Fundamental thermodynamic relation

Here, U is internal energy, T is the absolute temperature S is entropy, P is pressure, and V is volume.
Derivation from the rst and second laws of thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that:
According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics we have for a reversible process:
Hence:
By substituting this into the rst law, we have:
Letting !W be reversible pressure-volume work, we have:
This equation has been derived in the case of reversible changes. However, since U, S, and V are
thermodynamic functions of state, the above relation holds also for non-reversible changes. If the
system has more external parameters than just the volume that can change and if the numbers of
particles in the system can also change, the fundamental thermodynamic relation generalizes to:
Here the Xi are the generalized forces corresponding to the external parameters xi. The j are the
chemical potentioals corresponding to particles of type j.