Switch Mode Power Conversion

Fundamentals
Slxlfo lalcones
!"#$%#&'()
CraduaLlon Course:
Power Converters for Photovoltaic Generation Systems
Agenda
ower LlecLronlcs lnLroducLlon
ldeal SwlLch
ulse WldLh ModulaLlon (WM)
8aslc uC-uC ConverLer
SwlLchlng & Average Models
SlmulaLlon w/ LLCS
ldeal SwlLch [1]
ConcepLual absLracLlon for convenlence ln Lhe sLudy of a
clrculL conflguraLlon (Lopology). noL real.
SwlLchlng luncLlon
q(L) = 0 q(L) = 1
ldeal SwlLch: CharacLerlsLlc Curve
1he ldeal swlLch can wlLhsLand lnflnlLy volLage when open and
conducL an lnflnlLe currenL when closed.
ldeal SwlLch: ower ConsumpLlon
1he ldeal swlLch has zero lmpedance and Loggles beLween Cn
and Cll sLaLes ln no Llme. 1herefore, lL uCLS nC1 consume
power.
Ideal Switch & Kirchhoffs Laws
When ldeal swlLches are used ln a clrculL conflguraLlon, lL ls
critical not to violate Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) or Kirchhoffs
volLage Law (kvL).
Solld SLaLe SwlLches
(ower LlecLronlc uevlces)
unconLrolled (commuLaLed by llne)
ulode
Palf-conLrolled (conLrolled Lurn-on, Lurned off by llne)
SC8 (Slllcon ConLrolled 8ecLlfler)
18lAC (1rlode AC SwlLch)
lully-conLrolled (conLrolled Lurn-on and Lurn-off)
8!1 (8lpolar !uncLlon 1ranslsLor)
MCSlL1 (MeLaloxldesemlconducLor lleld-effecL
1ranslsLor)
lC81 (lnsulaLed CaLe 8lpolar 1ranslsLor)
C1C (CaLe 1urn-off 1hyrlsLor)
MC1 (MCS ConLrolled 1hyrlsLor)
lCC1 (lnLegraLed CaLe-commuLaLed 1hyrlsLor)

Solld SLaLe SwlLches (conL.)
Diode Thyristor
Triac SCS GTO
BJT MOSFET IGBT MCT
IGCT
Solld SLaLe SwlLches (conL.)
Solld SLaLe SwlLches (conL.)
ulode CharacLerlsLlcs [1]
8!1 CharacLerlsLlcs [1]
8ldlrecLlonal-currenL SwlLch [1]
8ldlrecLlonal-volLage SwlLch [1]
lour-quadranL SwlLch [1]
ower LlecLronlcs lnLerface [1]
1he power elecLronlcs lnLerface faclllLaLes Lhe Lransfer
of power from Lhe source Lo Lhe load by converLlng
volLages and currenLs from one form Lo anoLher, ln
whlch lL ls posslble for Lhe source and load Lo reverse
roles.
ower LlecLronlcs ConverLer [2]
Ceneral ClasslflcaLlon of ower
ConverLers
uC-uC converLers
AC-uC converLers +,-./010-,23
uC-AC converLers +045-,/-,23
AC-AC converLers +.6.78%.845-,/-,29 :;/,0< .845-,/-,23
DC: different magnitudes
AC: different magnitudes, frequency, phase
CommuLaLlon 1ype
Llne commuLaLed converLers
unconLrolled (dlode) 8ecLlflers
ConLrolled (LhyrlsLor-based) 8ecLlflers
lorced commuLaLed converLers
SwlLch Mode ConverLers
SwlLch Mode uC-uC ConverLer [1]
Current Port Voltage Port
SPST Implementation of a SPDT
SPSTs must be complementary
(Elevador)
(Reductor)
SwlLchlng ole [2]
ulse WldLh ModulaLlon (WM) [2]

A
=
n

A

=
1
ON
1
S

S
=
1
]
S

Duty Ratio
Switching Period
Average Converter Voltage
WM CaLe ulses
c(t) saw tooth for DC
c(t) triangular for AC
q(t)
q(t)
q(t)
uC-uC ConverLer Average Model
Switching Model
(Modelo de Conmutacin)
Average Model
(Modelo Promedio)
L
V
Low
I
Low
R
V
a
=dV
High
I
High
=dI
Low
V
High
V
a
L
V
Low
I
Low
R
V
High
d
(1-d)
I
High
LLCS SlmulaLlon CuLpuL
Parameters:
L=20e-6
R=0.1
Vhi=20
Vlo=10
fs=100e3
d=0.5, 0.55
LLCS: SLeady SLaLe Slgnals
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Bi-directional
Converter
Buck (Step-down) Converter Boost (Step-up) Converter
*
D* =1-D
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!"#$ &'()#*(+, &(,+-./ 012
!"#$% '()*( (+,-./0./
R
o
Switching
Pole
a V
DC
C
f
L
f
V
a
V
o
Low-Pass
Filter
R
o
Switching
Pole
a
C
f
L
f
V
a
V
o
Low-Pass
Filter
V
DC
/2
V
DC
/2
DC-DC Converter Half-Bridge DC-AC Converter
Single-phase Inverter
a
b
V
DC
Split-phase Inverter
a
b
n
V
DC
/2
V
DC
/2
Full-bridge Single-phase Inverter Split-phase Inverter
Bipolar Modulation Unipolar Modulation
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=/'5)'(&*,/ )5 !"#>
? .8=+,&: ;=/,.'7( )5 !"# ,)*;+;.; )5 57*9&(/*.&:
frequency that is far away from the harmonic components
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Bipolar Modulation
Unipolar Modulation
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Cver-modulaLlon
Cccurs when Lhe modulaLlon lndex ls greaLer Lhan 1.
1hls causes dlsLorLlon of 60Pz volLage and currenLs ln Lhe
sysLem.
!"#$%&$%' ))* +,-&./$0
) (
2 2
u e + + = t Sin
V
m
V
V
DC
A
DC
a
) (
2 2
t u e + + + = t Sin
V
m
V
V
DC
A
DC
b
DC DC A b a ab
mV t Sin V m V V V = + = = ) ( u e
DC A AC conv ab
V m V V V = = =

Inverter
a
b
V
DC
DC DC a
V t Sin d dV V
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = = ) (
2
1

2
1
u e
Modulation of a DC-DC converter using a variable duty cycle
0
0
0 360
PWM DC
PWM
V V

PWM
V
grid PWM
grid
V V
I
j L

C
H
L
i
Grid
7.2 kV
11.4kV
HV DClink
Rectifier
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grid
V
PWM
V

0
_
0
0 360
grid rated
I grid
I I

grid
I
grid
V
Funcionamiento similar al
inversor. La potencia activa
fluye hacia el lado DC.
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conv
V

grid
V

L
V

L
I

conv
V

grid
V

L
V

L
I

conv
V

grid
V

L
V

L
I

grid R L conv
V V V V


conv
V

grid
V

L
V

L
I

L L
I L j V


0
R
V

L I
L
R
V
conv
=m*V
DC Grid

Unity Power Factor

C
H
L
i
Grid
7.2 kV
11.4kV
HV DClink
Rectifier
-5
0
5
Input current (A), Grid Voltage (kV)
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Time (sec)
Vpwm and CCA(Vpwm)


I
in
(A)

v
in
(kV)



v
pwm
(V)

CCA(v
pwm
)

grid
V
i
L
V
grid
I
PWM
V
PWM
v
grid
i
i
L
V
!"# %&'()*)&+ ,)(- ./)(0 !1
C
H
L
i
Grid
7.2 kV
11.4kV
HV DClink
Rectifier
-5
0
5
Input current (A), Grid Voltage (kV)
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Time (sec)
Vpwm and CCA(Vpwm)


I
in
(A)

v
in
(kV)



v
pwm
(V)

CCA(v
pwm
)

45 deg leading current
grid
V
i
L
V
grid
I
PWM
V
i
L
V
!"# %&'()*)&+ ,)(- .&/0)12 !3
!"#$%&"'()* ,-.*/%*/
C
f
L
f
DClink
Double-Phase Inverter LC Filter
L
f
C
f
Load
DC b a ab
mV V V V
2
) (
2
DC DC
A n a an
V
m t Sin
V
m V V V
) (
2 2
t Sin
V
m
V
V
DC
A
DC
a
0
2

DC
n
V
V
Inverter
a
b
n
V
DC
/2
V
DC
/2
!"#$%&'"()* ,(- .$&%/01&*2 3)42-'2-
C
f
L
f
C
L
LV DClink
Double-Phase Inverter LC Filter
L
f
C
f
Load 400 V
-100
-50
0
50
100
Io(A)
0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (sec)
Ii(A)
-400
-200
0
200
400
Vpwm(V)
0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024
-200
-100
0
100
200
Time (sec)
Vo(V)
0.0119 0.012 0.012 0.0121 0.0121 0.0122
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Time (sec)
Vtri(V), Vc(V)
1 o
V
2 o
V
i
I
1 PWM
V
!"#$$%&"'($ *+,-$#.$#
) (
2 2
t Sin
V
m
V
V
DC
A
DC
a
)
3
2
(
2 2

t Sin
V
m
V
V
DC
A
DC
b
)
6
(
2
3
t Sin V m V V V
DC A b a ab
DC A ab
V m V 866 . 0

)
3
2
(
2 2

t Sin
V
m
V
V
DC
A
DC
c
Three-Phase Converter
V
DC
a
c
b
!"#$$%&"'($ *+,-$#.$# /0 1$2.#'3
V
DC
/2
V
DC
/2
Three-Phase Converter
a
c
b
n
Four-Leg Three-Phase Converter
a
c
b
n
) (
2
t Sin
V
m V V V
DC
A n a an
) (
2 2
t Sin
V
m
V
V
DC
A
DC
a
0
2

DC
n
V
V
)
6
(
2
3
t Sin V m V V V
DC A b a ab
an
V

bn
V

cn
V

ab
V

8eferences
[1] Binseng Wang, Lecture Power Conversion, Topological
Fundamental EEE 598 Renewable Energy Systems, ASU.
[2] Dr. Raja Ayyanar, Lecture Introduction EEE 572 Advanced
ower LlecLronlcs, ASu.
CuesLlons?
1hanks!