ISO / OSI

The Layered
Model
Why a Layered Network Model?

7 Application • Reduces complexity

6 Presentation • Standardizes interfaces

• Facilitates modular
5 Session
engineering
4 Transport • Ensures interoperable
technology
3 Network
• Accelerates evolution
2 Data Link
• Simplifies teaching and
1 Physical learning

2
Layer Functions
Network processes to
7 Application applications

3
Layer Functions
Network processes to
7 Application applications

Data representation
6 Presentation

4
Layer Functions
Network processes to
7 Application applications

Data representation
6 Presentation

Interhost communication
5 Session

5
Layer Functions
Network processes to
7 Application applications

Data representation
6 Presentation

Interhost communication
5 Session

End-to-end connections
4 Transport

6
Layer Functions
Network processes to
7 Application applications

Data representation
6 Presentation

Interhost communication
5 Session

End-to-end connections
4 Transport

3 Network Addresses and best path

7
Layer Functions
Network processes to
7 Application applications

Data representation
6 Presentation

Interhost communication
5 Session

End-to-end connections
4 Transport

3 Network Addresses and best path

Access to media
2 Data Link

8
Layer Functions
Network processes to
7 Application applications

Data representation
6 Presentation

Interhost communication
5 Session

End-to-end connections
4 Transport

3 Network Addresses and best path

Access to media
2 Data Link

Binary transmission
1 Physical

9
Peer-to-Peer Communications
HOST A HOST B

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

10
Peer-to-Peer Communications
HOST A HOST B

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

11
Peer-to-Peer Communications
HOST A HOST B

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session
segments
Transport Transport
packets
Network Network
frames
Data Link Data Link
bits
Physical Physical

12
 Data Encapsulation

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

13
 Data Encapsulation
Application
Application Header
Data Application
Presentation
Presentation Header
Data Presentation

Session
Session Data Session
Header

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

14
 Data Encapsulation
Application
Application Header
Data Application
Presentation
Presentation Header
Data Presentation

Session
Session Data Session
Header

Transport Transport Transport

Header
Data

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

15
 Data Encapsulation
Application
Application Header
Data Application
Presentation
Presentation Header
Data Presentation

Session
Session Data Session
Header

Transport Transport Transport

Header
Data

Network Network Network

Header Data

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

16
 Data Encapsulation
Application
Application Header
Data Application
Presentation
Presentation Header
Data Presentation

Session
Session Data Session
Header

Transport Transport Transport

Header
Data

Network Network Network

Header Data
Frame
Data Link Data Data Link
Header

Physical Physical

17
 Data Encapsulation
Application
Application Header
Data Application
Presentation
Presentation Header
Data Presentation

Session
Session Data Session
Header

Transport Transport Transport

Header
Data

Network Network Network

Header Data
Frame
Data Link Data Data Link
Header

Physical 0101101010110001 Physical

18
Data Encapsulation Example
E-mail message

Data Data

19
Data Encapsulation Example
E-mail message

Data Data
Segment Segment
Data
Header

20
Data Encapsulation Example
E-mail message

Data Data
Segment Segment
Data
Header
Network Segment Packet
Data
Header Header

21
Data Encapsulation Example
E-mail message

Data Data
Segment Segment
Data
Header
Network Segment Packet
Data
Header Header
Frame Network Segment Frame Frame
Data (medium dependent)
Header Header Header Trailer

22
Data Encapsulation Example
E-mail message

Data Data
Segment Segment
Data
Header
Network Segment Packet
Data
Header Header
Frame Network Segment Frame Frame
Data (medium dependent)
Header Header Header Trailer
0111111010101100010101101010110001 Bits

23
 ISO / OSI Reference Model

7 Application
Network
Applications 6 Presentation

5 Session

24
 ISO / OSI Reference Model

7 Application
Network
Applications 6 Presentation

5 Session
End-to-End
Services 4 Transport

25
 ISO / OSI Reference Model

7 Application
Network
Applications 6 Presentation

5 Session
End-to-End
Services 4 Transport

2 Data Link
Data
Transmission 1 Physical

26
 ISO / OSI Reference Model

7 Application
Network
Applications 6 Presentation

5 Session
End-to-End
Services 4 Transport

Routing 3 Network

2 Data Link
Data
Transmission 1 Physical

27