——=_k Te Moon Walk Ea NOVEMBER 2009 Gyelic Universe “The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it also seems pointless the most popular queries related to suoplysies. The prompt answer it The Big Bang” theory. I is very common ands sid to be the best posible theory proposed ever:o explain the formation ofthe Univers”. proposes to intglne an “enegotic egg” exploding devastatingly to rweoutawholedarin univers, whichis sill expanding Bt what seoms so amaing and pleasing to 1s, det work wall the peopl ike Albert Einstein and others. Eistin always thought, “Hv couldsuchasimple theory esplan the development and ever-going expansion of sch a comple thing asthe universe”? In the 1930s, cheoretical physicists, most notably Einstein, considered the posit of a eyelic model for the universe as an (everasting) alrematve to the Big Bang. He rover perhaps gave a thought tha the big ‘bang thoory came directly om his very own General theory of Relativity along with few simplifying assumptions. The nce for other explanations aose duc to inability of the theories to give anaes for dierent problems. For instance, if the universe begins ta finite ime inthe past and terminates a nite ie inthe sure (eg ‘by collapsing to a final “big crunch” singularity, or being overwhelmed by a cosmic catasvophe such as quantum vacuum decay), bot as the entropy inereasee woughout, then how could she universe be extinguished before a Gna equim sate is reached? Moreover, what occured at the inal singular? Whatis the imate fate of the Universe? What the ole of dark energy and the recently observed cosmic acceleration? Does time, and the arrow of lime, exist before the big hang? Or ater the big crunch? There are innumerable such enigmas. The puzling situation rerained for many decades until the ealy 21st century whe the recently discovered component provided new hope for a consistency cosmology atk ener The Cyelic Universe model does no replice the Big Bang thory but offers @ potential stematve to certain aspects of the ig Bang Tat are longstanding problems. In this expansion and contrition i followed hy a ig bounce” into another eye of expansion and contraction, Information about the pre bounce physial state survives the bounce, 80 ‘he universe continues to evolve aconding to the laws of thermodynamics, The ye rome larger with cach bounce, peehaps approaching something ike our own universe afer many eyelet. The bounce represents such an fetreme physical state that information is effectively seprocessed, So, the evolution of cone cysle need not be correlate with that of previous or successive eels. I ea also be ssid dat the eyeles ate parle iastad of Drastic alteration in the immune system of micro-orgunisms in space nding colonies of bail and Ecol bacteria, revealed drastic changes in their immune system. The bacteria became more aggressive and| staredo ca spaceship components. The bacteria change size andshae| snd their DNA changes oo, Moreover even dormant genes become activin he space In another experiment, Salmonella cpphimwium bacteria had altered atiems of 167 gene expression - inked toa protein called Hf, The resultant changes induced more virlency such that they were more than thes times as ly to kill mice afer 12 days orbiting Eat inthe payload of NASA shut Aslan They were even more prone to clump together and collect into protective boils, Acording to researchers, the formation of bo-ims in microgravity of the non-urbulentenviroament of zero-gravity cou play an important roe in this. These studies wil certainly be useful for minimising the rik of diseases to strats te, Steven Weinberg Sequel. The model is also combined with time reversal, The arrow of ime might iin successive eyes, switching atthe bounce rater than nea the mid-point of expansion. The universe then could return after wo cles tits sate, The Cyelie Universe mode incorporates concep rom standard phys, ting theory, and Moor. In thie, 0 paral) orbifold paves M branes cllide periodically in a higher dimensional space, The visible four ‘anes. The collisions correspond to. reversal ftom contraction to expansion, ofa big crunch followed immediatly by 2 big ang. Eventually, the universe reached the site we observe today, before bepnning to ontct again many billions of yeas in the future, Dark enerey corresponds to force Deven the branes, and serves the enucial role of solving the monopole, horizon, and fans problems. Moreover the eyels can Continue indefinitely into the past and the fate andthe solution in atractor, oitcan providea complet history ofthe univers Space and time exis forover. The big bang ie rot the beginning of ime; rather, isa bridge to 2 preexisting contacting era. The Universe undergoes an endlats sequence of eyeles in which it contact in a big erunch and re-emergs in an expanding big bang, with lions of yats of evolution inbetween The temperature and density ofthe universe donot become infinite at say point inthe cysle: indeed they never exceed a finite bound (about tellin lion depres). Thus, ‘heuniverse continueto pulse infinitely soe! Rs 1000 ate