World War III

1
World War III
For other uses, see World War III (disambiguation).
World War III (WWIII, WW3 or the Third World War) is a term used to describe a worldwide conflict
following World War II. The most common scenario, a hypothetical nuclear war between the superpowers, the
Soviet Union and the United States, is widely used as a premise or plot device in books, films, television
productions, and video games. However, some writers have applied the term instead to the Cold War, arguing that it
met the definition of a world war even though there was no direct conflict between the superpowers.
World War I (19141918) was regarded as the "war to end all wars" and it was believed there could never be another
global conflict. World War II (19391945) proved that to be false, and with the advent of the Cold War (19451991)
and the use of nuclear weapons, the likelihood of a third global conflict became more accepted. It was anticipated
and planned for by military and civil authorities in many countries. Scenarios ranged from conventional warfare, to
limited or total nuclear warfare leading to the destruction of civilization.

I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.

Albert Einstein
Homeland security/civil defense plans
FEMA-estimated primary counterforce targets for Soviet ICBMs. The resulting fall-out is
indicated with the darkest considered as "lethal" to relatively fall-out free yellow zones.
This very conservative estimate does not include several air force bases in the western US
that are home to strategic bombers.
[1]
Wikipedia:Verifiability
Continuity of government
Given the likelihood that any third
world war could escalate to (or even
begin with) a nuclear exchange, from
the early days of the cold war it has
been considered vital that countries
which are potential targets for nuclear
attack have a continuity of government
(COG) plan in place, to ensure an
orderly and clear line of succession in
the event the head of state or
government is killed in an attack.
United States
The Continuity of Operations Plan of
the United States works by having
alternate or airborne sites that 'mirror' the main peacetime sites, the alternate sites being always on call or on short
notice to activate, if a situation arises where they are needed. For obvious reasons, information on COG sites is
classified, the below list is only what the press have managed to unearth over the years, and is by no means
complete:
Cheyenne Mountain, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) This is the permanent seat of
NORAD. It was able to sustain nuclear attack up until the 1960s, however more modern ICBMs could destroy it,
but only with a direct hit.
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Mount Weather. Alternate for: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (Used temporarily for
Members of Congress in Sept. 2001, possible location of other executive branch COG facilities)
Raven Rock Mountain Complex. Alternate for: National Military Command Center
Looking Glass Plane. Alternate for: United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM)
E-4B Nightwatch, also known as the Doomsday Plane Alternate for: National Command Authority, Office of
the Vice President of the United States, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Air Force One. Alternate for: National Command Authority, Office of the Vice President of the United States,
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
TACAMO Planes. Alternate for: United States Strategic Command. The TACAMO planes relay nuclear fire or
ceasefire orders from the Nightwatch and Looking Glass planes to the Submarines and Bombers through VLF
frequencies. They can also take over for the Looking Glass plane if it is destroyed. One TACAMO plane is
always over the Pacific Ocean and one over the Atlantic Ocean.
Russian Federation
Map of the Metro-2 system as supposed by the United States military
intelligence in 1991.
As with the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation keeps
its continuity of government information secret.
However press speculation has focused on a few sites:
Mount Yamantau has been the centre of much
speculation. There has been major construction under
the mountain from the 1960s and Russian officials
refuse to discuss it.
Metro-2 is the informal name for a purported secret
underground metro system which parallels the public
Moscow Metro. The system was supposedly built, or at
least started, during the time of Joseph Stalin and was
codenamed D-6 by the KGB. There has been
speculation that this secret metro may lead to COG
sites inside Russia, given that in the event of nuclear
war, an express subway system, being by nature deep
underground, would be a far safer form of
transportation for government and military officials than aircraft or surface vehicles, which would be vulnerable to
blast waves and firestorms resulting from nuclear explosions. Additionally, the Soviet Union historically spent more
of its nuclear budget on defenses than the United States (who put the bulk of their resources into submarines). The
US military believed it was better to bluff with offense rather than defense, while the Russians believed they could
survive a nuclear war, and built the elaborate underground facilities that would be crucial using such a strategy. Two
destinations of this system are suggested to be the old KGB headquarters, now the FSB headquarters, at Lubyanka
Square, and the second being regarded as an enormous underground leadership bunker adjacent to Moscow State
University. Another alleged subterranean destination, apart from the aforementioned underground town at
Ramenki/Moscow State University is Vnukovo-2 airport. Despite official Russian state ambiguity, it is speculated
that many of the Moscow bunkers are linked by an underground railway line.Wikipedia:Citation needed
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United Kingdom
The primary British COG headquarters is at the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall. The Central Government War
Headquarters was previously maintained in a quarry complex near Corsham, Wiltshire. The above-ground support
facility was RAF Rudloe Manor.
Service command centres are Northwood for the Royal Navy Trident SSBN force, and RAF High Wycombe for the
Royal Air Force.
France
The Centre d'Opration des Forces Ariennes Stratgiques (COFAS) is a hardened command centre for French
nuclear forces at Taverny Air Base in Taverny, Val d'Oise. The alternate national command center is located at Mont
Verdun near Lyon.
The hardened headquarters of Force Ocanique Stratgique (FOST), France's nuclear SSBN fleet, is at Houilles,
Yvelines.
Sweden
During the Cold War, the Klara skyddsrum ("Complete shelter" or "Klara bunker") was built underneath Stockholm.
The bunker is designed to accommodate two thirds of the government and between 8,000 and 12,000 civilians in the
case of a military attack on Stockholm. It is designed as a very large, two-story oval, with multiple entrances. During
peace time, parts of it are used as a parking garage.
Cutaway sketch of the complete Klara Skyddsrum Shelter, Sweden.
1 T-Centre Metro Station.
2 Drottninggatan ("Queen Street") entrance.
3 Vasagatan entrance.
4 Car ramp.
5 Powerhouse and machine room.
6 Shelters.
7 Elevator.
Emergency communications
Many countries have a national emergency alert system
to notify the public of danger quickly if there is no time
to pass the information through standard news media.
HANDEL
Main article: HANDEL
HANDEL was the code-name for the UK's National
Attack Warning System in the Cold War. It consisted
of a small console consisting of two microphones,
lights and gauges. The reason behind this was to
provide a back-up if anything failed.
If an enemy air strike was detected, a key on the left
hand side of the console would be turned and two lights
would come on. Then the operator would press & hold
down a red button and give the message: "Attack warning RED! Attack warning RED!"
The message would be sent to the police by the telephone carrier wave frequencies used for the speaking clock, who
would in turn activate the air attack sirens using the local telephone lines.
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Emergency Alert System
Main article: Emergency Alert System
The Emergency Alert System (EAS) is a national warning system in the United States put into place on January 1,
1997, when it superseded the Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), which in turn superseded the CONELRAD
System. The official EAS is designed to enable the President of the United States to speak to the United States within
10 minutes.
Emergency laws
Most countries have one or several national emergencies laws that are ready to come into place in the event that a
third world war turns nuclear, or even in the case of a conventional war.
Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (United Kingdom)
National Security Presidential Directive 51 (United States)
National Emergencies Act (United States 1976)
Emergency Powers Act (Ireland 1939)
German Emergency Acts (Germany 1968)
Emergencies Act (Canada 1988)
State of Emergency in India
Military plans
Although at present the notion of a Third World War remains in the realm of fiction for most of the civilian
populations of the world, military planners have been war gaming various scenarios, preparing for the worst, since
the early days of the cold war. Some of those plans are now out of date and have been partially or fully declassified:
Seven Days to the River Rhine
Main article: Seven Days to the River Rhine
A Warsaw Pact Invasion would have come on
multiple fronts
Seven Days to the River Rhine was a top secret military simulation
exercise developed in 1979 by the Warsaw Pact. It planned for a Soviet
invasion of Western Europe to stop at the River Rhine by the seventh
day. Other plans by the USSR stopped only when reaching the French
border on day nine. Individual Warsaw Pact states were only given their
own part of the strategic picture, in this case the Polish forces were only
expected to go as far as Germany. The Seven Days to the Rhine plan
envisioned that Poland and Germany would be destroyed by nuclear
exchanges. It was estimated that NATO would fire nuclear weapons
behind the advancing Soviet lines to cut off their supply lines and thus
blunt their advance. The plan literally envisioned Warsaw Pact troops
marching over the nuclear wastelands of Germany, the USSR getting
the maximum use out of them before they died of radiation sickness.
While this plan assumed that NATO would use nuclear weapons to push
back any Warsaw Pact invasion, it did not include nuclear strikes on
France or the United Kingdom. Newspapers speculated when this plan
was declassified that France and the UK were not hit in an effort to get
them to withhold use of their own nuclear weapons.
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Operation Chrome Dome
Operation Chrome Dome, initiated in 1960, was one of several United States Air Force Cold-War era airborne
global alert duties or programs in which B-52 Stratofortress strategic bomber aircraft armed with thermonuclear
weapons were assigned targets in the Soviet Union on schedules guaranteeing that a substantial number of them were
flying and fueled for their missions at any given time. Bombers loitered near points outside the Soviet Union to
provide rapid first strike or retaliation capability in case of nuclear war.
Operation Unthinkable
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that, with the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in
Europe at the end of WWII and the unreliability of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, there was a serious threat to
Western Europe. In AprilMay 1945, British Armed Forces developed Operation Unthinkable, thought to be the first
scenario of the Third World War. Its primary goal was "to impose upon Russia the will of the United States and the
British Empire." The plan was rejected by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee as militarily unfeasible.
Operation Behemoth
Operation Behemoth was a massive Soviet naval exercise in 1989 by the Russian Northern Fleet. The exercise
involved a feasibility test for a simultaneous launch of all 16 R-29RMU Sineva liquid-fueled missiles (which each
carry four independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) from a Delta Class Submarine, an ability that would
be deadly in a surprise nuclear first strike off an enemy coastline, cutting the warning time from 2030 minutes as
with ICBMs to perhaps 5 minutes or less. The launch attempt failed in exercise Behemoth 1. Two years later
exercise Behemoth 2 was held where the attempt was repeated. All missiles successfully launched at the same time.
The entire launch took less than 4 minutes.
Video of Behemoth-2 launch
[2]
Operation Strikeback
Operation Strikeback was a major NATO naval exercise held in 1952 simulating a response to an all out Soviet
attack on NATO. Operation Strikeback involved over 200 warships, 650 aircraft, and 75,000 personnel from the
United States Navy, the United Kingdom's Royal Navy, the Royal Canadian Navy, the French Navy, the Royal
Netherlands Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Navy. As the largest peacetime naval operation up to that time, military
analyst Hanson W. Baldwin of the New York Times characterized Operation Strikeback as "constituting the strongest
striking fleet assembled since World War II."
Operation Deep Water
Main article: Operation Deep Water
Operation Deep Water was a 1957 NATO naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea that simulated protecting
the Dardanelles from a Soviet invasion. By controlling this bottleneck in a war situation, the Soviet Black Sea Fleet
would be prevented from entering the Mediterranean. This exercise featured a simulated nuclear air strike in the
Gallipoli area, reflecting NATO's nuclear umbrella policy to offset the Soviet Union's numerical superiority of
ground forces in Europe. Operation Deep Water also involved the first units of the United States Marines Corps to
participated in an helicopter-borne vertical envelopment/air assault operation during an overseas deployment.
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Carrier Strike Groups will be central players in
any major Third World War, although their
effectiveness against ballistic missile threats is
much debated in military circles. Previous plans
for WWIII such as Operation Deep Water and
Operation Strikeback have given carrier groups a
central role.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Operation Deep Water opened with a simulated atomic air strike in the
Gallipoli area on 25 September 1957 and culminated with the landing
of 8,000 U.S. Marines at Saros Gulf near Gallipoli, Turkey, from a
38-ship amphibious task force led by flagship USSPocono, on 29
September 1957.
Operation Dropshot
Operation Dropshot was the 1950s United States contingency plan for
a possible nuclear and conventional war with the Soviet Union in the
Western European and Asian theaters. At the time the US nuclear
arsenal was limited in size, based mostly in the United States, and
depended on bombers for delivery. Dropshot included mission profiles
that would have used 300 nuclear bombs and 29,000 high-explosive
bombs on 200 targets in 100 cities and towns to wipe out 85% of the
Soviet Union's industrial potential at a single stroke. Between 75 and
100 of the 300 nuclear weapons were targeted to destroy Soviet combat
aircraft on the ground.
The scenario was devised prior to the development of intercontinental
ballistic missiles. It was also devised before Robert McNamara and
President Kennedy changed the US Nuclear War plan from the city
killing countervalue strike plan to 'counterforce' (targeted more at military forces). Nuclear Weapons at this time
were not accurate enough to hit a Naval base without destroying the city bent around it, so the aim in using them was
to destroy the countries industrial capacity in an effort to take the steam out of their war economy.
Plan Totality
Plan Totality was a nuclear plan established by U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower on the direction of President
Harry S. Truman after the end of Potsdam Conference.
The plan envisioned a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union with 20 to 30 atomic bombs. It earmarked 20 Soviet cities
for obliteration in a first strike: Moscow, Gorki, Kuybyshev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Saratov, Kazan,
Leningrad, Baku, Tashkent, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Molotov, Tbilisi, Stalinsk, Grozny, Irkutsk,
and Yaroslavl.
[3]
Exercise Square Leg
Main article: Operation Square Leg
Exercise Square Leg was a UK civil defense exercise to plan for a full strategic nuclear attack on both military and
civil targets. The plan called for evacuation of city dwellers into rural regions in Scotland, northern England and
central Wales (East Anglia and the Welsh coast being definitive targets) upon warning that nuclear warfare was
likely. The exercise was critiqued for being overly fatalistic, estimating Soviet weaponry to be in high yields in every
strike, rather than the more likely mixed yields.
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Exercise Swarmer
Exercise Swarmer (1950) involved training for an invasion of the continental United States by enemy forces with
defending forces counterattacking the 'enemy incursion' via a massive airlift behind enemy lines. The counterattack
involved establishing an airhead, involving over six hundred transport and fighter aircraft,
[4]
and airdrops of over
3900 paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division and the 11th Airborne Division.
[5]
Exercise Internal Look
This exercise was designed to quickly deploy forces assigned to the US Central Command to the Iranian border to
halt a Soviet invasion of the Middle East. It has since been adapted to the post cold war world in a number of ways
from halting Russian intervention in the middle east to logistical feasibility studies for US action in Iran and Iraq.
Exercise Reforger
Main article: Exercise Reforger
Exercise Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise conducted, during the Cold War, by
NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in
the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact outnumbered NATO throughout the cold war in
conventional forces, especially armor. Therefore, in the event of a Soviet invasion, in order not to resort to tactical
nuclear strikes, NATO forces holding the line against a Warsaw Pact armored spearhead would have to be quickly
resupplied and replaced. Most of this support would have come across the Atlantic from the US and Canada.
If activated, Operation Reforger would have largely consisted of
convoys like this one from Operation Earnest Will in 1987,
though much larger. While troops could easily fly across the
Atlantic, the heavy equipment and armor reinforcements would
have to come by sea.
Reforger was not merely a show of forcein the event of
a conflict, it would be the actual plan to strengthen the
NATO presence in Europe. In that instance, it would have
been referred to as Operation Reforger. Important
components in Reforger included the Military Airlift
Command, the Military Sealift Command, and the Civil
Reserve Air Fleet.
Exercise Totskoye
Main article: Totskoye nuclear exercise
The Totskoye nuclear exercise was a military exercise
undertaken by the Soviet army to explore defensive and
offensive warfare during nuclear war. The exercise, under
the code name "Snowball", involved an aerial detonation
of RDS-4 nuclear bomb as powerful as the two bombs
used in the American nuclear strikes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined. The stated goal of the operation was
military training for breaking through heavily fortified defensive lines of a military opponent using nuclear
weapons.
[6]
An army of 45,000 soldiers marched through the area around the epicenter soon after the nuclear blast.
[7]
The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under the command of Marshal Georgy Zhukov to the north of
Totskoye village in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, in the South Ural Military District.
The test was designed as proof of new Soviet military doctrine that nuclear war can actually be won, and the tactical
usage of atomic bombs can support conventional warfare (contrary to Joseph Stalin's beliefs that it can only be used
behind enemy lines - against cities or factories - but it's useless on the battlefield). It was also meant to disprove the
opinions of current Soviet premier, Georgy Malenkov, that nuclear war cannot be won by any of its participants.
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Exercises Grand Slam, Longstep & Mainbrace
Main Articles: Exercise Longstep, Exercise Grand Slam, Exercise Mainbrace In January 1950, the North Atlantic
Council approved NATO's military strategy of deterring Soviet aggression. NATO military planning took on a
renewed urgency following the outbreak of the Korean War in mid-1950, prompting NATO to establish a "force
under a centralised command, adequate to deter aggression and to ensure the defence of Western Europe". Allied
Command Europe was established under General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, U.S. Army, on 2 April 1951.
The Western Union Defence Organization had previously carried out Exercise Verity, a 1949 multilateral exercise
involving naval air strikes and submarine attacks.
Exercise Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and
Norway from Russian attack in 1952. It was the first major NATO exercise. The exercise was jointly commanded by
Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, USN, and Supreme Allied Commander
Europe General Matthew B. Ridgeway, U.S. Army, during the Fall of 1952.
The United States, UK, Canada, France, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Netherlands and Belgium all participated.
Exercises Grand Slam and Longstep were naval exercises held in the Mediterranean Sea during 1952 to practice
dislodging an enemy occupying force and amphibious assault. It involved over 170 warships and 700 aircraft under
the overall command of Admiral Carney. The overall exercise commander, Admiral Carney summarized the
accomplishments of Exercise Grand Slam by stating: "We have demonstrated that the senior commanders of all four
powers can successfully take charge of a mixed task force and handle it effectively as a working
unit."Wikipedia:Citation needed
The USSR called the exercises "war-like acts" by NATO, with particular reference to the participation of Norway
and Denmark, while the USSR was preparing for its own military manoeuvres in the Soviet Zone.
[8][9]
NATO Nuclear Sharing Programme
Main article: Nuclear sharing
NATO operational plans for a third world war have involved NATO allies who do not have their own nuclear
weapons, using US nuclear weapons as part of a general NATO war plan, under the direction of NATO's Supreme
Allied Commander.
Of the three nuclear powers in NATO (France, the United Kingdom and the United States), only the United States
has provided weapons for nuclear sharing. As of November 2009[10], Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and
Turkey are still hosting U.S. nuclear weapons as part of NATO's nuclear sharing policy.
[11]
Canada hosted weapons
until 1984, and Greece until 2001. The United Kingdom also received U.S. tactical nuclear weapons such as nuclear
artillery and Lance missiles until 1992, despite the UK being a nuclear weapons state in its own right; these were
mainly deployed in Germany.
In peace time, the nuclear weapons stored in non-nuclear countries are guarded by U.S. airmen though previously
some artillery and missile systems were guarded by US Army soldiers; the codes required for detonating them are
under American control. In case of war, the weapons are to be mounted on the participating countries' warplanes.
The weapons are under custody and control of USAF Munitions Support Squadrons co-located on NATO main
operating bases who work together with the host nation forces.
As of 2005[10], 180 tactical B61 nuclear bombs of the 480 U.S. nuclear weapons believed to be deployed in Europe
fall under the nuclear sharing arrangement. The weapons are stored within a vault in hardened aircraft shelters, using
the USAF WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System. The delivery warplanes used are F-16s and Panavia
Tornados.
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Exercise Able Archer
Main article: Able Archer 83
Exercise Able Archer was an annual exercise by the United States Military in Europe that practiced command and
control procedures, with emphasis on transition from just convention operations to chemical, nuclear, and
conventional operations during a time of war.
Able Archer 83 was a five-day North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) command post exercise starting on
November 7, 1983, that spanned Western Europe, centered on the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
(SHAPE) Headquarters in Casteau, north of the city of Mons. Able Archer exercises simulated a period of conflict
escalation, culminating in a coordinated nuclear attack.
The realistic nature of the 1983 exercise, coupled with deteriorating relations between the United States and the
Soviet Union and the anticipated arrival of strategic Pershing II nuclear missiles in Europe, led some members of the
Soviet Politburo and military to believe that Able Archer 83 was a ruse of war, obscuring preparations for a genuine
nuclear first strike.
[12][13][14]
In response, the Soviets readied their nuclear forces and placed air units in East
Germany and Poland on alert.
[15][16]
This is known as the 1983 war scare.
President Ronald Reagan and Soviet
double agent Oleg Gordievsky, who
later told the west how close the
Able Archer 83 exercise had brought
the Soviets to ordering a First Strike.
The 1983 war scare is considered by many historians to be the closest the world
has come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The threat of
nuclear war ended with the conclusion of the exercise on November 11.
[17][18]
Desert Rock exercises
Main article: Desert Rock exercises
Desert Rock was the code name of a series of exercises conducted by the US
military in conjunction with atmospheric nuclear tests. They were carried out at
the Nevada Proving Grounds between 1951 and 1957.
Their purpose was to train troops and gain knowledge of military manoeuvres
and operations on the nuclear battlefield. They included observer programs,
tactical manoeuvres, and damage effects tests.
Letters of Last Resort
The letters of last resort are four identically-worded handwritten letters written by the Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom to the commanding officers of the four British ballistic missile submarines. They contain orders on what
action to take in the event that an enemy nuclear strike has destroyed the British government and has killed or
incapacitated both the Prime Minister and the "second person" (normally a high-ranking member of the Cabinet)
whom the Prime Minister has designated to make a decision on how to act in the event of the Prime Minister's death.
In the event that the orders were to be carried out, the action taken could be the last official act of Her Majesty's
Government.
The letters are stored inside two safes in the control room of each submarine. The UK submarines do not have the
same code-locked PAL systems that the US nuclear forces use. Reports indicate that each set of letters differs
depending on the Prime Minister, but the Navy advises the incoming prime minister that he has three broad choices:
1. Instruct the submarine Captain to conduct a massive retaliatory strike on the aggressor. 2. Instruct the submarine
Captain to place the submarine under allied command. This would involve sailing to the United States or Australia,
or some other UK ally, and placing the submarine at that countries disposal. 3. Instruct the submarine Captain to use
his own judgement. The Prime Minister may choose any other option, or permutation of options, in his own absolute
discretion.
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The letters contents are never revealed in the media and are destroyed unopened at the end of each Prime Ministers
term.
France's Warning Shot
The French military were well aware from intelligence sources during the cold war that some Soviet invasion plans
called for stopping at the Rhine, others stopping at the French border, and still others at the Pyrenees. Since the
French military judged that a full-scale invasion of Western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact Allies
was unlikely to be stopped by conventional armaments, these short-range nuclear missiles were meant as a "final
warning" (ultime avertissement in French) which would tell the aggressor that any further advances would trigger a
nuclear armageddon upon its major cities and other important targets. The idea was to fire a small yield nuclear
missile at a low population area close to the advancing Soviet lines, to demonstrate that France was indeed willing to
use its nuclear weapons. If this warning was not heeded, France reserved the right to use tactical nuclear weapons on
the advancing Soviet troops (using Pluton or Hads missiles, or Dassault Mirage IV jets using Air-Sol Moyenne
Porte missiles) or to launch a full strategic nuclear attack on the USSR using their Redoutable-class submarine, thus
destroying the USSR's ability to sustain war by destroying its war economy, manufacturing base and military bases.
While this policy saw a lower profile with the end of the cold war, President Chirac reasserted it in 2006. The French
IRBM force has now been scrapped but they retain an air and sea nuclear deterrent.
France's Sea-Based Nuclear Deterrent. Dassault Rafale jets. France's
nuclear capable air arm.
ASMP-A missile, which can be fired from the
Dassault Rafale and Dassault Mirage 2000N
as France's nuclear warning shot.
Strategic Defense Initiative
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983,.
[19]
In
the later part of his Presidency numerous factors (which included watching the 1983 movie The Day After and
hearing through a Soviet defector that Able Archer 83 almost triggered a Russian first strike) had turned Ronald
Reagan against the concept of winnable nuclear war, and he begun to see nuclear weapons as more of a wild card
than a strategic deterrent. Although he later believed in disarmament treaties slowly blunting the danger of nuclear
weaponry by reducing their number and alert status, he also believed a technological solution might allow incoming
ICBM's to be shot down, thus making the US invulnerable to a first strike. However the USSR saw the SDI concept
as a major threat, since the SDI, unilaterally deployed, would allow the US to launch a massive first strike on the
Soviet Union without any fear of retaliation.
The concept was to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic
nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984
within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.
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Historical close calls
With the development of the arms race in the 1950s, an apocalyptic war between the United States and the Soviet
Union was considered possible. Among the historical events considered potential triggers for a nuclear conflict are:
25 June 1950 27 July 1953: The Korean War, a war between two factions trying to control the Korean
Peninsula: a communist one supported by China and the USSR, and a capitalist one, supported by the UN and the
United States. Many people believed that it would escalate into full-scale war between the three superpowers.
CBS war correspondent Bill Downs wrote in 1951 that, "To my mind, the answer is: Yes, Korea is the beginning
of World War III. The brilliant landings at Inchon and the cooperative efforts of the American armed forces with
the United Nations Allies have won us a victory in Korea. But this is only the first battle in a major international
struggle which now is engulfing the Far East and the entire world." He repeated this belief on ABC Evening
News while reporting on the USS Pueblo incident in 1968.
A US Navy HSS-1 Seabat helicopter hovers over
Soviet submarine B-59, forced to the surface by
US Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba.
B-59 had a nuclear torpedo on board, three officer
keys were required to use it. Only one dissent
prevented the submarine from attacking the US
fleet nearby, a spark that would certainly have led
to a third world war.Wikipedia:Citation needed
(October 2829, 1962)
1528 October 1962: The Cuban missile crisis, a confrontation on
the stationing of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, is often considered
as having been the closest to a nuclear exchange, which could have
precipitated a Third World War. The crisis peaked on 27 October,
when a U-2 was shot down over Cuba and another almost
intercepted over Siberia, after Curtis LeMay (U.S. Air Force Chief
of Staff) had neglected to enforce Presidential orders to suspend all
overflights, and a Soviet submarine nearly launched a
nuclear-tipped torpedo in response to depth charges (with the launch
being prevented by an officer named Vasili Arkhipov).
October 625, 1973:The Yom Kippur War, also known as the
Ramadan War, or October War, began with Arab victories. After a
massive U.S. airlift of supplies Israel successfully counterattacked.
Tensions grew between the U.S. (which supported Israel) and the
Soviet Union (which sided with the Arab states). American and
Soviet naval forces came close to firing upon each other. Adm.
Murphy of the U.S. reckoned the chances of the Soviet squadron
attempting a first strike against his fleet at 40 percent. The Pentagon moved Defcon status from 4 to 3.
[20]
The
superpowers had been pushed to the brink of war.
[21][22]
26 September 1983: A false alarm occurred on the Soviet nuclear early warning system, showing the launch of
American Minuteman ICBMs from bases in the United States. A retaliatory attack was prevented by Stanislav
Petrov, an officer of the Soviet Air Defence Forces, who realised the system had simply malfunctioned (which
was borne out by later investigations).
World War III as past or present tense
Norman Podhoretz has suggested that the Cold War can be identified as World War III
[23]
because it was fought,
although by proxy, on a global scale, involving the United States, NATO, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact
countries.Wikipedia:Citation needed Eliot Cohen, the director of strategic studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of
Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, declared in The Wall Street Journal he considers
World War III to be history. "The Cold War was World War III, which reminds us that not all global conflicts entail
the movement of multi-million-man armies, or conventional front lines on a map."
[24]
Others have claimed that the world has changed, that war has changed, and thus World War III will not be a
conventional or even nuclear war, as had been imagined in the Cold War. Some claim that the War on Terrorism is
World War III, with September 11 being the 'Pearl Harbor' that dragged the United States into a terrorism fight the
World War III
12
UK and Israel were already fighting, in a similar way to World War II. On the 24 May 2011 edition of CNBC's
Kudlow and Company, host Lawrence Kudlow, discussing a book by former deputy Under-Secretary of Defense Jed
Babbin, accepted the view of the Cold War as World War III, adding "World War IV is the terror war, and war with
China would be World War V."
[25]
Fiction
World War III is a common theme in fiction and art.
Many media concerning a World War III portray the war as being fought with nuclear weapons, with some even
portraying multiple major exchanges that result in anything from entire continents being wiped out (as in The Last
Ship), to full human extinction (as in On The Beach). However some, such as The Third World War: The Untold
Story and Red Storm Rising portray a conventional war where the pressure by regional military commanders on the
side losing at that time to use tactical nuclear weapons grows as the story goes on. With most WWIII fiction being
written during the Cold War, when a US-Russian conflict was seen as the most likely scenario, this is the focus of
most books and movies on the subject.
With the end of the Cold War, despite the public perception that such a war is now unlikely, the genre continues to
grow. Some video games, such as Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 have
speculated on the emergence of a second cold war after a new ultra-nationalist Russia emerges. While some books
like Invasion by Eric L Harry speculate about a future China-United States war after China becomes a global
superpower, others like Arc Light portray an unstable post-cold war Russian Federation being the subject of a
military coup, during which a series of accidents and misunderstandings trigger a nuclear strike by the Russians, with
the US retaliating, and both nations locked in a war neither of them want. The changed world post-Cold War, and the
changed perception of the likelihood of various threats, has caused some cold war stories to be re-imagined for the
post-cold war age. The Last Ship by William Brinkley has been adapted to a TV series of the same name, with the
plot changed to a global pandemic rather than a nuclear exchange.
Books
Arc Light, a novel portraying a US-Russia mixed conventional-Nuclear War, post-cold war, that came about as a
series of misunderstandings and mis-reads of each other's intentions in the midst of a Chinese-Russian nuclear
exchange.
Invasion, a 2000 novel by Eric L. Harry portraying a future Chinese invasion of the US after China becomes a
global superpower and the economy, crippled with debt from previous wars and bad economic policies, has made
the US a backwater.
The Third World War: The Untold Story by General Hackett, portrays a conventional Soviet invasion of Western
Europe, including the behavior of the formally neutral Ireland and Sweden, and internal Soviet debates and
thinking, and explores the pressure by regional military commanders to use nuclear weapons.
Team Yankee, a 1987 novel by Harold Coyle set in Hackett's scenario, focusing on a single company sized US
Army Unit under a young dynamic Captain leading inexperienced enlisted and Lt's who don't believe a third
world war will ever start until one day they suddenly see Soviet Fighter Jets skimming overhead and hear the
sudden artillery in the distance.
Red Army, by Ralph Peters, showing a Soviet invasion of Western Europe from an entirely Soviet perspective.
The only WWIII book where there is no western victory (discounting Hacketts alternate ending).
Red Storm Rising, a similar World War III scenario covering a conventional Soviet invasion of Western Europe,
by Tom Clancy, Red Storm Rising has the politburo vote for war because an oil crises means their economy will
be starving come winter, and they need to take the caucus or mid east oil, and must first neutralize NATO to
accomplish this.
World War III
13
The Third World War by Humphrey Hawksley depicts a slow building crises that culminates in a nightmarish
World War III involving nuclear and biological weapons.
Resurrection Day. An alternate history novel set a few decades after the Cuban Missile Crisis turned hot. A
journalist tries to discover the real story of what happened in the face of propaganda and lies.
Trinity's Child by William Prochnau, portrays a sudden nuclear attack by the USSR upon the United States,
followed by an eruption of global warfare. This book was highly acclaimed and is considered a 'must read' by
readers of the genre. It was made into a TV Movie By Dawns Early Light. Hardliners in the politburo, facing
USSR collapse as in real life, seize control and vote to launch a full first strike against the USA. The novel
follows the military brass, the President and the crew of a B-52 Stratofortress sent in to the USSR to drop nuclear
gravity bombs and cruise missiles.
The Last Ship by William Brinkley. Portrays a sudden massive nuclear exchange between the superpowers, with
further escalating exchanges over a four hour period leaving most of the northern hemisphere choked in
radioactive fallout. The ship loses contact with the U.S. Navy, and then investigates various sites around Europe
and Africa starting with Naval Station Rota in Spain, making contact with other stray ships, military and civilian.
All the consequences of the exchange for the crew, and humanity as a whole, are explored.
Movies
Countdown to Looking Glass, a TV movie made in the form of a news broadcast following a deterioration in
NATO-Warsaw Pact relations that ends in nuclear warfare.
The Day After, a 1983 made-for-TV movie about a NATO-Russian nuclear exchange that comes out of a crises in
the middle east. The movie shows a slow, almost dull 'day before' to remind one what normality is, then suddenly
everything changes as the nuclear missiles burst in the sky.
Damnation Alley, a 1970's movie about a sudden Soviet nuclear attack. The focus of the movie is on the aftermath
of the attack
Fail Safe, a 2000 film about a computer malfunction at the NMCC in the 1960s giving false Emergency Action
Messages to B-52 bombers to penetrate Soviet airspace and commence strategic nuclear strikes. The President,
Joint Chiefs, US Strategic Air Command and national security council all try to stop the bombers by various
means. They find it hard to get through to the bombers who have been trained to ignore recall signals that are not
properly encoded, and at the same time, the Russians are not sure if this is deception warfare or a real
malfunction.
Miracle Mile, a 1988 movie about an ordinary group of people, who learn, via a phone call from someone in an
ICBM silo (who was trying to reach their father at the diner) that a nuclear exchange is about to take place, thus
within the hour Soviet missiles will reign down on them. Some believe it and try to flee, others scramble around
the city to find loved ones in a desperate attempt to join those already headed for the airport.
The Sum of All Fears, a 2002 movie with Ben Affleck and Morgan Freeman. Terrorists plant a nuclear weapon in
a US city in an attempt to frame the Russians for the attack and prompt the two powers to wipe each other out.
Threads, a 1984 UK film about a major Soviet nuclear attack on the United Kingdom in similar makeup to The
Day After.
The War Game, a 1965 film about how well civil defense and homeland security would cope in the event of
nuclear war. What's practical and what's not.
On The Beach, a 2000 film about the aftermath of a series of major nuclear exchanges between the
US-Russia-China choking the northern hemisphere in fallout which is slowly spreading to humanity's last refuge
in Australia.
red dawn, a 1984 film about a group of teenagers who band together to defend their town, and their country, from
invading Soviet forces.
World War III
14
Video games
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 & Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 portray a war between United States and
Russia, which evolves into the Third World War between NATO allied nations and Ultra-nationalist Russia (a
revolutionary political party idolizing the late days of the Soviet Union).
World In Conflict & World In Conflict: Soviet Assault portray a sudden surprise Soviet invasion of the US
mainland.
Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 & Command & Conquer Red Alert 3 portray a Soviet invasion of both
Western Europe and the mainland United States.
Homefront. A future United States suffering from economic collapse and military atrophy is invaded by a
resurgent and newly unified Korea.
References
[1] Continental US Fallout Pattern for Prevailing Winds (FEMA-196/September 1990) (http:/ / ocw. nd. edu/ physics/ nuclear-warfare/ notes/
lecture-17)
[2] http:/ / www. youtube.com/ watch?v=8sh7-9vNWBk
[3] [3] Michio Kaku and Daniel Axelrod, "To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon's Secret War Plans", Boston, South End Press, 1987, pp. 30-31.
[4] Newsweek, Volume 35, Issues 14-26 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=hufjAAAAMAAJ& q="Exercise+ Swarmer"& dq="Exercise+
Swarmer"& hl=en& ei=HNLxTJCQCYKdlgf31JihDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=7& ved=0CD4Q6AEwBg).
[5] [5] Hagerman 1997, p. 379.
[6] Totskyoe exercise. Measures of safety (Russian) (http:/ / actualhistory. ru/ tozk_nuclear) by Sergei Markov
[7] Viktor Suvorov, Shadow of Victory (http:/ / militera. lib. ru/ research/ suvorov7/ index. html) (), Donetsk, 2003, ISBN 966-696-022-2, pages
353-375. The challenges official record of Georgy Zhukov as a flawless military leader. The chapter about Totskoye nuclear exercise is mostly
based on open publications in Russian press, such as Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), an official newspaper of Russian Ministry of Defense, and
Literaturnaya Gazeta
[8] Time, September 29, 1952
[9] "NATO Ships Enter Baltic Sea" - Sydney Morning Herald, p. 2
[10] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=World_War_III& action=edit
[11] Der Spiegel: Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany (2009-04-10) (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ international/ germany/
0,1518,618550,00.html)
[12] Andrew and Gordievsky, Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions, 857.
[13] Beth Fischer, Reagan Reversal, 123, 131.
[14] Pry, War Scare, 379.
[15] Oberdorfer, A New Era, 66.
[16] SNIE 111084 "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, May 18, 1984.
[17] Andrew and Gordievsky, Comrade Kryuchkovs Instructions, 878.
[18] Pry, War Scare, 434.
[19] Federation of American Scientists. Missile Defense Milestones (http:/ / www. fas. org/ spp/ starwars/ program/ milestone. htm). Accessed
March 10, 2006.
[20] http:/ / www.globalpost. com/ dispatches/ globalpost-blogs/ commentary/ the-little-known-us-soviet-confrontation-during-yom-kippur-wa
[21] http:/ / fullcomment. nationalpost. com/ 2013/ 10/ 07/ erol-araf-incalculable-consequences/
[22] http:/ / www.psupress. org/ books/ titles/ 0-271-01489-X. html
[23] Norman Podhoretz:World War IV: How It Started, What It Means, and Why We Have to Win (http:/ / www. commentarymagazine. com/
article/ world-war-iv-how-it-started-what-it-means-and-why-we-have-to-win/ )
[24] World War III? | Macleans.ca Canada Features (http:/ / www. macleans. ca/ article. jsp?content=20060731_131110_131110).
Macleans.ca. Retrieved on 26 December 2011.
[25] Right-wing media divided: Is U.S. now in World War III, IV, or V? | Media Matters for America (http:/ / mediamatters. org/ research/ 2006/
07/ 14/ right-wing-media-divided-is-us-now-in-world-war/ 136176). Mediamatters.org (14 July 2006). Retrieved on 26 December 2011.
World War III
15
Further reading
Langford, David (1981). War in 2080 : the future of military technology. London: Sphere Books.
ISBN978-0-7221-5393-2.
Pamidi, G.G. (2012). Possibility of a nuclear war in Asia : an Indian perspective. New Delhi: United Service
Institution of India : Vij Books India. ISBN93-81411-51-4.
Article Sources and Contributors
16
Article Sources and Contributors
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:US nuclear strike map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_nuclear_strike_map.svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: USnuclearstrike.jpg:
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File:Rafales aboard USS Harry Truman.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rafales_aboard_USS_Harry_Truman.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Specialist
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File:SG1059332.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SG1059332.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: User:Thomas Boucajay
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