101

Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier

Exercises

Ex. 6.41








Ex. 6.4-2














Ex. 6.5-1











Ex. 6.61












Ex. 6.7-1

v =
R
R R
v
v
R
v
R
+0 = 0
a
2
1
s
a a 0
+
+

2
3 4
v
v
R
v
R
= 0
v
v
=
R
R R
s
0
s
2
1
0
2
0
1
2
0 +

+
+
v
in out in f
in
out
f 1 1
f 1
3
out
3
in
v v R
0 = 0 v = 1+ v
R R R
when R = 100k and R 25k then

v 10010
= 1+ = 5
v
2510
v
_

+ +

,

_

,
2 2 0 4
2 1
1 2 2 s 3
R R v R
When R >>R then 1 and 1
R R R v R
+
+

v
R
v
R
= 0
v
v
= 1+
R
R
s s 0
0
s
2
1
1 2
0 +

+
v
a)
0 4 0 2 4
a 3 s 1 2 3
v R v R R
1 1
v R v R R R
_ _
+ +

+
, ,
b)
3
os b1
os b1
3 3 3
os b1
Analysis of the circuit in Section 6.7 showed that output offset voltage = 6 v (50.10 )i
For a A741 opamp, v 1mV and i 80nA so
output offset voltage 6 v (50.10 )i 6 (10 ) (50.10 )(

+

+ +
9
80.10 ) 10mV

102
Ex. 6.7-2




















Ex. 6.7-3








Ex. 6.7-4

























( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 in os 2 b1
1 1
2 1 os bl
3 3 9 3
R R
v v 1 v R i
R R
When R 10k , R 2k , v 5mV and i 500nA then
output offset voltage 6 5.10 10.10 500.10 35.10 35mV

_
+ + +

,

+
( )
( )
3
os b1
os b
3 3 9
Analysis of this circuit in Section 6.7 showed that output offset voltage = 6v 50 10 i
For a typical OPA1O1AM, v 0.1mV and i 0.012nA so
output offset voltage 6 0.1 10 50 10 0.012 10


+

1
+
]
3 6 3
0.6 10 0.6 10 0.6 10
0.6mV

1
]
+

V V
R
V V
R
V
R R

V A
R
R R
V
R
V V
R

After some algebra
A
V
V

R R R AR R
R R R R R R R R R AR R
For the given values, A
s
a
o
b i s
0
i
i s
0
0
b
v
0
s
0 i s i f
f 0 i s a f 0 i s i a
v

+

+
+

+ +
+ + + + + +

0
0
2 00006


.
103
Ex. 6.8-1


























Ex. 6.8-2




























Spice deck
V1 1 0 200mV
V2 2 0 125mV
V3 3 0 250mV
R1 1 5 50k
R2 2 5 25k
R3 5 4 100k
XOA1 5 0 4 IDEAL_OP_AMP
R4 4 6 25k
R5 3 6 10k
R6 6 7 50k
R7 7 0 100k
XOA2 6 0 7 IDEAL_OP_AMP

.SUBCKT IDEAL_OP_AMP 1 2 3
E 3 0 1 2 -1G
.ENDS IDEAL_OP_AMP
.END

NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE
( 1) .2000 ( 2) .1250 ( 3) .2500
( 4) -.9000 ( 5) 900.0E-12 ( 6) -550.0E-12
( 7) .5500
Spice deck
V1 1 0 200mV
V2 2 0 125mV
V3 3 0 250mV
R1 1 5 25k
R2 2 5 50k
R3 5 4 100k
XOA1 5 0 4 TL501_OP_AMP
R4 4 6 25k
R5 3 6 10k
R6 6 7 50k
R7 7 0 100k
XOA2 6 0 7 TL501_OP_AMP
.SUBCKT TL501_OP_AMP 1 2 5
IB1 1 0 .0175nA
IB2 2 0 .0425nA
VOS 3 2 .59mV
RI 1 3 1MEG
E 4 0 1 3 -105000
RO 4 5 250
.ENDS TL501_OP_AMP
.END

NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE
( 1) .2000 ( 2) .1250 ( 3) .2500
( 4) -.8958 ( 5) 598.6E-06 ( 6) 584.8E-06
( 7) .5463 (XOA1.3) 590.0E-06 (XOA1.4) -.9070
(XOA2.3) 590.0E-06 (XOA2.4) .5504
104
Ex. 6.8-3

































Spice deck
V1 1 0 200mV
V2 2 0 125mV
V3 3 0 250mV
R1 1 5 5k
R2 2 5 2.5k
R3 5 4 10k
XOA1 5 0 4 UA741_OP_AMP
R4 4 6 2.5k
R5 3 6 1k
R6 6 7 5k
R7 7 0 10k
XOA2 6 0 7 UA741_OP_AMP
SUBCKT UA741_OP_AMP 1 2 5
IB1 1 0 70nA
IB2 2 0 90nA
VOS 3 2 1mV
RI 1 3 2MEG
E 4 0 1 3 -200000
RO 4 5 75
.ENDS UA741_OP_AMP
.END
NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE
( 1) .2000 ( 2) .1250 ( 3) .2500
( 4) -.8958 ( 5) .0010 ( 6) 997.2E-06
( 7) .5429 (XOA1.3) .0010 (XOA1.4) -.9258
(XOA2.3) .0010 (XOA2.4) .5551
105
Problems

Section 6-4: The Ideal Operational Amplifier

P6.4-1


















P6.4-2















P6.4-3















v V
v 12

V
i
8000
mA
a
0
0

0
0


+

2
2
8000
2
4000
0
30
2
35

v
v
.
v v i V
0 a 0


4000 2 4 2 4 10 4000 12
3


. .
KVL 1:
i +0+2000i = 0
i =
12
5000
mA
i i = 2.4mA
i i = 2.4mA
v i
= V
0
1

a 1
a
+

12 3000
2 4
1000 0
2 4
.
.

106
P6.4-4











P6.4-5











P6.4-6

+ +

v 12
V
i
v
6000
v
3000
i mA
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
3000
0
4000
2 10 0
15
0 7 5
3
v
.
v = 5 V
v
a
= 0
= 4 V
i =
v
20000
=
1
5
mA
a
a

5
10000
01 10 0
3
.
v
107
P6.4-7

























P6.4-8











v Ri

v
i
R
0 s
0
s


0

+

+

+
v
R
v
R
v
R
R
v
i
R R

R R
R R
v
R R
R R
v 0
R
v 0
R
v
R
R
v
R R
R R
v
s
1
a
2
a
2
1
s
0
a
2
a
3
2 3
2 3
a
2 3
1 3
s
0
4
a
3
0
4
3
a
2 4
1 3
s
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
v v
v
108
P6.4-9






























P 6.4-10

KCL at node a:
( ) 18
0 0 12 V
4000 8000
a
a
a
v
v
v

+ +
The node voltages at the input nodes of ideal op amps are equal so
b a
v v .
Voltage division:
8000
8 V
4000 8000
o b
v v
+

109
Section 6-5: Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers

P6.5-1












P6.5-2
KCL at node b:
2 5 1
0 V
20 3 40 3 40 3 4
b b b
b
v v v
v
e e e
+
+ +
1
V
4
e b
v v because the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal
KCL at node e:
10
0 10 V
1000 40 3 4
e d e
d e
v v v
v v
e
+
+

P6.5-3











P6.5-4


















v V
v

V
a
0
0

1000
2000 1000
6 2
2
20000
3 2
5000
0
2 v
a a a
a
v 12 v v 0
0 = 4 V
6000 6000 6000
v

+ +

v
R
v
R

R
R
v
a
2
s
1
a
2
1
s
0 0
0
v
a 0 a a 2 3 2 4 3 4

0 4 a a
4 3 2 2 3 4 3 2
2 3 2 4 3 4
s
1 3
v v v 0 R R R R R R 1 1 1
0 v R v
R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R
v
R R
v
v
_
+ +
+ + + +

,
+ +

a 0
0 a
0 0 0
0 0
v 0 0
0 0 v = 4V
6000 6000
v v 0
i 0 i 1.33mA
6000 3000 6000
v
v
v
_ _
+ +

, ,
_
+

,
Plug in values yields
v
v

0
s
200
110

P6.5-5















P6.5-6
























P6.5-7
KCL at node b:
5
0
20 3 25 3 4
a c
c a
v v
v v
e e
+
KCL at node a:
( )
5
12
0 3 4
0 V
40 3 10 3 20 3 10 3 4
a a
a
a a
a
v v
v
v v
v
e e e e
_



+
,
+ + +
so
5 15
4 16
c a
v v .



i =
v v
R
v R R R i
=
R R R
R
v v
1 2
2
0 1 2 3
1 2 3
2
1 2

+ +
+ +

1 a 1 2 1 1
a 1 2
1 7 7 7
2 2 b 1 2 2
b 2 1
2 7 7
7
v v R R
0 0 1 v v
R R R R
R
v v v v R
0 0 v 1 v v
R R R
R
v v
v
_

+ + +

,
_
+ +

,

c 6 b c
c b
6 4 6 4
a c c 0 5 5
0 a c
3 5 3 3
v 0 R v v
0 0 v v
R R R R
v v v v R R
0 0 v v (1+ )v
R R R R
_

+ +

+
,
_ _
+ + +

, ,
( )
( )
( )
( )
6 3 5 6 3 5 2 5 1 2 5 1
0 2 1
3 7 3 4 6 7 3 7 3 4 6 7
c 0
0
R R R R R R R R R R R R
v (1+ ) v (1+ ) v
R R R R R R R R R R R R
v v
i
R
5
1 1
+ +
+ + 1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]

111
P6.5-8





















P6.5-9













P6.5-10
KCL at node b:
12
0 4 V
40 3 20 3
b b
b
v v
v
e e
+
+
4 V
c b
v v because the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal.

0 10 3 4 V
d c
v v e + because the currents into the inputs of an ideal op amp are zero.

KCL at node g:
2
0
20 3 40 3 3
f g g
g f
v v v
v v
e e
_
+

,

KCL at node d:
2
6 24
3
0 V
20 3 20 3 5 5
d f
d f
f d
v v
v v
v v
e e

+ so
2 15
V
3 5
g f
v v .
16
V
5
c g
v v because the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal

+
+

+
+
+
+

v v

V
v v
+
v v 0

a a
a
a a a b
a
0
10000
0
6 0
30000
0
15
0
10000
6 0
30000 30000
6
10000
0


v
v
.
+

i i
i =
1
6
mA
v = 10000 i =
10
6
V
v
10000
+
v
20000
= 0
0 0
0
a 0
a a 0
( ) ( ) 10000 20000 5 0
v
+ + + +
+
+

+ +

+ +


3v v 6 + v v 3 v 6 v 0
v 2v 6 3 V
v
10000
v v
30000
v v
30000
v 6 v
10000
0
3v v v v v 3 v 6 v 0
v 8v 4v 18 12 V
i
v
30000
v v
30000
0 i 0.7mA
a a a b a b
b a
b b 0 a b
a b
b b 0 a b a b
0 b a
0
0 0 b
0



v = 3v = 5 V
0 a
112
P6.5-11


















Section 6-6: Design Using Operational Amplifier

P6.6-1












P6.6-2













v
R
R R
v

v
R
v
R R

R R
R
v v
v
R R
R
R
R R
R R
R
=
R
R R
v
=
R
R R
R
R
a
0
1 0
s
a s
1
a 0
0
0
1
a s a 0
0

0
1
0
1 0
0
1
s
1 0
s
s
0
1 0 0

+

+

+
+

+
+

+

+

v v
v v
v
v

0
1

113
P6.6-3















P6.6-4












P6.6-5












P6.6-6













114
P6.6-7













P6.6-8























v
R
R R
v
v v
R
v v
R

a
4
3 4
2
a 1
1
a 0
2

+

0
(a)
+

+

+
+

v v
0
2
1
a
2
1
1
2
1
4
3 4
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
4
2
2
1
1

R
R
R
R
v
=
R
R
R
R R
v
R
R
v
R
R
R
R
v
R
R
v
1
1
1
1
(b)
11 =
R
R
and 4 =
R
R
R
R

R
R

R
R

For example:
R k , R k , R k & R k
2
1
2
1
3
4
3
4
3
4
1 2 3 4
1
1
12
1
2
10 110 20 10
+
+

+


115
P6.6-9






































We know this ckt yields v =
R
R
v
0
1
1

3
1 2

1 2
Let R 10k
R R
Now = 6 and = 2 let R = 60 k
R R
R = 10k and R = 30k



so consider adding another input lead into the negative terminal
with v 0 , KCL at negative input yields
= v R v
R
R
v
R
R
v
i
0 0
1
1
2
2
~

v R v R
1 1 2 2
Since need to invert the answer, add an inverter to the output,
116
P6.6-10











































Using superposition,
1 2 3
9 16 32 7 V
o
v v v v + + +


P6.6-11







R
1
6 12 24 6||12 6||24 12||12 12||24 6||12||12 6||12||24 12||12||24
R
2
12||12||24 6||12||24 6||12||12 12||24 12||12 6||24 6||12 24 12 6
-v
o
/v
s
0.8 0.286 0.125 2 1.25 0.8 0.5 8 3.5 1.25

117
P6.6-12
























P 6.6-13
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 1
3 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 6
c a
o b c b a b a
v v
v v v v v v v
+
+ + + + +


v
k
+
v
k
+
v
20k
+
v
80k

+4 (v +10v )+4v
v k
v
a 1 a 2 a a 0
a 1 a 2 a a 0
a
0 1 2

+ +

+
( ) ( )
( )
( )
5
20
10
20
0
4 5 0
0 10 0
20 40
v v v
v v v v
v v

118
P6.6-14




















































I I =
V
2R
V
2 R
+.....+
V
2 R
=
V
R
2

=
V
R
+ R R
2
R
n
R n
R
+ +
+ + +

1 2
2 2
1 2
.....
n
2R||2R = R
R in series with R = 2R

R = R
I =
v
R
, I
v
R
R
4R
=
v
2R
I
v
2R
R
4R
=
v
2 R
I =
v
2 R
eq
R
1

R R
2
R R
2
n
R
n

2
2
(a)
0
1 1 2 2 n n
f
1 2 R R R f
0 f 1 2 n 1 2
2 n
V
= b I +b I +.....+b I
R
V V V R
V = R b +b +.....+b = 2 2 ... 2
2
2 R 2 R R
n R
n
V
b b b
R
1
1
+ + +
1
]
]
(b)
(c)
(d) -V
0
b1 b2 b3 b4
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 0 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
119
Section 6-7: Characteristics of the Practical Operational Amplifier

P6.7-1



























P6.7-2

























so v = 1+
100k
10k
v +100k i = 11v k i
= 11 0.03mV +100k 1.2nA
= 0.45mV
out os b1 os b1

+ 100

The node equation at node a is
so v +
90k
10k
v k i +90k i
mV +90k (.05nA)
= 50.0045mV mV
0 os b1 os b1

1 90 10
10 5
50

v
( )
~
The node equation at node a is
v
k
=
v
10k
+i
out os os
b1
v
100
v
10k
+i
v
k
os
b1
0 os

v
90