PRESENTED BY:

DATA ARE RAW FACTS

EX : CUSTOMER NAME IN BANK
TOTAL MARKS OBTAINED BY STUDENT
INFORMATION: AN ORGANIZED DATA IS CALLED INFORMATION
EX : CUSTOMER NAME WITH BALANCES.
STUDENT REG NO WITH TOTAL MARKS.
DATA HIERARCHY:
BIT IT MAY BE EITHER 0 OR 1
IT REPRESENTS THE SMALLEST PART OF INFORMATION THAT
COMPUTER CAN PROCESS.
BYTE : IT IS GROUP OF 8 BITS IT REPRESENTS A DIGIT, LETTERS OR
SPECIAL SYMBOL.
FILED: IT IS A GROUP OF CHARACTERS.
EMPNO ENAME SAL JOB
100 SMITH 800 CLERK
RECORD: IT IS A GROUP OF LOGICALLY RELATED FIELD.
FILE : GROUP OF LOGICALLY RELATED RECORDS OR IT IS A FLOW OF
CHARACTERS.

Data base
DATABASE: IT IS A GROUP OF
LOGICALLY RELATED DATA.
(OR)
IT IS THE COLLECTION OF DATA STORED
IN A FILE ON DISC
IT IS A SUIT OF SOFTWARE PROGRAM FOR
CREATING, MAINTAINING & MANIPULATING THE
DATA IN DATABASE. (OR)
IT IS A COLLECTION OF INTER RELATED DATA AND
SET OF PROGRAM TO ACCESS THE DATA
IT ALLOWS THE ORGANIZATION TO STORE THE
DATA IN ONE LOCATION FLOW, WHICH MULTIPLE
USERS CAN ACCESS, THE DATA.
DIFFERENT DATABASE MODELS:
HIERARCHICAL MODEL
NETWORK MODEL
RELATIONAL MODEL

DATA IS ORGANIZED IN THE FORM OF TREE STRUCTURE
WITH ONE LIMITATION THAT IS
EVERY SUB NODE SHOULD HAVE ONLY ONE ROOT NODE
DRAWBACKS:
1. DATA REDUNDANCY
2. WASTAGE OF MEMORY
3.CROSS COMMUNICATION IS NOT POSSIBLE

org
P1
S1 S2 S3
P2 P2 P3 P3 P4
DATA IS ORGANIZED IN THE FORM OF ARBITRARY GRAPHS.
THERE IS NO GUARANTEE FOR ACCESS OF DATABASE
WHENEVER THE DATABASE SIZE INCREASES.
CROSS COMMUNICATION IS POSSIBLE IN NDBMS.
IT CANNOT PROVIDE PROPER QUERY FACILITY, SO THAT WE
HAVE TO BIG PROGRAMS EVEN FOR SMALL OPERATION.
P1
S1
S2
S3
P3
P2
P4
IT USES THE COLLECTION OF TABLES TO REPRESENT BOTH THE
DATA AND RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE DATA.
FEATURES OF RELATIONAL MODEL:
1.DATA IS STORED IN TABLES.
2. INTERSECTION OF ROWS AND COLUMNS WILL GIVE ONLY
ONE VALUE.
3.RELATION AMONG DATA IS ESTABLISHED LOGICALLY.
4.THERE IS NO PHYSICAL LINK AMONG DATA
5.THERE IS NO DATA REDUNDANCY
6.HIGH SECURITY FOR DATA
7.IT SUPPORTS ANY TYPE OF DATA (EX: NUMBERS, NUMERIC,
DATA, CHARACTER, DATE IMAGES ETC).
8.IT SUPPORTS NULL VALUES.
9.SUPPORT CODD RULES
10.IT SUPPORTS INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS
11.MULTIPLE USERS CAN ACCESS DATA FROM ANY LOCATION.