6 E 8, N85E
39 251034.2 N 920421.8 E 12, S70W
40 251039.2 N 920412.6 E 10, S84W
41 251041.1 N 920409.4 E 20, S26E
42 251043.8 N 920335.1 E 20, N13W; 5, N45E; Minor syncline
43 251049.5 N 920309.6 E 10, N70W
44 251033.3 N 920312.2 E 15, S10W; 20, S20W
45 251034.7 N 920308.5 E 20, S37W
46 251034.3 N 920304.6 E 25, S24W
47 251043.9 N 920231.1 E 7, N7W
48 251050.7 N 920212.6 E 30, N20E
49 251059.1 N 920156.0 E 54, N50E; 56, N26E; 40, N20E; 52,
N50E
50 251056.2 N 920158.9 E 24, N14E
51 251054.7 N 920158.1 E 50, N11E; 27, N11W
52 251052.1 N 920200.5 E 22, N8E; 34, N19E; 23, N13E
53 251050.4 N 920200.4 E 12, N14E
54 251047.5 N 920200.2 E 6, N32E
55 251043.7 N 920158.5 E 3, N3W
56 251041.4 N 920155.4 E 13, N20W
57 251037.7 N 920151.8 E 10, S38E
58 251039.4 N 920147.2 E 22, S10W
59 251039.4 N 920144.4 E 25, S33E
60 251041.5 N 920139.5 E 10, S29E
61 251042.5 N 920134.2 E 41, S14E
62 251038.5 N 920132.9 E 20, S62E; 15, N40E
63 251033.6 N 920133.4 E 26, S22W
64 251028.9 N 920131.8 E 31, S6E
65 251026.1 N 920125.4 E 36, S10E; 26, S10W
66 251024.7 N 920117.1 E 12, S15W
67 251018.8 N 920111.8 E 17, S17W
68 251042.8 N 920054.9 E 28, S52W
69 251045.4 N 920059.4 E 10, S31E; 15, S15E
70 251037.4 N 920111.5 E 12, S35E; 24, S12E
71 251032.5 N 920111.9 E 22, S16E
72 251031.0 N 920110.8 E 30, S10W; 15, S14E
73 251029.4 N 920110.6 E 23, S13E
74 251026.8 N 920111.1 E 32, S10W
75 251024.4 N 920111.5 E 36, S6W
36
4.3 Stratigraphic Correlation
Stratigraphic correlation of the area of investigation and its correspondence to classification of
Tertiary rock Stratigraphy units of Assam are given below:
Table 3:Stratigraphic correlati on of Surma Basin with Assam Valley & Chittagong Hill Tract
Age North Eastern part of
Surma Basin, Sylhet
Assam Valley, India
Mathur And Evans,
1964
Eastern part of
Bangladesh,
Chittagong
Chittagong Hill Tracts
Group Formation Series Stage Group Formation
Holocene Alluvium Alluvium
and high
level
terraces
Alluvium
Late
Miocene
to Mid
Miocene
DupiTila Sandstone DupiTil
a
Sandsto
ne
Upper
DupiTila
Lower
DupiTila
Mid
Miocene
Tipam Girujan Clay Tipam Girujan
Clay
Tipam Girujan
Clay
Tipam Sandstone Tipam
Sandstone
Tipam
Sandstone
Early
Miocene
Surma Bokabil Surma Bokabil
Bhuban Bhuban
Oligocen
e
Barail Renji Barail Jenum
Eocene Jaintia Kopili Shale Jaintia Kopili Shale
Sylhet Limestone Sylhet
Limestone
Tura Sandstone
(not found in
investigated area)
Theria
Sylhet Limestone:
Gray to dark gray colored, very hard and compact, non-porous, calcium carbonate, highly
fossiliferous, crystalline limestone suggests that the investigated rock unit can be correlated with
the Sylhet limestone (Evans 1932) of Eocene age.
Kopili Shale:
Gray to dark colored, compact, fissile, laminated shale suggest that the investigated rock unit can
be lithostratigraphically correlated with the Kopili Formation of Assam (Evans 1932) of Eocene
age.
Barail Group:
37
The red to pink colored, fine grained, well sorted, bedded sandstone with subordinate gray
colored, non- fissile, laminated shale suggest that the investigated rock unit can be correlated with
that of Barail Group of Assam (Evans 1932) of Oligocene age.
Surma Group:
Repetitive sequence of gray, hard, silty, well sorted, argillaceous sandstone; gray nodulated clay
stone and gray, silty, laminated shale suggest that the investigated rock unit can be correlated
with that of Surma Group of Assam (Evans 1932) of Miocene age.
Tipam Group:
Tipam Sandstone:
Yellowish to reddish brown colored, medium to coarse grained, very poorly sorted, cross
bedded, massive sandstone suggest that the investigated rock unit can be correlated with the
Tipam Sandstone of Assam (Evans 1932) of Pliocene age.
However this unit is designated as of middle Miocene age by Khan (1978).
Girujan Clay:
Bluish gray colored, moderately hard, sticky, massive, non- laminated pure clay stone (without
any sand and silt) suggest that the investigated rock unit can be correlated with the Girujan
Formation of Assam (Evans1932) of Pliocene age.
However this unit is designated as of middle Miocene age by Khan (1978).
Dupi Tila Sandstone:
Reddish brown-to-brown colored, loose, friable, coarse grained, containing pebble grains
sandstone with subordinate clay stone suggest that the investigated rock unit can be correlated to
Dupi Tila Formation of Plio- Pleistocene age.
Evans (1932) named DupiTila Formation after a hill halfway between Sylhet and Jaintiapur. This
is the only type section of the investigated rock units of Bangladesh.
Sona Tila Gravel:
The gravels of off white to yellow color, various sizes with high sphericity and roundness.
Igneous and sedimentary composition is the characteristics of the gravel beds. It was named as
SonaTila Gravel beds by Monsur (1995).
38
It can be correlated with the Dihing Formation of Assam by its lithology.
Table 4:Stratigraphic correlati on between the stratigraphy of Surma Basin and the studied sections
Age North Eastern
part of Surma
Basin, Sylhet
Shari River
Section
Nayagang-
Mohismari
Section
Ranga-
pani
River
Section
Tamabil
Road
Section &
Dauki
River
Section
G
r
o
u
p
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
G
r
o
u
p
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
G
r
o
u
p
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
G
r
o
u
p
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
G
r
o
u
p
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
Holo-
cene
Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium
Pleisto-
cene
Dihing Dihing
D
i
h
i
n
g
Late
Mio-
cene to
Mid
Mio-
cene
Dupitila
Sand
Stone
D
u
p
i
t
i
l
a
Mid
Mio-
cene
Tipam Girujan
clay
T
i
p
a
m
Girujan
clay
Tipam
sand
stone
Tipam
sand
stone
Early
Mio-
cene
Surma
S
u
r
m
a
S
u
r
m
a
Oligo-
cene
Barail Renji
B
a
r
a
i
l
Renji
B
a
r
a
i
l
R
e
n
j
i
B
a
r
a
i
l
R
e
n
j
i
39
Eocene Jaintia Kopili
Shale
J
a
i
n
t
i
a
K
o
p
i
l
i
s
h
a
l
e
J
a
i
n
t
i
a
K
o
p
i
l
i
s
h
a
l
e
Sylhet
lime
stone
S
y
l
h
e
t
l
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
Tura sand
stone
40
CHAPTER FIVE
Sedimentology
5.1 Sedimentary Structures and Features- Paleocurrent data
Sedimentary structures are large-scale features of sedimentary rocks, that are best studied in out
crop in naked eye or hand lens. Different types of sedimentary structure that are encountered in
the investigated area are given below:
5.1.1: Depositional Structure: (Stratification, Bed forms or Bedding plane markings)
i)Bedding or Lamination: Bedding or Lamination define stratification. Bedding is produced by
change in pattern of sedimentation, may be defined as change in sediment grain size color,
composition.
Parallel lamination is defined by grain size or mineralogical composition or color change; can be
produced in several ways.
These are common sedimentary structures found throughout the area. Descriptive terms for bed
and lamina thickness is given:
Table 5: Terminology of bed thickness
1m----------
.3m---------
.1m---------
.03m--------
1cm---------
.3cm -------
Very thickly bedded
-------------------------
Thickly bedded
-------------------------
Medium bedded
-------------------------
Thinly bedded
-------------------------
Very thinly bedded
-------------------------
Thickly laminated
-------------------------
Thinly laminated
ii) Ripples: Ripples are developed in sand size sediments; sandstones .The ripple marks in the
studied area are current ripples. These are characterized by length less than 60cm and ripple
index less than 5(mostly 8-15). Unidirectional current produces these, so they are asymmetric
with a step lee side and gentle toss side.
iii) Cross stratification: It is an internal sedimentary structure of many sedimentary rocks and
consists of an angle to the principle bedding. It is common in study area.
41
a) Cross lamination and cross
bedding: Cross lamination forms either
a single set or many set with one bed.
On size alone stratification is divided
into cross lamination and cross bedding
where the set height is less than 6cm and
greater than 6cm respectively. Tabular
cross stratification is straight crested and
whereas trough cross stratification is
curved crested.
b) Flaser & lenticular bedding: Flaser
bedding is where there sand contains
mud streaks usually in troughs.
Lenticular bedding is where mud
dominates and cross laminated sand
occurs in lenses, both are found in
SURMA GROUP in Shari river section.
c) Haring bone cross bedding: It refers
to bipolar cross bedding where cross
bed dips in opposite directions,
produced by reversal of current and
indicate deposition by tidal current. It was
found rocks of SURMA GROUP in Shari river
section.
iv) Massive beds: Massive have no apparent internal
structure. It was found in different rocks of different
formation.
v) Mud cracks: Shrinking cracks with polygonal
structures in fine-grained sediments through
desiccation and dewatering on exposure. It was found
in Shari river section.
vi) Rain spots: Rainfalls are small depression with
rims, forms through the impact on soft exposed surface
of sediments. Sometimes they may be asymmetrical
and indicate wind direction. Found in Shari river
section.
vii) Mottled bedding: Some bedding is found to be
mottles and indicate irregular stratification. It was
found in DUPITILA FORMATION in Shari river section.
Figure 19: Cross Strata
Figure 20: Lenticular Beddi ng
Figure 21: Flaser Bedding
42
viii) Sole marking: Sole marking are bedding plane features with characterize the under surface
of some sandbeds. It was found in SURMA GROUP of Shari river section.
5.1.2: Post depositional deformed structures:
i) Load cast: Load is formed through differential sinking of one bed into another. Load casts are
common on soles of sandstones beds overlying mud cast, occurring as bulbons structure and may
be on the way to become ball and pillow structure found at Shari river section in Surma group.
ii) Flame structure: Flame structures are
wavy or flame shaped tongue of mud or
shale projected upward into an overlying
layer commonly sandstone. The crests of
some flame are bent over or overturned. It
was fond in Surma group at Jaintia group.
iii)Ball and Pillow Structure: Ball and
Pillow Structures are found in shale or
mudstone consists of hemispherical or
kidney shaped sandstone which has
originated from overlying sandstone layer
and have sinked into the softer rock as a
result of loading. Found in rocks of Surma
group at Shari river section.
iv)Soft rock deformation folding: The soft rock shale and mudstone be deformed in such a way
the folds, in cases overturned of penecontemporaneous type have formed.
v) Slumping: Slump structure may involved many sedimentation units are commonly faulted;
typically occur in mudstones and sandy shales, less commonly in sandstones. It is observed in
the rocks of Barail group in Tamabil area.
5.1.3: Post depositional chemically formed structure
i) Concretions: Concretions probably the most common kind of sedimentary structures, formed
by precipitation of mineral matter around some
kind of nucleolus such as a shale fragment,
masses range from peripheral to pipe shaped,
common in sandstones and shale. Found in
Tipam sandstone, DupiTila formation, Barail
group etc. in different section.
ii) Hummocky structure: It is a unique
structure formed in marine storm condition in
fine-grained sandstones (as pocket
conglomerate) and contain a strong weathered
wave base. U.S gives this name. John harms in
Manathod Oil Company also known HCS
Figure 22: Iron Concretion
Figure 23: Hummocky Structure
43
(hummocky cross stratification).
iii) Sand vein: Vein in sandstone may
be formed during earthquake. By
releasing energy pore pressure
developed tremendously, then water &
grain fluids become same type &
injected through weak zone. It clue
about earthquake.
Black magic: In the time of limestone
deposition, heavy minerals are deposited
on each beds of limestone.
iv) Fault breccia: At the great depth
due to faulting formed angular grains powder etc. At high temperature and pressure, it forms
milonite.
v)Trace fossil: It is used as environmental detector. The rate of sedimentation is known form it.
vi) Protrusion: Gas bubbles create protrusion.
5.2 Grain size Analysis
Petrography is the study of rocks in thin section by means of a petrographic microscope. Petro
graphic study is done by grain size analysis, thin section study and occurrence of microfossils.
Grain size analysis is useful for classification, depositional history analysis etc. Thin section
study is useful for heavy mineral analysis, composition and textural analysis and microstructure
analysis. Study of occurrence of microfossil is useful to determine whether the sediments are
deposited by transportation or deposited in situ.
Sandstone samples were first disintegrated and sieved to separate into different size grades.
Histograms are constructed on an ordinary arithmetic graph paper from the grain size analysis
data by plotting the weight percentage into the vertical axis versus grade scale into the horizontal
axis. Cumulative curve has been drawn in an ordinary arithmetic graph paper taking cumulative
weight percent in the vertical scale and grain size in phi scale in the horizontal scale. The
different percentiles have been grade from the cumulative curve in order to calculate the grain
size parameters or statistical parameter according to Folk and Ward (1957) method.
According to folk and ward:-
Graphic mean, M
z
=
16+84+50
3
It is the best graphic measure for determining overall size in the sample.
Inclusive graphic standard deviation,
I
=
84-16
3
+
95- 5
66
Figure 24: Sand Vein
44
This is the best measure for sorting of the grain.
Inclusive graphic skewness, S
KI =
16+84- 250
2(84-16)
+
5+ 95- 250
2(95-5)
It is the best statistical measure of skewness.
Graphic kurtosis, K
G
=
95-5
2.44(75- 25)
The kurtosis is measured to determine the nature of the curve.
Samples of sandstone of DupiTila formation, Tipam sandstone formation and Surma group have
been analyzed for grain size analysis.
5.2.1 Sample No. 01 (Barail Group)
Name of the sample- Barail Group
Time of Sieving: 20 min
Initial weight of Sample- 50 gm
Table 6:Grain Size Analysis Data of Barail Group
Mesh
no
Grain size in
(mm)
Grain size in
(micron)
Grain size in
phi scale
Weight retained
in (gm)
Weight
percent
Cumulative
percent
25 0.71 710 0.5 0.11 0.22 0.22
35 0.5 500 1 0.42 0.84 1.06
45 0.35 350 1.5 2.03 4.06 5.12
60 0.25 250 2 6.94 13.86 18.98
80 0.177 177 2.5 6.86 13.72 32.7
120 0.125 125 3 25 50 82.7
170 0.088 88 3.5 0.21 0.42 83.12
230 0.0625 62.5 4 0.69 1.38 84.5
Pan 7.72 15.44 99.94
Sieve Loss= (50-49.98)gm=0.02gm
45
Illustration 8: Histrogram of Barail Sandstone
0.22
0.84
4.06
13.86 13.72
50
0.42
1.38
15.44
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
W
e
i
g
h
t
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
Grain Size in Phi Scale
Histogram of Barail
46
Illustration 9: Cumulative Curve of Barail Sandstone
47
Table 7: Barail Sandstone
Section Name Value of
different
percentile
Statistical grain size
parameters
Calculated
value
Interpretation
Barail
Sandstone
5 = 1.5
16 = 1.8
25 = 2.24
50 = 2.71
75 = 2.93
84 = 3.87
95 = 4.14
Graphic mean (Mz) 2.79
Inclusive graphic
standard deviation
(
1
)
0.92
Moderately Sorted
Inclusive graphic
skewness (S
K1
)
0.158 Finely skewed
Graphic kurtosis (K
G
) 1.57 Very Leptokurtic
Interpretation of Barail Group-
Histogram- Histogram shows a bimodal distribution of grain size having the chief modal class
between 2.5 phi to 3.00 phi.
The secondary maxima lies in between 4.00 phi to pan. The bimodality indicates different modes
of transport and different source of materials.
Cumulative Curve- Cumulative curve shows a S-Shaped curve from which three quartiles (25p,
50p, 75p) and 5p, 16p, 84p and 95p has been read.
Statistical parameters have been calculated following the Folk and Wards method. The
graphical mean Mz is 2.79 indicating size of moderate to weak velocity condition of the
transporting medium. Inclusive graphic standard deviation is 0.92 which indicates moderately
sorting of the sediments, denoting that the rate of transporting at per at the rate of deposition .
Inclusive graphic skewness (0.16) indicates that the finer materials exceeds coarser material,
strongly skewed curve. Graphuic kurtosis(1.57) indicates very leptokurtic distribution.
48
5.2.2 Sample No. 02 (DupiTilla)
Name of the Sample- DupiTilla Sandstone
Time of Sieving- 20min
Initial Weight of Sample- 50gm
Table 8: Grain Size Data of DupiTilla Sandstone
Mesh
no
Grain size in
(mm)
Grain size in
(micron)
Grain size in
phi scale
Weight retained
in (gm)
Weight
percent
Cumulative
percent
25 0.71 710 0.5 1.35 2.7 2.7
35 0.5 500 1 6.39 12.78 15.48
45 0.35 350 1.5 16.5 33 48.48
60 0.25 250 2 8.73 17.46 65.94
80 0.177 177 2.5 2.35 4.7 70.64
120 0.125 125 3 8.15 16.3 86.94
170 0.088 88 3.5 0.24 0.48 87.42
230 0.0625 62.5 4 0.32 0.64 88.06
Pan 5.95 11.9 99.96
Sieve Loss= (50-49.98) gm= 0.02gm
49
Illustration 10: Histogram of DupiTilla Sandstone
2.7
12.78
33
17.46
4.7
16.3
0.48
0.64
11.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
W
e
i
g
h
t
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
Grain Size in phi Scale
Histogram of DupiTilla Sandstone
50
Illustration 11: Cumulative Curve of DupiTilla Sandstone
51
Table 9: DupiTilla
Interpretation of DupiTilla Formation-
Histogram: Histogram shows a polymodal distribution of grain size having the chief modal
class between 1.0 phi to 1.5 phi. The polymodality indicates different modes of transport and
different source of material.
Cumulative Curve: Cumulative curve shows S-Shaped curve. Statistical parameters have been
calculated following the Folk and Wards method. The graphical mean (1.86) indicates size of
moderate to weak velocity condition of the transporting medium. Inclusive graphic standard
deviation (1.01) indicates poorly sorting of the sediments denoting that the rate of transportation
of sediments was less with the rate of deposition. Inclusive graphic skewness (0.39) indicating
finer material exceeds the coarser material, finely skewed curve. Graphic Kurtosis (1.00)
indicates mesokurtic, which is normal curve.
Section Name Value of
different
percentile
Statistical grain size
parameters
Calculated
value
Interpretation
DupiTilla
Sandstone
5 = 0.625
16 = 1.015
25 = 1.2
50 = 1.55
75 = 2.63
84 = 2.94
95 = 4.14
Graphic mean (Mz) 1.86
Inclusive graphic
standard deviation
(
1
)
1.013
Poorly Sorted
Inclusive graphic
skewness (S
K1
)
0.395 Fine Skewed
Graphic kurtosis (K
G
) 1.00 Normal Curve
52
5.2.3 Sample No. 03 (Surma Group)
Name of the Sample- Surma Group
Time of Sieving- 20 min
Initial Weight of the Sample- 50 gm
Table 10: Grain Size Data of Surma Group
Mesh
no
Grain size in
(mm)
Grain size in
(micron)
Grain size in
phi scale
Weight retained
in (gm)
Weight
percent
Cumulative
percent
25 0.71 710 0.5 26.38 52.76 52.76
35 0.5 500 1 4.1 8.2 60.96
45 0.35 350 1.5 4.75 9.5 70.46
60 0.25 250 2 4.35 6.7 79.16
80 0.177 177 2.5 1.5 3 82.16
120 0.125 125 3 6.1 12.2 94.36
170 0.088 88 3.5 0.45 0.9 95.26
230 0.0625 62.5 4 0.6 1.2 96.46
Pan 1.75 3.5 99.96
Sieve Loss= (50-49.39)gm=0.61gm
53
s
Illustration 12: Histogram of Surma Group
52.76
8.2
9.5
6.7
3
12.2
0.9
1.2
3.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
W
e
i
g
h
t
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
Grain Size in Phi Scale
Histogram Of Surma
54
Illustration 13: Cumulative Curve of Surma Group
55
Table 11: Surma Group
Section Name Value of
different
percentile
Statistical grain size
parameters
Calculated
value
Interpretation
Surma Group
5 = 0.069
16 = 0.25
25 = 0.33
50 = 0.51
75 = 1.88
84 = 2.62
95 = 4.062
Graphic mean (Mz) 1.12
Inclusive graphic
standard deviation
(
1
)
1.20
Poorly Sorted
Inclusive graphic
skewness (S
K1
)
0.78 Strongly Fine Skewed
Graphic kurtosis (K
G
) 1.00 Normal Curve
Histogram: Histogram shows a bimodal distribution of grain size having the chief modal class
between 0.5 phi to 1.0 phi.
The secondary maxima lies between 2.5 phi to 3.0 phi.
The bimodality indicates different modes of transport and different source of material.
Cumulative Curve: Cumulative curve shows S-Shaped curve. Statistical parameters have been
calculated following the Folk and Wards method. The graphical mean 1.12 indicates size of
weak velocity condition of the transporting medium. Inclusive graphic standard deviation (1.20)
indicates poorly sorting of the sediments denoting that the rate of transportation of sediments was
less with the rate of deposition. Inclusive graphic skewness (0.78) indicating finer material
exceeds the coarser material, strongly finely skewed curve. Graphic Kurtosis (1.00) indicates
mesokurtic, which is normal curve.
56
5.3 Study of Light and Heavy Minerals
This part deals with chiefly the petrographic characteristics of sandstone based solely on the thin
section study (grain mounting) under petrographic microscopes. Slides were prepared by grain
mounting using Canada balsam. Of those, a suitable sample of Barail sandstone, Surma groups
(Bokabil formation), Tipam sandstone and Dupitila formation (sandstone unit) each have been
selected for the study. The textural and mineralogical study of framework grains, which include
Quartz, feldspar, mica, lithic grain and heavy mineral study, have been discussed in this part of
the report.
5.3.1 Slide No. 1 (Barail Sandstone)
Lithostratigraphic unit: Barail sandstone
Observation:
Texture: The sample is texturally matured. It is very fine-to-fine grained, moderately sorted, sub
angularto sub rounded.
Framework Composition: Framework grains of sample comprise of
i) Quartz->80%
ii) Feldspar-about 7%
iii) Muscovite-about 5%
iv) Lithic grains-about 2%
v) Heavy minerals-
Open minerals in reflected light
Limonite-brown color
Pyrite-brown yellowish color
Leucoxene-light to whitish in yellowish in color.
Heavy mineral in transmitted light
Enstatite-grey in color, prismatic high relief, cleavage present under cross
polarized light, variegatedcolor, straight extinction in cross polarized light.
Tourmaline-brown in color, prismatic form,pleochroism varies with color
under plain polarized light and variegated color and straight extinction
under cross-polarized light.
5.3.2 Slide No. 2 (Surma Group)
Lithostratigraphic unit: Surma group
Observations:
Texture: The sandstone is composed of fine to medium, moderately sorted,sub angular to sub
rounded grains.
Composition: Framework grains of the sample comprise of-
i)Quartz-about 87%
ii)Feldspar-about 25%
iii)Mica-about 7%
57
iv)Lithic grains-<1%
v)Heavy minerals-
Reflected ray-
Hematite: Reddish brown color
Leucoxene: White or yellowish white
Magnetite: Dull grey lustre
Transmitted ray:
Enstatite: Olive green color, prismatic form, high relief under plain
polarized light and variegated color, straight extinction under cross
polarized light.
Kyanite: White color, elongatedform, high relief under plain polarized
light and variegated color and oblique extinction in cross-polarized light.
5.3.3 Slide No. 3(DupiTilla Formation)
Lithostratigraphic unit: DupiTilla formation
Observation:
Texture: It consists of fine o medium,sub-angular to sub rounded,poorly sorted,loosely
consolidated,porous grains.
Composition: Framework grains are mainly composed of
i)Quartz-about 86%
ii)Feldspar-about 3%
iii)Mica-about 7%
iv)Lithic grains-about less than 1%
v)Heavy minerals-
Reflected light:
Magnetite
Pyrite
Leucoxene
Hematite
Illmenite
Transmitted light:
Kyanite
Andalusite
Hornblende
Topaz
Tremolite
5.4 Provenance
The mineralogical study serves as a tool for the determination of provenance of the sediments of
the studied area. The minerals, which are found in the sedimentary rocks of the area, are as
follows:
58
Quartz, Feldspar, Mica and Hornblende have been encountered from the sample.
According to the percentage of the above minerals are derived from the dynamo thermal
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Hornblende and other dark color minerals and Feldspar indicate that the source area is far
from the place of deposition. The high percentage of Quartz and Mica indicate the
sediments have been transported a long distance from the birth to deposition. The shape
of Quartz indicates about the information.
So we can assume that the material and sediments are also carried from the Himalayan as
territory by streams.
5.4.1 Condition of deposition:
The upliftment of Shillong Massif and subsidence of Surma Basin were responsible for the
deposition of such a fixed sequence of sediments the deposition history of the area is somehow
related to the Himalayan orogeny.
Jaintia Group:
At Eocene time an extensive marine transgression took place perhaps due to basin subsidence.
Then the whole area was under the sea. The sediments carried by the transporting agent were
deposited in this area. The environment was suitable for the deposition of limestone. The
limestones are subsequently affected by chemical precipitation. Perhaps there were some
disturbances in the deposition of limestone as evidenced by the clay partings in limestone. In fact
this indicates micro climatic changes in the deposition of limestone. Then sea was shallow
marine but the water was not clean. The sediment coming from outside suddenly ceased and
Kopili Shale formed in the upper part of the Jaintia Group. However Fine brush geological
survey can identify limestone between Kopili Shale probably all the sediments come to this area
from Indian craton.
Barail Group:
During the Oligocene time the sea was regressed due to differential basin wide movement in the
area. A regional unconformity is marked by the presence of lateritic conglomerate bed at the top
of this unit.
Barail sediments have undergone reworking. Barail sediments were deposited in shelf
environment. These sediments contain coal and leaf impressions, which again indicate shelf to
coastal environment. The sea retreated then for a long period of time the area was exposed and
the warm climate and fluctuation of water table caused the Barail sediments to be weathered.
Surma Group:
During Miocene time the sea again transgressed and the area was subjected to tectonic
movement because of the rise of the Himalaya. Then the Surma Group of sediments were
deposited which indicate tidal environment of deposition. Due to the rise of Himalaya a thick
sedimentary sequence was deposited within a short span of time.
Tipam Group:
59
At the end of Miocene time the GBM delta was filled up and a fluvial system developed. The
large scale cross bedding and presence of quartz pebble found in Tipam sediments suggest high-
energy condition.
Girujan Clay:
After the deposition of Tipam sediments perhaps a lake was formed and Girujan Clay was
deposited there lake. This unit indicates low energy condition within the lake.
Dupi Tila Formation:
Abundant coarse-grained deposits, presence of carbonaceous sediments as well as cross bedding
and lack of fossil suggest that these deposits were formed under fluvial environment.
Fine- grained deposits found in upper part of Dupi Tila in limited areal extent indicate that these
fine-grained deposits were formed under lacustrine environment.
60
CHAPTER SIX
Economic Geology
There is no commercially exploitable deposit in the investigated area. Economically important
mineral deposits are very rare in Bangladesh. Tertiary rock of the investigated area does not
possess any economically important mineral deposits.
Sandstone: The sandstones of jenam, Tipam and Dupi Tila formation are very loosely cemented.
These sandstones do not satisfy the minimum standard requirements to be used as building
materials.
Gravels and Boulders : The gravels
transported by the Dauki River and
Rangpani River are most
economically important geological
element of the area. Rounded to sub-
rounded boulders. Pebbles are
composed mainly gneiss, quartzite,
granite. Hundred of tones this hard
rock is transported daily by tracks
country wide for using in building of
road, multistoried structure, tail way
balasts etc. The estimated of this hard
sock is about one million cubic feet
(khan M, 1978). The gravels are
generally 3 to 8 feet long and 2 to 4
feet thick. In Dauki rivers its extends
is about one and a half mile long,
fifty feet wide and about 4 feet thick
but in Rangpani river its extent is
small.
Sylhet Limestone: A very small
faulted block of the Eocene Sylhet
limestone is exposed in the
investigated area at the eastern bank
of the Dauki River. The Chhatak
cement factory uses Sylhet
Limestone and produces cement of excellent quality comparable to any cement of the world.
This factory has quarried out all Limestone. Now its reserve is too small to warrant further
exploration. It provides the local people with lime making and other domestic usages.
Figure 25: Gravels and Boulders
Figure 26: Stone Crushing Industry
61
Map 6: Mi neral Resources map of Bangladesh
62
Sand: A huge amount of sand is transported by the Dauki River and Rangapani River, which are
being used throughout the country as building material. This sand known as the Sylhet sand is
excellent in quality.
Gas and Oil: In Bangladesh, there are 22 natural gas fields and 1 oil (well-7 of Sylhet gas field)
field has been discovered so far. Most of the gas field and oil field occurred in the Surma basin.
This gas and oil occurred in sandstone reservoir of Bhuban and Boka Bil formation. Surma group
of Mio-pliocene age and lie at depth ranging from surface. These gas and oil reservoirs are
situated in the folded belt with gentle anticlinal fold forming traps (Prof. Badrul Imam, 1984).
Sothere has a possibility to find hydrocarbon in the investigated area for which detailed
geological investigation of the Jaflong- Lalakhal area is highly desired.
Bangladesh Atomic energy suggests that a small amount of Uranium (Ur) might be found in the
investigated area.
63
CHAPTER SEVEN
Summary and Conclusion
The investigated area is situated on the Surma basin of the mobile belt of Bengal basin. The area
is a hilly region. The average elevation of the area is about 100 feet to 125 feet above MSL. The
area is drained by numerous rivers, streams, khal etc. those flow in more or less in meandering
pattern and carries huge amount of sediments.
The prominent structures of the area is a faulted anticline, a major fault named Dauki fault which
runs along the northern margin of the area and has been considered as the west ward continuation
of the Naga Disang thrust fault system. Besides these few small scale faults, folds and local
unconformity have been identified in the area.
The investigated area consists of thick sequence of sediments from Eocene to Recent. Because of
the exposures of these sedimentary rock units this area is called the geological museum of
Bangladesh. These sediments are divided into several Groups which are from bottom to top
Jaintia, Barail, Surma and Tipam, thjese Group of sediments are overlained by Dupi Tila ,
Sonatila Gravel and alluvium. The principal rock types are limestone, sandstone, silt stone, shale,
and conglomerate. Fossils are found only in the Sylhet limestone. The total thickness of these
rock units are about 4110 meters.
The depositional environment of these rocks is shallow marine, marine, fluvial and lacustrine.
64
References
Ahmed, A.: Oligocene stratigraphy and sedimentation in the Surma basin, Bangladesh, M. S.
Thesis, 1983.
Alam, M.M. et al (2003): An overview of the sedimentary geology of the Bengal Basin in
relation to the regional tectonics and Basin fill history, Sedimentary Geology, 155, pp 227-270.
Banglapedia.
Billings,M.P: Structural Geology.
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