Advanced ECLIPSE Course

Saturation Functions and Endpoint Scaling

Purpose of Saturation Functions
Used to calculate
the initial saturation
for each phase in
each cell
Used to calculate the
initial transition zone
saturation of each phase
Used to calculate
fluid mobility to solve
the flow equations
between cells and
from cell to well
Purpose
End-points and capillary data for initial fluid distribution

Relative permeability data for calculating phase mobilities

ECLIPSE has no facilities for calculating rock property data
from user-defined correlations. Should be done in office.
Saturation Function Keyword Families
Family 1
Kro entered in the same tables as Krw and Krg
SWOF, SGOF, SLGOF

Family 2
Kro entered in separate tables versus oil saturation
SWFN, SGFN, SGWFN, SOF3, SOF2, SOF32D

Different keyword families cannot be mixed in the same run.
Family 1 cannot be used in miscible flood option

Keyword Families - Family 1
SWOF
--1 2 3 4
--S
w
k
rw
k
row
P
cow

0.2 0.00 0.90 4.0
0.3 0.05 0.75 2.0
0.4 1* 0.55 1.0
0.5 2* 0.5
0.6 3*
0.7 0.40 0.00 0.10 /
--column 1: increase monotonically down the column
--column 2: level or increase down the column
--column 3-4: level or decrease down the column
--default values (n*) for column 2-4 linearly interpolated
--/ is used to terminate each table
Keyword Families- Family 1
SGOF
--1 2 3 4
--S
g
k
rg
k
rog
P
cog

SLGOF
--1 2 3 4
--S
l
k
rg
k
rog
P
cog
-- Sl - liquid saturation
Keyword Families- Family 2
SWFN
--1 2 3
--S
w
k
rw
Pcow


0.2 0.00 4.0
0.3 0.05 2.0
0.4 1* 1.0
0.5 1* 0.5
0.6 2*
0.7 0.40 0.10/
SGFN
--1 2 3
--S
g
k
rg
Pcog

Note:

In Gas/Water cases, only family 2 is used,
and:
Pcow=Pcgw in SWFN
Pcog=0.0 in SGFN

Keyword Families - Family 2
SOF2
--1 2
--S
o
k
ro

--Kro - oil relative permeability in the presence of one other phase

SOF3
--three phase oil saturation function

--1 2 3
--S
o
k
row
krog

--Krow-o/w relative permeability @connate gas saturation

--Krog-o/g relative permeability @connate water saturation
Keyword Families - Family 2
SOF32D
--three phase oil saturation data - two dimensional table
--The first line is a series of water saturation values
0.22 0.27 0.32 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.72 0.78 /
--Each successive row contains Sg followed by kro
--at the given Sg and corresponding Sw in the first row
--terminated by a forward slash
0.00 1.00 0.62 0.34 0.11 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.002 0.00/
0.05 0.55 0.34 0.21 0.078 0.047 0.021 0.004 0.000/
0.10 0.33 0.21 0.11 0.042 0.019 0.003 0.002 0.000/
0.20 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 /
0.30 0.02 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.000 /
0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 /
/
Significant Saturation Endpoints
Oil Water Relative Permeability
SOWCR
(1 - Sw)
SWCR
SWU
SWL
+
Krw
Krow
Gas Oil Relative Permeability
SOGCR
(1 - Sg)
SGCR
SGU
SGL
+
Krg
Krog
SWL: connate water saturation
SWCR: critical water saturation
SWU: maximum water saturation
SOWCR: critical oil-water saturation

SGL: connate gas saturation
SGCR: critical gas saturation
SGU: maximum gas saturation
SOGCR: critical oil-gas saturation
Family 1 Example SWOF, SGOF
SWOF
--Sw Krw Krow Pcwo
0.1510 0.0000 1.0000 400.00
0.2033 0.0001 0.9788 20.40
0.3500 0.0002 0.8302 11.65
0.4000 0.0695 0.1714 3.60
0.4613 0.1049 0.0949 2.78
0.5172 0.1430 0.0511 1.93
0.5731 0.1865 0.0246 1.07
0.6010 0.2103 0.0161 0.83
0.6569 0.2619 0.0059 0.66
0.7128 0.3186 0.0015 0.38
0.8811 0.4309 0.0000 0.16
1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.00 /

SGOF
--Sg Krg Krog Pcgo
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.00
0.0400 0.0000 0.6000 0.20
0.1000 0.0220 0.3300 0.50
0.2000 0.1000 0.1000 1.00
0.3000 0.2400 0.0200 1.50
0.4000 0.3400 0.0000 2.00
0.5000 0.4200 0.0000 2.50
0.6000 0.5000 0.0000 3.00
0.7000 0.8125 0.0000 3.50
0.8490 1.0000 0.0000 3.90 /

SWL
= 1 - SGL
Must be zero
These must be the same
Must be zero
Must be
zero
Must be zero
SGU = 1 - SWL
Family 2 Example SWFN, SGFN, SOF3
SOF3
--So Krow Krog
0.30 0.000 0.000
0.40 0.089 0.008
0.50 0.253 0.064
0.60 0.354 0.125
0.70 0.586 0.343
0.80 0.854 0.729
0.90 1.000 1.000
/

SWFN
--Sw Krw Pcow
0.10 0.000 20.0
0.20 0.004 5.00
0.30 0.032 3.30
0.40 0.062 2.60
0.50 0.172 1.50
0.60 0.365 0.80
0.70 0.500 0.60
0.80 0.667 0.30
0.90 0.833 0.10
1.00 1.000 0.00
/
SGFN
--Sg Krg Pcog
0.00 0.000 0.00
0.05 0.000 0.03
0.15 0.089 0.30
0.25 0.164 0.60
0.35 0.253 1.00
0.45 0.354 1.50
0.55 0.465 2.10
0.65 0.586 2.80
0.75 0.716 3.60
0.85 0.854 4.50
0.90 1.000 5.50
/


Must be zero Must be zero
Must be the same
SOIL
max
= 1 SWL-SGL
3 Phase Oil Relative Permeability
ECLIPSE default model is a
weighted sum:




Other options in ECLIPSE
Modified STONE 1
Modified STONE 2

1-S
o
-SWL

SWL

S
o
1-S
o

SWL S S
krow SWL S krog S
ro
w g
w g
k

WATER
OIL
GAS
Uses Krog table
Uses Krow table
SWL S S
S
w g
g

SWL S S
SWL S
w g
w


SWL S SWL S S
o w g
1
Saturation Regions
In REGIONS section
SATNUM - give each cell a number.
A region where all the cells have the same number uses the same
saturation function table
Endpoint Scaling
Purposes
a small number of saturation functions with a generic form that applies
to a number of rock types
different end points for different rock types
EPS transforms the generic curves to those that suit rock types with
different endpoints
Types
kr
along x-axis
along y - axis (vertical scaling)
Pc
along x-axis;
vertical
J-func
EPS for kr - Along x-axis
The end points
SWL / SGL- connate water/ gas saturation
SWCR / SGCR - critical water / gas saturation
SWU / SGU - maximum water / gas saturation
SOWCR - critical oil with water saturation
SOGCR - critical oil with gas saturation
Effect of Saturation Scaling
SWL
SWL
SWCR
SWCR
SOCR SOCR
EPS for kr - Along x-axis
Linear transformation:



s- scaled; t-tabular values
u- maximum value; l - critical value

Implementation Procedures:
given S
s
and the end points at a cell
calculate S
t
from the above equation
look up saturation table using S
t
t
l
t
u
t t
u
s
l
s
u
s s
u
S S
S S
S S
S S

2- and 3-Point Saturation Scaling

2 pt
3 pt
Unscaled Scaled
Krw at (1-SOWCR-SGL) changes
Krw at (1-SOWCR-SGL) fixed
Krow at (1-SWCR-SGL) changes
Krow at (1-SWCR-SGL) fixed
Endpoint Scaling - 2 Point
Krw: SWCR & SWU
Krg: SGCR & SGU
Krow: SOWCR & (1-SWL-SGL)
Krog: SOGCR & (1-SWL-SGL)
Endpoint Scaling - 3 Point
Krw: SWCR, (1-SOWCR-SGL) & SWU
Krg: SGCR, (1-SOGCR-SWL) & SGU
Krow: SOWCR, (1-SWCR-SGL) & (1-SWL-SGL)
Krog: SOGCR, (1-SGCR-SWL) & (1-SWL-SGL)

In gas/water runs
krw: SWCR, (1-SGCR) & SWU
krg: SGCR, (1-SWCR) & SGU

This can be interpreted as: In two phase run - preserving the values of Kr at
both ends of the 2-phase mobile region
Effect of SCALELIM
SCALELIM =
SWU-(1-SOWCR)
k
rw
S
w
Only for water phase
In 2-phase runs or
Miscible flooding runs
EPS for kr - Vertical Scaling
Scaling the relative permeability at the maximum phase saturation:


t-tabular values
end- end points
Y - kr or pc

Option - honor kr at critical saturation (SR): the scaling applies to the two
saturation intervals:
S<SR

S>SR
t
end
end
t
Y
Y
Y Y
Effect of Vertical Scaling
KRW 1.00000 0.600 KRWR 0.41000 0.300
KRO 1.00000 0.800 KRORW 0.55230 0.450

KRW
KRWR
KRO
KRORW
EPS for kr - Vertical Scaling
The end points
KRW, KRG, KRO - kr at the maximum saturation
KRWR, KRGR, KRORW, KRORG - kr at the critical/residual saturation at
the associated phase
e.g.
Krw= KRW @sw=SWU
kr= KRWR @sw=SR=1-SOWCR for w/o or g/o runs
@sw=SR=1-SGCR for g/w runs
krw=linear transformation @sw in between:
krw=krw(table) KRWR/krw(table)@SR, if sw<SR
krw=KRWR+(KRW-KRWR)/(krw@SWU-krw@SR)[krw(table)-krw@SR]; if
sw>SR

TWO POINT VERTICAL SCALING
THREE POINT VERTICAL SCALING
Capillary Pressure Scaling
Vertical P
c
scaling by a designated factor
Use the PCW, PCG keywords
Horizontal P
c
scaling
Use SWLPC, SGLPC
Post 98-a PCW(G), SW(G)LPC ~Depth:
ENPCVD, ENSPCVD
The Leverett J Function
Use the JFUNC keyword in the GRID section to activate oil/water/gas J Function
scaling
Pressure dependence
Use STOW, STOG for IFT vs. pressure

Capillary Pressure Scaling using JFUNC
Activate EPS
In RUNSPEC section
ENDSCALE
--item 1 - options
NODIR - EPS is not directional
DIRECT - EPS is directional
--item 2 - options
IRREVERS - EPS is irreversible
REVERS - EPS is reversible
--IRREVERS option can only be specified if DIRECT is specified
--item 3 - maximum number of ENPTVD tables
--item 4 - maximum number of nodes in any ENPTVD table
Define End Points (1)
On a cell by cell basis or within boxes:
e.g.
SWL
100* 0.12 50*0.15/
A depth - endpoints table
ENPTVD
--Depth SWL SWCR SWU SGL SGCR SGU SOWCR SOGCR
--at least two rows of data
ENKRVD
--Depth KRW KRG KRO KRWR KRGR KRORG KRORW
--/ terminates each table
ENDNUM is used to define ENPTVD/ENKRVD regions
Define End Points (2)
Switch for 2/3 point scaling:
SCALECRS
3-p: YES /
2-p (default) NO/
Directional option requires X/Y/Z following the keyword: e.g.
SWLX, KRWX, ENPTVDX
Irreversible option requires X-/Y-/Z- following the keyword:
e.g. SGUX-, ENPTVDY-
ENDPOINTS not defined will take the values from the
saturation function table
Consistency Requirements
Sgmax <= 1-Swco: to prevent negative So
Sgco <= 1-Swmax: to prevent negative So
Somax = 1-Swco-Sgco
Krow@Somax = Krog@Somax
Krw(Sw=0)=Krg(Sg=0)=Krow(So=0)=Krog(So=0)=0
otherwise, phase can be mobile even at zero saturation and
there is noting to stop saturations going negative
Note:
SWU=Swmax, SGU=Sgmax, SWL=Swco, SGL=Sgco
Specialized Applications
Quiescence QUIESC in EQLOPTS
Mobile fluid correction: MOBILE in EQLOPTS
Phase freezing using TZONE
Well Pseudos and partial penetration using COMPRP
Level & Tilted Block Equilibration
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=2N-1
i=2N
OWC
TZ
N EQUIL(9)
0 N
2
1
:
0
2
1
:
2
1
2
1
2
1

N
i
i
N
i
w i
N
i
w w
PV
S PV
N
Sw
Tilted
N
S
N
S
Level
i
i
Block centre equilibration OWC
Water saturation is calculated in 2N sub-
cells during equilibration.
In level block integration the average is
used
In tilted block integration sub-cell
saturations are pore volume weighted.
Tilted or level
block
integration
OWC
Level or tilted block
equilibration require
quiescence
RUNSPEC
EQLOPTS
'QUIESC' /
Quiescence
Pressure
Depth
OWC
FWL
(P
cow
=0)
TZ
Reverse
lookup of P
cow
curves to find
Sw in TZ
P
cow
=P
w
-
P
o
P
cow
S
w
S
wi
Cent re bl ock S
w i
consi st ent wi t h
P
cow
I ni t l i al i sat i on i s
stable.
Level / ti l ted bl ock S
wi
smal l er and
inconsistent with P
cow
Initilisation is not
stable and water will flow into cell from
below OWC
Use EPS to rescale Pcow and stop
water from flooding into cell.
To enable quiescence:
RUNSPEC
EQLOPTS
'QUIESC' /
Mobile Fluid Correction
A B
C D
OWC
S
w
= SWL
S
w
= (1 SOWCR)
Depth
Transition Zone
Water Zone
S
w
Mobile fluid correction requires
RUNSPEC
EQLOPTS
MOBILE/
Effect of TZONE
Behaviour with
TZONE
S
w

S
wco
S
wcr
To activate water freezing use TZONE
-oil water gas
F T F /
in the PROPS section
Matching Initial Water Saturation
Depth Depth
Above OWC
Sw=SWL
from sat fns
Below OWC
Sw=SWU
from sat fns
Above OWC Sw
varies smoothly.
Define Sw using
SWATINIT array in
PROPS section
Below OWC
Sw=SWU
from sat fns
Freeze water
level
TZ Top
GOC
ECLIPSE initial Sw Observed initial Sw
Partial Penetration
COMPRP/COMPVE
OWC
Sw>SWCR
Only clean oil is produced due to
partial penetration and off-centre
well
Output Control
RPTPROPS
Controls output from PROPS section -> PRT file
Available mnemonics see E100 RM
Pre-96a format with integer controls is still unable
INIT
Saturation functions and PVT data is contained
In the INIT file and can be loaded and displayed
In GRAF
Output Control
FILLEPS
99a: all saturation endpoints -> INIT file
By default, the values for the grid cells
Using unscaled tabular values are undefined
Output Control
EPSDEBUG: controls debug for end-point scaling options
write out the scaled curves for a set of cells defined
output in tabular form (0)
output as GRAF user data (1)

e.g:
EPSDEBUG
--IX1 IX2 IY1 IY2 IZ1 IZ2 SWITCH
4 4 5 5 1 3 0/