CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

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 Определение
Cardiac arrhythmias is a term that
denotes a disturbances of the heart rhythm
and conduction, such as beating too fast
(tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or
irregularly.

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 Классификация
Main types of bradyarrhythmia:

Sick sinus syndrome

Heart block (atrio-ventricular block)
Bundle block branch

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 Классификация
Variants of tachyarrhythmia:

Supraventricular tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Supraventricular and ventricular
premature beats

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Pathogenesis of arrhythmias:
suppression of automaticity

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Pathogenesis of arrhythmias:
triggered activity

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Pathogenesis of arrhythmias:
re-entry

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 Symptoms of cardiac arrhythmia:

• Fast or slow heart beat (palpitation)

• Skipping beats
• Dizziness
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Paleness
• Sweating
• Cardiac arrest
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 Diagnose of arrhythmia

 ECG
 Ambulatory cardiac (Holter)
monitoring (24 hours)
 Echocardiogram
 Electrophysiological study (EPS)
 Coronary angiography

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 Clinical variants of atrial fibrillation

Acute AF is new-onset AF lasting < 48 h.

Paroxysmal AF is recurrent AF that typically
lasts < 48 h and that converts spontaneously
to normal sinus rhythm
Persistent AF lasts > 1 wk and requires treatment
to convert to normal sinus rhythm
Permanent AF cannot be converted to sinus rhythm

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ECG symptoms of atrial fibrillation

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Principles of atrial fibrillation treatment

 ventricular rate control

 rhythm control
 prevention of thromboembolism

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ECG symptoms of atrial flutter

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ECG symptoms of supraventricular
premature beats

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ECG symptoms of reentrant
supraventricular tachycardia

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ECG symptoms of ventricular premature
beats

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ECG symptoms of ventricular tachycardia

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ECG symptoms of atrioventricular block

First-degree AV block

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ECG symptoms of atrioventricular block

Mobitz type I 2nd-degree AV block

Mobitz type II 2nd-degree AV block

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ECG symptoms of atrioventricular block

High-grade 2nd-degree AV block

Third-degree AV block
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