1 - Crude Oil Treatment - Separation

SURFACE PROCESSING
A – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT

I- SEPARATION
© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation
SEPARATION – Contents
1- Well effluents Generalities
2- Gas/liquid separation
-equilibrium calculations
-influence of the process recovery rate
3- Separator sizing principles
-diphasic vertical separator
-diphasic horizontal separator

4- Gas/Liquid Separator different types
5- Foaming (difficult gas/liquid separation)
Next course: Oil/Water separation

1- Well head effluents

WELL HEAD EFFLUENTS
GAS
OIL
WELLHEAD
EFFLUENTS WATER
FORMATION SAND AND SILT

COLLOID STATE CLAY
CORROSION PRODUCT
WAXES

ASPHALTENES
MINERAL CRYSTALS
NaCl CaCO3 BaSO4 SrSO4

SEPARATION CHAIN
FOAMS
LIQUID DROPLETS GAS
IN GAS GAS TREATMENT
WELLHEAD EFFLUENTS
DEHYDRATION CONDENSATE
CONDENSATE WATER
RECUPERATION
GAS-LIQUID
SEPARATION
EMULSION
INTERMINGLED WATER/OIL
export
crude

OIL-WATER EMULSION
SEPARATION TREATMENT
EMULSION
OPERATIONS SOMETIMES
CARRIED OUT
in 1 PROCESS EQUIPMENT FREE WATER WATER

SOURCE OF WATER
WATER AND OIL ZONES IN RESERVOIR
OIL
OIL

* Active Water Reservoir
* Water Injection : Injection of 1-2 volumes of water
Production of 1-5 volumes of water per oil volume
* Faulty Cementing Job

SOURCE OF SALT
RESERVOIR WATER
SALT INJECTED WATER (SEA WATER)
*HASSI MESSAOUD : CAMBRIEN WATER 370g/l
Low Water Cut HIGH SALT CONTENT
0,1% SALT CONTENT 370 mg/l
*If Salt Content>10mg/l , Reservoir Water INGRESS
*Sometimes HIGH SALT CONTENT without Water

EAST BAGDAD As much as 265ppm of salt ***
* Same for Hassi Messaoud - Fateh - ABK -Zadco

This Phenomenon is limited in Time
Produced Water Not Detected; only salt content is measured

OIL , BSW and GOR EVOLUTION WITH TIME
Production
106 m3 / an difficulty to design separation equipment
3
OIL
2 BSW GOR
%
30 300
1 20 200

10 100
GOR
BSW
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 YEARS

CONTRACTUAL WATER AND SALT CONTENTS
Business is
CRUDE OIL MARKETING $ business!!
$
PRODUCERS
AGREEMENT TRANSPORTERS
REFINERS
TRANSPORTERS : LIMITATION FOR WATER CONTENT

*PIPELINE - PIPE OVER LOADING
- CORROSION ( WATER + SALT )
BSW <= 0.5%

*BY SEA NO FIXED CONSTRAINTS BUT
- ACCIDENTAL CONTAMINATION
- LOAD ON TOP CONTAMINATION

CONTRACTUAL WATER AND SALT CONTENTS
EUROPEAN REFINERIES
1 ELECTROSTATIC DESALTER SALT CONTENT <5mg/l
* SCALE DEPOSIT INSIDE EXCHANGERS
* DISTILLATION UNITS CORROSION
* RESIDUAL QUALITY DEGRADATION
95 % EFFICIENCY INLET
INLETSALT
SALTCONTENT
CONTENT<<100
100mg/l
mg/l
PRODUCTION FIELD SPECIFICATIONS

REFINERY : Salt...100 mg/l Water....0,2%
TRANSPORT : Salt...60 mg/l Water....0,5%
BSW
BSWin
inProduction
ProductionFields
Fields<<0.5
0.5%
%

DEHYDRATION/DESALTING
DEHYDRATION
TO WITHDRAW WATER DISPERSED IN CRUDE STRESSING

THE WATER CONTENT
DESALTING
TO GET THE SALT SPECIFICATION WHEN THIS IS NOT THE

DIRECT RESULT OF COMPLYING THE WATER SPEC.

DESALTING IS A DEHYDRATION TRT SET
PREVIOUSLY WITH WASH WATER SOFTER
THAN RESERVOIR WATER

DEHYDRATION/DESALTING
With Reservoir Water at 350 g/l expressed as NaCl equivalent
0.1 % of Water Content 350 mg/l ( 123 PTB ) Salt Content
Salt Content < 60 mg/l Water Content < 0.017 %
SALINITY IS THE MOST RESTRICTING SPECIFICATION
With Reservoir Water at 40 g/l expressed as NaCl equivalent

0.1 % of Water Content 40 mg/l ( 14 PTB ) Salt Content
Salt Content < 60 mg/l Water Content < 0.15 %
WATER CONTENT IS THE MOST RESTRICTING SPEC.

2- Gas/liquid separation

GAS/LIQUID SEPARATION - Generalities
Hydrocarbon reservoir :
at reservoir conditions, generally one monophasic fluid
at surface conditions (P &T decrease), different components appear :
monophasic polyphasic (gas + liquid)
hydrocarbon gas condensation of heavier hydrocarbons liquid
water vapour liquid water

THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR

TREATMENT UNIT
AIM OF A TREATMENT UNIT
to recover all the different constituents
Process specific to each development
to treat oil so that it is free of gas
to produce a gas as dry as possible (no water nor heavy hydrocarbons)
to remove water (and solids) from oil

to remove oil and solids from water (Water Treatment specific courses)

Hydrocarbon production scheme
Pw Pc
Separation
Storage Shipping
Ps
Pr Pr Reservoir
Pf

Pr: Reservoir pressure
Pf: Bottomhole flowing
pressure
Pw: Wellhead pressure
Pc: Choke pressure
Ps: Processing pressure

Phase diagram
Pr
Liquid
Pf
Bubble Point
100 % Vapour
Pw
30 % Pc
15 %

5% 0%
1%
Ps mole % liquid
0 T

METHANE - ETHANE MIXTURE PHASE DIAGRAM

GAS PHASE ENVELOPPE SHAPE VERSUS GAS COMPOSITION

1. Flash process
P1 V1 P2 V2 with P1 > P2
T1 T2
at Constant composition
If T constant = flash liberation
P1 V1 P2 V2 P1 > P2
T1 T1
If T varies = flash separation

P1 V1 P2 V2 P1 > P2

T1 T2 T1 > T2
G1 G2
L1 L2
P1 T1 P2 T2

2. Differential process
P1 > P2
GS
G1 Gi G2
L1 Li L2
P1 T1 P2 T2
total composition varies : there is draw off
If T = constant = differential liberation

3. Composite process : combination of the two
Reservoir Separators Storage

PG TG PF TG P1 T1 P2 T2 Pa Ta
G G1 G2 GS
L
L L1 L2 LS
Differential Flash Flash Flash
Liberation (T cst)
P
PG
PF
P1

P2
Pa
T
Ta T2 T1 TG

OPTIMAL SEPARATION PRESSURE IN HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION
FIELDS IS AN APPLICATION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN
THERMODYNAMICS
AMOUNT OF LIQUID RECOVERED IS DEPENDENT OF THE

COMPOSITE PROCESS
SEPARATION EFFICIENCY
YIELD (R) = final stock tank oil mass / mass of hydrocarbons entering
the processing unit

Influence of the Process Recovery rate
P
1
Pb
Liberation
3 Separation
1
2
T
15° TG
Rs
FROM PVT LAB EXPERIMENTS

Flash

Differential
P
Pb
V gas produced
Rs = V oil at Pb

Influence of the Process Recovery rate
QUANTITIES OF FREE GAS ARE MORE IMPORTANT IN FLASH

LIBERATION THAN IN DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION
SIMILARLY, VOLUME OF LIQUID IS GREATER IN A DIFFERENTIAL

PROCESS THAN IN A FLASH PROCESS
THE RELATIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO CURVES DEPENDS

ON THE NATURE OF THE OIL : SLIGHT FOR HEAVY OILS AND
GREATER FOR VOLATILE OILS
the higher the number of separation stages, the greater the liquid
recovery

but P at 1st stage is governed by well head P (i.e. reservoir P)
number of stages is a compromise between costs of installation and
liquid recovery

Influence of the process Recovery rate
Application / Field
One stage
Flash liberation
G G
L L max gas & min liquid
Pi T1 Ps T1
Several stages
G G G G
L L L L
P1 T1 P2 T1 P3 T1 Ps T1

Separators Storage
in each separator : flash liberation
but the whole chain of separators represents a differential separation
max of liquid recovery for an infinite number of separation stages

Separation pressure at the different stages
Rule of thumb
n-1
P sep. HP
R= P storage
n = number of stages + storage
Examples
GOR < 20 m3/m3 1°: 3-7 bara GOR > 200 1°: 20-40 bara
2°: Storage
2°: 5-15 bara

GOR < 150 m3/m3 1° :10-20 bara 3°: 2-5 bara
2°: 2-6 bara
3°: Storage 4°: Storage

EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION
PALANCA FIELD (ANGOLA)
Separation efficiency = final stock tank oil mass / mass of hydrocarbons

entering the processing unit
at P = 25, 20, 15 & 10 bar
at T = 105°C, 90°C, 75°C
Determination of the optimal P & T and number of separation stages to get the
higher separation efficiency

PALANCA separation – output 2nd stage
Sep. Efficiency (%)

76.5
76 75° C
75.5
75
90
74.5
74
73.5

73 105
72.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pressure (bars)

PALANCA separation – output 3rd stage
Sep. Efficiency (%)
77.5
77
76.5
75° C
76
75.5
75
90
74.5
74

73.5 105
73
0 3 6 9 12 15
Low pressure separator pressure Pressure (bars)

PALANCA separation – output 4th stage
Sep. Efficiency (%)

77.5
75° C
77
76.5
76
90
75.5
75

74.5 105
0 3 6 9 12 15
Medium pressure separator pressure Pressure (bars)

PALANCA separation – output T=75°C
Output (%)
78
77.5
4 stages
77
significant gain
between 2 & 3
76.5
less gain between
3 stages
3&4

76
ECONOMICS
COMPROMISE 2 stages
75.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pressure (bar)

Influence of separation temperature
EFFECT ON RECOVERY ( )
Temperature + -
Low • Liquid • Gas

• Economy
Average • Water
High
• Gas Price
• H2S treatment

in general, the lower the T the higher the liquid recovery
(but other parameters interfere on final Process T chosen : e.g. oil/water separation
which is enhanced by high T°C)

Influence of separation T & P : example 1
ASHTART
Gas
13b - 110 °C Gas

1b - 85 °C
Oil
Gas
5b - 40 °C Gas
1b - 35 °C
Oil

GAIN 9 % OIL at
lower T

Influence of separation T & P : example 2
BREME
Flare
4b 40° C Gas
1b
Oil
Flare
3.5 b 30° C
Gas
4b 40° C

1b
Oil
GAIN 2.6 % OIL

from flare gas recovery

3- Separator sizing

Sizing of a separator
INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF FIELD INSTALLATIONS WITH THE AIM

TO MAXIMISE RECOVEY AND OPTIMISE ALL PRODUCTION UNITS
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF SIZING

AND TYPICAL VALUES
SPECIFIC INSTALLATIONS AS HEATER-TREATER, CYCLONIC

SEPARATORS, etc. ARE DETERMINED BY MANUFACTURERS

DIMENSIONS FOR GAS AND LIQUID FLOWRATES ARE CALCULATED

SEPARATELY
FOR GAS FLOWRATE, SPEED LIMITED TO PREVENT GAS FROM

ENTRAINING DROPLETS OF LIQUID smallest diameter possible
FOR LIQUID FLOWRATE, RETENTION TIME SIZE TO ENSURE THAT

THE GAS IS COMPLETELY RELEASED FROM IT

DEPENDS ON OIL CHARACTERISTICS

1 Basic data
Gas : Flow rate - composition - specific mass
Oil : Flow rate - composition - specific mass
Retention time
2 Sizing for gas

Sizing = passage cross-section
Passage cross-section = f (limit velocity gas)
Limit velocity gas = liquid not drawn with it
3 Sizing for liquids

Sizing = f (retention time)
Retention time = time needed for degassing
Retention time = f (oil characteristics)

Vertical separator GAS
Aim : PREVENT WATER BEING DRAWN ALONG

A R D (Ø)
P Liquid L
at
liquid V
T Gas
P V (velocity)
ΠD3 ΠD2 ΠD3
P= R= K V2 Vg
6 Lg 4 V A=
6
weight aerodynamic force buoyancy
Condition : P>A+R

max speed not
V<K D L- V
V to carry over D
fixed D limit = 20 µm
1 L
Kv = f ( GOR ) = m/s
V

Vertical separator GAS
Calculation of V (P and T) from M

• Let M = 30 (0° C - 1013 mb)
30 MP
o= Kg/m3 =
22.4 ZRT
• If T = 50° C and P = 20 bar

V= ox P x T0 x 1
P0 T Z
30 20 273 1
= 22.4 x 1.013 x 323 x 0.93 = 24 kg/m3

A few values of Kv
• Flare drum (horizontal) 0.04 m/s
• Column head separator (horizontal) 0.07 m/s
• Compressor suction (vertical) 0.04 m/s

Separator value of Kv in m/s versus GOR

Vertical separator LIQUID
Transit time through the vessel

Concerns water and oil (Gas : pm)
T:transit time T= V = Π D2 x h
Q 4 Q
T:transit time fonction of decantation time and retention time

VERTICAL Separator / Liquid : liquid sizing
Gas Outlet
GAS
Feed Decantation time refers to liquids
Water droplet
Oil outlet
OIL
WATER Water outlet

Gas bubble
Oil droplet

Decantation time
g D2 ( L - V)
STOKES' law V= 18 µ
V = settling velocity of the liquid droplet

D = diameter of the droplet
L = specific gravity of droplet
V = specific gravity of the gas at P&T
g = gravitational acceleration
µ = viscosity of the continuous phase

D=O.1 mm (around 20 to 30 µm in general)
note : Decantation time is very dependant of the crude and

water characteristics (
emulsions)

Retention time (practical reference)
corresponds to the value obtained by taking the volume

measured between the mean level and the low level, where the
mean level usually is located in the middle of the drum
Often varies with the crudes from 2" to 5" in most cases
but can reach 10" or even 30" or 60" for "problematic" crude, i.e.
heavy oils or acid crudes

Vertical separator
Common practices
• Gas passage velocity :
V critical = 0.048 L- G in m/s
G
• Internal diameter : D in m
D= Q Q in m3/h
• Height of separator : 900. Π . V V in m/s
1.5 < Height/Diameter < 3
• Max. oil level :
Hoil < 0.65 D
• Low oil level :

at 10 inches from the bottom
• Retention time
Oil + water = 2" to 5"
If foaming or high viscosity : 10"
(heavy oil ROSPO MARE : 35")

Horizontal separator
Flow straightened cross section Demister
Gas
Liquids
Secondary chamber
Decantation chamber
Horizontal separator Vertical separator

A
R Entrainment Entrainment

liquid
P
Kv horiz. = 1.25 Kv vertical Resultant

Gravity Resultant Gravity

Horizontal separator
Decantation time
D with Stokes law
l
Water
Vh
h
Oil droplet Vwater
h = continuous water height (water)
vh = decantation velocity of an oil droplet (rising)

vwater = displacement velocity of the continuous water phase (horizontal)
l = minimum decantation length
t = decantation time.

Sizing of a separator: Summary
GAS IS THE PRIORITY PARAMETER TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE

DESIGN OF SEPARATORS
LIQUID TRANSIT TIME (often referred as Retention time) IS MORE

EMPIRIC AND IS MORE BASED ON EXPERIENCE WITH SAFETY
MARGINS MORE OR LESS IMPORTANT
DECANTATION TIME FOR LIQUIDS IS GENERALLY BASED ON LAB

EXPERIMENTS

4- Gas/Liquid Separator
different types

Vertical 2 phase separator
Pressure Safety seal

valve well adapted
Mist
extractor for low GOR
Déflector
Deflector action
1
Pressure
Oil and gauge 2
gas inlet
Drainage duct
Primary Isolation
chamber partition 3
Manhole
Visual
level 1. body of separator
monitor 2. gas outlet (high point)
3. fluid input

Oil outlet Gas flow
Liquid flow
Decantation Purge
chamber
Centrifugal effect
Base in a vertical separator

Horizontal 2 phase separator
Settling
section Mist extractor
Primary Secondary
chamber chamber
Diffuser
Gas
Gas + liquids outlet
inlet
Purge Oil outlet

Chassis
Decantation Anti-wave
chamber Separation
partition partition
well adapted
Gas

for high GOR
Liquid
Inlet diffuser

High-pressure horizontal separator with liquid retention capacity
gas outlet Inlet
large capacity
high P

liquid outlet

Spherical 2 phase separator
rare
Fluids inlet
for very high GOR
Deflector
Scrubber
Level regulation

Oil outlet
Gas outlet

Cyclone effect separator
Gas outlet
Gas + Liquid inlet

Liquid outlet

Multi-cyclone separator
Gas
outlet
Multi-
cyclones
Gas Diffuser
inlet Liquid
outlet
Liquid level Secondary drain
Retention
volume

Liquid
outlet

Other types
of gas/liquid separators

Gas SCRUBBER
Mist extractor
Sifter

VAPE SORBER
Absorbent
material
Porous filters

Components
of a gas/liquid separator

Horizontal 2 phase separator components/internals
Settling section
Mist extractor
Primary chamber Secondary
chamber
Diffuser
Gas
Gas + liquids inlet outlet
Purge Oil outlet

Chassis
Decantation
Separation Anti-wave
chamber
partition partition

5- Foaming
difficult gas/liquid separation

Foaming
Origin
• Gas expansion + oil / gas surface tension
Theory
• Pure liquids do not foam
A surfactant is needed
Mixtures of isomers in hydrocarbons are surfactants
• Foams are unstable (state of least energy)
• The internal viscosity of the oil stabilises the foam, leading to drawing

along of the gas (foaming)

FOAMS
– FOAMS are oil + gas "emulsions"
T=15mn

FOAMS – Inconvenience
– INCONVENIENTS :
• oil entrainments in gas (affecting scrubbers, flares,

compressors protection, gas treatment solvents ...),
and gas entrainments in oil ( pump cavitation, later
degassing...)

• loss of control of levels in separators

FOAMS – Schematic representation
INTERFACIAL FILM
• the speed of drainage is

dependant of the viscosity of
GAZ the oil
•the max width is dependant

of the liquid interfacial
tension

FOAMS STABILISATION
• NATURAL SURFACTANTS
• ADDED SURFACTANTS (PRODUCTION CHEMICALS)
• SOLID PARTICULES
• WATER DROPLETS

Foaming is dependant on crude characteristics
Tendency to foam
API 40 = .825 API 30 = .876
API > 40 30 < API < 40 API < 30
Increase in % vol. 10 - 20 20 - 40 > 50

Foam breaking in seconds 30 30 - 60 > 60
BUT
• If asphaltene content > 1 %, higher foaming and stability

• if acid index >0.2 mg KOH/l, lower quantity of foam & higher stability
• The % of water and additives (anticorrosion etc… ) do not appear to

have any effect on the phenomenon

FOAMS : separation / breaking
• THE VERTICAL SPEED OF GAS BUBBLES IS HIGH DUE TO THE

HIGH DENSITY DIFFERENCE WITH THE OIL (STOKES LAW)
• GAS BUBBLES FLOCCULATE AT THE SURFACE AND CREATE A

"MATTRESS"
• COALESCENCE BECOMES THE LIMITING FACTOR

– THE LIQUID IS DRAINED OUT OF THE INTERFACIAL FILM
DECREASING ITS WIDTH UNTIL A MINIMUM VALUE IS REACHED
WHERE IT BREAKS
– BREAKING WIDTHS ARE MUCH THINNER THAN FOR EMULSIONS

FOAMS TREATMENT
• IT IS POSSIBLE TO :
– increase the breaking width of the foam by adding a chemical
– increase the speed of drainage by lowering the liquid

viscosity (HEAT)
– install separator internals acting on wettability

– use separators equipped with specific cyclonic inlet devices

FOAMS TREATMENT
Treatment
• Mechanical - Washing
- longer time spent in installation
• Chemical - anti-foam

FOAMS TREATMENTS : anti-foams
Chemical Treatment
ANTI-FOAMS
Action:
• displace the foam stabilizing element from the bubble walls
• or cause bubbles to burst locally
Necessary conditions:
• be soluble in the foaming system
• disperse satisfactorily

• have surface tension < that of the foam

anti-foam additives
– MOSTLY USED : SILICONE OILS ( POLYSILOXANES )
– EFFICIENT AT 2/3 ppm (4 to 5 ppm if diluted )
– HAVE TO BE INJECTED UPSTREAM THE SEPARATOR BUT THE

CLOSER FROM THE INLET
• LOSS OF EFFICIENCY AFTER A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME)
• LOOSE THEIR EFFICIENCY WHEN TOO MUCH MIXED WITH THE CRUDE

THESE PRODUCTS ARE REFINERY CATALYSTS POISONS
their dosage have to be strictly controlled

OTHER PRODUCTS :
– Heavy Alcohols, cheap but weak efficiency
– fluoro-Silicones, very efficient but expensive
• to be used in severe cases

Selection implemented in the Flash Foaming Test (Lab)

CRUDE OIL FOAMING TENDENCIES
OIL
FLASH FOAMING TEST
STORAGE PI
NITROGEN
M TR
BUTANE
TO WATER BATH
PROCEDURE
P = 10 BARS with N2 / BUTANE

TR
T = 60 ° C
600 CC OIL

ADJUSTABLE
CONTROL VALVE
( 35 L/H)
CALIBRATED CYLINDER

FOAMS TREATMENTS : mechanical
Gas
Mist extractor
Gutter separator
for foam treatment
Diffuser
Inlet
Inclined
plates

Oil


Section X-X

DIXON PLATES

Inlet
PC (gas)
Gas
Mist extractor
Foam treatment
Gas LC by heating
(water)
in salt water bath
oil
Oil
LC
(water)
Salt
water
Heating

Burner Water

FOAMS - CONCLUSIONS
• FOAMS ARE SIMILAR TO EMULSIONS
• HEAVY OILS (viscous) OR ACID/NAPHTENIC CRUDES

(natural surfactants) ARE CREATING STRONG FOAMS
• IF FOAMING HAS BEEN ANTICIPATED, OVERSIZING

OF SEPARATORS OR SEPARATOR INTERNALS CAN
BE CHOSEN TO LIMIT INCONVENIENTS

• IF NOT, FOAM TREATMENT USUALLY REQUIRES
HEAT + CHEMICAL TREATMENT

CRUDE OIL PROCESSING - SEPARATION

Flash liberation
Pressure (bars)
300
Yield (R)
250
Bubble curve 98.4 100 %
97.2
96
94.4
200
91.7
88.9
150
85.1
100
80
P1

88.9 %
50
0
0 50 100 T(° C)
TG 150 200

Differential liberation
Pressure (bars)
300
250 Initial bubble

curve in the
Elimination of gas
reservoir
200 Yield (R)
Bubble curve at
perforations 100 %
150 95.0
88.1
100 86.2
92 %
P1 83.7

50
0
0 50 100 TG 150 200 T(° C)

Composite liberation
Pressure (bars)
300
Initial bubble
250
curve in the gas elimination
reservoir
200
Yield (R)
100 %
150 Perforations
Bubble curve 91.0
Well head
at perforations 88.9
100 86.7
P1

90 % 1st stage separation 84.7
50
0
0 50 100 T(° C)
TG 150 200

1 - Crude Oil Treatment - Separation

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

1 - Crude Oil Treatment - Separation

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

SURFACE PROCESSING

A – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

1- Well effluents Generalities

-influence of the process recovery rate

3- Separator sizing principles

-diphasic vertical separator

-diphasic horizontal separator

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

5- Foaming (difficult gas/liquid separation)

Next course: Oil/Water separation

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

FORMATION SAND AND SILT

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

WATER AND OIL ZONES IN RESERVOIR

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

*If Salt Content>10mg/l , Reservoir Water INGRESS

*Sometimes HIGH SALT CONTENT without Water

* Same for Hassi Messaoud - Fateh - ABK -Zadco

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Produced Water Not Detected; only salt content is measured

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

TRANSPORTERS : LIMITATION FOR WATER CONTENT

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

PRODUCTION FIELD SPECIFICATIONS

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

TRANSPORT : Salt...60 mg/l Water....0,5%

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

TO WITHDRAW WATER DISPERSED IN CRUDE STRESSING

TO GET THE SALT SPECIFICATION WHEN THIS IS NOT THE

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

With Reservoir Water at 350 g/l expressed as NaCl equivalent

0.1 % of Water Content 350 mg/l ( 123 PTB ) Salt Content

Salt Content < 60 mg/l Water Content < 0.017 %

SALINITY IS THE MOST RESTRICTING SPECIFICATION

With Reservoir Water at 40 g/l expressed as NaCl equivalent

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Salt Content < 60 mg/l Water Content < 0.15 %

WATER CONTENT IS THE MOST RESTRICTING SPEC.

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

at reservoir conditions, generally one monophasic fluid

at surface conditions (P &T decrease), different components appear :

monophasic polyphasic (gas + liquid)

hydrocarbon gas condensation of heavier hydrocarbons liquid

water vapour liquid water

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

PRO01198 – CRUDE OIL TREATMENT - Separation

AIM OF A TREATMENT UNIT

to recover all the different constituents

Process specific to each development

to treat oil so that it is free of gas

to produce a gas as dry as possible (no water nor heavy hydrocarbons)

to remove water (and solids) from oil

© 2007 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training