Introduction To Information Technology Turban, Rainer and Potter Chapter 6

Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter

Chapter 6 Telecommunications and Networks
CHAPTER 6
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
Learning Objectives
 Describe the components of a telecommunications system
Describe the five basic types of communication media, including
their advantages and disadvantages
Classify the major types of networks
Differentiate among the three types of distributed processing
Identify seven telecommunications applications and describe how
they help the organization attain competitive advantage
Chapter Overview
Telecommunications Networks Network Communication
Systems Software
• Signal • Local area networks • Network operating system
•Communications •Wide area networks •Network management
processors software
•Communications •Protocols
media and channels •Types of data transmission
•Communications
carriers and services
Network Processing Telecommunications
Strategies Applications
• Organizational • Electronic mail
distributed processing •Video conferencing
•Open systems and •Electronic data interchange
enterprise networking •Electronic funds transfer
•Facsimile
•Telecommuting
•Distance learning
Case : Network Management
at Southwest Airlines
 The Business Problem
 it had to make the transition from its legacy
applications to client/sever
technology to maintain service levels and keep up with
network traffic volume
The Solution
 Network Health
 to predict the possible ramifications of shifting network traffic
to virtually add and subtract applications and make theoretical changes in transmission capacity through-out the network
to help the network managers monitor network usage
 The Results
Save almost $100,000 in staffing costs in the first year
Able to smooth network traffic among reservations centers
Shorten customers’ waiting time
Case (continued…)
What have we learned from this case??
 Rarely in modern companies do computers work in
isolation
 Exchange of data - facilitated by telecommunications technologies -
brings a number of very significant changes
Take management of resources very seriously
Bring disastrous losses in revenues and customer satisfaction by minor
disruption in telecommunications traffic
Understand technology in order to gain and maintain competitive
advantage
The Telecommunications System

 Hardware - all types of computers and communication
processors
Communications media - the physical media through which
electronic signals are transmitted ,including wireless media
Communications networks- the links among computers and
communications devices
Communications software- software that controls the
telecommunications system and the entire transmission process
Data communications providers- regulated utilities or
private firms that provide data communications services
Communications protocols- the rules for transmitting
information across networks
Communications applications- electronic data interchange,
teleconferencing, videoconferencing, electronic mail, facsimile,
and electronic funds transfer, as well as others
The Telecommunications System

(continued …)
Communications Communications Computer

Computer
Processor Processor
Transmitter Network
Communications
Software
Channels and Media
Receiver
Communication Processors
 Modem
 an analog network to carry voice signals or sounds in an
analog wave format
Multiplexer
an electronic device that allows a single
communications channel to carry data transmissions
simultaneously from many sources
Front-end-Processor
a small secondary computer dedicated solely to
communication in computer system
Communication Media and Channels

 Cable Media
 Twisted-pair wire
Coaxial cable
 base band transmission
broad band transmission
Fiber optics
optical networking
Copper versus fiber
the price differential between copper (cheap) and fiber
(expensive) is beginning to narrow

(continued …)
 Wireless Media
 Microwave - transmission stations : usually not spaced
more than 30 miles apart
Satellite - digital transmission
 Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) - 22,300 miles
Medium earth orbit (MEO) - 6,000 miles
Low earth obit (LEO) - 400 to 1,000 miles
Global positioning system - 10,900 miles
Radio
use when you do not have to depend on microwave or satellite
links, especially for short ranges

(continued …)
 Wireless Media (continued ...)
 Infrared
 red light not commonly visible to human eyes
commonly used in television or videocassette remote
control units
Cellular radio technology
transfers calls from one cell to another
Mobile computing
occurs on Radio-based networks that transmit data to and
from mobile computers
Personal communication services
uses lower-power and higher-frequency means

(continued …)
 Characteristics of Communications
Media
 Transmission speed
 Bandwidth - range of frequencies available
Baud rate
Measured in bits per second (bps)
Transmission mode
Asynchronous or Synchronous
Telecommunications Carriers
 Common Carriers
 the long-distance telephone companies
Value-added Carriers
have developed private telecommunications systems and
provide services for a fee
Switched Lines
a person can access from his or her computer to transmit data
to another computer
Dedicated
provide a constant connection between two devices and
require no switching or dialing
Telecommunications Services
 Wide-area Telecommunications Services (WATS)
 method for billing customers who use voice band media extensively
Telephone and Dialing Services
Automatic Number Identification (ANI)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
transfer voice, video, image, and data simultaneously
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
provide high-speed, digital data transmission
Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN) - connect two or
more communicating devices within 2,000 feet
 LAN Technology
 the network gateway connects the LAN to public
networks or other corporate networks so that the LAN
can exchange information with networks external to it
Private Branch Exchanges (a type of LAN)
controls telephone switching at a company site
carry both voice and data
perform call waiting, call forwarding, and voice mail
Network Typologies
Star network Bus network
Hierarchical
network Mainframe
Ring Mini-
network computers
Desktop computers
Networks (continued …)
 Wide Area Network (WAN) - long-haul, broadband (analog)
networks covering wide geographic area
 Value-added Networks (VANs)
 private, data-only networks
add message storage, tracking, and relay services as well as
teleconferencing services
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
allow an organization to leverage the robust, shared communication
infrastructure of the internet
provide a gateway between a corporate LAN and the Internet
allow access to a corporate network’s e-mail, shared files, or intranet, via
an Internet connection
Network Communications Software

 Network Operating Systems
 Network Management Software
 Protocols
 set of rules and procedures governing transmission of data
across a network
line access and collision avoidance
identify each device in the communication path
example : Ethernet10 BaseT and Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Seven Layers of the OSI Model

1) Physical Transmits raw bits over a communication channel.
Layer Its purpose is to provide a physical connection for
the transmission of data among network entities
and the means by which to activate and deactivate
a physical connection.
2) Data Link Provides a reliable means of transmitting data
Layer across a physical link;break up the input data into
data frames sequentially and processes the
acknowledgement frames sent back by data into
data frames sequentially and processes the
acknowledgement frames sent back by the receiver
3) Network Routes information from one network computer to
Layer another; accepts messages from source host and
sees to it that they are directed toward the
destination. Computers may be physically located
within the same network or within another network
that is interconnected in some fashion.
Seven Layers of the OSI Model

(continued …)
4) Transport Provides a network-independent transport
Layer service to the session layer, accepts data from
session layer, splits it up into smaller units as
required, passes these to the network layer, and
ensures all pieces arrive correctly at other end.
5) Session Provides user’s interface into network; where
Layer user must negotiate to establish connection with
process on another machine. Once the connection
is established, the session layer can manage the
dialogue in an orderly manner.
6) Presentation Translates message to and from the format used
Layer in the network to a format used at the application
layer
7) Application Includes activities related to users, such as
Layer supporting file transfer, handling messages, and
providing security.
Types of Data Transmission

 Packet Switching
 breaks up blocks of text into small, fixed bundles of
data called packets
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
passes data around a ring, but with a bandwidth of
100 Mbps
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
divides data into uniform cells
eliminates the need for protocol conversion
Switch Hub Technologies
turns many small LANs into one big LAN
Network Processing Strategies

 Types of Organizational Distributed Processing
 Terminal-to-Host Processing
File Server Processing
Client/Server Architecture and Processing
 links two or more computers in an arrangement
organizations can make their systems faster and save money
five models of client/server implementation that partition the
three components between the server and the client
Client/Server Configuration
TYPES OF CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING
SEVERS: Remote Distributed
Distributed Remote Distributed Data Data
Presentation Presentation Function Management Management
Data Data Data Data Data
Management Management Management Management Management
Function Function Function
k
Presentation
k Networ
k Networ
k Networ Data
Networ
Management
Function Function Function
Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation
CLIENTS: More More Extremely

Difficult Difficult Difficult Difficult Difficult
Benefits and Limitations of Client/Server

Architecture for Network Processing
Benefits Limitations
 The network is not overloaded  Microcomputers with independent
processing power are more
with entire files being transferred difficult to coordinate and
back and forth administer on a network.
 File integrity is much easier to  There is difficulty in writing
maintain because only the server software that divides processing
among clients and servers.
actually updates the files. File
 Specific servers can be slowed
security easier to maintain with when too many clients need
server in full control of file data service.
Types of Organizational
Distributed Processing
 Client/Server Architecture and Processing
 Peer-to-peer processing
 allows two or more computers to pool their resources
benefits
» there is no need for a network administrator
» the network is fast and inexpensive to set up and maintain
» each computer can provide backup copies of its files to other
computers for security
» it is the easiest network to build
Open Systems and Enterprise
Networking
 Open Systems - allows any computing device to be
seamlessly connected to and interact with any other computing
device, regardless of size, operating system, or application
Connectivity - ability of the various computer resources to
communicate with each other through network devices
Enterprise-wide Network File server for
Backbone wide backbone
area network WAN
Embedded Marketing
LAN
Mainframe
Finance Corporate Backbone Administrative
Services
Embedded WAN and HRM
LAN (Fiber optic cables;
Manu- FDDI protocol) Account
facturing Embedded -ing Embedded
LAN
LAN
Telecommunications Applications
 Electronic Mail (e-mail) - computer-based messages
transmitted through telephone wires or wireless networks
Videoconferencing - allows people to have “face-to-face”
communications with a group in another location
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - electronic
transmission of routine, repetitive business documents directly
between the computer systems
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) - electronically routing
funds, debits and credits, and charges and payments
Telecommunications Applications
(continued …)
 Facsimiles (FAX) - convert modulated signals into white
and black areas for printing
Telecommuting - work at home, using personal
computers and telecommunications technology to
communicate via electronic mail with other workers, and to
send and receive business work
Distance Learning - the students are able to see and hear
the professor, and the professor can hear the students off-
site; students may be able to see each other
What’s in IT for Me?

For Accounting
 Corporate accountants perform cost/benefit
analyses on the telecommunications
infrastructure of the firm
 For Finance
 Financial managers use corporate networks
to transfer and receive funds, complete
transactions, and use EFT
What’s in IT for Me? (continued …)

 For Marketing
 Modern telecommunications technologies open
huge conduits of information to and from an
organization, and provide great strategic
advantage to the marketing function
 For Production/Operations Management
Telecommunications can make the linkage
between the customer and the production function
much more direct, making possible different
manufacturing strategies
What’s in IT for Me? (continued …)
 For Human Resource Management

Human resource managers utilize their
corporate networks extensively for posting
job openings, and use internal corporate
networks to publish corporate policies,
company newsletters and job openings

Introduction To Information Technology Turban, Rainer and Potter Chapter 6

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Introduction to Information Technology

Turban, Rainer and Potter

The Telecommunications System

The Telecommunications System

Communications Communications Computer

Communication Media and Channels

Communication Media and Channels

Communication Media and Channels

Communication Media and Channels

Network Communications Software

Seven Layers of the OSI Model

Seven Layers of the OSI Model

Types of Data Transmission

Network Processing Strategies

Function Function Function

Function Function Function

Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation

CLIENTS: More More Extremely

Benefits and Limitations of Client/Server

What’s in IT for Me?

What’s in IT for Me? (continued …)

What’s in IT for Me? (continued …)

 For Human Resource Management

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