Israeli War of Independence

Also known as 1948

Arab-Israeli War

On November 29,
1947 violence broke
out between Arabs
and Israelis

On January 9, 1948
Arabs attacked
Jewish communities

November 29, 1947-
April 1948 Palestine
took offense with
help of neighboring
countries.

Israeli War of Independence
May 14, 1948 Syria invaded
Palestine; Israel declared
independence

May 15 Arab armies
invaded the new Jewish
state

Fighting officially ended on
January 1949

Arab countries signed
agreements with Israel in
1949

On January 7, 1949, Israeli
planes shot down four
British aircraft

About 6,373 Israelis were
killed in the war.

Palestinian Diaspora
Gamal Abdul Nasser
President of Egypt
Egypt wanted to nationalize Suez
Canal
GB & France attacked Egypt
Israel joined the attack for defense
purposes
Egypt successful in gaining control of
Suez Canal
Six-Day War (1967):
The Countries Involved
Fought between Israel and Egypt, Syria & Jordan
Israel successful
within 6 days of
fighting
Results: Israeli
borders increased
(Golan Heights, Gaza
Strip, ALL of
Jerusalem
UN Resolution 242

UN Resolution 338
Arabs vs. Israelis
Causes: Arabs wanted to regain control of
lost lands
Beginnings: surprise attack on Jews on
holiday Yom Kippur
Results: Israelis successful
The
Expansion
of
Israel
Israeli-Palestinian
Conflict
Yassir Arafat
Palestine Liberation Organization
Established: June 26,1964
18 members
Elected by PNC (Palestinian National Committee)
Founded by Egypt & the Arab Leagues.
Initially controlled by Egypt
In 2003 Mohammed Abbas & Prime Minister
agreed for peace treaty in the Middle East
Agreed for Peace treaty in Middle East The Road
Map
1 step includes making a Palestine state for
Palestinian refugees.

President President Prime Minister
Anwar Sadat Jimmy Carter Menachem Begin
of Egypt of the U. S. Of Israel
Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks
1993 & 1994

Anwar al-Sadat:
Egyptian President (1918-1981)
Successfully overthrew
Egypts king, King Farouk
Became President
following death of Gamal
Abdel Nasser
Strongly supported
Palestinians demand for
own country
Initiated Yom Kippur War
(and lost)
Met with Israeli leader for
peace talks (1978)
Result: deemed as a traitor
and assassinated



Yasir Arafat:
Palestinian Leader (1929-2004)
Joined Palestinian Arabs
in guerrilla warfare
Became leader of PLO in
1969
PLO engaged in terrorist
activities against Israel
King Faisal I of Jordan
defeated PLO in Jordan
Agreed to negotiations
w/Israel in mid-1990s
Agreed to transfer West
Bank to Palestinians


Islamic World
Iran & Shah
1941-1979 Shah
(monarch) Mohammad
Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran
Modernized Iran with
US support
Through oil, developed
tech., consumer goods
and modern weapons
Critics = Shah & govt.
is corrupt, too modern
and too westernized


Iranian Revolution:
1979
Islamic religious leader
Ayatollah Khomeini bitterly
opposed the Shah
Khomeini & followers
resented lack of civil rights,
one-man rule, and extreme
poverty in Iran
1979: angry crowds called
for end to Shahs regime
Shah fled into exile

Iranian Revolution 1979
(continued)
Khomeini became
leader of
fundamentalist
government in
Iran
Ruled strictly
according to rule
of Koran
VERY religious
and traditionally
based

Iranian Hostage Crisis:
1979

Iranian Hostage Crisis:
1979 (continued)
Iranian Hostage Crisis:
1979 (continued)
Iranians angered
at past US
support of Shah
Pres. Carter
allowed Shah to
enter US for
medl treatment
Revolutionaries
went to US
embassy in
Tehran & took
Amers hostage

Iranian Hostage Crisis:
1979 (continued)
Revolutionaries
wanted Shah to be
returned to stand trial
US refused,
demanded release of
hostages
Crisis lasted 444
days
Hostages released
day Carter left office
US/Iranian relations
have remained
hostile ever since
Iran Iraq War:1980-1988
8-yr war over
land disputes
Shiites (Iran) vs.
Sunnis (Iraq)
Hundreds of
thousands died
UN stepped in
and negotiated a
cease-fire
No side won the
war



Civil War in Lebanon: 1975
Const. called for
Christians & Muslims
to share power
1970s: Muslim pop.
larger than Christian
Muslims wanted more
political power
Palestinian refugees
in Lebanon angry
w/govt. b/c policies
favored Israels
western allies

Civil War in Lebanon: 1975
1975: Civil war
between Christians
and
Muslims/Palestinians
Syria sent military aid
to the Palestinians
Israel sent troops to
drive the PLO out of
Lebanon
Civil War lasted 16
years
1991: Syria had
significant control to
establish a cease-fire
agreement

Civil War in Lebanon: 1975
Today, Lebanon remains mainly occupied by
Syrian troops and Israeli troops
Israeli troop presence is for protection of their
country from Syrian raids
Islamic Fundamentalism: North Africa
1990s: Muslims posed challenges to governments in
Africa
North Africa: respect idea of separation of church and
state
Muslim fundamentalists disagree, want to live under
rules of Koran
Islamic Fundamentalism: North Africa
In some countries,
Muslims were not able
to form political parties
Groups emerged and
were successful in
overthrowing existing
governments, i.e.,
Egypt
Algeria: Muslim
fundamentalist party
won the majority of
votes
Algerian military leaders
declared a state of
emergency
Algeria continues to be
run by military forces

Women in Islamic
Societies

Women in Islamic Societies:
Rights
Algeria: 1963
women granted same
rights as men
Algeria: 1984 govt.
enacted family code
(many womens rights
were taken away)
Saudi Arabia: laws
based on traditional
Islamic views (women
have few rights)

Egypt, Tunisia, &
Turkey: more
modernized countries,
women have more
rights
Turkey: 1993
woman elected as
Prime Minister
Israel: 1970s Golda
Meir elected as Prime
Minister
Economic Development in the
Middle East
Oil
More than of the
worlds oil resources
are located in the ME
Persian Gulf
countries have oil:
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Iraq
Iran
Libya (North
Africa)
Economic Development in the
Middle East
Governments have used wealth from oil to build
highways, hospitals, housing, schools,
universities, military equipment, etc.
General standard of living in oil-rich countries
has increased in recent decades
Agricultural Development
in Middle East
Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, Egypt
have derived incomes from
agriculture
Chief crop in middle
east = wheat
Other crops
include:
cotton,
fruits,
vegetables,
and tobacco
Overpopulation & Urban
Poverty
Pops in major cities have risen dramatically
Led to: urban unemployment & poverty
Not enough housing, millions live in crowded,
sprawling shantytowns

Israel: Making the Desert
Bloom





Farming abilities:
- increased irrigation
- draining swamps
-controlling soil erosion
Most farming was collective (people shared resources)
Most Israelis are employed in service industries
For most part, Israelis enjoy a high standard of living
Problems include: high rates of Jewish immigrants from
Russia
- difficulty in finding jobs
Western Technology & Food
Trade is vital to
survival of ME
countries
Food is in scarce
supply
money from oil is
used to purchase
food
many nations
around world need
oil survive

Western Technology & Food
Modern technology is needed in ME for oil
fields, farms and industries
Trade with the ME and rest of the world is a
great example of global interdependence or
globalization