SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

hota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

1





Literary Researches











XXX







2009

2
















XXX







2009
3


UDC (uak) 821.353.1.09(051.2)
l-681


redaqtori
maka elbaqiZe

saredaqcio kolegia

ivane amirxanaSvili
amiran arabuli
Tamaz vasaZe
mariam karbelaSvili
nona kupreiSvili
Tamar lomiZe

saredaqcio sabWo

manana kvaWantiraZe
helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio
wevri)
gaga lomiZe
irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)
revaz siraZe
gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri)
rusudan ColoyaSvili
rostom CxeiZe
elguja xinTibiZe

pasuxismgebeli mdivani
soso tabucaZe


literaturuli Ziebani, 30, 2009
redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,
merab kostavas q. 5.
telefoni: 99-63-84
faqsi: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge
Editor
Maka Elbakidze

Editorial Board

Ivane Amirkhanashvili
Amiran Arabuli
Tamaz Vasadze
Mariam Karbelashvili
Nona Kupreishvili
Tamar Lomidze

Editorial Council

Manana Kvachantiradze
Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary
member)
Gaga Lomidze
Irma Ratiani (Chairman)
Revaz Siradze
Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary member)
Rusudan Cholokashvili
Rostom Chkheidze
Elguja Khintibidze

Responsible Editor
Soso Tabutsadze

Literary Researches 30, 2009
Address: 0108, Tbilisi
5, M. Kostava str.
Tel.: 99-63-84
Fax: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge


ISSN 1512-0732
Strixkodi - 9771512308007


4





sarCevi

Contents



qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba
Georgian Religious Literature

lela xaCiZe
arsen iyalToelis axlad
aRmoCenili Targmani

lali ruxaZe
sikvdil-sicocxlis
urTierTmimarTebis problema da
V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli
mwerloba



9





16
Lela Khachidze
Towards the New Translation
by Arsen Ikaltoeli

Lali Ruxadze
The Problem of Relationship
of Life and Death and V-XVIII
Centuty Georgian Literature


rusTvelologiuri kvlevani
Rustaveli Studies

lia kariWaSvili
tolerantobis sakiTxisaTvis
`vefxistyaosanSi~

Tamar xvedeliani
mefe farsadanis saxis
gaazrebisTvis



22




32

Lia Karichashvili
The Problem of Tolerance in The
Knight in the Panthers Skin

Tamar Khvedeliani
Conceptualizing King Parsadans
Image


XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura
XIX Century: Epoch and Literature

manana kakabaZe
nikoloz baraTaSvili

lia kiknaZe
akaki wereTlis naklebad
cnobili ori leqsi

naTela Citauri
`ornairi swavla~ ilia WavWavaZis
SemoqmedebaSi



40




57



66


Manana Kakabadze
Nikoloz Baratashvili

Lia Kiknadze
Two Less Known Verses of Akaki
Tsereteli

Natela Chitauri
Double Learning in Creation
of Ilia Chavchavadze


5


merab RaRaniZe
vis ekuTvnis `droebis~
saredaqcio werili aTonis gamo?

julieta gaboZe
akaki wereTeli _ meigave
Tu mTargmneli

Tamar nucubiZe
civilizaciisa da progresis
gageba ilia WavWavaZis kritikul
naazrevSi




74




81




87
Merab Ghaghanidze
Who Is the Author of the Editorial
Article on Athos in Droeba?

Juli Gabodze
Akaki Tsereteli - Fabulist or
Translator

Tamar Nutsubidze
The Concept of the Civilization and
Progress in the Works of Ilia
Chavchavadze


XX saukunis mwerloba
XX Century Literature

inga milorava
`zekacis~ saxis interpretacia
modernistul teqstSi

nestan kutivaZe
XX saukunis dasawyisis
saqarTvelos istoriuli
realiebis mxatvruli
interpretacia Sio
aragvispirelis roman
`gabzarul gulSi~

maia jaliaSvili
naratorisa da personaJis
teqstebis urTierTmimarTeba
(jemal qarCxaZis roman
`zebulonis~ mixedviT)


95







105





110

Inga Milorava
Transformation of the Overmans
Image in Modernistic Text

Nestan Kutivadze
Literary Interpretation of
Historical Studies in Georgia
at the Beginning of the XXth
Century in The Cracked Heart
by Shio Aragvispireli


Maia Jaliashvili
Relation of the Texts of Narrator and
Personages
(According the Novel "Zebuloni" by
Jemal Karchkadze)

irakli abaSiZe _ 100
Irakli Abashidze 100

zoia cxadaia
poetis werilebi, sityvebi,
mogonebebi



118

Zoia Tskhadaia
Poet's Publications, Speeches,
Memoirs

6



miTosi. rituali. simbolo
Mythology. Ritual. Symbol

rusudan canava
`vefxistyaosnis~
erTi strofis
gagebisaTvis

lali osefaSvili,
saba-firuz metreveli
sveti-cxovelis, viTarca
sicocxlis xis gamosaxulebani

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
mezRapris mxatvruli metyveleba

qeTevan nadareiSvili
qali da sazogadoeba evripides
SemoqmedebaSi
(`ifigenia avlisSi~)

gaga SurRaia
wminda basilevsi
konstantine didi ierusalimur
saRvTismsaxurebo tradiciaSi

Tamar SarabiZe
saukunis niRbebi




130




138


145




152





159


195
Rusudan Tsanava
Towards the Understanding of the One
Strophe in "The Knight in the Panther's
Skin"

Lali Osepashvili,
Saba-Pirus Metreveli
Portrayals of Sveti-tskhoveli as Tree
of Life

Teimuraz Kurdovanidze
Artistic Speech of a Narrator

Ketevan Nadareishvili
Women and Society in Euripides
Tragedies
(Iphigenia in Aulis)

Gaga Shurgaia
The Holy Basileus
Constantine the Great in the Jerusalem
Liturgical Tradition

Tamar Sharabidze
Century Masks

poetikuri kvlevani
Poetical Studies

Tamar barbaqaZe
qarTuli leqsmcodneoba XXI
saukunis pirveli aTwleulis
presaSi (2000-2009 w.w.)

Tengiz kikaCeiSvili
sityvisa da feris harmoniuloba
konstantine gamsaxurdias
poetikaSi




206




215
Tamar Barbakadze
Georgian Versification in the Press of
the First Decade of the 21
st
Century
(2000-2010)

Tengiz Kikacheishvili
The Harmony of Word and
Colour in Konstantine Gamsakhurdias
Poetics

7


literaturuli meridianebi
Literary Meridians

zaza xinTibiZe
scenaTa modelireba homerosis
epossa da vefxistyaosanSi

lia gugunava
Semoqmedi RmerTi `hamletsa~ da
`vefxistyaosanSi~

venera kavTiaSvili
qarTuli
literaturaTmcodneobis erTi
saintereso furceli

manana kvataia
grigol robaqiZis `portretTa~
kaleidoskopidan

Stefi xotivari
kavkasiis xalxebis literatura
germanul enaze



232



238




251



259




269

Zaza Khintibidze
Modelling of Scenes in Homeric Epic
and The Man in the Panthers Skin

Lia Gugunava
Creator God in "Hamlet" and
"Vepkhistkaosani"

Venera Kavtiashvili
An Interesting Page from
the Georgian Study of
Literature

Manana Kvataia
From a Kaleidoscope of Grigol
Robakidzes Portraits

Steffi Chotiwari-Jnger
The Literature of Caucasian Peoples
in German

polemika
Polemics

goCa kuWuxiZe
isev arCiliseuli `masas~ Sesaxeb



287
Gocha Kuchukhidze
Yet Concerning Masa from Archil


recenzia
Review

lia ClaiZe
monografia qarTuli
folkloris Sesaxeb



301
Lia Chalidze
Monograph About Georgian
Foklore

axali wignebi
New Books
303

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis institutis
samecniero publikaciebis stili


311
Style of Academic Publications in
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian
Literature
8





qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba


lela xaCiZe

arsen iyalToelis axlad aRmoCenili Targmani

bizantiuri himnografiis II konstantinopoluri periodi xasiaTdeba
axali poeturi formis kanonis SemotaniT da damkvidrebiT, romelsac, kon-
dakTan SedarebiT, meti struqturuli mravalferovneba da moculoba axasia-
Tebs. himnografiuli kanonis genezisi Seswavlilia e. ueleSis mier (ueleSi
1980). saeklesio poeziis cnobili mkvlevaris j. b. pitras sityviT, kanonTa
avtorebs moRvaweoba uxdebodaT xatmbrZolobis mZime periodSi. maT gamud-
mebiT emuqrebodaT devna, samSoblodan gadaxvewa da sikvdili, amitom nakle-
bad zrunavdnen sagalobelTa daxvewaze. maT `mkacr da mgznebare~ nawarmoe-
bebSi igrZnoba pirquSi suli epoqisa.
Cvens mier qarTul xelnawerebSi gamovlenili `marxvanis~ axali redaq-
cia, romelic efrem mcires ekuTvnis, Seicavs berZnulidan axlad Targmnil
araerT kanons, romelTa Soris gvxvdeba Teodore studielis kanoni, miZRvni-
li meored mosvlisadmi:
orcielisa kriakesa. galobani meored moslvisani. Sedarebulni Tar-
gmnilni. arseni. galoba a. Semwe da m. dResa gansakrTomelsa...~ 218v-219v.
`marxvanis~ am redaqciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia axlad Targmnil kanoneb-
ze saTaurebis darTva, sadac miTiTebulia am Targmanebis xasiaTi (`Sedare-
bulni~, `usakuTresiTa sityTa~), mTargmnelebi (arseni, Targmani efrem), ak-
rostiqebi, kanonis Sesrulebis liturgikuli wesi, aRdgomis kanonze dar-
Tul saTaurSi ki dasaxelebulia Targmanis SemkveTic. rogorc wesi, kanone-
bis dasawyisebis gaswvriv miTiTebulia maTi avtorebic. rac Seexeba orcie-
lis kviriakis kanons, xelnawerSi (an teqnikuri mizezebis gamo fotofirze)
dasawyisTan aSia dazianebulia da avtoris aRniSvna ar Cans. giorgi mTaw-
midelis avtografuli `marxvanis~, agreTve berZnuli da slavuri `triodio-
nebis~ mixedviT, misi avtoria Teodore studieli.
Teodore studieli konstantinopoluri periodis bizantiuri himnogra-
fiis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia. misi moRvaweoba qmnis mTel epo-
qas, axal etaps bizantiuri himnografiis istoriaSi. Semdgomdroindeli him-
nografebi, faqtiurad, misi mimdevrebi da mimbaZvelebi iyvnen. studiis mo-
nasteri, sadac Teodores mouxda moRvaweoba, marTlmadideblobis Zlieri
centri iyo, gansakuTrebiT xatmbrZolobis periodSi. Teodore studieli, 30
wlis asakSi, am monastris winamZRvrad airCies. marTlmadideblobis dasaca-
vad gaweuli RvawlisaTvis igi iqca udides avtoritetad xatTayvanismcemel-
Ta Soris. Tavisi aRmsareblobis gamo mas mouwia samSoblos datoveba, tyveo-
ba, wameba. marTlmadideblurma eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa.
Teodore studielis sagaloblebis mxatvruli ena ufro rTulia, vidre
romanoz melodosisa, romelic misi ideali iyo, magram Teodores sagalob-
lebi gamoirCeva religiuri grZnobebis aRmafreniT da siRrmiT. e. ueleSi
erTmaneTs udarebs romanozisa da Teodores kondakebs da aCvenebs maT did
msgavsebas. aqve igi aRniSnavs metad sagulisxmo garemoebas, rom bizantiuri
sasuliero poeziis aRqma SeuZlebelia klasikuri an Tanamedrove poeziis mi-
9


xedviT: `warmovidginoT xatebi, romlebic mxolod mcire detalebiT gan-
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. frazeologiuri cvlilebebi, romlebic Teodores
Seaqvs Tavis versiaSi, cotaa, magram isini sakmaod mniSvnelovania imisaTvis,
rom nawarmoebi mis sakuTrebad miviCnioT~ (ueleSi 1980: 230).
analogiuri mdgomareobaa Teodores kanonebSi da, kerZod, orcielis
kviriakisaTvis gankuTvnil CvenTvis saintereso kanonSic. e. ueleSi aqveynebs
misi I odis berZnul teqsts inglisuri TargmaniTurT (ueleSi 1980: 230-232).
igi aRniSnavs, rom didi msgavseba SeiniSneba Teodores am kanonsa da meored
mosvlisadmi miZRvnil romanoz melodosis cnobil kondaks Soris. es imanac
ganapiroba, rom orive maTgani gankuTvnili iyo orcielis kviriakisaTvis da,
amdenad, eZRvneboda meored mosvlas: `Teodore iZulebuli iyo, miebaZa roma-
nozisaTvis iseve, rogorc romanozi baZavda efrem asurs, Tavis did winapars~
(ueleSi: 230-232). Teodorem miaRwia imas, rom SeZlo ukanaskneli samsjavros
poeturi xilva miesadagebina kanonis struqturisaTvis da mTeli kanoni gae-
marTa ukve arsebul Zlispirebze. e. ueleSs Tanamedrove sanoto sistemiT
aqvs gadmocemuli Teodores am kanonis I da III odebis melodia (ueleSi 1980:
233-234).
bizantiuri himnografiis I periodSi moRvawe himnografTaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli iyo umtkicesi, umWidroesi kavSiris dacva bibliur galobebTan, amis
gamo kanonis odebs Soris kavSiri TiTqmis SeumCneveli iyo. studiis monas-
terSi moRvawe himnografebis da, upirveles yovlisa, Teodores miRwevad
iTvleba is garemoeba, rom maT kanoni aqcies erT mTlian poetur erTeulad,
romelSic mizandasaxulad viTardeboda erTi idea.
Teodore studielis es kanoni qarTul himnografiaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba
sin.5 da sin.75 xelnawerebSi (XI s). winadroindel tradiciaSi X s-is sinur
iadgarebSi igi Sesuli ar aris, Tumca amave avtoris `marxvanisaTvis~ gankuTv-
nili samsagaloblebi pirvelad swored aq gvxvdeba (uZvelesi iadgari 1980:
775). Teodore studielis aRniSnuli kanonis Targmna, SesaZloa, sin. 5-sin. 75
tipis marxvanis Semdgenels eqvTime mTawmidels ukavSirdebodes.
rogorc Cans, igi 3-jer uTargmniaT qarTulad. parizis erovnul
biblioTekaSi daculi qarTuli xelnaweris _ georg. 5-is I nawilSi, romelic
giorgi mTawmidelis avtograful `marxvans~ warmoadgens (xaCiZe 1987: 59-74)
_ Sesulia am kanonis II Targmani, sadac sin. 5-sin. 75-Tan SedarebiT, garkveu-
li cvlilebebia Setanili. efrem mciris redaqciis`marxvanSi~ ki daculia
originalTan misi xelaxla `Sedarebuli~ Targmani, romelic arsen iyal-
Toels ekuTvnis.
Teodores es kanoni Sesulia berZnuli da slavuri `marxvanebis~ arsebu-
li publikaciebSi da, amdenad, saSualeba gveZleva SeviswavloT qarTuli
Targmanebis xasiaTi da mimarTeba berZnul originalTan. qvemoT movitanT ka-
nonis I odis ugalobdiTsas teqsts sin. 5-is da georg. 5-Si daculi giorgi
mTawmidelis avtografuli `marxvanis~ mixedviT:

sin. 5 georg. 5
33r 88v

ugalobdiTsa. ma d guerdi. ugalobdiTsa. ma d guerdi.
ugalobdeT ufalsa ugalobdeT ufalsa, romelman ga

dResa mas saSinelsa dResa mas saSinelsa
mosvlisa Senisasa gulisma-vhyof moslvisa Senisasa gulisma-vhyof
da vZrwi, qriste macxo var, da vZrwi, qriste macxovar,
raJams daSjde gankiTxvad raJams daSjde gankiTxvad
cxovelTa da mkudarTa. cxovelTa da mkudarTa.
10



raJams moxde, RmerTo,
bevreuloTa maT Tana angelozTa,
Rirs-myav meca SemTxuevad
Senda RrubliTa naTlisaTa
brwyinvaled.





SemaZrwunebs me cecxli
igi uSreti da matli uZili
da RrWena kbilTa mware,
aramed Sen, qriste, Semiwyale me.

ma Seni sanatreli
masmine, qriste, romliTa uwode
wmidaTa sixarulad,
maT Tana Rirs-myav sasufevelsa Sensa.











Sen, uqorwi
raJams moxde, RmerTo,
bevreulTa maT Tana angelozTa,
Rirs-myav meca SemTxuevad
RrubliTa naTlisaTa brwyinvaled.

isenebd, sulo Cemo,
dResa mas da Jamsa gansakrTomelsa
moslvisa uflisasa
da iglovd mwared, raTa ipovo wmidad.

SemaZrwunebs me cecxli
igi uSreti da matli uZili
da RrWena kbilTa mware,
aramed Sen, macxovar, Semiwyale me.

ma Seni sanatreli
masmine, qriste, romelTa uwode
wmidaTa sixarulad
da maT Tana Rirs-myav sasufevelsa Sensa.

nu eZieb sityuasa
saqmeTa CemTaTs, romelni uwyni
da nu Sexual saSjelsa
dafarulTa CemTasa, qriste macxovar.

samguamovano RmerTo
dausabamoo, yovlisa mpyrobelo,
guacxovnen qmnulni Senni,
mamao da Zeo da sulo wmidao.

mamisagan Sobili
Ze RmrTisa JamTa zeSTa bunebisa
hSev, qalwulo wmidao,
oriTa bunebiTa RmerTi da kaci.
rogorc vxedavT, georg. 5-isa da sin. 5-is Tanxvedri troparebi teqstob-
rivad identuria. giorgi mTawmideli, rogorc Cans, misaRebad Tvlida sin. 5-
is tipis `marxvanSi~ arsebul Targmans. sin. 5-Tan SedarebiT, georg. 5-Si metia
III, VI, VII da VIII troparebi. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom `ugalobdiTsas~ VII
tropari `samebisans~, VIII tropari ki `RmrTismSoblisans~ warmoadgens.
kanonis yovel momdevno odaSic msgavsi samuSaoa Catarebuli.
sin. 5-Si am kanonis yoveli oda 3 an 4 troparisagan Sedgeba (garda ukanask-
neli IX odisa, romelSic 5 dasdebelia), georg. 5-Si TiToeul odaSi tropare-
bis raodenoba 7-mde an 8-mdea Sevsebuli. TiToeuli odis ukanaskneli 2 tro-
pari `samebisansa~ da `RmrTismSoblisas~ warmoadgens. TiToeul odaSi georg.
5-isa da sin. 5-is Tanxvedri troparebi teqstobrivad identurni arian. amave
dros, sin.5-sagan gansxvavebiT, giorgis `marxvanSi~ kanoni Seicavs II odas _
`moixilesa~.
amrigad, giorgi mTawmideli iyenebs orcielis kviriakis kanonis sin. 5-Si
dacul Targmans; amave dros, misi Tanamedrove berZnuli `marxvanebis~ mixed-
viT, iZleva mis axal redaqcias avsebs kanonis TiToeul odas 3-4 dasdebli-
dan 7-8 dasdeblamde; rogorc wesi, mis mier TiToeuli galobisaTvis damate-
buli dasdeblebis bolo wyvili warmoadgens `samebisansa~ da `RmrTismSobli-
sas~; umatebs kanons II odas _ `moixilesa~.
originalTan daaxlovebas kidev ufro metad eswrafis arsen iyalToeli,
romelsac qarTuli Targmani am mizniT xelaxla Seudarebia berZnulTan. mo-
11


vitanT kanonis imave odis arseniseul Targmans da e. ueleSis mier gamoqeyne-
bul berZnul teqsts:

georg. 5-is II nawili

berZnuli teqsti
216r

galobani meored moslvisani.
Sedarebulni Targmnilni. arseni.

ma b guerdi. galoba a.
Semwe da m.

dResa gansakrTomelsa
ucxosa mosvlisa Senisasa
vZrwi momgonebeli,
viSiSvi... mxedveli,
romelsa Sina sjde gansjad
cxovelTa da mkudarTa,
RmerTo, yolad Zliero.



odes moxde, RmerTo,
bevreulTa da aTaseulTa
angelozebrTa Tana ZalTa
cisaTa,
meca migebebad
Senda RrubliTa, qriste RmerTo,
Rirs-myav maSin ubadruki.



moved, mdabalo sulo,
isenebdi Jamsa da dResa,
romelsa Sina cxadad warmodges
RmerTi
da godebiT tirode,
raTa ipoo wmidad
Jamsa gankiTxvisasa.


ganmakrTobs da SemaZrwunebs
cecxli uSreti geheniisa,
matli mware da RrWena
kbilTa, aramed
milxine, mride da
daawese dgomaCemi
wmidaTa Tana, qriste!

salocveli ma Seni,
momwodebeli wmidaTa SenTa
Subad mimarT, masmine meca,
ubadruksa,
raTa vpoo caTa
sasufevelsa igi
uoxWno netareba.


















12



nu Sexual Sen CemTa
saSjelad momxumeli qmnaTa CemTa,
sityuaTa da aRZrvaTa gamomwu-
lilveli,
aramed wyalobiT
Tana-warhed ZrTa CemTa
da macxovne, saxier.

samguamovano erTo,
RmerT-mTavaro yovelTao,
srulT-mTavrobiTo da arsTa mTavaro
guacxovnen mamao,
da Zeo da saxiero
sulo yolad wmidao.





vin Sva Ze mamobrivTa
TeslTa Seuwynarebelad, aramed
romeli igi mamaman Sva udedod
ucxo niSi, romeli
Sev Sen yolad ubiwoo,
Tanad RmerTi da kaci.



arseniseul TargmanSi iseve, rogorc giorgisTan, I galoba 8 troparisa-
gan Sedgeba. berZnulSi troparTa raodenoba Svidia, radgan VIII tropari
RmrTismSoblisa araa warmodgenili. Tu giorgi mTawmidelis `marxvansa~ da
sin.-5-s Soris teqstobrivad identuri troparebic gvxvdeba, arseniseuli
Targmani mTlianad ganaxlebulia TiToeuli tropari sagangebodaa Sedare-
buli berZnulTan.
winadroindel TargmanTan SedarebiT, I troparis dasawyisSive arseni uma-
tebs sityvas `ucxosa~, rac Seesabameba berZnulis ` ~-s. es sityva
winadroindel TargmanSi ucvleladaa datovebuli. slavurSi, romelic ber-
Znulis zust Targmans warmoadgens, es sityva Targmnilia, rogorc `-
~. amave troparis ` Zvel TargmanSi asea gadmocemu-
li: `gulisma-vhyof da vZrwi~, arseni ki TviT berZnul konstruqciasac gad-
mogvcems - `vZrwi momgonebeli~ (Sdr. slavuris ` ~). sin.5 ge-
org.5-Si uTargmneladaa datovebuli berZnulis IV striqoni _ `k
, arsenTan igi zustadaa Targmnili - `viSiSvi mxedveli~. berZnul ori-
ginals zustad asaxavs arseniseuli Targmanis bolo striqonic _ `
_ `RmerTo, yolad Zliero~ (Sdr. slavuris ` ~).
Zvel TargmanSi es striqoni gadatanilia III adgilze da gadmocemulia ase:
`qriste macxovar~.
II troparis III striqoni ` k arsenTan zustadaa Targmni-
li: `bevreulTa da aTaseulTa~. analogiuri mdgomareobaa slavurSic. `
~. Zvel TargmanSi ki gvaqvs mxolod `bevreulTa~. amave tropa-
ris arseniseul TargmanSi zustadaa gadmocemuli `ZalTa cisaTa~. Sdr. berZ-
nulis ` (slavuri ` ~). Zvel TargmanSi igi uTarg-
mneladaa datovebuli.
13


amave galobis III tropari sin. 5-Si ar gvxvdeba; SesaZloa, igi TviT giorgi
mTawmidelis mier iyos Targmnili. igive unda iTqvas VI, VII da VIII tropareb-
zec. III troparis arseniseuli Targmanis dasawyisi _ `moved, mdabalo su-
lo...~ emTxveva originals: ` , ...~ amave troparis ` .
~ giorgis mier Targmnilia, rogorc `moslvasa uflisasa~, arse-
ni zust Targmans gvaZlevs: `romelsa Sina cxadad warmodges RmerTi~. gior-
gis TargmanSi ucvleladaa datovebuli amave troparis ukanaskneli striqo-
ni, romelsac arseni zustad Targmnis: `Jamsa gankiTxvisasa~ (Sdr.
).
IV troparis `E k ~ erTi zmniTaa gadmocemuli Zvel Targ-
manSi _ `SemaZrwunebs~. arseni, originalis Sesabamisad, 2 zmnas mimarTavs:
`ganmakrTobs da SemaZrwunebs~. epiTeti `mware~ (k) berZnulSi da arseni-
seul TargmanSi dakavSirebulia `matlTan~, Zvel TargmanSi ki kbilTa RrWe-
nasTan. erTi sityviT (`Semiwyale~) aris gadmocemuli Zvel TargmanSi origi-
nalis 3 zmna: ` , , k ~. arsenTan Sesabamisi Targmania:
`milxine, mride da daawese dgoma Cemi~.
zustadaa Targmnili arsenis mier originalis `k~ _ `mimwode-
beli~ (Sdr. slavuris `~), Zvel TargmanSi gvaqvs `romliTa uwode~.
uTargmneladaa datovebuli Zvel TargmanSi originalis ` ~, romelsac
arseni Targmnis, rogorc `ubadruksa~. aseve uTargmneladaa datovebuli
Zvel TargmanSi amave troparis ukanaskneli striqoni, romelsac arseni zus-
tad Targmnis: `uoxWno, netareba~.
VI troparis ` ~ arsenis mier Targmnilia, rogorc `nu Sexual~,
Zvel TargmanSi gansxvavebuli wakiTxvaa _ `nu eZieb sityuasa~. `~ arsens
uTargmnia, rogorc `momxumeli~. Zvel TargmanSi uTargmneladaa datovebu-
li es sityva. Zvel TargmanSi Zalze Semoklebulia am troparis II nawilic, ar-
senTan ki zusti Targmani gvaqvs.
sityvasityviTaa Targmnili arsenis mier VII troparic - `samebisani~. ori-
ginalis `~ arsenis mier Targmnilia, rogorc `erTo~, Zvel TargmanSi
gvxvdeba `RmerTo~. sainteresodaa Targmnili arsenis mier originalis
`k ~ _ `RmerT-mTavaro yovelTao~. uTargmneladaa datovebuli
Zvel TargmanSi `k, ~, arseni ase Targmnis am terminebs:
`srul _ mTavrobiTo da zeSTa mTavarno.~ analogiuri viTarebaa kanonis da-
narCen odebSic.
amrigad, bizantiuri himnografiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis _
Teodore studielis himnografiuli kanoni, romelic orcielis kviria-
kisaTvisaa gankuTvnili, samjeraa Targmnili qarTulad. arsen iyalToelis
mier Sesrulebuli Targmani yovelTvis Zalze zustia, Zveli Targmanebi ki Zi-
riTadad gadmoscemen originalis azrs, magram es araa sityvasityviTi Tar-
gmanebi. mTargmnelebi saTqmels Taviseburad cvlian, uTargmnelad toveben
garkveul frazebs an zogadad gadmoscemen azrs.
sagalobeli sainteresoa im mxrivac, rom eZRvneba meored mosvlas. es
Tema sakmaod popularuli iyo Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi.


14



damowmebani:

ueleSi 1980: Wellesz E.: A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography, Oxford: 1980.
uZvelesi iadgari 1980: uZvelesi iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da
saZieblebi daurTes el. metrevelma, c. Wankievma da l. xevsurianma. Tb.: 1980.
T , Rome: 1879
, I II , .: 1975
xaCiZe 1987: ioane minCxis poezia, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva
daurTo lela xaCiZem. Tb.: 1987.

Lela Khachidze

Towards the New Translation by Arsen Ikaltoeli

Summary

In the issue the hymnigraphical Kanon devoted to the Judgement Day and its Geogian
translations have been analized. The Kanon belongs to Theodore Studites the famous
representative of Byzantine Hymnography.
The Greek original of the Kanon is studied by scientists while its Geogian translations
are unknown for the scholars.
The first translation of the Hymn is preserved in Geogian manuscripts Sin.5 (1051)
and Sin.75 ( XI c). Euthimius Athonite can probably be the translator of the Hymn.
An autographic Triodion by George Athonite - Georgica 5 consists the next
translation of this Hymn. The translator George Athonite makes some changes .
The third Geogian translation of the Hymn was found in the new redaction of Georgian
Triodion. It belongs to Arsen Ikaltoeli and it deserves attention for the ascertainment of
the Greek original. In this version the Greek text, terms and even constructions are precisely
reflected. This version represents Arsen Ikaltoeli as the translator of the Hymns.
15


lali ruxaZe

sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da
V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba

(qronotopis sakiTxi da soflis paradigma
`wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~)

werili meore

anonimi hagiografis Txzuleba `martloba da moTmineba wmidisa evsta-
Ti mcxeTelisa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 30-45) istoriuli qronotopis TvalsazrisiT
axlosaa iakob xucesis `wm. SuSanikis wamebasTan~. `Zeglis Tavdapirveli deda-
ni Tanamedrovis mier unda iyos Sedgenili, magram Semdeg, imave VI s-is dasas-
ruls an VII s-is damdegs, moTxrobaSi cvlileba SeutaniaT~ (javaxiSvili 1987:
66). daTariRebis principisa da tropuli metyvelebis msgavsebac SeiniSneba,
Tumca sruliad gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili s o f l i s a da s i k v -
d i l i s saxismetyveleba.
`wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ TariRis, avtoris msoflmxedvelo-
bisa da saxismetyvelebis sakiTxi dResac mraval problemur kiTxvas tovebs,
romlebsac Cven ar SevexebiT, Tumca `martvilobis~ qronotopisa da s o f -
l i s cnebis saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba maT TavisTavad exmianeba.
qronotopis _ dro-sivrcis erTiani aRqmis problema zogadad (baxtini
2002: 6; mani 1984: 2) da, kerZod, qarTuli hagiografiis kvalobaze Seswavli-
lia da miRebulia mniSvnelovani daskvnebi (siraZe 2001: 32-33; amirxanaSvili
2005: 15-19): `agiografiaSi dro aucileblad gulisxmobs sivrces, da, piriqiT,
sivrce _ dros... TariRi, rogorc dro da rogorc sivrce warmoadgens isto-
riuli sivrcis nawils, romelic TavisTavad aris dro. amitomaa, rom daTari-
Rebisas upiratesoba eZleva sivrces da ara kalendarul dros~ (amirxanaS-
vili 2005: 17), Tumca zogjer orive aspeqti mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, `wm.
evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~.
nawarmoebSi dro-sivrcis aRqma orgvaria: erTi istoriulia, romelsac
qmnis meaTe weli sparseTSi xuasro anu Sirvanis (531-579 ww.) mefobisa, arvand
guSnaspis marzapnoba tfilisSi, sparseTis qveyana da sofeli arSakeTi. amave
aspeqtSi moiazreba gvirobandakis pirovneba da misi rwmena- mogvoba. meore
qronotopi ki iwyeba gvirobandakis qalaq mcxeTaSi CamosvliT, mexamleobis
SeswavliT, qristian qalTan SeuRlebiT, kaTakmevlobidan jer Rrmadmorwmu-
ne qristianad, xolo Semdeg wm. evstaTi mcxeTelad qceviT da gadadis
usasrulobaSi (dro maradiulobaSi, sivrce RvTaebriv saufloSi). es ukve
mowamisa da hagiografis qronotopia, miT ufro, rom `xelovnebas Tavisi dro
aqvs. es dro iwyeba maSin, roca nawarmoebi iwyeba da masTan erTad mTavrdeba~
(siraZe 2001: 21). es ori istoriuli da xelovnebiseuli qronotopi dasawyis-
Sivea mocemuli da `martvilobis~ bolomde Tanaarsebobs. amdenad, ufro meti
datvirTva aqvs, vidre TariRisa da geografiuli realiebis miniSnebaa. pir-
velSi, romelic ramdenjerme meordeba, sivrcul aRqmas qmnis sofeli sparse-
Ti, evi arSakeTi da qalaqi ganZaki (Zeglebi 1964: 31). am yvelafers amTlia-

dasawyisi ix.: lali ruxaZe, sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-XVIII

saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (soflis bibliuri paradigma da `wm. SuSanikis wameba~,
literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII, Tb., 2007, gv. 28-35.
16



nebs (kravs) mogvoba gvirobandakisa da is, rom `me mamuli rCuli ara miyvarda~
(Zeglebi 1964: 35).
ramdenadac `adamianuri drois RvTaebrivad gadaqcevis umTavresi safuZ-
velia sikeTe~ (siraZe 2001: 25), gvirobandakis upirvelesi mizania axali qro-
notopis Seqmna, misi morgeba (gaTaviseba) da bolos masSi ganleva udidesi
Sinagani ZalisxmeviT, warsulis daviwyebiT, yofiT materialurze amaRle-
biT, tanjva-tkivilis miviwyebiTa da WeSmaritebasTan ziarebis dauokebeli
wyurviliT. ai, es qmnis gzas gvirobandakidan evstaTamde, rac aranakleb mniS-
vnelovania mowamisa da hagiografisaTvis, vidre uSualod sikvdiliT dasja
tfilisel jalaTTa mier.
pirveli qronotopi mowamisa da avtoris mier erTiani ZalisxmeviTaa da-
saZlevi, romelic aRar unda darCes msmenlisa Tu mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi,
Tumca ramdenjerme meordeba, rogorc miniSneba mowamis did tkivilze, `mona-
gebTa datevebaze~. cxadia, rac ufro didia tkivili saxl-samyofis datovebi-
sa, xibli yofiT-materialurisa, miT ufro Rrmaa rwmena: `aqa vitanjo da mun
ganvisueno~ (Zeglebi 1964: 21).
TiTqos hagiografma principulad uaryo s o f l i s bibliuri paradigma
da ZiriTadad sparseTTan dakavSirebiT moixmobs mas (SesaZloa swored amgva-
ri aRqmiT warmoaCina misi oden materialuri arsi, Tavisi uaryofiTi damoki-
debuleba yovelive sparsulisadmi). mcxeTeli ustam cixisTavi ekiTxeba
evstaTis: `romlisa soflisa xar, anu romlisa qalaqisa, anu romeli rCuli
gipyries~? (Zeglebi 1964: 31) es mxolod qristes mgmoblis pozicia araa, Tavad
mowamec amgvarad aRiqvams s o f e l s : `me soflisa sparseTisa viyav, evisa
arSakeTisa, qalaqisa ganZakisa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 31). mogvianebiT amave azrs ase
gaimeorebs igi: `me viyav q u e y a n i s a sparseTisasa, evisa arSakeTisa,
qalaqisa ganZakisa... xolo me mamuli rCuli ara miyvarda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 35). e.
i. s o f e l i igive q v e y a n a a , romelic ukavSirdeba sparseTs, mogvobas
sulis safrTxes, warsuls mowamisas. arada, ukve dawerilia iakob xucesis
Txzuleba, warmoCenilia s o f l i s cnebis bibliuri arqetipi da hagiogra-
fiuli saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba (ruxaZe 2007: 31-33). `wm. evstaTi mcxeTe-
lis martvilobis~ kvalobaze ki TiTqos arc arsebobs `orgemage~ da amao
sawuTro, warmavali, mravali safrTxis Semcveli Tavisi `uTvalavi feriT~,
arc masTan dapirispirebaa mowamis mier martodmartod gadasatani `Wiri~,
romlis Zlevaa aucilebeli piroba WeSmaritebis Sesacnobad.
hagiografi da martvili erTnairad aRiqvamen warsulsac da awmyosac
(SeiZleba isini Tanamedrovenic iyvnen), miT ufro, rom Zvel qarTulSi `dro~
aRniSnavda `soflis~, `qveynis~ cnebas (meliqiSvili 1987: 13). warsuli _ s o -
f e l i // q v e y a n a sparseTi da mogvoba, xosros mefoba da arvand guSnas-
pis marzpanobaa, awmyo ki qalaqi mcxeTa da qristianoba. TiTqos orive
sagangebod gaurbis termins s o f e l i , raTa sabolood Caklas `mamuli
rCuli~, yovelive, rac sparseTs ukavSirdeba. iqneb aramarto sparseTsa da
mogvobas? iqneb ufro Rrmad gaiazrebs hagiografi s o f l i s a da q v e y -
n i s cnebebs da yovelive miwier keTildReobad, zecis sapirispirod aRiq-
vams maT da erT saxels arqmevs s p a r s e T s ?!. s o f l i s Tanamedrove
gagebiT moxmobilia cnebebi: `d a b a ~, `a d g i l i ~ (`daba erTi~, `adgili er-
Ti~). xolo qveyana ZiriTadad xmeleTs aRniSnavs (Zeglebi 1964: 39-40): `garda-
moda RmerTi zeciT queyanad da movida Txemsa zeda mTisa sinasa~ (Zeglebi
1964: 37).
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, `s o f e l i ewodebis sruliad sa-
wuTros, xolo d a b a _ erTsa, momcro qalaqsa mozRudvilsa~ (iovane 11,1).
xolo q u e y a n a _ `erTi ars oTxTa kavSirTagani, meli da grili, mZime da
uZravi, aramyofobisagan yofad pirvelsa dResa moyvanebuli RTisagan~
17


(orbeliani 1991: 183; orbeliani 1993: 236-237). qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-
leqsikonis mixedviTac, d a b a sofelia, q u e y a n a _ xmeleTi, napiri (im-
naiSvili 1986: 117; 615). amave leqsikuri mniSvnelobebiTaa moxmobili es ori
termini `wm. SuSanikis wamebaSic~: `miviwie dabasa mas, romelsaca iyo netari
SuSanik~ (Zeglebi 1964: 13), `Tavsa Tssa que damarT scemda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 23).
sainteresoa, rom `wamebis~ HK xelnawerSi `daRmarT~ ikiTxeba. ufro adre ki
q u e y a n a `zeda~ _ TandebuliTaa warmodgenili da zogadad m i w i s sino-
nimad aRiqmeba: `davarda igi queyanasa zeda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 12), `idva wmida
SuSanik queyanasa zeda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 17). gamonaklisia, rodesac queyana zo-
gadad hereTs aRniSnavs: `moxucebuli aravin ars maT queyanaTa~ (Zeglebi 1964:
25), xolo s o f e l i _ qarTls (`soflisa qarTlisani~ _ Zeglebi 1964: 27).
rac Seexeba hagiografisa da mowamis qronotops, igi uSualod mosdevs
istoriuls da moicavs qalaq mcxeTas, gvirobandakis feriscvalebas evsta-
Tad da Semdeg evstaTi mcxeTelad (wmindanad) qcevas. amdenad, awmyo da moma-
vali (maradiuloba) erT aspeqtSia gaazrebuli (axlandeli dro maradiulis
nawilia, `es~ dro da sivrce sakraluri dro-sivrcis dasawyisad, mosamzade-
bel safexurad aRiqmeba).
hagiografi TiTqos sagangebod gangvawyobs am dro-sivrceSi (gvirobanda-
kis sulier feriscvalebasa da mcxeTaSi) SemosabrZaneblad `ritorikuli
figuris~ _ `da~ kavSiriani wyobis SemotaniT. `da movida igi (sagangebodaa
miviwyebuli mogvobisdroindeli sparsuli saxeli) qalaqad mcxeTad (mcxeTa
arasodes iwodeba s o f l a d an q v e y n a d ) da iswavleboda elsa meamle-
obisasa... iTxova man coli qristian da TT qristeane iqmna da naTeli miiRo.
xolo naTlis-cemasa missa uwodes saxeli evstaTi~ (Zeglebi 1964: 30). `d a ~
kavSiri am SemxTvevaSi mxolod berZnuli literaturis stilis gavleniT ar
aris, rogorc V-XI ss-is qarTuli agiografiis stilisturi paradigmebis
kvlevam cxadyo: `es is SemTxvevaa, roca makavSirebeli sityva aris ufro meti,
vidre kavSiri. `da~-kavSirs avtori aRmatebuli tonis gasaformeblad iyenebs
da rac ufro meti yuradReba gadaaqvs am sityvaze, miT ufro gamoikveTeba
zeaweuli, wignieri paTosi... amJRavnebs miswrafebas, miizidos, moiaxlovos da
TavisTvis sasurvel fokusSi moaqcios mkiTxvelis yuradReba~ (amirxanaSvili
2004: 8). sainteresoa, rom wm. SuSanikisa da wm. evstaTis `martvilobebis~ av-
torebi Tavisebur mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT sistemas qmnian saTqmelis
gadmosacemad da masSi msmenlisa Tu mkiTxvelis `CasarTvelad~, Tumca es mxo-
lod dasawyisSi, Semdeg maTi saxismetyvelebiTi azrovneba gansxvavebulia.
amdenad, e. w. xelovnebis qronotopidan iwyeba WeSmaritebis Zieba axali
mamulis, axali rwmenisa da axali saxelis mopovebis gziT. gvirobandaki
mkvidrdeba mcxeTaSi, swavlobs meCeqmeobas, qorwindeba (sulieri qorwinebis
wina safexuri) qristianze, inaTleba, sisxlis daTxeviT `emowmeba~ pirvelmo-
wameTa Rvawls, aqve ikrZaleba misi gvami da iwodeba wm. evstaTi mcxeTelad.
wm. SuSanikic TandaTan tovebs sadedoflo sasaxles da cdilobs mcire se-
nakSi eklesiis gverdiT (wiaRSi), mis sulier da fizikur siaxloves yofnas.
marTalia, `martvilobaSi~ araferia naTqvami mcxeTis _ rogorc axali ieru-
salimis, udidesi siwmindis _ uflis kvarTis gansasveneblis _ Sesaxeb, mag-
ram imdenad didia momavali mowamis fizikuri da sulieri ltolva am adgili-
sadmi, rom sruliad bunebrivia mas es yovelive sparseTSive scodnoda. swo-
red aq unda monaTluliyo igi. miT ufro, rom wminda jvris ZalaSi hagiogra-
fi udides movlenas _ 30 wlis mogvi yrmis naTliscemasac unda gulisxmob-
des, aqedan daiwyo WeSmaritebis Secnoba da masTan ziareba (sainteresoa
mowamis asakis 30 wlis miniSnebac).
sparseTsa da mazdeanobasTan gvirobandaks akavSirebda siyvarulis nak-
leboba, ufro zustad, usiyvaruloba, WeSmariti RmerTis Seucnobloba, rac
18



evstaTiSi sircxvilad, Sinaganad dasaZlev problemad iqca da bolos sici-
lad amoskda _ rogorc ganaTebuli gonebiT Secnobili sibnele `metozikeTa
tozikobisa~. swored am pasaJSi gamoikveTa mowamis mxatvruli saxe metad
originaluridan (zariZe 1985: 5). evstaTis sicilTan erTad avtori Tavadac
aranakleb `ganbasravs~ sparsTa `tozikobas~ da Tanamonawiled ixdis
msmenels (metreveli 2008: 93-94).
rac Seexeba s i k v d i l i s cnebas, masac Taviseburad aRiqvams anonimi
hagiografi. masze ganuwyveteli fiqri da gansakuTrebuli SiSi gaCenis
dRidan dahyva adamians, qristianulma azrovnebam daaZlevina mas es gaurkvev-
loba s i k v d i l i s _ rogorc g a r d a c v a l e b i s , aRqmiT.
ramdenadac qronotopis kategorias SuasaukuneebSi ufro metad simbo-
luri datvirTva hqonda, hagiografs naklebad ainteresebda personaJis
cxovrebis wesi warsulSi (TiTqos saerTod arc arsebobda), igi `axali mowame~
unda gamxdariyo, amitom misi cxovrebac im adgilidan da im droidan unda
aTvliliyo, saidanac _ `keTilisaTvis baZva~ (`keTil ars baZva keTilisaTs
maradis~, _ galat. 4,18). amgvari azrovnebis nimuSi saxareba gaxldaT. `wm.
evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ dasawyisSi hagiografisaTvis gvirobandaki
sruliad Soreuli da ucxo iyo, sparseTidan mosuli `kaci erTi~ (rasac ufro
amZafrebs `erTis~ _ ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxelis funqcia), romelic Tan-
daTan axlovdeboda qarTvelTaTvis igi CvenTan `movida~... sainteresoa, rom
avtori meore abzacsac `movidaTi~ iwyebs (`movida igi qalaqad mcxeTad~, _
Zeglebi 1964: 30). TiTqos ufro `Tbeba~ dro, urTierTobebi, kidev ufro sak-
ralizdeba isedac wminda adgili da yvelasaTvis saCinovdeba WeSmariteba _
`wmidisa juarisa Zalisa Cineba~ (Zeglebi 1964: 30).
amdenad, sikvdilisadmi hagiografTa epikuri simSvide bunebrivia, Tumca
`wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtori saerTod ugulebelyofs sikv-
dilisadmi SiSs, rogorc _ soflis amaoebasa da sawuToobas. erTaderTi wi-
nadadebiT gadmoicema mowamis dasja es udidesi movlena: `sces maxliTa pa-
tiosansa qedsa missa da warhkueTes Tavi misi~ (Zeglebi 1964: 45).
`wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ mraval problemur kiTxvas badebs,
maT Sorisaa literaturul-esTetikuri mxarec: `warmodgenili sxarti aRwe-
rilobebisaTvis ucxoa tropuli metyveleba, moTxrobis ena `dokumenturia~
(CxartiSvili 1994: 14), anda: `Tavisi mxatvrul-esTetikuri... aspeqtiT uaRre-
sad saintereso qmnilebaa, romelSic asaxuli sulieri samyaro ufro met sa-
fiqrals gviCens~ (metreveli 2008: 101).
rogorc cnobilia, mowameni urjuloTagan sikvdvils RvTisgan boZebul
gamocda-wyalobad iReben. wm. ioane oqropiris moZRvrebiT, `es seni _ sikvdi-
li mowameTaTvis didi SenaZenia~. RmerTma ineba, rom xorcieli sikvdiliT
misi rCeulni mowamebrivi gvirgviniT Seemko. mowamebrivi aRsasruli maT
saTnoebebs ufro metad ganabrwyinvebs~ (vasiliadisi 2003: 86). asea am nawar-
moebSic, magram dasjis dros evstaTiseuli simSvide mxolod amiT ver aixs-
neba. udidesi sulieri da materialuri Ziebis, Wvretis, fiqrisa da Sinagani
Widilis Sedegad man warsulad aqcia Tavisi cxovrebis 30 weliwadi da zeciu-
ri samoTxis momlodinebeli droebiT dasaxlda miwier samoTxeSi _ mcxeTaSi.
evstaTis moTmineba da hagiografis dumili sikvdiliswina gancdaTa Sesaxeb
moCvenebiTia, Cveni mxridan _ `martvilobis~ zerele gadakiTxvis Sedegi.
martvili cdilobs simSvidis mopovebas (SeuZlebelia am dros mSvidad yofna)
da iwyebs locvas muxlmodrekili, zecas TiTqos TvalebiT `mibjenili~, uf-
lis sasoebis momlodine, amqveynad martosuli (miuxedavad ojaxis wevrebisa
da Tanamdgomelebisa), romelsac qristesaTvis msxverplad miuZRvnia Tavisi
warsuli sulieri da xorcieli sisavsiT: dediT, mamiT, ZmaniT, naTesaviT, so-
feli sparseTi da mogvoba. swored `monagebTa dateveba~ iyo yvelaze Znelad
19


dasaZlevi, `Zleva sakrvel~!.. igi ukve gadatanilia, daZleulia da axla xor-
cis tkiviliRa darCa, iseTive materialuri da sawuTo, rogorc Tavad amqvey-
niuri arseboba. sulis tkivili dumiliT `uboZa~ (miuZRvna) ufals, xorcis
tkivils rogorRa gamoxatavda martvili, anda rogor gadmoscemda mas hagi-
ografi?! tkivilis dumiliT gadmocemisa da am dumilis esTetikuri aRqmis
xibls SesaniSnavad gvagrZnobineben qarTveli hagiografebi da himnografebi,
magram yvelaze amaRlebulad da gamWvirvaled XIX s-Si CamoiZerwa igi
nikoloz baraTaSvilis bagiT: `maSa, dumilic mimiTvalen Sendami locvad!~
muxlmoyrili evstaTi tfilisel jalaTTa fonze mxurvaled loculobs,
raTa pirvelmowameTa msgavsad Seiwiros ufalma misi msxverpli. aq erT
saazrovno sibrtyeSi ganTavsdeba martvilobis anu `damowmebis~ gansxvavebu-
li gzebi: yinulian tbaSi an zRvaSi daRupva, cecxlis an mxecisagan CanTqma
(pirvelmowameTa martviloba) da gvirobandakis evstaTad qceva. `Sen ici,
ufalo, Cemo, iesu qriste, rameTu aravin virCie Sensa, arca mama, arca deda,
arca Zmani, arca naTesavni, garna Sen mxolo ufali Segiyuare da saxelisa
SenisaTs esera Tavi warmekueTebis dRes~ (Zeglebi 1964: 44). diax, golgoTis
mTis msgavsad (`RmerTo Cemo, RmerTo Cemo! rasTs damiteve me~? _ maTe
27,46), saukuneTa Semdeg tfilisSic gaitkivila adamianurma bunebam (ra Tqma
unda, mxolod miaxloebiT, mimsgavsebiT!). amdenad, dasjis scenis naklebad
dramatizirebiT anonimi hagiografi warmoaCens mowamis mier ukve daZleuli
sulieri tkivilis simZafresac da tfilisSive movlenili uflis saswaulis
sidiadesac, _ gaixsna `mowameobis sarbieli~! martvils `esma xma~, romelmac
daarwmuna, rom misi gvami mcxeTaSi daefloboda, magram `raRac~ mainc unda
Tqmuliyo da Cndeba saocrad tevadi fraza dumilze xmamaRali da CurCul-
ze xmadabali: `da ganmxiarulda netari evstaTi da hmadlobda RmerTsa~ (Zeg-
lebi 1964: 45) (isev `da~-kavSiriani wyoba! l.r). es aris fraza, romelsac e. w.
xelovnebis qronotopSi awmyo gadahyavs momavalSi da maradiulobiT `kravs~
(da ara `asrulebs~) droisa da sivrcis aRqmas: gvirobandaki (SesaZlebelia
ukve kaTakmeveli) Camovida mcxeTaSi da miwieri samyaro zeciuris anareklad
iqca, evstaTim ganicada WeSmariteba axali samSoblo (qarTli _ nacvlad
sparseTisa), sulieri dabadebis adgili (mcxeTa _ nacvlad xev (sofel) arSa-
keTisa), axali sarwmunoeba da axali saxeli (`giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebas-
Tan~ dakavSirebiT ix. amirixanaSvili 2005: 19).
diax, `wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobisaTvis~ `ucxoa tropuli metyve-
leba~ (CxartiSvili), magram gamWvirvalea azri: `sul ukanaskneli miswrafeba
kacisa aris RmerTi, erToba anu cxoveli kavSiri RmerTTan~! (katexizmo 1994: 24).

damowmebani:

amirxanaSvili 2004: amirxanaSvili i. stilisturi paradigmebi V-XI ss-is qarTul
agiografiaSi. literaturuli Ziebani, XXV, Tb.: `merani~, 2004.
amirxanaSvili 2005: amirxanaSvili i. agiografiuli Txzulebis dro da sivrce.
literaturuli Ziebani, XXVI, Tb.: `merani~, 2005.
baxtini 2002: . . . . 6, .: " ", 2002.
vasiliadisi 2003: vasiliadisi n. sikvdilis saudumloeba. Tb.: 2003.
zariZe 1985: zariZe x. `xolo netarman evstaTi ganicina~. gaz. `literaturuli
saqarTvelo~, 14.VI, Tb.: 1985.
imnaiSvili 1986: imnaiSvili i. qarTuli oTxTavis somfonia-leqsikoni. Tb.: Tsu, 1986.
katexizmo 1994: saxelmZRvanelo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis katexizmos
Sesaswavlad. Tb.: 1994.
mani 1984: mani T. `jadosnuri mTa~. germanulidan Targmna d. fanjikiZem. t. 2. Tb.:
1984.
meliqiSvili 1987: meliqiSvili d. drois cneba. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTve-
lo~, 4.IX, Tb.: 1987.
20



metreveli 2008: metreveli s. qarTuli agiografiis ikonografiuli saxis-
metyveleba. , Tb.: `merani~, 2008.
orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 1, Tb.: `merani~, 1991.
orbeliani 1993: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 2, Tb.: `merani~, 1993.
ruxaZe 2007: ruxaZe l. sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-
XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (soflis bibliuri paradigma da `wm. SuSanikis
wamebis~ saxismetyveleba). literaturuli Ziebani, XXVIII, Tb.: 2007.
siraZe 2001: siraZe r. dro da Jami. literaturuli Ziebani, XXII, Tb.: `merani~, 2001.
CxartiSvili 1994: CxartiSvili m. martviloba da moTmineba wm. evstaTi
mcxeTelisa. wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva. Tb.: 1994.
Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. ilia
abulaZis xelZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. I, Tb.: saq. ssr mecn. akademiis
gamomcemloba, 1964.
javaxiSvili 1987: javaxiSvili i. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. Txzule-
bani. t. VIII, Tb.: 1987.

Lali Ruxadze

The Problem of Relationship of Life and Death and
V-XVIII Century Georgian Literatuire

Summary

In St. Evstaphy Mtskhetesys Martviloba chronotop (time and space) perception is of
2 kinds: historical and artistic. The firs is Khosro Anushirvans (531-579) 10-th reign in
Persia, and Arvand Gushnaspis reign in Tbilisi, Persian province Arshaketi and Mahmadian
fellow Gvirobandak of age 30.
In the middle ages, time and space categories had nor only straight, but ethical and
symbolic meanings. Calendar time and concrete place was less interesting, also less
interesting, was a persons life style before his or her Christianed or torture.
One must became Akhali Motsame, so his life oughtto be described from that very
time and place. That kind of interpretation gave us Sakhareba.
An unknown hagiographic person is also interested in Gvirobadacs arrival to Mtskheta, his
becoming Cristian and torture for Christ, thus the way from Persian (Mahmadian) Gviroban-
dac up to Christian St. Evstaphy Mtskhetieli. So artistic (II) chronotop started in Mtskheta.
Material universe became alike transcendent Gvirobandac renamed as Evstat, he
perceived the truth-new home-land (khartli-instead of Persia), spiritual place of birth
(Mtskheta-instead of Arshaketi), new religion (Christian instead of Mahmadian) and a new
name - St. Evstaphy Mtskheteli. Histrorical chronotop includes 30 years and the second
started after 30 years and lasted endlessly.
Pay attention that this saint age is connected with Sakhareba.
St. Evstaty Mtskheteli is a saint man, he tortured for Christ and was burried here. It was
supposed that he was christianed in Persia, but it might be wrong suppostition, as in
Hagiography, christianing is a very important act, so the author ought to describe all the
process of christianing if it took place in especially Persia. He might find out about Christian
religion in Persia, but he come to Mtskheta to be cristianed there.
Village paradigm is presented in a very interesting way. It doesnt mean traditional life
on the world but only inhabited places. Its synonyme is Country and it is used especially
connected with Persia.
Maybe in such artistically way the Hagiography shows his negative attitude towards the
country. It makes no difference to him between Village-Persia-Mischief.

21




rusTvelologiuri kvlevani


lia kariWaSvili

tolerantobis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~

`arsebiTSi erToba, araarsebiTSi
Tavisufleba da yvelaferSi siyvaruli~.
netari avgustine

termini tolerantoba XVII saukunidan Cndeba. igi, pirvel yovlisa, same-
dicino terminia da aRniSnavs organizmis unars Seeguos ama Tu im araxelsay-
rel garemofaqtors, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT ki, rogorc mas iyeneben fi-
losofiuri, sociologiuri Tu literaturaTmcodneobiTi semantikiT, gu-
lisxmobs `sxvis azrTan, rwmenebTan, ideebTan da qcevebTan Seguebulobas
(ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni 2007: 792)
miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon termini mogvianebiT gaCnda, Sinaarsobri-
vad is, rogorc sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis erT-erTi aucilebeli piro-
ba, kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze vlindeboda met-naklebi intensi-
vobiT, xolo rogorc pirovnebis Sinagani samyaros maxasiaTebeli, mudam iyo
misi arsebobis ganuyofeli nawili. tolerantoba humanizmis aucilebeli
komponentia. misi qarTuli Sesatyvisia Semwynarebloba, Semwynareblobis sa-
fuZveli ki _ kacTmoyvareoba. zogadad, es Tviseba qarTveli erisTvis bune-
brivia da saqarTvelos istoria amis uamrav magaliTs iZleva, Sesabamisad,
kacTmoyvareoba da Semwynarebloba qarTuli mwerlobis erT-erT ZiriTad
Temad iqca da araerTi poeturi nimuSi swored am niSniT Seiracxa SedevrTa
Soris. `giyvardes mteri Seni... _ qristianuli moZRvrebis es ZiriTadi Teza
da mcneba uflisa Tavad gulisxmobs udides humanizms da kacobriobis ganvi-
Tarebis is orientiria, romliskenac literatura, xelovneba da, zogadad,
kultura unda ubiZgebdes adamians.
msoflmxedvelobaTa pluralizmi gansxvavebul kulturaTa Tanaarsebo-
bis pirobebSi TavisTavad iTxovs tolerantul urTierTmimarTebebs. socia-
luri TvalsazrisiT, tolerantoba, calke Seswavlis sagania. pirovnebis Ta-
visuflebis pativiscema gamoricxavs sxva adamianTa cxovrebaSi Carevas, maT
marTvas, manipulirebas da eqspluatacias. Semwynareblobis zneobrivi prin-
cipi moiTxovs ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed, zogadad, adamianis pativiscemas.
Semwynarebloba da siyvarulia swored is Zala, romelsac SeuZlia mteri me-
gobrad aqcios. politikuri da religiuri tolerantoba socialuri Tavi-
suflebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebia. Tumca `tolerantoba ar exeba WeSmarite-
baze pirovnebis rwmenas~ (iurgen habermasi). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, tole-
rantizmi martivad ar gaigeba sarwmunoebasTan mimarTebaSi. is gulisxmobs
pativiscemas sxvisi aRmsareblobisadmi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi aRrevas.
`rogorc qristians Tqven SegiZliaT urwmunos gamo qoneba da sicocxlec ki
gaiRoT msxverplad, magram WeSmariteba arasodes, radgan igi Tqvengan
damoukideblad arsebobs (Tanamedroveobis didi mamebi 2008: 18).
`visac surs, me momdios~ (maTe 16:24) brZana ufalma da am sityvebiT
adamianis Tavisufali neba da arCevanis SesaZlebloba daadastura. mociqul-
22



Ta epistoleebic calsaxad aRiareben adamianis Tavisufal nebas qcevasa da
arCevanSi.
yvela mkvlevari, romelic rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxs Sexe-
bia, aucileblad xazs usvams mis humanizms, rogorc poetis msoflmxedvelo-
bis ZiriTad maxasiaTebels, misi azrovnebis renesansulobis wyaros, zogadsa-
kacobrio mniSvnelobis safuZvels. rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis Tavise-
burebas swored mis humanizmSi xedavdnen iv. javaxiSvili, k.kekeliZe S. nucu-
biZe, g. qiqoZe, m. gogiberiZe, k. balmonti, m. boura, h. huperti da sxvani.
Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedveloba dualisturia, erTgvarad (da erTi Se-
xedviT) dapirispirebulia zeca da miwa; amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri. rusTa-
velma SeZlo am dapirispirebis morigeba, SeTanxmeba da am dualizmis harmo-
niul mTlianobad moazreba. swored amiT aris misi Semoqmedeba renesansuli.
tolerantoba rusTavelis SemoqmedebaSi vlindeba adamianur urTierTobaTa
yvela doneze (am SemTxvevaSi ar viTvaliswinebT qajTa samefos, rogorc bo-
rotebis simbolur gansaxierebas) iqneba es politikuri, socialuri, religi-
uri, pirovnuli da enobrivic ki.
`vefxistyaosanSi politikuri Semwynarebloba Cans brZolaSi damarcxe-
buli da tyvedCavardnili mowinaaRmdegis mimarT. amis sailustraciod gavix-
senoT tarielisa da farsadan mefis damokidebuleba xataeTis mefisadmi, ro-
melmac aRar isurva misi qveyana indoeTis moxarke yofiliyo da daumorCi-
lebloba gamoucxada. rodesac tarieli Tavisi laSqriT xataeTisken saomrad
gaemarTa, ramaz mefe miznis misaRwevad arc TvalTmaqcobas daerida da
RalatiT apirebda tarielis damarcxebas. rodesac misi Canafiqri gamJRavnda
da brZolaSi igi sastikad damarcxda, TiTqos moulodnelia is Semwynareb-
loba, romelsac mis mimarT iCenen tarieli da mefe farsadani.
tariels xataeTidan miaqvs uTvalavi ganZi (Tumca xataeTis ubralo
mosaxleoba ar darbeula da dazaralebula.

`qveyana Cavsxi, vubrZane:,,iyveniT Tqven ukrZalavad.
mzeman ar dagwven, icodiT, dagyaren daugvalavad. (459)

ramaz mefe tyved mohyavs tariels da farsadanis winaSe waradgens. indoT
mefe lmobieria damarcxebuli mefis mimarT. misi pirovnuli Rirseba xel-
Seuxebelia. ramaz mefes pativiT epyrobian: `tkbilad naxa xelmwifeman, viTa
Svili saakvane~. mas ubruneben Tavisuflebas da dasaCuqrebulsac ki gamo-
uSveben, Tumca xataeTi kvlav moxarke qveynad rCeba.
amgvarma damokidebulebam ramaz mefe madlierebiT aRavso. sxva sakiTxia,
ramdenad gulwrfelia igi, magram am momentSi is madlierebas gamoxatavs
aseTi mopyrobisaTvis:

`xataelman daumadla, dadrka, mdablad eTayvana,
moaxsena: `orguloba Tqveni RmerTman Semanana... . (472)

am situaciaSi mefe farsadanic da tarielic xelmZRvaneloben principiT:
`RmerTi vinaTgan Seundobs Secodebulsa.... Suasaukuneebis ideologiiT,
mefe RvTivkurTxeulia da misTvis Tavganwirva didi pativia, misi sicocxlis
xelyofa ki _ udidesi codva, magram ara mxolod kacTSemwynarebloba, ara-
med politikuri sarCulic udevs tarielis qcevas im epizodSi, rodesac igi
pirvelad naxes mefe rostevanma da avTandilma nadirobis Semdeg. tarieli
daundoblad moeqca rostevanis monebs, romlebmac misi Sepyroba scades,
magram rodesac dainaxa, TviTon mefe amxedrda mis winaaRmdeg, Tavi aarida
mefesTan Sebmas da gaecala iqaurobas. am ambavs mogvianebiT avTandilTan
saubarSi tarieli ixsenebs:
23


`movixeden, momewia, ra patroni Seni vnaxe,
xelmwifobiT Semebralnes, amad xeli ar Sevaxen~. (294)

am sityvebSi Cans pativiscema zogadad mefis institutisa da saxelmwifos
mimarT.
socialuri tolerantoba `vefxistyaosanSi pirvel yovlisa socialur
wyobaSivea asaxuli. misi saxeldeba _ patronymoba, unda gulisxmobdes, rom
igi ufro humanuria, vidre batonymoba da niSandoblivi imiT, rom socialu-
rad maRali fena ara marto mbrZanebelia, aramed mzrunvelic aris, patronia
daqvemdebarebuli fenisa. maT Soris megobroba da siyvaruli SesaZlebelia.
amis idealuri nimuSia avTandilisa da Sermadinis urTierTdamokidebuleba.
Sermadini Tavisi patronis uaxloesi da uerTgulesi adamiania. igi pirvelia,
visac avTandili TinaTinis siyvaruls umxels. sagulisxmoa, rom anderZSi im
umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa Semdgom, romelTa Sesaxeb avTandili mefes esaub-
reba, igi erTaderT adamians, Sermadins, avedrebs mefes, masze zrunavs da misi
momavali awuxebs:

`gvedreb, mefeo, Sermadins, monasa Cemsa rCeulsa,
nakad aqvs Wiri samisod am weliwadsa wleulsa,
nugeSinisec wyalobiT Cemgan wyaloba Cveulsa,
nu daadineb TvalTagan cremlsa, sisxliTa frqveulsa. (806)

swored avTandilisa da Sermadinisa urTierTobas mosdevs rusTavelis
`komentari~. patronisa vera mWvretman ymaman ramca gaixarna.
sayuradReboa rostevan mefis urTierToba xelqveiTebTan, iqnebian isini
maRali rangis moxeleebi, vazirebi, Tu ymamonebi. arabeTis brZenma monarqma
icis, rogor marTos da daiqvemdebaros socialurad gansxvavebuli fenebi,
rogor gaierTgulos orgulni da ra principiT ixelmZRvanelos urTier-
TobebSi. am sibrZnesa da gamocdilebas igi Tavis qaliSvilsac uziarebs:

vardTa da nexvTa vinaTgan mze sworad moefinebis ,
didTa da wvrilTa wyaloba Senmca nu mogewyinebis,
uxvi axsnilsa daabams, igi TviT ebis, vin ebis,
uxvad gascemdi, zRvaTaca Sesdis da gaedinebis. (49)

mefe pirad urTierTobebSic humanuria, lmobieri da, zogierT SemTxveva-
Si, Tavmdabalic ki. amis safuZveli isaa, rom igi pativs scems sxvis pirovne-
bas, SeuZlia misi mosmena da rCevis miReba. ucxo moymis naxvis Semdeg damwux-
rebuli rostevanisTvis misaRebi da damajerebeli aRmoCnda TinaTinis sity-
vebi ucnobis ambis gasagebad monaTa gagzavnis Sesaxeb, raTa is mainc SeetyoT,
iyo igi ,,Sobili Tu uSobeli. mefis pirovnuli Tvisebebi kargad gamoCnda po-
emis pirvelive epizodebSi, rodesac TinaTinis gamefebasTan dakavSirebul
nadimze mefem moiwyina. sazeimo situaciiT galaRebulma vazirma da spaspetma
ki xumroba Sebedes, sasmisebiT xelSi win miusxdnen da hkadres:

`dagiRrejia mefeo, aRar gicinis pirio,
marTal xar: waxda saWurWle Tqveni mZime da Zvirio. (60)

mefis mowyenilobis axsna siZunwiT, ra Tqma unda, arc TviTon sjerodaT,
magram lxinisa da sayovelTao sixarulis ganwyobam ubiZgaT daRonebul me-
fes Sexumrebodnen (`vkadroT rame salaRobo...). mefis pirveli reaqcia gak-
virveba iyo, Tumca mouwona siTamame (`kargi hqmeno, daumadla ...). am saubars
mefisa da avTandilis naZlevi mohyva saukeTeso mSvildosnis gamosavlenad,
Tanac sakmaod Tamami pirobiT _ `vinca iyos uaresi, Tav-SiSveli sam dRes
24



vlides. amgvari situacia warmoudgenelia indoeTis mefis SemTxvevaSi. misi
damokidebulebebi garSemomyofTa mimarT ganpirobebulia mkacri, diqtato-
ri mmarTvelis poziciiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom, erTi SexedviT, mamaSvilur
siyvarulsa da mzrunvelobas iCens tarielisadmi, am ukanasknelis mxridanac
ki gamoricxulia iseTi laRoba da Sexumreba, rogorsac rostevanis mimarT
iCenen. nadirobis epizodic gamokveTs rostevan mefis pirovnebas. mas uxaria
avTandilis gamarjveba, misi sikeTe. Tanmxlebi monebic piruTvnelad moaxse-
neben nadirobis Sedegebs. poemis teqsti an Tundac qveteqsti, miT ufro
siuJetis ganviTareba, ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mefis gulwrfelobaSi
eWvi SevitanoT. mkiTxvelis gaocebas iwvevs, rogor ganicdis mefe avTandi-
lis wasvlas arabeTidan, da, faqtobrivad, es erTaderTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac
mSvidi da gawonasworebuli rostevani mrisxanebisgan Tavs kargavs da sasti-
kad eqceva vazirs, romelmac avTandilis survili gadasca. es scena ar Seqm-
nila mefis mrisxane da sastiki saxis warmosaCenad, aramed rusTavelis mizani
iyo eCvenebina, ra mtkivneulad aRiqva mefem avTandilTan ganSorebis azri.
xolo mas Semdeg, rac mefes anderZi gadasces da igi faqtis winaSe dadga,
qveyanaSi glova gamoacxada:

`ra anderZi waikiTxes, kvla itires didi xani,
merme brZana:,,mxiarulsa nu Caicmen Cemni spani,
vamlocvelneT davrdomilni, obolni da qvrivni sxvani,
SevewivneT, mSvidobisa nuTu miscnes RmerTman gzani. (829)

niSandoblivia mefe rostevanis pozicia poemis finalur epizodSi, rode-
sac tarieli Suamdgomlobs masTan avTandils da TinaTinis xels sTxovs. ta-
rieli muxlmoyrili da mudaris niSnad yelze xelmandilmoxveuli mimarTavs
mefes. rostevani Tavisi sapasuxo qceviTa da sityvebiT mxolod Tavmdablo-
bas ki ar avlens, aramed did Sinagan Tavisuflebas, humanizmsa da demokrati-
ul azrovnebas.

`ra tariel muxlmoyrili naxa, mefe Seuzarda,
Sors ukudga, Tayvanisca, qvemiwamdis dauvarda,
moaxsena: ,,xelmwifeo. lxini yovli ganmiqarda,
Tqvenman agre simdableman naxva Tqveni Camadarda. (1524)

miuxedavad imisa, rom avTandili mefuri warmoSobisa ar aris, rostevani
mas afasebs pirovnuli Rirsebebis: sibrZnis, simamacis, didsulovnebis, erT-
gulebisa da sxva sikeTeTa gamo, amitomac am winadadebiT gaxarebulic ki
rCeba.

`gebrZanamca saxliT TqveniT, cremli arca maSin mdindes,
sxva misebri vera povos, caTamdisca gacafrindes. (1525,3-4)

`me siZesa avTandilis ukeTessa vpoveb vera.... (1526)

socialuri samarTlianoba da tolerantoba ,,vefxistyaosnis mixedviT,
idealuri samefos aucilebeli atributebia. swored amaze afuZneben gmirebi
TavianT saxelmwifoebs. es xdeba ara romelime socialuri fenis diskredita-
ciis fonze, aramed Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi, rodesac urTierTobebi emya-
reba pativiscemas, maRal morals da samarTlianobis princips:

`yovlTa sworad wyalobasa, voTa Tovlsa moaTovdes,
obolqvrivni daamdidres da glaxakni ar iTxovdes,
avTa mqmnelTa daaSinnes, kravni cxvarTa ver uwovdes,
Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes. (1664)
25


rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, religiuri tolerantoba gulisxmobs pativis-
cemas sxvisi aRmsareblobisadmi, gansxvavebuli konfesiebis adamianTa samoqa-
laqo uflebamovaleobaTa Tanasworobas da araviTar SemTxvevaSi sarwmuno-
ebriv aRrevas. `vefxistyaosnis personaJebi mahmadianebi arian. prologiseu-
li `ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi... `ambavs sparsulad acxa-
debs. aRaravin davobs, rom es taepi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT
da `sparsuli aq mianiSnebs Janrs, xasiaTs, siuJetis gamogonilobas, amsof-
liurobas da semantikurad upirispirdeba qristianuls, WeSmarits. sabolo-
od, es Tema poemis alegoriulobis sakiTxamde midis, magram Tu pirobiTad
miviRebT, rom garemo mahmadianuria, siuJeti viTardeba mahmadianur sivrce-
Si, bunebrivia, unda Seqmniliyo saTanado mxatvruli sinamdvile da qristia-
nuli realiebi teqstis zedapirze ver gamoCndeboda, magram poetis msofl-
mxedveloba rom qristianulia da wminda werils efuZneba, es azri karga xania
damkvidrebulia. gamovlenilia siaxlove rogorc bibliasTan, ise mociqulTa
naazrevTan, fsalmunur metyvelebasTan, Teologiur terminologiasTan da
sxva. moqmedeba poemaSi farTo masStabiT iSleba. es aris qveyanaTa Soris, er-
Ta Soris urTierToba da yvela personaJs aerTianebs erTi RmerTi anu codna
imisa, rom RmerTi erTia, keTili, mowyale, usasrulo, sulgrZeli. gangeba
ucvlelia, boroteba _ arasubstanciuri da xanmokle. religiuri warmodge-
nebic msgavsia: adamiani Tavisi cxovrebiseuli saqmeebis kvalobaze fasdeba
amqveynad da saiqioSic imisda mixedviT imkvidrebs adgils, rogor ganvlo
wuTisofeli, uRirsad Tu Rirseulad. es warmodgenebi universaluria da yve-
la religiuri aRmsareblobisTvis misaRebi, ramdenadac eyrdnoba saerTo
fundaments _ pirovnul Rirsebebs: siyvaruls, megobrobas, erTgulebas,
kacTmoyvareobas... amosavali pirovnebaa, misi Sinagani cenzori ki maRali
zneoba.
rusTavelis poeturi samyarosTvis religia unda yofiliyo arakonfesiu-
ri, iseve rogorc ena unda yofiliyo universaluri. poemaSi ar dgas da arc
SeiZleba idges enis problema, rogorc barierisa, ufro metic, aramcTu ada-
mianebi, aramed mTeli samyaro (adamianiT centrSi) saubrobs erT enaze. es
samyaro mTliania da daurRveveli. SesaZlebelia saubari da gulis gadaSla
mnaTobebTan; qva da mxecic ki adamianis msmeneli da misi gancdebis moziarea.
es mTlianoba SesaniSnavad aisaxa cnobil strofSi:

`ra esmodis mRera ymisa, smenad mxecni movidian,
misve xmisa sitkbosagan wyliT qvanica gamosxdian,
ismendian, gahkvirdian, ra atirdis, atirdian,
imRers leqsTa sabraloTa, Rvarisaebr cremlni sdian. (967)

Cveni azriT, `vefxistyaosnis~ `Sida~ enis universalurobam garkveulwi-
lad igulisxma da ganapiroba religiuri universaluroba pirovnebis Sina-
gani samyaros, piradi Rirsebebis primatis xazgasmis mizniT. sagulisxmoa,
rom aluda qeTelauri mucalis vaJkacobisa da pirovnul RirsebaTa aRiare-
bis Semdeg sxvanairad uyurebs im faqtsac, rom is muslimania. erTgvarad iS-
leba religiuri zRvari mis cnobierebaSi da survili uCndeba Seewios mis
suls, rogorc SeuZlia, rogorc mas swams. es faqti ar SeiZleba ganixilebo-
des wminda Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT, radganac, jer erTi, poema Janrob-
rivad ar aris sasuliero da meorec, am pasaJs Tavisi sruliad gansazRvruli
mizani aqvs, aCvenos gmiris swrafva gamoxatos siyvaruli da Semweobis survi-
li da ara daupirispirdes sakuTar rjuls da daarRvios wminda adaTi. am
mxriv aris is relevanturi da ara im funqciiT, romliTac avtors ar daut-
virTavs. aludam dainaxa mucalSi `sxva Tvisi da maT Soris erovnuli da
religiuri sazRvrebi waiSala. isini arian Tanabari Rirsebis, msgavsi cnobie-
26



rebis adamianebi da usityvodac erT enaze laparakoben. pirvelad mucali
aRiarebs aludas Rirsebas, rodesac iaraRs utovebs. `xels ar Cavardes mtri-
sasa eubneba da cxadi xdeba, rom wuTis win mtrebi ukve aRar arian mtrebi,
aramed mteri axla sul sxvaa, uRirsi, ucxo, visma xelmac mucalis iaraRi ar
unda SebRalos. zogadad, vaJas didbunebovani personaJebi urTules situa-
ciebSi sakuTar gulisxmas usmenen da arc cdebian. maTi orientiri adamianuri
Semwynarebloba da humanizmia. tarielisa da avTandilis pirovnuli urTi-
erTSecnobac xom wuTebSi xdeba da meyseulad ibadeba siyvarulic:

`man miugo ucxos ucxo agre viTa Segiyvardi,
gasayrelad geZnelebi iadonsa viTa vardi. (666)

msgavsi msgavss Seimecnebs. amave niSniTaa aRbeWdili tarielisa da fri-
donis, avTandilisa da fridonis Sexvedrebic. isini sakuTar Tavs pouloben
erTmaneTSi da urRvevi sulieri kavSiriT ikvrebian (`sWirT erTmaneTis
moneba).
pirovnuli tolerantobis magaliTia avTandilis mimarTeba garesamya-
rosTan. arabeTis saxiT idealuri samefoa naCvenebi, brZeni monarqiT saTa-
veSi. `arabeTis karis ambavs gviambobs Tavad avtori, romelic Semoqmedis
kvalze qmnis arabeTs, rogorc srulyofili qveynis xatebas.... arabeTis kari
harmoniuli samyaros saxea, xolo misi mefe RvTisa (kiknaZe 2001:5). TinaTi-
nic da avTandilic imTaviTve arian aRWurvilni sibrZniT, gonierebiT da
sxva sikeTeebiT. sainteresoa, rom rodesac avTandili arabeTis sivrcidan ga-
dis, igi moqmedebs im garemoebaTa mixedviT, romlebSic xvdeba. mas kargad
SeuZlia adaptireba garemosTan, cxovreba im wesebiTa da stiliT, romlebsac
mocemuli sivrce da saWiroebani karnaxobs. amas adasturebs misi cxovreba
gulanSaroSi, vaWarTa sazogadoebaSi. avTandils kargad esmis am sazogado-
ebis av-kargi, misi buneba da Rirebulebebi. igi daufaravad eubneba baRdadel
moqaravneebs: `Tqven vaWarni jabanni xarT, omisaca umecarni (1040,1). Sina-
ganad mkveTrad emijneba maT, magram SeuZlia Seeguos da TviTonac icxovros
imgvari wesiT, damajerebeli iyos misi saxe, rogorc vaWarTa ufrosisa. es,
rasakvirvelia, avTandils sruliad garkveuli miznisTvis sWirdeba da mis
cxovrebaSi gulanSaros epizodi, Cveni azriT, erTgvari zneobrivi kompro-
misia, romelmac, sabednierod, fatmanis keTili nebis wyalobiT, gaamarTla,
magram misi unari gardaisaxos, miiRos da Seeguos mocemul garemos, iurTi-
erTos sazogadoebis yvela fenasTan, daumegobrdes da gamonaxos saerTo ena,
mis sxva TvisebebTan erTad, pirovnul tolerantobazec metyvelebs.
zogadad, unda aRiniSnos, rom rusTaveli ar qmnis srulyofil gmirTa
saxeebs. misi mizania dadebiTi personaJi iyos orientirebuli maRali idea-
lebisken da miiswrafvodes srulyofisaken. ,,vefxistyaosnis personaJebi
miuxedavad hiperpolizaciisa, Seqmnilni arian erTgvari realizmiT. maT aqvT
adamianuri sisusteebi, Secdomebi, Secodebani, romelTac ukeTes SemTxve-
vebSi acnobiereben da inanieben, isini ar arian unakloni. rusTavels Tavisi
gmirebi uyvars, TanaugrZnobs maT, mtkivneulad ganicdis maT beds da es
Tanagancda prologSive sacnaurdeba: `mo, davsxdeT tarielisTvis cremli
gvdis SeuSrobeli, an `davje, rusTvelman gavleqse, misTvis gullaxvar-
sobili...
rusTavelma adamianis Sinagani buneba asaxa Tavisi sirTuliTa da mraval-
ferovnebiT da daayena samyaros centrSi ise, rom is Tavisi jansaRi cnobiere-
biT da sibrZniT samyaros gvirgvinia, uflis xatia, misi morCili da msasoebe-
li. mas aqvs Tavisufali neba da arCevani, magram Zlieria maSin, rodesac eq-
vemdebareba gangebas, Tavis nebas RvTis nebas uTanxmebs da mis uzenaesobas
aRiarebs yvelaze mtkivneul momentebSic ki. es aris RvTisa da adamianis
27


energiaTa da nebelobaTa damTxveva, sinergia, da adamianis swor sulier mi-
marTebas gulisxmobs RvTisa da gare samyarosadmi. `vTqvi, Tu RmerTsa veras
vkadreb, raca swaddes, agre vyoca, _ ambobs yvelaze mZime wuTebSi nestanis
dakargviT SeZruli tarieli.
amdenad, rusTavelisTvis adamiani aris is, rac aris sinamdvileSi, Seula-
mazeblad. `vefxistyaosnis personaJebs arc sWirdebaT Selamazeba. isini
mSvenierni arian im mxatvruli sinamdviliTa da damajereblobiT, romelic
maT rusTavelma mianiWa da maTi Sinagani buneba iseTive gansxvavebuli da
mravalferovania, rogorc `qveyana ... uTvalavi feriTa.
sainteresoa rusTavelis damokidebuleba enis sakiTxisadmi. al. baramiZe
SeniSnavda, rom rusTavelis damokidebuleba enisadmi humanisturia, poetma
uaryo saeklesio-sqolastikur normebi da saliteraturo ena xalxis sasaub-
ro enas dauaxlova. `humanisturad udgeba rusTaveli enis sakiTxs. amis sabu-
Tia poetis mxriv enis xalxurobisaken midrekileba, saeklesio-sqolastikuri
samwignobro normebis uaryofa da xalxis sametyvelo sasaubro enis sali-
teraturosTan daaxloeba~ (baramiZe 1966: 229).
rusTavelis cnebaTmetyveleba humanisturi da tolerantulia im Tval-
sazrisiTac, rom moicavs farTo semantikur vels, binarulia da aerTianebs
saRvTo da saero mniSvnelobebs. am SemTxvevaSic poeti mTlianobis momxrea,
TumcaRa am mTlianobaSi aris garkveuli mimarTebebi. magaliTad, mijnuroba
asaxavs rogorc saRvTo, aseve adamianur siyvaruls. poemaSi gadmocemulia
miwieri siyvaruli, rogorc saRvTo siyvarulis alegoria, ramdenadac is
siwmindiT saRvTo siyvaruls baZavs da sulieri mimarTebis imave veqtorze
Zevs.

`mas erTsa mijnurobasa Wkvianni ver mixvdebian,
ena daSvrebis msmenlisa yurnica davaldebian,
vTqvne xelobani qvenani, romelni xorcTa xvdebian,
marT masve baZven, Tu oden ar siZven, SoriT bndebian. (21)

am konteqstSi sayuradReboa baZvis cneba. samecniero literaturaSi
`baZvas sagangebo yuradReba mieqca. is neoplatonizmis erTerTi mniSvne-
lovani cnebaa. baZvis ontologiuri safuZveli arsis safexurTa erTianobaa,
kerZod, qveda safexuris monawileoba zedaSi, amitom baZva gulisxmobs qvemo-
dan zemoT mimarTebas. prologis mixedviTac baZva dabali rangis siyvaruli-
dan sazeo mijnurobisken aris mimarTuli. rogorc Salva nucubiZe SeniS-
navda, rusTaveli `arsad ar uSvebs kavSiris gawyvetas zecasa, rogorc amaR-
lebulis, bednierebisa da siyvarulis simbolos, da miwas, rogorc realuri,
xorcieli adamianisaTvis bednierebis, siyvarulisa da netarebis miniWebis
simbolos Soris (nucubiZe 1947: 244.). am sakiTxze msjelobisas z. gamsaxur-
dia imowmebs ieroTeoss (`trfialeba gina Tu saTmrTo... gina sacnaurebri,
gina mSvinvierebri... erTobiTsa rasme da SezavebiTsa Zalsa gulisxma-vhyof-
dT...~), solomonis `qebaTa qebas~ da sxvaTa, sadac adamianur siyvarulSi gamo-
sWvivis saRmrTo siyvaruli. `arsTa kibis romel safexurzec ar unda vlinde-
bodes trfialeba, igi arsTa Soris mizidulobaa da amave dros maTi aRzevebaa
mibaZvis gziT (gamsaxurdia 1984: 100-101). revaz siraZis TqmiT, baZva gulisx-
mobs gansaxovnebasac. ase rom, amqveyniuri, amaRlebuli, adamianuri siyvaru-
li SeiZleba zeciurs ganasaxovnebdes. `rusTavelis tolerantobis maCvenebe-
lia, rom is TviT saRvTo siyvaruls aRniSnavs arabuli terminiT ,,mijnuroba
pirveli, aseve, Sairobac SeiZleba iyos saRvTo (siraZe 2008: 126). amis Semdeg
mkvlevari asabuTebs, rom rusTvelisTvis saero da saRvTismetyvelo sibrZ-
nec mTlianobaa, radgan yovelgvari adamianuri sibrZne, misi nebismieri saxe,
substanciurad erTia. sibrZnis nebismieri gamovlineba ukve adamianurobis
28



RvTiurobiT gamsWvalvas cxadyofs. rogorc mkvlevari SeniSnavs, `vefxis-
tyaosanSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ara RvTaebrivi da adamianuri sibrZne,
aramed sibrZne da umecreba. yovelgvari sibrZne RvTaebrivia, umecreba ki
RvTaebriobis antipodi.
rusTavelis humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis wyaroebad, pirvelyovlisa
miCneulia saqarTvelos istoriuli sinamdvile da erovnuli zneoba. cxadia,
miuxedavad siuJetis alegoriulobisa, poema rusTavelis Tanadroul sinamd-
viles emyareba. daviTisa da Tamaris istorikosebis cnobiT, saqarTveloSi
Tavisuflad TanamSromlobdnen qristianebi da mahmadianebi, sxvadasxva
erovnebis adamianebi. am yvelaferma ki asaxva pova `vefxistyaosanSi. amave
azrs asabuTebs viktor nozaZe, romelic detalurad ganixilavs im sazoga-
doebriv urTierTobebs, zne-Cveulebebsa da cxovrebis wess, romelsac `vef-
xistyaosanSi vxedavT. avtori axasiaTebs aRmosavleTis qveynebis Sua sau-
kuneTa sazogadoebriv wyobas, aseve warmoadgens masalas evropuli feoda-
lizmis warmosaCenad. mkvlevris daskvniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom poemis ga-
regnuli suraTi, personaJTa samoqmedo asparezi ucxouria, poemaSi arsebi-
Tad qarTuli sazogadoebis mxatvruli suraTia mocemuli.
rogorc cnobilia, rusTavelis humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis safuZv-
lad miiCnevdnen TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad moZRvrebas, filosofiur da Teo-
logiur mimdinareobas: aristotelizms, platonizms, panTeizms, neoplato-
nizms, areopagitikas, qristianobas, maniqeizms, mahmadianobas, sufizms.... am-
gvari mravalferovneba rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis wyaroebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, mowmobs imas, rom rusTavelma Seqmna universaluri mxatvruli sam-
yaro, romelmac yvela filosofiur-Teologiuri mimdinareobis elementebi
gaamTliana, an ukeT rom vTqvaT, yvela maTganma dainaxa masSi saTaviso ram.
igi ar SezRudula erTi romelime konfesiiT, ar gauvlia zRvari dasavleTsa
da aRmosavleTs Soris, piriqiT, man kulturaTa erTgvari sinTezi moaxdina.
amasTan dakavSirebiT g. qiqoZe naSromSi `SoTa rusTaveli~ werda, rom `vef-
xityaosani warmoadgens klasikuri kulturis, Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
dasavleTisa da muslimanuri aRmosavleTis elementebis originalur sin-
Tezs. religiuri Semwynareblobis mxriv qarTulma sazogadoebam bevrad ga-
uswro Tavis Tanamedrove evropul da bizantiur ideologias (qiqoZe 1985:
256).
aleqsandre TvaraZe ganixilavs ra laTinuri dasavleTis, bizantiis, is-
lamuri samyarosa da iudaizmis masalebs tolerantobis TvalsazrisiT, war-
moaCens qarTul kulturul samyaroSi arsebul viTarebas da aRniSnavs, mose
xonelisa da rusTavelis sruli adamianuri da religiuri tolerantoba ara-
Tu Sua saukuneebSi, axal droSic ki iSviaTia.
sainteresoa, rom cnobili qarTveli Teologisa da sazogado moRvawis,
grigol feraZis azriT, rusTavelma SeZlo aristokratizmisa da demokra-
tizmis morigeba. man kargad icoda Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi, misti-
cizmi, paganizmi, neoplatonizmi, sufizmi, mahmadianoba, zaraTuStra da Tavi-
si geniis prizmaSi gaatara am religiaTa saukeTeso ideebi da maT safuZvelze
Seqmna Semoqmedis, rogorc keTili sawyisis gageba. araerTi ucxoeli mkvle-
vari da `vefxistyaosnis mTargmneli usvams xazs poemis mniSvnelobas qarTu-
li da msoflio poeturi kulturisaTvis da rusTavelis damsaxurebad miiC-
nevs dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis azrovnebis daaxloebas.
amdenad, Semwynarebloba rusTavelis mxatvruli samyaros organuli maxa-
siaTebelia da vlindeba urTierTobaTa yvela doneze, agreTve tolerantu-
lia rusTavelis midgoma msoflmxedvelobrivi pluralizmisadmi, ramac SeaZ-
lebina universaluri mxatvruli samyaros Seqmna. sivrce, romelic am samya-
rom moicva, erTgvarad jvarsaxovania (zogadad teqstis jvarsaxovnebaze
29


saubrobs r. siraZe werilSi `istoria mkiTxvelis fenomenisa~ da saxismetyve-
lebiTi periodizacia~. `teqstis horizontalur ganzomilebebSi vgulisx-
mobT mis amqveyniur Sinaarss, xolo vertikalurSi mis sulierebas~ (siraZe
2005: 9). man SeZlo Seejerebina dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi (horizontali),
xolo saRvTo da miwieri moiazra, rogorc erTi mTlianobis sxvadasxva sa-
fexuri (vertikali) da mTlianobaSi mogvca suraTi erTiani, daurRveveli
samyarosi, romelic saubrobs erT enaze, cnobs erT RmerTs, rogorc absolu-
tur sikeTes da eocnebeba erTi sulieri samSoblo `mkvidri mamuli
samoTxe.


damowmebani:

baramiZe 1966: baramiZe al. SoTa rusTaveli da misi poema. Tb.: `mecniereba, 1966.
gamsaxurdia 1984: gamsaxurdia z. vefxistyaosani inglisur enaze. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1984.
Tanamedroveobis didi mamebi 2008: tolerantoba (rogor ganvasxvaoT
erTmaneTisgan kacTSemwynarebloba da rjulTSemwynarebloba). Tanamedroveobis
didi mamebi. Tb.: 2008.
TvaraZe 2006: TvaraZe al. religiuri tolerantobis problema Sua saukuneebsa
da adreul axal droSi. `kavkasiis macne, 5, 2006.
kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z. avTandilis anderZi. Tb.: `merani~, 2001.
nadiraZe 2006: nadiraZe g. rusTavelis esTetika. meore gamocema, Tb.: 2006.
nozaZe 1958: nozaZe v. `vefxistyaosnis~ sazogadoebaTmetyveleba. santiago de
Cile: 1958.
nucubiZe 1947: nucubiZe S. rusTaveli da aRmosavluri renesansi. Tb.: 1947.
rusTaveli 1951: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani. al. baramiZe, k. kekeliZe, a. Sani-
Zis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1951.
siraZe 2008: siraZe r. istoria `mkiTxvelis fenomenisa~ da saxismetyvelebiTi
periodizacia. sjani, 6, Tb.: 2005.
siraZe 2008: siraZe r. kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: `inteleqti~, 2008.
leqsikoni 2007: ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni. Semdg. s. TezeliSvili. Tb.:
`meridiani, 2007.
feraZe 1937: feraZe g. Religia Szoty Rustaweliego, wignSi Szotha Rusthaweli. Warszawa:
1937.
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia 1986: tolerantoba. qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia. 10, Tb.: 1986.
qiqoZe 1985: qiqoZe g. werilebi, esseebi, narkvevebi. Tb.: `merani, 1985.
habermasi 2004: habermasi i. rodis unda viyoT tolerantulni? J. `Tavisuf-
leba~, 11, 2004.


30



Lia Karichashvili

The Problem of Tolerance in The Knight in the Panthers Skin

Summary

The term Tolerance dates back to the 17
th
century, and even from the very beginning it
determined civilized relationships. The researchers of Rustavelis creative work, naturally
enough, highlight tolerance as a characteristic feature of his viewpoint, a distinct sign
indicating the Renaissance nature of the poem.
Rustavelis tolerance is displayed on each level of relationships in his artistic world,
from political, social, and religious to simply personal ones. Humanism is revealed in
Rustavelis attitude towards language; he had overcome scholastic-literary norms and came
close to folk colloquial speech. Besides, Rustavelis concept is tolerant from the point of
view that it is binary and unites ecclesiastical and secular meanings (however, in this unity
there exist particular relations and stages). For example, amour depicts not only divine but
earthly love as well. We can say the same about Rustavelian Quatrain. Primarily, it is
ecclesiastical wisdom and at the same time secular.
It is acknowledged that all major doctrines, philosophical and theological tendencies
like Aristotelianism, Platonism, Pantheism, Neo-Platonism, Areopagitism, Christianity,
Manichaeism, Mohammedanism and Sufism form the basis for Rustavelis humanistic
viewpoint. Such wide variety serves as a proof that Rustaveli created a universal artistic
world, which has unified each element of these philosophical-theological tendencies. To be
more precise, each of them has spotted something peculiar for them in his work. He has not
limited himself with one concrete confession. We consider that the universal nature of the
language in The Knight in the Panthers Skin has to some extend conditioned religious
universality with the aim of underlining a persons inner world, private dignity.
Therefore, tolerance is an organic characteristic of Rustavelis artistic world. The poet
managed to mix not only the West and the East, but he considered religious and secular as
different stages of a whole. Rustaveli depicted a whole, integral world, which uses one
language for communication, where there exits a common God, and he is regarded as an
absolute kindness and he dreams about one spiritual home-country heaven.


31


Tamar xvedeliani

mefe farsadanis saxis gaazrebisTvis

`vefxistyaosanSi~ sruliad gamorCeuli datvirTvis matarebelia mefe-
patronis saxe. igi warmodgenilia RvTisgan qmnil arsebad, mis xatad da
msgavsad dabadebulad da rameTu `xelmwifeni ufal-yvna RmerTman queyanasa
gangebasa~ (merCule 1986: 49), mefe yovelmxriv misabaZi da samagaliTo pi-
rovneba unda yofiliyo, zneobis xati. misgan unda eswavla ers `samamaconi
znenia~, sarwmunoebis siyvaruli, qveynis dacvis aucilebloba, saxelmwifo
interesebisaTvis piradulis gawirva. xelmwife sanimuSo msaxuri unda
yofiliyo RvTisa (igi xom Tavad moiazreboda zneobis orientirad) da erisa.
unda yofiliyo xalxis uflebebis mcveli da patroni, am sityvis WeSmariti
mniSvnelobiT. `mefis msoflmxedveloba, zneobrivi saxe saxelmwifos xat-
saxea, igi gansazRvravs eris raobasa da sulier-zneobriv cxovrebas. mefem
adamianur sisusteebs unda sZlios, raTa eris winaSe marTlad wardges da
codvaTagan ganwmendilma Rirseulad marTos RvTisgan rwmunebuli qveyana~
(sulava 2009: 112). zogadad, xelmwife miCneulia keTil mwyemsad, romelsac
srulad aqvs Secnobil-gaazrebuli am sityvebis WeSmariti arsi da
daniSnuleba.
sulxan-saba orbelianis azriT: `mefe eseTi xams: glaxakTa, monaTa, glex-
Ta, msaxurTa, aznaurTa, TavadTa, didebulTa...wesi, rigi, Sroma, Wiri, muSako-
ba, saqme... icodes~ da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba mefe WeSmarit patro-
nad, Tu Seicnobs `yovelTa glaxakTa, uRonoTa da mdabalTa Wirs~ (orbeliani
1959: 30), anu Tu Seismens uflis sityvas da eris xmas.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ mefe-patronTa metad gansxvavebuli da STambeWdavi
saxeebia warmodgenili, maT Soris gamorCeulia arabTa xelmwife-rostevani
da indoT mefe farsadani. isini garkveulwilad hgvanan kidec erTmaneTs.
orive asakovania, Tumc jer kidev ZaluZT qveynis patronoba, orives erTad-
erTi asuli hyavs, orives mSvenivrad moexseneba, rom `mama yoveli Zisagan
iTavseboda~, ar hyavT metoqe, taxtis mocile da gvirgvini sakuTar asulebs
memkvidreobiTi wesis dacviT unda gadascen, magram rostevani da farsadani
erT sakiTxSi Zireulad gansxvavdebian. esaa damokidebuleba taxtis
memkvidrisadmi.
mkvlevari n.sulava mefisa da memkvidris urTierTobis vefxistyaosni-
seul models miTosidan da bibliidan momdinared miiCnevs, romelic ori
mimarTulebiT viTardeba:
1. mefe Tanxmdeba asulis gamefebas da sasiZosac Tavad arCevs sakuTar
qveyanaSi. igi nebiT Tmobs taxts.
2. mefe asuls memkvidred miiCnevs, magram mas ar amefebs, zrdis dedof-
lad, sasiZos ki saxelmwifos gareT eZebs, Tumca igi ver egueba asulis game-
febasa da gaTxovebas, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi kargavs Zalauflebas (sulava
2009: 114).
rostevan mefe Tavidanve samefod zrdis TinaTins, uwodebs mas `Zes~, ar
iSorebs gverdidan, gamudmebiT wvrTnis da STaagonebs, rom misi asuli aris
`brZnad mqmneli saqmisa~, qali `wynari da cnobili~. TinaTinic `mamisa swav-
lasa brZnad moisminebda..., wvrTasa ar moiwyinebda~, icoda, rom qveynis moma-
vali mmarTveli iyo, mSvidad eloda Tavis dros, odnavadac ar Cqarobda da
garkveul dromde `mamisa taxtsa sajdomad Tavi ar eRirseboda~. TinaTini
gonieri qalia, `goniers ki mwvrTeli uyvars~, es jer kidev SeeZlo rostevans,
arc saCqaro iyo rame.
32



gansxvavebuli viTarebaa indoeTSi. Tu rostevan mefis daxasiaTebisas
poeti saubrobs mis pirovnul Tvisebebze (sviani, uxvi, mowyale, Tavmdabali,
miukerZoebeli mosamarTle, enamaxvili, SorsmWvreteli da mxolod gakv-
riTaa naxsenebi misi `laSqarmravloba~ da uebro meomroba), farsadanis daxa-
siaTebisas piriqiT, xazgasmuli swored misi mebrZoli bunebaa (eqvsi samefos
mpyrobeli, ukadri, mefeTa zeda mflobeli, tanad lomi, omad mZle, razmTa
mwyobeli).
erTi sityviT, marTalia, lakonurad, magram STambeWdavadaa daxatuli
mefe-mebrZoli, mudam saomrad mzadmyofi TviTmpyrobeli mmarTveli. mas
uwodeben sruliad indoeTis mefes (saridanma SesTvala: `Sen gaqvs mefoba
indoeTisa srulisa~ (309), farsadani sakuTar Tavs `xmelTa mflobels~ uwo-
debs (`RmerTsa madloba Sevswire xmelTa mflobelman~ (310), mas eaxlebian
vasali saxelmwifoebis mefeni (`yovlgniT movidnen mefeni niWiTa mravalgva-
riTa~ (317). es yovelive, bunebrivia, mefes Tavdajerebas hmatebs da sakuTar
SesaZleblobebSi arwmunebs, amdenad gasagebia tarielis mokrZalebuli toni,
roca ambobs: `TviT mefeman mama-Cemi daiWira sworad Tavsa~ (312).
swored amis gamo gadawyvita saridan mefem, gadaedga udavod swori
politikuri nabiji da Tavisi kuTvnili samflobelo (indoeTis meSvidedi)
farsadanis `eqvsi samefosTvis~ SeeerTebina. man savsebiT sworad ganWvrita,
rom Tu is daicavda Tavisi samefos damoukideblobas, maSin istorias Semor-
Ceboda, rogorc indoeTis gaerTianebis procesis xelisSemSleli da qveynis
mTlianobis mowinaaRmdege xelmwife, xolo Tu qveynis sasargeblod uars it-
yoda sakuTar interesebze, maSin datovebda saxels patrioti, qveynis TviT-
myofadobis mosurne mmarTvelisa.
saridan mefis udavod patriotuli nabiji jerovnad Seafasa farsadan
mefem: `raTgan ege hqmen mefeman Cemebr indoeTs mpyrobelman, aw, modi, asre
pativ gce, viTa Zmaman da mSobelman~ (309) da udidesi pativi miago_ saxmele-
To da sazRvao jarebis mTavarsardloba uboZa, faqtobrivad, mTeli indoe-
Tis usafrTxoeba ando, misi vaJi iSvila da nestanis dabadebis Semdegac Tavi-
si asulisgan ar ganurCevia iqamde, sanam tarielSi taxtis mocile ar dainaxa
da roca nestansac gauCnda mefobis survili (`mefe qalsa viT xedvida mefo-
bisa qmnisa mwTomsa~ (318), farsadanma Tavisi mTavari mowinaaRmdege, erTi Se-
xedviT, daamcira da mefis Svilobili indoeTis amirbaris Svilobas daajera
(`mamisave xelTa mimces, ra Seviqen ama zomsa...(321), TiTqos iqamde kmayofili
ar acxadebda: `Cemebri amirbari, naZlevi var, vismca hyavsa~ (312) da
tarielsac Svilad ar Tvlida (`Svilad gavzrdi, TviT Cemive gvari arsa~ (313).
vfiqrobT, tarielis sityvebi: `sapatronod mzrdides srulTa laSqarTa
(es sardlobaa _ T.x.) da qveyanaTad (es mefobaa _ T.x.), brZenTa mimces sas-
wavlelad xelmwifeTa qceva-qmnaTad~ (314) metyvelebs, rom indoeTis mefe-
dedofals, masTan dakavSirebiT, sakmaod Sorsmimavali gegmebi hqonda, mog-
vianebiT tarieli aRqmul iqna metoqed, amasobaSi nestan-darejanmac scada
ganecxadebina Tavisi kanonieri pretenzia memkvidreobaze da farsadan mefe
Zalauflebis dakargvis realuri safrTxis winaSe dadga.
farsadan mefe samefod ar zrdida asuls, Tavad ar aziarebda morWmiT
mefobis saidumlos, misi aRzrda davars hqonda mindobili, magram is xom ve-
rasodes aswavlida mefobas? (gavixsenoT arabi vazirebis Sexeduleba Tina-
Tinze. icis mefoba _ gadaWriT ganacxades maT. sakiTxavia, visgan icis?
rasakvirvelia, mamisgan), magram nestanis gamefeba arasodes yofila farsada-
nis mizani. misi azriT, indoeTs brZeni dedofali sWirdeboda, aseTis aRzrda
ki savsebiT xelewifeboda davars, qajeTis sibrZnes naziareb qals, magram ara
qajeTis mefes, vazirs, dedofalsac ki (davari xom qajeTis dedofali ar
yofila).
33


vfiqrobT, `mamisave xelTa micema~, tarielis mxridan, mtkivneulad aRq-
muli ar yofila swored am mizeziT, farsadanma xom sakuTari asulic davaris
`xelTa misca~. Tan, vfiqrobT, saridanTan dabruneba niSnavda imas, rom
tariels indoeTis memkvidred aRar miiCnevdnen. saridanis sikvdilis Semdeg
misi amirbarad daniSvnac uTuod amiT unda yofiliyo nakarnaxevi.
tarieli yovelTvis aRniSnavs farsadanis mamaSvilur damokidebulebas
mis mimarT (mefe-dedofalma...makoces pativiT, viTa mSobelTa~ (330); farsa-
dani `pativs mcemdes Zisa darad~ (331); `mefe mzrdida, viTa Svilsa~ (325), mag-
ram paralelurad daJinebiT sTavazoben amirbarobas (farsadani mimarTavs:
`Sen gqondes amirbaroba~... (329): tarielma uari rom hkadra `ar momeSvnes,
davmorCildi, Tayvanis-mces amirbarad~ (331).
farsadansa da mis meuRles gulwrfelad uyvarT tarieli, mtkivneulad
ganicdian mis SeuZlod yofnas, maS, ra Seicvala mogvianebiT?
rogorc aRvniSneT, nestanma siyrmeSive gamoavlina, rom iyo `mefobisa
mwTomi~ (mefobis msurveli da qveynis marTvis unaris mqone), axla mas iseTi
sando da erTguli adamiani sWirdeboda gverdiT, vinc mis nebismier ini-
ciativas swor mimarTulebas miscemda, magram rogorc ki igrZno, rom mamamisi
didebulebis winaSe misi, rogorc kanonieri memkvidris, wardgenis process
ayovnebda, iseTi nabiji gadadga, ramac dagvarwmuna `brolze mzis mosxle-
tili sxivis~ (T. bagrationi) msgavsi asulis pirovnul simtkicesa da
gambedaobaSi.
gandgomili moxarke qveynis kvlav dasamorCileblad nestani tariels
ixmobs da xataeTSi indoeTis uflebebis aRsadgenad gzavnis:

`xataeTs myofni yovelni Cvenni saxarajonia,
aw maTni javrni Cvenzeda Cvengan ar dasaTmonia~ (370).

da zustad uniSnavs samoqmedo asparezs: `wa, Seebi xataelTa, Tavi kargad
gamaCvene~ (372); ` wa, Seebi xataelTa, ilaSqre da inapire~(407).
sagulisxmoa, rom am mniSvnelovan politikur nabijs nestani mamasTan yo-
velgvari winaswari SeTanxmebisa da TaTbiris gareSe dgams. poemaSi ar das-
turdeba, rom farsadanma icis tarielis salaSqro samzadisis Sesaxeb. SesaZ-
loa, mis yuramde xataelTa gadametebuli kadnierebis maCvenebeli `laRi da
ukadro~ SemonaTvalic ar misula: `vin aris Tqveni xelmwife? Cvenzeda ra
patronia? (393).
Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb upirvelesad swored amirbarma unda moaxse-
nos mefes, poemaSi ki mciredi miniSnebac araa imis Sesaxeb, rom saomrad mi-
mavali laSqari daloca qveynis kanonierma mmarTvelma da gamarjvebiT dab-
runeba usurva. arada ra STambeWdavadaa aRwerili es samzadisi:

`igi varskvlavTa uricxvi mokrbes indoTa spania,
erTob laSqriTa aivso mindori, klde, kapania~ (395).

`avmarTe droSa mefisa, almiTa wiTel-SaviTa,
dilasa vbrZane gamarTva laSqriTa uTvalaviTa~... (397).

` dilasa Sevje, vubrZane: `hkariT buksa da nobasa!
srulTa spaTasa ver giTxrob...~ (413).

nuTu farsadanisTvis SeumCneveli darCa yovelive es? Tu gangeb arafers
imCnevs, sanam masTan, rogorc mefesTan, wesisamebr, ar gamocxaddeba sazRvao
da saxmeleTo jarebis sardali da saqmis viTarebas ar gaacnobs?
tarieli ar gamocxadda. farsadansac ar daulocavs laSqari... arc ki
gamoCenila.
34



Tumc radikalurad gansxvavebulia misi Sexvedra omidan gamarjvebiT
dabrunebuli tarielis mimarT. siyvaruliT Seegeba da, ramdenadac gasaoca-
ri ar unda iyos, moRalate vasalic ise miiRo, `viTa Svili saakvane~: `mas me-
fesa xataelsa umaspinZla, ualersa...~ (462), Semdeg tariels `sityviTa lmobi-
eriTa~ hkiTxa: `Seundobo xataelsa, mas aqamdis Senamtersa?~ (462), bolos ki
`asjer asi drahkaniT~, xatauriTa da stavra-atlasiT xeldamSvenebuli iseTi
wyalobiT gagzavna ukan, TiTqos mas ar SemoeTvalos ramdenime xnis win `sity-
vani laRni da ukadronia~. mefis saqcieli, pirvel rigSi, swored tarielisT-
vis iqneboda auxsneli da amitom `orgulisa da moRalatis~ `namsaxurad~
warmoCena `mamacis metismet sigulvaned~ miiCnia.
vfiqrobT, `mamacisa metismeti sigulvane~ da saqebi saqcieli sulac ar
aris omSi mopovebuli warmatebis gaufasureba, moRalate vasalis mimarT
daumsaxurebeli siTbosa da keTilganwyobis gamovlineba. `metismeti sigul-
vane~ Semdeg sityvebSi ufro ikveTeba: `odes mtersa moerio, nuRar mohklav,
daayovne~. damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis mimarT lmobiereba da Semwynareb-
loba yovelTvis iyo keTilSobili raindis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba da
samkauli, magram ratom avlens farsadan mefe aseT keTilganwyobas ramazis
mimarT? miT ufro, rom igi indoeTis moxarke qveynis mmarTvelis flid
bunebas kargad icnobs. ase rom ar yofiliyo, tariels vezirebi ar urCevdnen,
ar ndoboda mis SemonaTvals da ase erTmniSvnelovnad da uaryofiTad ar
daaxasiaTebdnen xataelebs: `arian metad muxTalni, _ Cven erTxel kvlaca
vnaxeniT, aramca mogkles Ralatad...~ (417).
vezirebi saomari moqmedebis Jams Tan axlavan tariels, savaraudod,
Tavadac meomrebi arian, romlebic erTxel (da, vin icis, iqneb ara erTxel)
darwmunebulan ramaz mefis simuxTleSi. aq sakvirveli araferia, damonebuli
qveynis mefes mudmivad unda ebrZola Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis
mosapoveblad da gamoricxuli ar aris, am brZolaSi akrZaluli meTodebic
gamoeyenebina.
rac Seexeba farsadanis ramaz mefesTan pirmSo Svilis xilvis tolfardi
sixaruliT Sexvedras, vfiqrobT, amiT man tarielis gamarjveba erTgvarad
gaauferula da gaaubralova, magram mizezi?
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom esaa pirveli damoukidebeli politikuri nabiji,
nestanis mier Cafiqrebul-gaazrebuli da tarielis mier ganxorcielebuli.
es iyo erTgvari ganacxadi indoeTis politikur cxovrebaSi da swored am
ganacxads daukarga sxivi mefe farsadanma Tavisi gulgrilobiT. sadac Tavad
ar Caeria, mniSvnelovani iq TiTqos araferi momxdara. magram, migvaCnia, rom
farsadanma erTi umniSvnelovanesi ram aRmoaCina. man igrZno, rom asulisa da
Svilobilis saxiT mis mefobas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra, romelsac maTi
sruli ignorirebiT ver aicilebda Tavidan, amitom tarielsa da nestans erT-
gvari gamocda mouwyo, riTac pozicia gaimyara da ganimtkica. tarielis pa-
tivsacemad didi nadimi moawyo da nestanic warudgina didebulebs, rogorc
indoeTis momavali dedofali.
Seiqmna viTareba, romelic tariels `lxinsa uqadebda~. nadimze mis piris-
pir ijda narinjisferi jubiT Semosili nestani, erTmaneTs malviT uWvret-
dnen da tarielisTvis naTliT ivseboda `saxli, Suka da ubani~ (473).
SeuZlebelia yovelive es SeumCneveli darCenoda mefe-dedofals. miuxe-
davad amisa, meore dRes, dilaadrian (dilasa adre) farsadanma daufiqre-
beli, politikurad aSkarad araswori nabiji gadadga, rac indoeTs did
ubedurebad Semoutrialda.




35


`aw qalisa CvenisaTvis qmari gvinda, sad movnaxoT,
rome mivsceT taxti Cveni, saxed Cvenad gamovsaxoT,
samefosa vapatronoT, saxelmwifo SevanaxoT,
ar amovwydeT, mterTa CvenTa xrmali CvenTvis ar vamaxoT~ (502).

amiT mefem, rogorc Cans, xazi gausva sakuTar avtoritetsac da kanoniT
miniWebul uflebasac _ indoeTis taxtze Tavisi neba-surviliT arCeuli
pretendenti daesva.
erTi SexedviT, mefis qmedeba gaugebaria. aSkaraa, man kargad uwyis im ur-
TierTobis Sesaxeb, rac tarielsa da nestans akavSirebs `farsadani da misi
meuRle brmani unda yofiliyvnen, rom ar daenaxaT da ar egrZnoT nestanisa da
tarielis urTierTisadmi mZlavri satrfialo miziduloba~ (baramiZe 1975:
124). miuxedavad amisa, farsadani jiutad verafers `amCnevs~ da meore diliT
sabediswero faqtis winaSe ayenebs maT _ ixmobs tariels, sam didgvarovans
da ucxadebs: `Jami gvaxlavs siberisa, siymawvile gardgvivlia, yma ar mogvca,
qali gvivis...~ (501).
farsadani gonivrulad da mizanmimarTulad cdilobs, agrZnobinos tari-
els, rom indoeTis taxtis memkvidred igi aRar moiazreba. ramdenime xnis win
acxadebda: `Svilad gavzrdi~, mogvianebiT awuwunda: ufalma `yma ar mogvca~,
tarielis TandaswrebiT iwyebs `rCevas saqmisas~ da mravalTagan erTi Rirse-
ulisa da Sesaferisi kandidatis amorCevas cdilobs. airCia kidec _ `xva-
razmSa, xelmwife xvarazmelia~.
ra mizani unda amoZravebdes indoT mefes, roca tarielis TandaswrebiT
aqebs da saukeTeso sasiZod aRiarebs xvarazmels?
vfiqrobT, xvarazmeli ufliswuli xvarazmis taxtis memkvidre araa. is
indoeTSi unda gamefdes da ara xvarazmSi, ase vTqvaT, unda CaesiZos farsa-
dans (`Tu mogvcems Svilsa sasiZod, misebri ar _ romelia~ (504); `ars erTi
qali saZeo... Tu mogvcem Svilsa samisod, sxvasa nuRaras moeli~... (507) da a.S.
savaraudod, igi Zalian axalgazrdaa. am mosazrebis damadasturebeli adgi-
lebi gvxvdeba poemaSi, magram amjerad amaze aRar SevCerdebiT. maSasadame,
mxedvelobaSi araa miRebuli misi pirovnuli Rirsebebi da rainduli Semar-
Teba (asakis simciris gamo), maSin riTaa aseTi sasurveli sasiZo?
mefe-dedofalma Tavadac kargad uwyian, rom es saojaxo TaTbiri tarie-
lisTvis (arcTu ostaturad) dadgmuli speqtaklia. mTavaria, tarielma igrZ-
nos, rom yvela sxva pretendenti masze aRmatebulia, rom igi indoeTis mo-
mavali dedoflis Zmis pativs unda dasjerdes mxolod, rom farsadanisTvis
SeumCneveli darCa nadimze nestanisa da tarielis maluli Wvreta.
vicnobT ra farsadanis pirovnebas, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom misi
TiToeuli nabiji Rrmad gaazrebuli da awonil-dawonilia.
tarielma, rogorc Zmam, unda miiRos monawileoba saojaxo TaTbirSi, mas
unda SeuTanxmdnen da pasuxic moisminon, manve unda ikisros (rogorc Zmam,
sxva SemTxvevaSi mTavarsardali amiT ar dakavdeboda) sasiZos sakadrisi dax-
vedris organizeba: `gardavixadoT qorwili, xams viTa dasa~ (542). migvaCnia,
rom es farsadanis mxridan xataeTSi warmoebuli mogebuli omisTvis erTgva-
ri SurisZieba iyo. amiT aSkarad agrZnobines, rom masSi mxolod nestanis Zmas
xedavdnen da odesRac mefis Svilobilad miCneuls meti pativis pretenzia ar
unda hqonoda.
farsadan mefis roli savsebiT sworad Seafasa prof. al.baramiZem, roca
ganacxada: `farsadan mefis gaborotebam...nestans fexi amoakveTina indoeTi-
dan~ (baramiZe 1975: 144).
mkvlevari z.gamsaxurdia miiCnevs, rom farsadan mefe politikuri axlo-
mxedvelobiT gamoirCeva (gamsaxurdia 1991: 334), gvgonia, rom piriqiT, poema-
Si Zalian SorsmWvreteli da mizanmimarTuli, Zalauflebismoyvare xelmwi-
36



fis saxe ikveTeba, romelic nebiT arafers daTmobs da yvelafers gaakeTebs,
rom ZaliT ar daaTmobinon. `farsadan mefe imperatoris damaxasiaTebeli niS-
nebiTaa warmoCenili, rac imTaviTve miuTiTebs misi politikuri TvalTaxed-
vis Zvel tradiciaTa kvalze svlas da mis amovardnas samyaros ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebidan~ (sulava 2009: 116)
Cven zemoT mama-Svilis urTierTobis miTosuri da bibliuri modeli
vaxseneT. meore modelis mixedviT, mefe Tavis asuls memkvidred ar miiCnevs
da sasiZos saxelmwifos gareT eZebs. am SemTxvevaSi mefobis mosurne mama-
Svils Soris dapirispireba gardauvalia.
indoeTSi swored es modeli `muSaobs~. mamis gadawyvetilebas win aRudga
nestan-darejani da erTpirovnuli, rac mTavaria, mcdari gadawyvetileba
miiRo. man, tarielis xeliT, arasasurveli memkvidris CamoSoreba daisaxa
miznad.
rogor miiRo farsadanma is, rac nestanisa da tarielis sabediswero Sec-
domas mohyva?
mefe `...aiWra...xmamaRla gaxmamyivarda~ da maSinve tarieli ixmo, magram
ara rogorc mTavarsardali, an nestanis Zma, romelmac ver uzrunvelyo sapa-
tio stumris usafrTxoeba, aramed rogorc damnaSave, mkvleli. amas adastu-
rebs mRelvarebisas SemTxveviT wamocdenili sabediswero sityvebi: `vici,
vici, metad kargad Semignian, mas uyvarda qali Cemi... ra naxian erTmanerTi,
ar-Sexedva ver daTmian~. igi Tavadac grZnobs Seqmnil uxerxulobas, amitom
ararsebuli damnaSavis Zebnas iwyebs, arCevans sruliad udanaSaulo davarze
aCerebs da warmoudgenel rames abralebs:

`me RmrTisa vuTxar, daubams mas eSmakisa badesa,
maT boz-kuroTa aseTi ra uTxres, ra uqadesa?~

maSasadame, ra yofila araswori aRzrdis motivi? _ `danaqadebi saWurW-
le~ (`...aseTi ra misces, ra uqadesa?~). rogor, farsadanma icoda, rom misi da
nestans borotebis badeSi gaxvevda da mainc ando erTaderTi asuli? `far-
sadani ise esxmis Tavs davars, rom Tavisdauneburad Cndeba eWvi: indoT mefe
amiT sakuTari Secdomis SeniRbvas, miCqmalvas cdilobda. odesme, sakuTar
TavTan mainc xom unda eRiarebina, rom Tavsdamtydar ubedurebaSi igi uda-
naSaulo ar iyo~ (xvedeliani 2007: 211). misi sisastike iqamde midis, rom sasikv-
dilod ganwiruli, momxdariT Tavzardacemuli, sasowarkveTili dis naxvasac
ar inebebs, Tundac imisTvis, rom piradad eTqva saTqmeli da daedanaSaule-
bina. albaT, imitom, rom eSinoda misgan ar moesmina mware simarTle, an usa-
marTlod gametebuli dis xilvas misi gulis saTuTi simi ar Seerxia.
farsadani jiutad cdilobs, tarielis saqcieli oden qalis dasasakuT-
rebel mcdelobad warmoaCinos da Tavi aaridos WeSmarit mizezebze saubars.
aq mTavari marto qali ki ar aris, aramed qali, romelic indoeTSi mefobis
garantia.
vfiqrobT, warmoTqmul sityvebSi mSvenivrad gamoCnda mefe farsadanis
namdvili saxe. Tu mas ZaluZs gvirgvinis SenarCunebisaTvis qveynis interesebi
sakuTars dauqvemdebaros, davari ratom ver SeZlebs `danaqadebi saWurWli-
saTvis~ ukuRmarTad moawyos erTaderTi ZmisSvilis goneba? rac mTavaria,
mefe mrisxanebs, boboqrobs da udanaSaulo damnaSaveebs sjis (vin uwyis, iqneb
amiT Svilmokluli xvarazmSahis winaSe cdilobs Tavis marTlebas da Tan
ostaturad malavs sabediswero SemTxvevis realur mizezebs). sxvaTa Soris,
mizansac aRwevs. teqstSi ar Cans momxdarze xvarazmSahis reaqcia. qajeTidan
gamogzavnil werilSi nestani axsenebs `mterTagan Seiwrebul~ mamas, magram es
mteri Ralats naCvevi ramaz mefea da ara SurisZiebis surviliT Sepyrobili
xvarazmSahi. rogorc Cans, SeamCnies kidec es da mogvianebiT poemis gagr-
37


Zelebac Seqmnes _ `xvarazmelTa ambavi~, romelic, marTalia, rusTvels ar
ekuTvnis, magram teqstis am monakveTisadmi damokidebulebis gasarkvevad
metad mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia.
Cven, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, gvainteresebs farsadan mefis qmedebis moti-
vacia da ara is, Tu ramdenad samarTliania es nabiji. ratom iRebs igi iseT
gadawyvetilebas, romelsac, winaswar etyoba, rom bunebrivad mohyveba amboxi
da daumorCilebloba?
xataeTis omSi nestanis rolma daarwmuna mefe, rom taxtis daTmobis dro
dadga. rostevanisTvis es umtkivneulo da bunebrivi procesia, farsadanisT-
vis ki tragedia. (SeiZleba imitom, rom indoeTis mmarTveli, rostevanTan Se-
darebiT, axalgazrdaa da jer kidev ar surs Zalauflebis daTmoba). farsa-
dans Tavisi asulis samefod aRzrda rom moesurvebina, mas gverdidan ar moi-
Sorebda, Tavad aRzrdida da vezirebi nestanzec ityodnen `icis mefoba~.
farsadani zrdida brZen dedofals, mefe ki, savaraudod, iseTi unda yofi-
liyo, romelic mas taxtze jdomis wlebs gauxangrZlivebda. iyo Tu ara
amisaTvis Sesaferisi xvarazmeli sasiZo? _ udavod. Tu igi mcirewlovania,
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis wesiTa da tradiciebiT ucxo qveyanaSi mefdeba,
miT ufro, rom arc isaa samefod aRzrdili da mefobis `mcodne~, msgavs
SemTxvevaSi vin iqneba upirvelesi veziri, xelmwifis mrCeveli, faqtobrivad,
qveynis mmarTveli? is, visac ymawvili gvirgvinosani yvelaze metad miendoba.
vis, Tu ara farsadans miagebdnen am pativs? mefes, romelmac indoeTi poli-
tikuradac da ekonomikuradac angariSgasawev saxelmwifod aqcia? tarielisa
da nestanis gamefeba ki bolos mouRebda farsadanis mmarTvelobas. es
xataeTis laSqrobam savsebiT cxadi gaxada. amitom iyo yalbi da moCvenebiTi
misi SeSfoTeba xvarazmelis sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT. uceb gaaxsenda
tarielis Sviloba (`RmerTman icis, gamezarde viTa Svilad~ (554), aRiara rom
winaaRmdegi ar iqneboda maTi siyvarulisa (`Tu Cemi qali gindoda, rad ara
Semagebine~ (555). TiTqos mxolod sayvareli qalis dakargvis SiSma gaasvrevina
tariels udanaSaulo adamianis sisxlSi xeli. es farsadanis mxridan
Svilobilis mimarT cinikuri damokidebulebis kidev erTi gamovlineba iyo,
rasac tarielma Sesabamisadve upasuxa: `Seni qali arad minda... indoeTi Cemi
aris~... (559). amiT tarielma xmamaRla ganacxada, rom indoeTis momavali
nestanisa da misi rCeulis xelSi unda yofiliyo.
SeuZlebelia farsadans ar scodnoda, rom ucxotomeli ufliswulis sa-
mefo taxtze asvla indoeTis Zlevamosilebas frTebs Seakvecda, wertils
dausvamda da dRes Tu xval xvarazmis interesebs daumorCilebda, magram
imperatoris Tvisebebis mqonem da Zalauflebis SenarCunebis surviliT
dabrmavebulma araferze Tqva uari.


damowmebani:

baramiZe 1975: baramiZe al. SoTa rusTveli. Tb.: 1975.
gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba. Tb.: 1991.
merCule 1986: merCule giorgi. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. Tb.: 1986.
orbeliani 1959: orbeliani s.s. sibrZne-sicruisa. Tb.: 1959.
sulava 2009: sulava n. mefis xat-saxe da misi mxatvruli funqcia. `vefxistyao-
sani~ _ metafora, simbolo, aluzia, enigma. Tb.: 2009.
xvedeliani 2007: xvedeliani T. `vefxistyaosnis~ miTosur-folkloruli
samyaro. Tb.: 2007.


38



Tamar Khvedeliani

Conceptualizing King Parsadans Image

Summary

The paper deals with the functional significance of the king-patrons portrayed in Shota
Rustavelis The Knight in the Panthers Skin. It is noted, that over the centuries the image
of a ruler has acquired a great importance. A king had to serve as a model and the nation had
to be brought up in accordance with his moral standards. He had to be the person from
whom people would learn about the necessity to sacrifice their private interests for the
countrys sake, love of religion, the service of God and nation. He had to defend the
interests of people and be their caring father and a sovereign. He was regarded as a kind
shepherd, who had completely comprehended and realized the real meaning of these words.
The images of sovereign rulers are represented and evaluated from this standpoint.
Emphasis is made on the image of Rostevan, the king of Arabs and Parsadan, the sovereign
of India. The paper reviews different ruling styles of the kings and points out their common
and distinguishing features.
39




XIX saukune _ epoqa da literatura


manana kakabaZe


nikoloz baraTaSvili

biografia

dabadebis TariRi

nikoloz baraTaSvilis pirvel biografTa _ misi skolis megobris, kons-
tantine mamacaSvilis (mamacovi 1881a), zaqaria WiWinaZisa (mTawmindeli 1885)
da iona meunargias cnobiT (meunargia 1893), poeti dabadebula 1816 wlis 22
noembers (Zv. stiliT). es TariRi utyuar faqtad iyo aRiarebuli poetisadmi
miZRvnil XIX da XX saukuneebis uamrav gamokvlevasa da werilSi. am TariRs
iziarebda mTeli saqarTvelo 1940 wlamde, roca moxda poetis dabadebis Ta-
riRis gadakeTeba garkveuli politikuri mosazrebiT.
baraTaSvilis pirveli biografis, k. mamacaSvilis cnobebi poetze imdenad
sarwmunoa, rom Semdgom gamokvlevebSi arc erTi maTgani ar Secvlila.
pirveli sabuTi, romelic utyuarad unda CaiTvalos da romelsac dabe-
jiTebiT eyrdnoba mamacaSvili, aris is, rom mas TviTon poetisagan araerT-
xel mousmenia misi dabadebis TariRad 1816 weli. amasve adasturebda mis
mierve mopovebuli saflavis qvaze warwerili teqsti: ` -
,
29 , 9 1845 ~ (mamacovi 1881b).
metad ususurad gamoiyureba kontrargumentebi poetis dabadebis Ta-
riRTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa mixedviT baraTaSvilis dabadebis TariRad
wamoyenebul iqna xan 1818, xan 1817 da xanac 1819 weli! es varaudebi emyareba
iseT saarqivo masalebs, romelTac dokumentis mniSvneloba ara aqvT da ami-
tomac sruliad advilad baTildebian.
jer kidev XIX saukuneSi, Zalze male mamacaSvilis gamokvlevis gamoqvey-
nebidan (mamacovi 1881a) ibeWdeba vl. miqelaZis werili (miqelaZe 1881), ro-
melSic igi miuTiTebs, rom arqivSi miukvlevia masalisTvis, sadac 1830 wels
baraTaSvili 12 wlis ymawvilad aris moxseniebuli da amgvarad, igi dabadebu-
la 1818 welso. swored maSin am publikaciasTan dakavSirebiT mamacaSvilma
gamoaqveyna damatebiTi argumentacia da masalebi poetis dabadebisa da gar-
dacvalebis Sesaxeb (mamacovi 1881g), romlebmac sruliad gaabaTiles miqela-
Zis varaudi.
amrigad, baraTaSvilis dabadebisa da aRsasrulis TariRi XIX saukuneSive
dazustda.
ras emyareboda XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi warmoSobili Tvalsazrisi, ro-
melmac uaryo yoveli sarwmuno da utyuari sabuTi?
baraTaSvilis axal, `sabWour~ dabadebis TariRs moarges saqarTvelos
saarqivo sammarTvelos sinodaluri kantoris fondSi aRmoCenili saqme
4953, sadac naTqvamia, rom meliton baraTaSvili, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
Svilis samsaxurSi gamweseba ganuzraxavs, 1835 wlis 30 oqtombers TxovniT
40



mimarTavs sinodalur kantoras misi Svilis, nikolozisaTvis, metrikis gace-
mis Sesaxeb da sadac wers, rom misi Svili, nikolozi, dabadebulia 1817 wels.
15 dekembers, xolo monaTlulia 20 dekembers (sxvaTa Soris, axalSobilis
naTloba saeklesio wesiT, dabadebdan rva dReze adre ar SeiZleboda, garda
im SemTxvevebisa, roca bavSvi momakvdavi iyo. ise rom, am sabuTSi es
Seusabamobacaa).
swored, melitonis es gancxadeba daedo safuZvlad poetis dabadebis
TariRis Secvlas.
am sabuTis Sesaxeb cnoba pirvelad gamoqveynda 1936 wels qristefore
raWveliSvilis mier gaz. `komunistSi~ (raWveliSvili 1936), magram igi maleve
gabaTilda meore sabuTiT, romelic 1937 wels isev `komunistSi~ ( 59) dai-
beWda. es axali dasabuTeba ekuTvnoda arkadi xundaZes, romelsac miukvlevia
da amouweria TariRebi melitonisa da efemias Svilebis dabadebisa (xundaZe
1937). nikolozis dabadebis TariRi am siaSi ar Cans, vinaidan metrikebis
gacema saqarTveloSi 1818 wlidan daiwyes.
1818 w. 21 seqtembers melitonsa da efemias SeZeniaT meore vaJi, daviTi.
e.i. Tuki momavali poeti, nikolozi daibada 1817 wlis 15 dekembers, maSin ga-
modis, rom igi 9 Tvisa da 6 dRisa yofila, roca meore vaJi dabadebula, rac
yovlad SeuZlebel faqtad gveCveneba (gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom tradiciu-
li wesis Tanaxmad, qalis loginobis periodi 40 dRe iyo, rac sruliad gamo-
ricxavda am periodSi meore bavSvis Casaxvas. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom qalis
meZuZurobis periodSi arc xdeba nayofis Casaxva).
amrigad, dasabuTebul iqna, rom baraTaSvili 1817 wlis 15 dekembers ver
daibadeboda. poetis dabadebis tradiciuli TariRi 1816 weli sruliad
gaamarTla am sabuTma.
sol. caiSvilma, romelic Tavis gamokvlevebSi mxars uWerda poetis daba-
debis tradiciul TariRs, miakvlia janaSias sax. saxelmwifo muzeumSi dacul
meliton baraTaSvilis ojaxis `anbanTqebis~ krebuls (A fondi, 1208), rom-
lis bolo furclebze daculia cnobebi baraTaSvilis ojaxis wevrebis Sesa-
xeb, saxeldobr, `1827 w. nikoloz 11 wlisaa~ (meunargia 1954: 407). es dokumen-
ti yovlad sarwmunoa da Seesabameba mamacaSvilisa da meunargias mosazre-
bebs, rom poeti dabadebulia 1816 wels.
rac Seexeba oficialur sabuTebSi wlebis daklebas saswavlebelSi Sesv-
lisa Tu samsaxurSi mowyobis mizniT, es aravis gaukvirdeboda XIX saukuneSi.
sxvaTa Soris, es tendencia arc XX saukunisaTvis gaxldaT didad ucxo. Cveni
uaxloesi warsulis XX saukunis cnobil mweralTa sabuTebSiac metad xSiria
aseTi faqtebi, gansakuTrebiT saiubileo TariRebis damrgvaleba da sxv., rac
CvenSi aravis did codvad ar CauTvlia. sabuTebSi asakis miTiTebis aseTi sxva-
dasxvaoba garkveul saWiroebaTa gamo iyo gamowveuli da imis mtkiceba,
melitoni tyuils xom ar dawerdao, sabuTad ar gamodgeba. merwmuneT, aseTi
`tyuili~ arc maSindel, da arc Semdgom piriodSi ar iTvleboda danaSaulad.
aseTi `tyuili~ dResac ar aris ucxo.
k. mamacaSvili miqelaZesTan kamaTSi bevr saintereso mosazrebas gvTava-
zobs (mamacovi 1881g). misi cnobiT, qarTul ojaxebSi iyo aseTi tradicia:
bavSvi rom daibadeboda, misi dabadebis TariRs, weliwads, Tvesa da ricxvs an
`vefxistyaosnis~ ydaze, an `saxarebaze~, an `daviTnze~ da sxv. dawerdnen. es
Cveuleba axlac aris saqarTveloSio, wers igi da cxadia, ase iyo baraTaS-
vilis ojaxSic. amitomac, roca poeti gardaicvala, ojaxis wevrebma saflavis
qvazed daawerines, rom igi, 1845 wels gardacvlili, iyo ocdamecxre weli-
wadSi, maSasadame daibada 1816 welso.
baraTaSvilis saflavze warwera melitonma gaakeTebina im fulidan, ro-
melic levan meliqiSvilis TaosnobiT Seikriba qarTul sazogadoebaSi poe-
41


tis TxzulebaTa gamosacemad. fuli melitons Semoexarja, wigni ver gamosca,
mxolod Svilis samareze gaakeTebina warwera. es iyo poetis gardacvalebidan
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, roca dedac cocxali iyo...
mamacaSvili wers: roca bavSvi skolaSi unda SeeyvanaT, mas wlebs uklebd-
nen mSoblebi, rogorc undodaT, ise gamoarTmevdnen cnobas mRvdels.
rogorc irkveva, xSirad, SeiZleba iTqvas, masiurad, xdeboda aseTi wlebis
dakleba saswavlebelSi da samsaxurSi Sesvlisas, radgan asaks mniSvneloba
hqonda dawinaurebis dros. amiT aixsneba ara marto XIX, aramed XX saukuneSi-
ac cnobil pirTa oficialur dokumentaciaSi dabadebis TariRebis sxvada-
sxvaoba. es arc aravis ukvirda da arc aravis miaCnda danaSaulad.
arc meliton baraTaSvils Caudenia raime gansakuTrebuli codva, roca
Svilis samsaxurSi gamwesebasTan dakavSirebiT mas erTi weli daaklo...
mamacaSvili wers: imis dasturad, rom moswavleebs wlebs uklebdnen mSob-
lebi, saWiro rom iyos, bevr sabuTs moviyvandio. `TviTon Cemi formulari
rom naxos vl. miqelaZem, iq waikiTxavs, rom me var dabadebuli 1818 w. es ki
srulebiT ar aris marTali, me namdvilad dabadebuli var 1815 wels. formu-
lari aris oficialurad WeSmariti dokumenti, romelSic aris Secdoma. ...
TviTon imisagan gamigonia, (e.i. baraTaSvilisagan _ m.k.) rom is iyo dabade-
buli 1816 wels da Cemzed erTi wliT umcrosi iyo~ (mamacovi 1881g).
xundaZis mier melitonis Svilebis dabadebis nusxis gamoqveynebam, naTeli
mohfina sakiTxs da poetis dabadebis TariRis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT la-
paraki Sewyda. sakiTxi gadaWrilad CaiTvala, magram sami wlis Semdeg situa-
cia kvlav Seatriala erTma garemoebam. 1941 wels sruldeboda asi weli ler-
montovis gardacvalebidan da mTeli sabWoeTi didi ambiT emzadeboda am
TariRisaTvis. ai, swored am iubilesaTvis mzadebas daamTxvies baraTaSvilis
dabadebis TariRis Secvlac (Tumca am Tvalsazrisis pirveli avtoris, raWve-
liSvilis saxeli arc uxsenebiaT, radgan igi ukve represirebuli iyo).
1940 wels gaz. `komunistSi~ da JurnalSi `Cveni Taoba~ (masalebi... 1940),
qveyndeba saredaqcio werilebi, romlebSic moxmobilia meliton baraTaSvi-
lis zemoxsenebuli `Txovna~ da dadasturebulia erTxel ukve uaryofili
Tvalsazrisi, rom poeti dabadebulia 1817 wlis 15 dekembers (saredaqcio we-
rili 1940). es iyo samTavrobo diqtati. gaz. `komunistSi~ gamoqveynebuli sa-
redaqcio werili iyo mTavrobis pozicia da aravis ar hqonda ufleba ar
damorCileboda mas! es iyo brZaneba diqtatorisa, misi winaaRmdegoba danaSa-
ulad iTvleboda da danaSauli ki isjeboda! es ukve politikis saqme iyo. ga-
modioda, rom Cveni poeti gardaicvala ocdaSvidi wlisa, iseve, rogorc ler-
montovi! ai, rogori msgavseba, rogori zusti ganmeoreba yofila maTi bedis-
weriso! amiT kidev xazi esmeboda rusul sinamdvilesTan gansakuTrebul siax-
loves. isini TiTqmis Zmebad gamoacxades _ orive romantikosi, orive axal-
gazrda da orive erTi asakisa! orivem ocdaSvidi weli icocxlao. Tuki
novalisma ocdacxra weli icocxla, amiT naklebad dasanani iqneboda misi
sikvdili kacobriobisaTvis?!
vfiqrobT, swored es garemoeba, ocdaSvidi weli, romliTac qarTveli
poetis asaki, lermontovis asaks daamTxvies, iyo ganmsazRvreli sabWoTa
mTavrobis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebisa, romlis mixedviT sabWour biog-
rafiaSi baraTaSvilis dabadebis TariRad damkvidrda 1817 weli, rac Cven
arasworad migvaCnia.
melitonisa da efemias Svilebis dabadebis nusxaSi SeimCneva erTi gare-
moeba: bavSvebi umeteswilad, ibadebodnen daaxloebiT Tanabari intervaliT,
weliwadnaxevridan _ or wlamde, ufro zustad weliwadisa da rva-aTi Tvis
daSorebiT (mxolod ori SemTxvevaa, roca bavSvebi erT welze cota meti in-
tervaliT daibadnen). ai, es nusxac, romelSic ar aris nikolozis dabadebis
42



TariRi, xolo danarCeni Svilebisa uklebliv Semonaxulia (melitonisa da
efemias ToTxmeti Svilidan xom cxra mcirewlovani daiRupa, gadarCa mxolod
nikolozi da oTxi qaliSvili): daviTi 21.09. 1818; aleqsandre 5.04.1820;
ekaterine 21.09.1821; daria 2.06.1823; giorgi 20.06.1824; barbare 28.04.
1826; nino 18.06 1829; elene 14.02. 1831; sofio 3.09. 1832; daviTi 7.06.1834;
elene 3.03. 1836. grigol 6.12. 1840; sofio 13.12.1841.
imis gamo, rom baraTaSvilis dabadebis TariRad gamocxadda 1817 weli, am
nusxas aRar axsenebdnen da aRar imowmebdnen, radgan is aSkarad metyvelebda
Secvlili TariRis siyalbeze.
mTavrobis CareviT miRebul dadgenilebas veravin gadauxvevda da mecnie-
rebmac TavianT gamokvlevebSi 1816 weli 1817 wliT Secvales. mxolod mixeil
zandukeli, rogorc Cans, ver aiZules am daTmobaze wasuliyo, Tavis `axali
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi~, sanam igi cocxali iyo, mecnieri isev tra-
diciul TariRs uWerda mxars (ix. misi `axali qarTuli literaturis isto-
riis~ 1941 da 1956 wlebis gamocemebi). mxolod misi gardacvalebis Semdeg
(1968), 1972 wels gamocemul `axali qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi~ poetis
dabadebis weli Secvlilia, mxolod dabadebis dRe, 22 noemberia ucvlelad
darCenili. ase rom, aq poetis dabadebis TariRad 1817 wlis 22 noemberia ga-
mocxadebuli. es ki ucnauria im mxrivac, rom Tuki melitonis im `Txovnas~
davujerebT, iq poetis dabadebis TariRad 1817 wlis 15 dekemberia dasaxe-
lebuli, Cans, zandukelis wignis redaqtorebma weli Secvales, xolo Tve da
ricxvi ucvlelad datoves. igive Seusabamoba zog sxva mkvlevarsac daemarTa.
mkvlevarTa nawili, rogorc irkveva, umtkivneulod daeTanxma baraTaSvi-
lis dabadebis TariRis Secvlas, maT did codvad ar CaTvales poetisTvis
erTi wlis dakleba, kidec moewonaT, rom erTi wliT kidev ufro axalgazrdad
gamoacxades igi!
`nikoloz baraTaSvili kidev ufro axalgazrda gardaicvala~ _ werda
didi mkvlevari da kidev ufro didi mamuliSvili pavle ingoroyva. man sabo-
lood gaiziara poetis dabadebis TariRad 1817 wlis 22 noemberi, arada odes-
Rac igi baraTaSvilis dabadebis TariRad 1819 wels varaudobda.
`gardaicvala poeti sruliad axalgazrda, 27 wlisa da 10 Tvisa~, _ werda
igi Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi poetze (ingoroyva 1968).
magram gana 28 weli ar aris sruliad axalgazrda asaki geniosisaTvis, ro-
melmac `merani~ dagvitova? man es leqsi 1842 w. 9 maiss Seqmna, roca 25 wlisa
iyo, ocdaeqvsi mas mxolod noemberSi usruldeboda.
gana baraTaSvils sWirdeba SeRavaTebi da wlis dakleba niWis aRiarebi-
saTvis? mere ra, rom man erTi wliT meti icocxla lermontovze, gana amiT mis
Semoqmedebas raime daaklda, ratom wavarTvaT mas xelovnurad is erTi weli,
isini xom mainc TiTqmis erTi asakisani daiRupnen da orive nikoloz pirvelis
reJimis pirobebSi, misive administraciis zewoliT.
amrigad, yvela zemore gaanalizebuli sabuTis safuZvelze Cveni daskvna
aseTia: droa aRdges baraTaSvilis namdvili, tradiciuli dabadebis TariRi,
garkveuli tendenciebis gamo Secvlili.
nikoloz baraTaSvili daibada 1816 wlis 22 noembers (Zv. stiliT, axali
stiliT 4 dekembers), xolo gardaicvala 1845 wlis 9 oqtombers (Zv. stiliT,
axali stiliT 21 oqtombers).

43


keTilSobilTa saswavlebeli.
pirveli dapirispireba sazogadoebasTan, xelisuflebasTan

didi gvaris STamomavali, sardlebisa da gmirebis memkvidre, nikoloz
baraTaSvili dakavSirebuli iyo samefo ojaxTan. dedamisi, efemia, didi poe-
tis, grigol orbelianis da, da misi SesaniSnavi leqsis _ `Cems das efemias~
poeturi STagoneba da adresati, erekle meoris SvilTaSvili iyo. mama meli-
ton baraTaSvili, aseve, mefis ojaxs enaTesaveboda.
nikoloz baraTaSvilis ZarRvebSi Cqefda mefuri sisxli bagratovanTa
gvarisa, romelic Tavis genealogias ukavSirebda bibliur mefe-poetTa davi-
Tisa da solomonis STamomavlobas.
baraTaSvili daibada im dros, roca bagratovanTa samefos erovnuli tra-
gedia yvelaze mZime kriziss ganicdida. daingra samefo, mefes moxades gvir-
gvini, daamxes aTaswlobiT, aTas tanjvaSi gamovlili samefo saxli, daamxes
saxelmwifo, magram eri da sazogadoeba ar urigdeboda am xvedrs, mis Segneba-
Si saqarTvelo isev samefo iyo, droebiT dapyrobili ucxo Zalis mier. am ga-
remocvaSi izrdeboda momavali poeti da es grZnoba ar tovebda mas sicocx-
lis bolomde. protesti arsebuli sinamdvilis mimarT metad Zlieri da metad
arsebiTi iyo.
xolo msoflio am dros romantizmis ideebiT sunTqavda da aZlevda ka-
cobriobas did sulier sazrdos.
erovnuli da sakacobrio godebis periodSi daibada didi mgosani da Ta-
visi SemoqmedebiT gamoxata mTeli simwvave Tavisi erisa da sakacobrio sulis
tkivilisa.
biografebi poetis mamas, melitons axasiaTeben rogorc mkacri xasiaTis,
Cxubismoyvare kacs. sruli sawinaaRmdego yofila meuRlisa poetis deda, na-
zi da saTno bunebis efemia, `qarTulad kargad gazrdili~, asuli zurab orbe-
lianisa. misi Zmebi, grigoli, zaqaria da ilia iyvnen uaxloesi adamianebi poe-
tisa. grigoli, ufrosi biZa, poetis sulieri megobari, pirveli mrCeveli da
Semfasebeli iyo misi Semoqmedebisa.
baraTaSvils SinaurobaSi tatos eZaxdnen. mas Svidi wlis asakSi dedam
Seaswavla qarTuli wera-kiTxva, mogvianebiT ki igi miabares kaloubnis sam-
revlo saswavlebelSi, sadac adre biZamisi grigolic swavlobda.
1827 wels momavali poeti SeuyvaniaT keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi, sa-
dac mas qarTul enasa da gramatikas aswavlida solomon dodaSvili, igi yofi-
la poetis namdvili moZRvari, sulieri mwvrTneli da moamage. rogorc irk-
veva, masve Seuyvania poeti ocdaTormeti wlis SeTqmulebis saidumlo gare-
mocvaSi (WiWinaZe 1919: 7).
keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi baraTaSvili yvela sagans kargad swavlob-
da, igi iyo amxanagebis suli da guli, pirveli momlxeni da mocekvave, metadre
kargad cekvavda lekurso, gadmogvcemen biografebi.
1832 wels poeti saswavlebelSi yofnis dros kibidan gadmovardnila, fexi
moutexia da mTeli sicocxle darCenila koWlad (meunargia 2004: 239) sxva
cnobiT, es unda momxdariyo 1835 wels (caiSvili 1954: 468).
baraTaSvili saswavlebelSi cnobili iyo rogorc maxvili enis patroni.
misi gulis gamgmiravi dacinvebi araerTxel gamxdara miTqma-moTqmis sagani.
erTxel keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi koncerti gaumaravT moswavleebs,
xolo somxebs sasacilod augdiaT warmodgenis monawileni. baraTaSvili aRS-
foTebula da satira dauweria somxebze, romelSiac zogierTi qarTvelic
Seamkoo, _ wers meunargia (meunargia 2004: 240).
es pamfleti gaugzavniaT Tavad-aznaurobis winamZRolis T. falavandi-
SvilisaTvis. rogorc Cans, satira mkveTr politikur xasiaTs atarebda da
44



dawerili unda iyos ocdaTormeti wlis SeTqmulebis Semdeg. faqtia, rom mas
didi ambebi mohyolia, mTavrobis aRSfoTeba gamouwvevia da amis gamo baraTa-
Svili kinaRam saswavleblidan gauricxavT. magram Semdeg saqme rogorRac
mougvarebiaT da mxolod garozgvas dasjerebian.
magram p. cxviloelis cnobiT, satiris adresati aris ara falavandiSvili,
aramed mTavarmarTebeli rozeni (cxviloeli 1893). aqvea naTqvami, rom erTi
wlis Semdeg am ambidan adgili hqonda axal incindents: axalgazrda poets
dauxatavs rozenis SarJi da Seugdia igi mTavarmarTeblis aivanze, risTvisac
baraTaSvili gauricxavT saswavleblidan, ori kviriT karcerSi CausvamT,
xolo Semdeg mSoblebis Tvalwin gaurozgavT.
vfiqrobT, angariSgasawevia akaki wereTlis _ `Cem TavgadasavalSi~ moxse-
niebuli faqti. petre bagrations peterburgSi poetisTvis uambnia: `tfilis-
Si, saaznauro saswavlebelSi vswavlobdi erTad tato baraTaSvilTan, ...
gamigonia SairebiT didi kacebis lanZRva? agviyolia Cvenc, misi megobrebi: is
swerda da Cven vagzavnidiT, roca fostalioni movidoda xolme Cvens saswav-
lebelSi,... ucbad avuwevdiT CanTis Tavs... da CavudebdiT xolme Cumad Cvens
galeqsil werilebs... erTi aliaqoTi atyda tfilisSi! gamoZieba dainiSna.
bolos gagviges, dagviWires da baraTaSvils honorarad ocdaxuTi rozgi
mianiWes!~ (wereTeli 1989: 83). bagrationi, rogorc isarliSvilis, ise cxvi-
loelis monaTxrobis mixedviT, monawilea baraTaSvilis incindentisa. xsene-
buli satira swored petre bagrationis beWdiT iyo dabeWdili konvertSi da
am beWdis saSualebiTve miagnes mis avtors. ase rom, bagrationma, cxadia, yve-
laferi SesaniSnavad icoda, rogorc uSualo monawilem. xolo mas uTqvams
akakisaTvis, rom baraTaSvils mowafeobisas araerTgzis dauweria aseTive xa-
siaTis satira-epigramebi, masve adasturebs Tergdaleuli s. abaSiZe (abaSiZe
1893).
vfiqrobT, utyuari unda iyos faqti baraTaSvilis mier baron rozenis
mimarT satiris gagzavnisa da misive SarJis Sesaxeb, romelic cxviloelis we-
rilSia moxseniebuli. iqneb esec iyo erT-erTi mizezi poetisaTvis saxelmwi-
fo xarjze umaRles saswavlebelSi gagzavnaze uaris saTqmelad. sxva SemTx-
vevaSi meliton baraTaSvils, romelsac sakmao damsaxureba hqonda mTavrobis
winaSe, ar etyodnen uars Svilis umaRles saswavlebelSi saxelmwifo xarjiT
gagzavnaze _ `Zalian advilia amis asruleba, Tuki melitoni sTxovs baronsa~,
werda zaqaria orbelians grigol orbeliani samxedro samsaxurSi myofi
qalaq rigidan 1835 wels (masalebi... 1922: 243).
gimnaziaSi yofnis periodSi baraTaSvili ukve gamoirCeoda poeturi ta-
lantiT da gansakuTrebuli enamaxvilobiT. saswavlebelSi yofnis wlebSi,
1833 wels, poets Seuqmnia pirveli varianti Tavisi erT-erTi Sedevrisa `Se-
moRameba mTawmidazed~. gimnaziis wlebsve ganekuTvneba misi leqsebi `vardi
da ia~, `nargizi da yayaCo~, `kavkasiuri moTxroba~, `vardi da bulbuli~.
baraTaSvilma gimnazia daamTavra 1835 wels. igi eswrafoda ganaTlebis
misaRebad evropaSi gamgzavrebas, magram mis nacvlad kancelariaSi wvril
moxeled muSaoba miusajes. es misTvis namdvili sapyrobile iyo, gadasaxleba,
sakuTar qveyanaSi da sakuTar ojaxSi cxovrebis miuxedavad. es iyo dasja im
Tavisufali azrovnebisa da simarTlis siyvarulisaTvis, romelic man, ase
axalgazrdam, gamoavlina gimnaziaSi swavlis wlebSive da romelic ase Zlier
zegavlenas axdenda mis Tanamedrove axalgazrdebze.
cxadia, ocdaTormeti wlis SeTqmulebis reaqciis Semdeg xelisufleba
gansakuTrebiT mkacrad adevnebda Tvalyurs sazogadoebaSi da gansakuTre-
biT axalgazrdebSi patriotuli da Tavisuflebismoyvare ganwyobilebebis
mqone pirovnebebs da yovelgvar zomebs Rebulobda aseTi adamianebis Casax-
Sobad da dasaTrgunad. amitom miajaWves moxelis damamcirebel patara sam-
45


saxurs Tvrameti wlis geniosi, energiiT savse, mowodebuli did saqmeTaTvis
da aqtiuri moqmedebisaTvis. frTebi Seakveces mis survilebs da fxizlad
adevnebdnen Tvals yovel mis moqmedebas. vfiqrobT, amave mizeziT, melitoni,
manamde mTavrobis mier sando kacad miRebuli, CamoaSores gavlenian Tanamde-
bobebs, ise rom, mas rigianad verc ki unda gaego, Tu ratom aRmoCnda uceb
xelisuflebis mier ignorirebulTa Soris. es moxda misi vaJiSvilis gamo,
romlis suliskveTeba mSvenivrad iyo ukve cnobili yovlismcodne saidumlo
samsaxurisaTvis.
1835 wlis 6 noembers baraTaSvili iwyebs samsaxurs, igi iniSneba moxeled
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamaTlos kancelariaSi, `stolonaCalnikad~. man
Caicva moxelis fraki, romelic sicocxlis bolomde uxuTavda suls da Tan
Cahyva samareSi am qveynidan wasuls.

* * *

megobarTa wre, siyvaruli, poetis garegnoba

baraTaSvili iyo _ `moTeTro saxisa, pirxmeli, Savi cocxali Tvalebi~...
wers iona meunargia. (meunargia 2004: 249).
`saxe sagangebod mimzidveli, qarTulad rom ityvian, mariliani~, `piris-
feri _ moTeTro, wminda~, `SuaTana tanisa, Cinebuli tanadi~ (konstantine
mamacaSvili) (mamacovi 1881a).
poetis dis, barbare veziriSvilis sityvebiT: `niko Zalian malxazi, mardi
iyo da mimzidveli saxis, SuaTana tanis, arc gamxdari, arc msuqani, wablisfe-
ri Tma, budeSurad moyvanili Tvalebi, warbebi SeerTebuli, wver-ulvaSs
iparsavda, icvamda evropiuls samoqalaqo tanisamoss. imperatori nikoloz
pirveli rom Camovida qalaqSi, ... xelmwifes Zlier moewona niko da uTxra: Sen
Cemi ordinareci xaro!~ (masalebi... 1922: 241).
dimitri yifianis colis cnobiT, poeti atarebda patara ulvaSs (masa-
lebi... 1922: 245). aseve patara ulvaSiT aris igi gamoxatuli mixeil Tuma-
niSvilis Canaxatze. Cans, baraTaSvili ulvaSs mainc atarebda, yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, garkveul periodSi mainc.
poetis foto ar darCenila. misi erTaderTi dagerotipi, romelic mis
das, ninos, hqonda da romelic ilia WavWavaZem fotografs gadasca gasamrav-
leblad, daiwva xanZris dros rusTavelis prospeqtze (meunargia 2004: 249).
al. orbelianis cnobiT, poets hqonda `patara, lamazi Tavi~.
poetis garegnobis warmosadgenad gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia
erTi garemoeba, romelic aisaxa barbare veziriSvilis monaTxrobSi. nikoloz
pirvelis TbilisSi stumrobisas imperatorisTvis warudgeniaT gansakuTre-
biT gamorCeuli da, unda vigulisxmoT, rom amave dros, kargi garegnobis
axalgazrda vaJebi. imperators am rCeul ymawvil kacTagan gansakuTrebiT
moswonebia nikoloz baraTaSvili da swored igi gamourCevia yvelasgan da
qaTinauric ki uTqvams misTvis.
am faqtidan cxadia, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili ara marto niWiT gamoir-
Ceoda, aramed garegnobiTac da swored am mimzidveli da sandomiani gareg-
nobis gamo gamoarCia igi imperatorma silamaziT, axovnebiTa da vaJkacobiT
ganTqmul qarTvel TavadiSvilebSi.
poetis portretebi Seqmnes mose ToiZem (1916 w.), al. mrevliSvilma (1916
w.), lado gudiaSvilma (1938 da 1955 w.w.).
batonma levan TaqTaqiSvilma am bolo wlebSi mravali masalis Seswavlis
Semdeg Seqmna poetis kompiuteruli portreti. es faqti misasalmebelia da
metad mniSvnelovani.
46



mxatvarma levan WoRoSvilma TaqTaqiSvilis mier kompiuterul portret-
ze dayrdnobiT Seqmna poetis portretis axali varianti. orive es portreti
gamoqveynda wignSi: nikoloz baraTaSvili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, mo-
gonebani, portretis istoria, genealogia, levan TaqTaqiSvilis saerTo re-
daqciiT (baraTaSvili 2005: 273).
am portretTagan Cven upiratesobas vaniWebT lado gudiaSvilis portrets
misi mxatvruli Rirsebebis gamo. portreti eyrdnoba, ZiriTadad, poetis dis,
sofios saxes da TumaniSvilis Canaxats, aseve poetis TanamedroveTa gadmo-
cemebs. es portreti gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi da miRebulia, ro-
gorc baraTaSvilis saxe. Tumca kargadaa cnobili, rom igi mxolod pirobiTi
portretia. poeti aq metad lamazia, rasac ramdenadme gauRizianebia poetis
kompiuteruli portretis avtori (baraTaSvili 2005: 243). magram es pirobi-
Tobaa da amave dros, amis safuZvels iZleva poetis TanamedroveTa mogone-
bani. lamazia iakob nikolaZis SoTa rusTavelic da poeziis RmerTi apolonic
da es pirobiToba sruliad gamarTlebulia xelovnebaSi.
l. TaqTaqiSvilisa da l. WoRoSvilis mier Seqmnili portretebi poetisa,
vfiqrobT, jer kidev saWiroeben Semdgom srulyofas da damuSavebas.
poeti yofila mimzidveli saxis, fermkrTali (moTeTro), lamazi, mety-
veli TvalebiT. `cotas koWlobdao~, _ gadmogvcems gr. orbeliani.
baraTaSvili uyvardaT megobrebs, mas uyvarda naTesav-megobrebSi siaru-
li, molxena, qalaqgareT gasvla, bunebis wiaRSi, saeklesio dReobebze da
sxvadasxva Sekreba-wveulebebze daswreba.
`uyvarda naTesaoba da mudam dRe maTSi dadioda~, _ gadmogvcems barbare
veziriSvili. aseve, mas `Zlier uyvarda `simRera da musika, `yovel lxinze sa-
Taras moiyvanda~, _ gvimowmebs barbare veziriSvili.
im periodis pirveli momRerlis, saTaras saxeli baraTaSvilis pirad
werilebSiac gaielvebs. simRerisa da musikis siyvaruli airekla mis mSvenier
sasiyvarulo leqsebSi ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi.
magram am molxenaTa Soris poets xSirad eufleboda Zlieri, gamouvali
sevda: `tasos dReoba iyo da elenes saxlSi gadaixades. me, swore giTxra, me-
tad gavmxiaruldi, sruliad umizezod, uangariSod, ise, mec ar velodi...
magram sul amaoa CemTvis. es Ramec wavida, viTarca sizmari. kidev mamnaxa
Cemma Cveulebrivma mowyinebam. visac sagani aqvs, jer imisi siamovneba ra aris
am saZagels qveyanaSi, rom Cemi ra iyos, romelic, Senc ici, didi xania oboli
var. _ ar daijereb, maiko! sicocxle momZulebia amdenis martoobiT, Sen
warmoidgine, maiko, simware im kacis mdgomareobisa, romelsac mamaca hyavs,
dedac, debic, mravalni monaTesaveni da mainc kidev, vervis mihkarebia, mainc
kidev, obolia am savse da vrcels sofelSi!~ (n. baraTaSvili, werili maiko
orbelianisadmi, 31.10.1842) (baraTaSvili 1968: 179).
baraTaSvilis ganwyobilebaTa amgvar uecar cvalebadobas adasturebs
dimitri yifianis colis monaTxrobic: `igi swrafad laparakobda da metad
cocxali kaci iyo. (magram amave dros m.k.) iyo mdumare, sevdiani. SeeZlo
mTeli dReobiT xma ar amoeRo~ (masalebi... 1922: 245).
baraTaSvilis aseTi sevda metad waagavs Caild paroldis cnobil, uZiro
sevdas, garTobaTa Soris rom isadgurebda mis sulSi. mTeli XIX saukune,
romantizmis epoqa, moicva am ganwyobilebam. haroldis mosasxami qarTvel
poetsac metad Rirseulad ebura.
baraTaSvilis skolis megobrebi levan meliqiSvili, mixeil TumaniSvili,
konstantine mamacaSvili, giorgi erisTavi da sxvebi mTeli cxovrebis man-
Zilze mis gverdiT iyvnen. poeti, skolis damTavrebis Semdegac, gansakuTre-
biT maxloblobda dimitri yifianTan, romlis ojaxSi igi xSiri stumari iyo
da iq gamarTul saRamoebze kiTxulobda Tavis poetur Sedevrebs.
47


magram mTeli qarTuli sazogadoebis TavSeyris centri iyo aleqsandre
WavWavaZis ojaxi. al. WavWavZe xom pirveli poeti iyo da, amave dros, brwyin-
vale generali da evropulad ganaTlebuli pirovneba. misi mSvenieri asulebi,
nino, ekaterine, sofio, ganTqmulni silamaziT da aRzrdiT, izidavdnen im
periodis axalgazrdobas.
`Cvens ojaxs gansakuTrebiT kargi damokidebuleba hqonda aleqsandre
WavWavaZis ojaxTan~, _ igonebs poetis da, barbare veziriSvili (masalebi...
1922: 241).
ekaterine poetis Tanatoli iyo. igi daibada 1816 wlis 19 marts, xolo ni-
kolozi _ 1816 wlis 22 noembers. isini bavSvobidan TanSezrdilni da megob-
rebi iyvnen.
nikoloz baraTaSvili al. WavWavaZis literaturul salonSi kiTxulobda
yvela Tavis nawarmoebs. aq ikribeboda Tbilisis ganTqmuli sazogadoebis na-
Rebi, romelic warmarTavda literaturul cxovrebas.
grigol orbelianisa da al. WavWavaZis maxlobloba zrdida da warmar-
Tavda nikoloz baraTaSvilis literaturul gemovnebas.

* * *

baraTaSvilis poeturi STagonebani

baraTaSvilis Tanamedrove biografebi eridebian im qalTa saxelebis
xsenebas, romlebic warmoadgendnen poetis muzas. am mxriv bevrad mets iZleva
TviT poetis literaturuli memkvidreoba _ rogorc leqsebi, aseve piradi
werilebi.
ratom duman biografebi am sakiTxze da mxolod zogad frazebSi Semoi-
farglebian? amis mizezi gaxldaT qarTuli sazogadoebriv-eTikuri normebi
da maTdami pativiscema. sazogadoebis cnobil da didebul qalbatonebs da
maT STamomavlebs ar akadrebdnen Tundac imas, rom odesRac poetis STago-
nebani iyvnen, rom hqondaT bedniereba didi poetis siyvarulis saganni gamx-
dariyvnen, da, miT ufro, maTac hqonodaT sapasuxo, Tundac gaubedavi, mduma-
rebiT daTrgunuli grZnoba. intimur grZnobebze laparaki miuRebeli iyo.
istoriam mainc amoativtiva am qalTa saxelebi.
`pirveli misi siyvaruli iyo n. o.-is qali (nino orbeliani m.k.), romel-
sac uZRvna leqsi: `miyvars Tvalebi, mibnedilebi...~, _ wers meunargia
(meunargia 2004: 249). misi sityvebiT: `erTi mesamedi baraTaSvilis leqsebisa
aris nayofi siyvarulisa da mSvenierebis, ekaterine WavWavaZisa, nino orbe-
lianisa, nino griboedovisa, misi delfina da sxvani Seadgendnen misTvis
daulevel wyaros poeziisas~ (meunargia 2004: 265).
poetis muzaTa Soris aris saxeli delfina labielisa, frangi qaliSvi-
lisa moqalaqeTa wridan, vin icis, ra gzebiT gadmoxvewilisa saqarTveloSi
ojaxTan erTad (`mebulkis qali~ _ i. meunargia) (meunargia 2004: 250). del-
finam SeZlo moexibla poeti Tavisi gansakuTrebulobiT, ucxoobiT, sinaziT,
da Soreuli qveynidan, sul sxva samyarodan gamoyolili Taviseburi, daxve-
wili TvisebebiT. `rad mcinareb, Cemis bedis varskvlavo~... am ucxo qveynis
qaliSvils `mocimcime~ `bedis varskvlavs~ uwodebs poeti, misadmia miZRvnili
leqsi `Cems varskvlavs~ (maunargia 2004: 250).
poetis erT-erTi adreuli gataceba iyo qeTevan Salvas asuli erisTavi,
romelsac eZRvneba leqsi `qeTevan~ (1835).
magram yvelaze mTavari siyvarulis sagani mgosnisa, yvelaze didi gata-
ceba, romelmac Rrmad daamCnia kvali mis gulsa da cxovrebas, rogorc cnobi-
lia, iyo XIX saukunis ulamazesi qalbatoni, ekaterine WavWavaZe-dadianisa,
48



romlisadmi siyvaruli aRbeWdilia tragizmiTa da, sabediswero tkivilebiT.
poetis sasiyvarulo lirikis saukeTeso Sedevrebi dakavSirebulia ekaterine
WavWavaZis saxelTan.
da bolos, sikvdilis win sul ramdenime TviT adre, kidev erTi saxeli gai-
elvebs poetis STagonebaTa Soris. ucxo da mivardnil mxareSi, naxeCevanSi ga-
dasaxlebuli poeti Sexvdeba xanis mSvenier asuls, gonCa-begums, romlis is-
torias igi didi mRelvarebiT aRwers werilSi maiko orbelianisadmi (werili:
`9-s Tebervals, 1845, q. naxeCevaniT~) (baraTaSvili 1968: 194).
poetis erT-erTi bolo nawarmoebic, `madli Sens gamCens, lamazo~..., misi
niWis bolo gaelveba, dakavSirebulia im ganwyobilebebTan, gonCa-begumis
mSvenierebas rom STaugonebia poetisaTvis (`xanis qalia, Zalian lamazi da
mariliania~, _ wers poeti maiko orbelians).
Taviseburi da gansxvavebulia es bolo satrfialo istoriac, bolo gata-
cebac poetisa, iseve rogorc yvela sxva, CvenTvis cnobili sasiyvarulo is-
toriebi nikoloz baraTaSvilisa.
ra gatacebebi arsebobda kidev, ra ipyrobda poetis gulis saidumlo xve-
ulebs, ra aZlevda stimuls mis sulSi dagrovil did, maRal vnebebs gadmoRv-
riliyo ukvdav striqonebad, Cven ar viciT.
Cven ar viciT, romeli mzeTunaxavi iyo leqsis `Rame yabaxzed~ poeturi
STagoneba... vin aris _ `satrfoT maraqa~ baraTaSvilisa?
qeTevan erisTavi 16 wlis asulia, roca mas poeti uZRvnis leqss `qeTevan~
(1835). `amboben, maT erTmaneTi yvarebiaTo~, _ gamoJonavs gaubedavi, gakvriT
naTqvami fraza poetis TanamedroveTagan.
ramdenad xanieri iyo es grZnoba, poetis biografia amaze dums, xolo
ramdenad Rrma _ amis Sesaxeb TayvaniscemiT gamoTqmuli poeturi striqone-
bi metyveleben.
esec kia, rom qeTevani poetis megobari yofila, romlisTvisac mas Tavisi
xeliT gadawerili `vefxistyaosani~ da Tavisi leqsTa kreba uCuqebia. orive
damwvara sabediswero xanZris dros 1876 wels.
qeTevani elizbar erisTavze ZaliT gaaTxoves. `dedas ar undoda mamaCve-
nis, elizbar erisTavis SerTva; mdidari kaci yofila da mSoblebs Zalad gau-
tanebiaT~, _ ityvis Semdgom qeTevanis qaliSvili, nino qobulaSvili (abzia-
niZe 1940: 380; lolaSvili 1968: 84).
amboben, rom arc ekaterines undoda maincdamainc daviT dadianze gaTxo-
veba, magram dedoflis gvirgvini da mdgomareoba iyo is didi safuZveli, ro-
melic maRal grZnobas gadaswonida cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi... magram Wav-
WavaZis asuls qorwilis dros guli Seuwuxdao, dairxa Cumi xmebi (ingoroyva
1968: 49). xolo biografebi mravali wlis Semdeg ityvian, poets `ar umarT-
lebdao siyvarulSi~. an ki, ra gasakviria, mas ar hqonda arc simdidre, arc Ta-
namdeboba da arc gansakuTrebuli silamazeo. igi xom koWli iyo, da amiT
bedisweram bairons daamsgavsa.
Cven ki vfiqrobT, arazustia biografTa aseTi varaudi.
poetis sulieri Tvisebebi, elvare niWi, RvTiuri energia da siyvarulis
sruliad gansakuTrebuli, Cveulebriv adamianTaTvis miuRweveli Zala, mom-
nusxavad moqmedebda adamianebze. poetis xateba yvela im qalisaTvis, romel-
Ta gulebs igi Seexo, dauviwyari iqneboda samaradisod. albaT, esec iyo
mizezi, rom es adamianebi verasodes grZnobdnen Tavs bednierad meuRleTa
gverdiT. arc qeTevan da arc ekaterine, romelTa biografia am mxriv cnobi-
lia da dafaruli araferia, ar iyvnen bednierni qorwinebiT.
ekaterine saTuTad inaxavda poetis leqsebs, sakuTar Svilebs da maxlob-
lebs uambobda poetis Sesaxeb didi siyvaruliTa da mowiwebiT. sikvdilis win
erTi wliT adre, 1881 wels, dedofals ewvia iona meunargia (meunargia 1957:
49


192), romelsac man bevri ram uambo poetis Sesaxeb da gadasca baraTaSvilis
xuTi ucnobi leqsi. 1882 wlis 13 agvistos ekaterine gardaicvala. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT meunargiam gamoaqveyna gaz. `kavkazSi~ ( 249-251) vrceli narkvevi
samegrelos dedofalze, xolo `iveriaSi~ (1882, 4-5) - `xuTi, jereT ar da-
beWdili leqsi baraTaSvilisa~. es leqsebia: `Zia g-sTan~ (1836), `Rame yabaxzed~
(1836), `na... fortepianozed momRerali~ (1841), `cisa fers~ (1841) da `ros
bednier var~... (1841).
ekaterinesadmia miZRvnili agreTve leqsebi: `Tavadis W... Zis asuls, ek...
nas (1839), `sayure~ (1839), `ros bednier var~ (1841), `satrfov, maxsovs~ (1840),
`suli oboli~ (1839), `aRmoxda mnaTi~ (1840), `ar ukiJino, satrfoo~ (1841).

* * *
dueli

poets mouxda cxovreba nikoloz pirvelis xanaSi. es iyo periodi ruseTis
istoriaSi, roca niWi da Tavisuflebismoyvareba gansakuTrebulad idevnebo-
da da ixSoboda. es iyo umkacresi periodi, romelmac imsxverpla ruseTis in-
teligenciis saukeTeso nawili. gavixsenoT dekabristebis ajanyeba da masTan
dakavSirebuli garemoebani, roca moceles eris moazrovne saukeTeso nawili,
magram araferi ar Seedreba im danaSauls sakuTari eris winaSe, romelic
Caidines puSkinisa da lermontovis mkvlelobiT. maTze cota adre amave mefis
reJimisa da politikis simkacres emsxverpla griboedovi, romelic, aseve, gu-
liT sZulda despot imperators. arc erTi es mkvleloba SemTxveviTi ar
yofila. arc baraTaSvilis sikvdili iyo SemTxveviTi, igi warmoadgenda kanon-
zomier Sedegs im meToduri devnisas, romelic poetis mimarT mudmivad
xorcieldeboda. baraTaSvilis devna da sikvdili Zalian hgavs im devnas,
romelsac ganicdida am xelmwifis saidumlo samsaxuris moxeleTagan puSkini
da lermontovi, maTi mkvlelobiT rom dasrulda. dRes cnobilia orive am
poetis mimarT warmoebuli intrigaTa xlarTebi, dakavSirebuli samefo admi-
nistraciasTan. ruseTSi ori geniosi mokles dueliT, romelic inspirire-
buli iyo mefis xelisuflebis mier, xolo mesame RvTiT STagonebuli poeti,
damonebuli qveynis Svili, imave beds gaiziarebs ucnaur viTarebaSi sikvdi-
lisa, rogorc is ori dampyrobeli eris Tavisuflebismoyvare maRali sulebi.
baraTaSvilis mimarTac duelSi mkvlelobis cdis imave meTods mimarTes,
mxolod _ uSedegod. dasturdeba, rom ilia orbelianisa da baraTaSvilis am
ucnaur duels, swored iseTs, rogoric iyo lermontovis dueli (isic
megobarTan sagangebod wakidebas mohyva), aSkara wamqezeblebi hyavda. kerZod,
poetTan, sagangebod damegobrebuli rusi oficeri, romelic aSkara moTave
iyo am duelisa. igi gaxldaT vinme matinovi, romelic yvelanairad cdilobda
dueli ise Catarebuliyo, rom msxverpli gamoewvia. es ubedureba maSin poets
Tavidan aacila misma megobarma levan meliqiSvilma. man TviT baraTaSvilTan
SeTanxmebiT, matinovisagan uCumrad, yalbi tyviebiT datena dambaCebi da
biZa-disSvili sikvdils gadaarCina. rogorc cnobilia, lermontovs ar hyavda
gverdiT aseTi erTguli megobari, romelic mas aSkara mkvlelobisagan ixs-
nida. baraTaSvilisa da ilia orbelianis dueli moxda 1841 wlis Semodgomaze,
xolo lermontovis mkvleloba _ 1841 wlis 15/23 ivliss piatigorskSi.
TviTon matinovs uTqvams Semdeg romeliRac megobrisaTvis, Tu rogor
gangeb aCaRebda SuRls biZa-disSvils Soris, ramac dueli gamoiwvia.
ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb sol. caiSvili: `samwuxaro duels xels uwyobda
erTi sapioris oficeri, vinme matinovi, romelic iona meunargias poetis me-
gobarTa Soris hyavs dasaxelebuli. erTs uTariRo baraTSi romeliRac mego-
bari carskoe selodan swers ilia orbelians, rom masTan TviTon matinovs
50



uambnia, Tu rogor gaxda is am ganxeTqilebis mizezi. ` (laparakia matinov-
ze) , ...~ (cssa,
Zsg, saqme 9254). ase rom, amgvar sabediswero `ganxeTqilebaTa~ gaCaRebaSi ro-
gorc TviTonve uTqvams, matinovi imdenad daxelovnebuli yofila, rom lamis
biZa-diswulic ki emsxverpla misgan dagebul maxes~ (caiSvili 1954: 470).
duelis adgili unda yofiliyo orTaWalis baRebi, riye da madaTovis
kunZuli, orbelianTa ubnis ukan, mtkvris piras.
levan meliqiSvilis naambobi Cawerili hqonia i. meunargias ubis wignakSi,
ai, dawvrilebiT es teqstic:
... `n. baraTaSvili megobrobda erTs maRalaSvils, romelic agreTve ena-
mware da damcinavi iyo. igi xSirad ajavrebda raRacaze ilia orbelians. am
dacinvaSi xandaxan tatoc waexmareboda xolme maRalaSvils. orbelianma did-
xans iTmina, magram bolos, moTminebidan gamosulma, gadaswyvita pirvelsave
SemTxvevaze gamoewvia duelSi maRalaSvili. male megobarTa Cveulebrivi
Sekrebac moxda, magram im saRamos raRac SemTxvevis gamo maRalaSvili ar mo-
sula. iliam javri tatoze iyara. duelSi gamoiTxova. jer xumrobaSi mindoda
CamomerTmia, magram ver movaxerxe. iliam yabardoeli aJatukini (aJatuyo
s.c.) airCia sekundantad, tatom swored is maRalovi. CavediT daniSnul adgi-
lisaken fexiT. rom eWvi ar aeRoT. me SuaSi mivdiodi, aqeT-iqiT ilia da tato.
me davuwye laparaki da daimedeba. iliam mkiTxa: me ki ar gecodebi, ara?!..
piroba aseTi iyo, rom vinc cocxali da uvnebeli darCeboda, imas Tavisi mo-
winaaRmdege WirisufalTan mieyvana. _ ilia maRali maRal goraze davayeneT
da tato dabali _ dabalze. maRalovma morTo... (ar ikiTxeba, waSlilia _
s.c.) da dambaCebi misces. daayenes. `raz, dva~, esroles, erTs gaucudda, fali-
am ifeTqa. ilia gajavrda, egona, rom moatyues. suli Cabera, gatenilia. xe-
laxla wamali daayares. tatosac xelaxla gautenes da esroles. tato waiqca
gangeb. ilia Sewuxda. dambaCebi utyviod iyo gatenili...~ (caiSvili 1954: 469).
ilia orbelians egona, rom mohkla Tavisi sayvareli diswuli da saso-
warkveTili mivarda, SiSiT atanili daixara da jibis axlo xeli moavlo miwa-
ze ganrTxmuls. da aq cnobili xumroba gaisma poetisa:
`_ ai! qiSmiSi maqvs! jibidan ar amomacalo! _ daiZaxa uecrad gangeb waq-
ceulma baraTaSvilma.
_ ui, Sen dagwyevlos... Se SeCvenebulo, guli rad gamixeTqeo, _ iyo xma
orbelianisa! (gagonili lev. meliqiSvilisa da niko erisTavisagan) (meunargia
2004: 253).
ai, am keTili da Sexumrebuli kilos gamo xdeboda, rom biografTa TvalSi
es saSineli incindenti kargavda Tavis namdvil mniSvnelobas da moklebuli
iyo im siRrmiseul analizs, romelic faqtebis miRma aSkarad gamosWvivis.
moyvanili masalidan naTeli xdeba, rom baraTaSvilsa da mis gulubryvi-
lo biZas sagangebod aqezebda erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg vinme matinovi, vfiq-
robT, specialuri misiiT mogzavnili poetTan samegobrod misTvis xifaTis
mosatanad.
ilia orbelians gansakuTrebiT SeuCines vinme maRalaSvili, poetis amxa-
nagi, magram mTavari iyo baraTaSvilze gadatana aqcentisa. swored am mati-
novis damsaxureba unda iyos, rom im dros, roca maRalaSvili iq ar iyo, da iq-
neb specialuradac gaarides, ise rom amas rogorc Cans, veravin mixvda. orbe-
lianma kategoriulad moiTxova dueli Seuracxmyofelisagan. igi matinovis
mcdelobis Sedegad am droisaTvis ise iyo ukve anTebuli, rom aucileblad
unda gamoewvia duelSi erT-erTi da maRalaSvilis nacvlad mas mouyvanes,
zvarakiviT Sesawiravad misi sakuTari diswuli, misi sisxli da xorci. ai,
intrigebis cecxls rogori ukompromiso moqmedeba SeuZlia! amrigad, mizani
miRweuli iyo, dueli Sedga, ilia orbelianis sekundantad isev rusis ofice-
51


ri gvevlineba, romelsac Tvalyuri unda edevnebina, rom sworad Sesrulebu-
liyo mkvleloba, magram poeti erTgul megobarTa keTilma Carevam ixsna.
TviTon baraTaSvilmac ymawvilur xumrobaSi gadaatara es samwuxaro incin-
denti da daukarga mas is Seferiloba, romelic mis namdvil arss warmoaCenda.
es sinamdvileSi metad waagavs lermontovis irgvliv datrialebul gare-
moebebs. rogorc baraTaSvilis, ise lermontovis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda er-
Ti gegmiT `amuSavebuli~ jojoxeTuri manqana, romelsac ruseTis imperiaSi
myofi geniosebisTvis sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamohqonda.
sad wavida am incindentis Semdeg matinovi? mas veRar vxvdebiT qarTul
sazogadoebaSi. rogorc Cans, igi, male gawveul iqna saqarTvelodan. am ambi-
dan oTxi wlis Semdeg gardaicvala baraTaSvili, xolo ilia orbeliani bara-
TaSvilis sikvdilidan rva wlis Semdeg. ilias saxelze mosula peterburgidan
(carskoe selodan) werili, romliTac amxanagi, rusis oficeri, SemTxveviT
atyobinebs, rom masTan saubarSi gamotexila Tavis codvebSi matinovi, rom
igi iyo mizezi xsenebuli duelisa. e.i. matinovi am ambidan sakmaod mokle
droSi ukve peterburgSia da iq, boRmiT aRsavse, hyveba Tavis warumatebeli
mcdelobis Sesaxeb. aqedanac Cans, rom matinovi droebiT, specialuri dava-
lebiT yofila movlenili saqarTveloSi im gegmis gansaxorcieleblad, rome-
lic ukve SemuSavebuli hqonda saxelmwifos saidumlo samsaxurs poetebis
mosakvdineblad da romelic sul mcire xnis win, ramdenime TviT adre, ukve
warmatebiT gamoiyenes lermontovis mimarT. im dros, rodesac baraTaSvilis
dueli Catarda, lermontovi sul ramdenime Tvis mkvdari iyo. igi ivlisSi
mokles, xolo imave 1841 wlis Semodgomaze. igive xvedrs umzadebdnen
baraTaSvils.
nikoloz pirvelis xelisufleba ver itanda cocxal geniosebs. isini mas
awuxebdnen, suls uxuTavdnen da igi maT metad ostaturad da Tavxedurad
iSorebda Tavidan. samive dueli sami udidesi poetisa moxda mis mefobaSi da
samives irgvliv intrigaTa qselis Zafi monarqis administraciamde midis.
amrigad, duelma warumateblad Caiara da baraTaSvils kidev oTxi wlis
sicocxle aCuqa. am xnis ganmavlobaSi igi wers `merans~ (1842) da `sulo bo-
rotos~ (1843). agreTve leqsebs: `sumbuli da mwiri~ (1842), `rad hyvedri
kacsa` (1842), `miyvars Tvalebi~... (1842). `SeviSrob cremlsa~ (1843), `Cinari~
(1844). xolo 1841 wels ki iwereba leqsebi: `vpove taZari~, `ar ukiJino satr-
foo~, `ros bednier var~, `cisa fers~... Cven ar viciT, es leqsebi duelis Sem-
deg daiwera Tu manamde, magram raodenad gaRaribdeboda qarTuli litera-
tura, baraTaSvils rom ar darCenoda es brwyinvale margalitebi Cveni
mwerlobisa.
bedis ironiiT, swored ilia orbelianis saxels ukavSirdeba sababi `me-
ranis~ Seqmnisa, maT Soris iyo didi siyvaruli, romelic aZlevda poets aseT
sababs da es moxda duelidan sul erTi wlis Semdeg. duelis saqme ise iyo
mowyobili, rom mas win araferi ar unda dadgomoda. SerCeuli iyo kadrebic,
ilia orbeliani, SesaniSnavi vaJkaci, gamocdili meomari da brwyinvale msro-
leli. mis tyvias, cxadia, msxverpli ver gadaurCeboda. isic gaTvlili iyo,
rom baraTaSvili, Tuki dueli sworad Catardeboda, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
esroda Tavis biZas, misi tyvia aucileblad haerSi wavidoda, xolo wyenisagan
gonebadakarguli biZa Tavis diswuls Sig gulSi daumiznebda da moartyamda
tyvias. es yvelaferi ase unda momxdariyo.
am mzakvruli CanafiqrisaTvis ilia orbeliani SerCeuli iyo sagangebod,
igi gansakuTrebul vaJkacobasTan erTad, gamoirCeoda gulubryvilobiT. man
analizi ver gaukeTa situacias, romelic irgvliv Seiqmna da uazrod mihyva
mas. ilias axasiaTebda uecari afeTqeba, gaguliseba, roca adamiani sinamdvi-
les analizs veRar ukeTebs da instinqtebiT moqmedebs. xolo roca gons moe-
52



go, ra naxa sakuTari, sayvareli disSvili Zirs ganrTxmuli, maSinRa gamoerkva
gonebisdamabnelebeli sibrazisagan. msgavsi saqcieli SeuZlebelia mosvloda
grigol orbelians, an levan meliqiSvils. ase zustad iyo SerCeuli da gaTv-
lili xasiaTi im pirisa, romelic brma iaraRad unda gamoeyenebinaT am Sav-
bneli gegmis Sesasruleblad.
amgvarad, baraTaSvilis mkvlelobis warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg,
daiwyo axali gzebis Zieba misi sicocxlis Sesamokleblad.

* * *
poetis sikvdili

ra iyo ZiriTadi da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani movlena poetis cxov-
rebaSi gimnaziis dasrulebis Semdeg, garda am duelisa? biografebi mogviTx-
roben im uRimRamo cxovrebaze, romelic sufevda imdroindel TbilisSi da
romelSiac mouxda Tavisi xanmokle cxovrebis gatareba poets, romelic sana-
qebod asrulebda movaleobas Cinovnikisas, magram dawinaurebas ki TiTqmis
ver eRirsa. ` !~, _ ambobdao stolonaCalniki,
vinme ilinski (meunargia 2004: 254). xedavT, ra did momavals uqadda poets
Turme ruseTis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi yofna. magram, miuxedavad sanaqebod
Sesrulebuli moxelis movaleobisa, baraTaSvili samsaxurSi win ver midioda.
ratom xdeboda ase? nuTu yvelaferi SemTxveviTi iyo? srulebiTac ara,
ruseTis imperiaSi niWis devna SemTxveviT ar xdeboda, igi yovelTvis metad
miznobrivi iyo. aseve miznobrivad xdeboda baraTaSvilis devna, damcireba,
misi niWis CaxSoba wvrili moxelis Tanamdebobaze, gaWirvebaSi, gansacdelSi,
usiamovnebebSi. ratom CamoSorda ase adre yovelgvar samsaxureobriv mova-
leobebs meliton baraTaSvili, manamde saukeTeso Semsrulebeli Tavis maRal
TanamdebobaTa, mefis kancelariis erTguli moxele, rusulis saukeTesod
mcodne, niWieri da gavleniani kaci? man yvelaferi erTbaSad dakarga, ise rom
arc ki gaugia, ratom moxvda igi gariyulTa Soris. am gariyviT xom mas auta-
nel siRaribeSi da gansacdelSi agdebdnen da amiT ormagad aviwroebdnen mis
uniWieres vaJiSvils, romelsac ojaxis gamokvebaze unda ezruna da ara saku-
Tari niWis srulyofaze da eris aqtiur samsaxurze?
1837 wlis ianvarSi mokles aleqsandre puSkini, xolo imave wlis Semodgo-
maze, oqtomberSi, imperatori gamoemgzavra saqarTveloSi dapyrobili qvey-
nis ukeT dasamorCileblad, amave dros mas undoda mietyuebina Samili, magram
Samilis xelSi Cagdeba ver moxerxda da xelmwife ukmayofilo gabrunda
saqarTvelodan.
1839 wels daiwera `bedi qarTlisa~ da unda vifiqroT, rom am periodidan
poetis devnam gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi miiRo, amave devnis Sedegi unda iyos
1841 wels Catarebuli duelic.
1844 wlis noembris bolodan 1845 wlis 20 martamde baraTaSvili naxeCe-
vanSia, mazris mmarTvelis moadgilis Tanamdebobis aRmsruleblad. magram
igi am Tanamdebobazec ki ar daamtkices da misTvis sruliad moulodnelad
ukan gaiwvies, TbilisSi, Tavis Zvel samsaxurSi, kancelaristad. misTvis es sa-
Sineli dartyma iyo. SemorCenilia misi moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo gubernatoris saxelze 1845 wlis 10 maisiT daTariRebuli, sadac igi
wers mis mimarT Cadenili usamarTlobis Sesaxeb, rom igi iZulebiT, misi
survilis winaaRmdeg daabrunes Tavis Zvel samsaxurSi.
isev iwyeba samsaxuris Zebna. saxlSi mama loginadaa Cavardnili dambliT,
mcirewlovani ususuri debi, gaWirvebaSi da valebSi Cavardnili ojaxi mZime
tvirTad awveba poetis mxrebs. didi mcdelobis Sedegad, naTesav-megobarTa
farTo wris daxmarebiT, Zlivs iSova Telavis mazris mmarTvelis moadgilis
53


Tanamdebobis Semsruleblis adgili. am Tanamdebobaze is dainiSna 1845 wlis
24 maiss, magram kvlav ucnaur garemoebaTa gamo, igi aRar miemgzavreba
TelavSi. mas sTavazoben sxva samsaxurs, gansakuTrebiT saxifaTos da
sabedisweros.
biografebi gadmogvcemen, rom ivnisis pirvel ricxvebSi poeti Sexvda
mamuka orbelians, romelic daniSnuli iyo ganjis mmarTvelad da swored man
SesTavaza poets Tavis moadgiled ganjaSi gamgzavreba. poeti daeTanxma.
sabediswero iyo es Tanxmoba. igi umalve, ivnisSi, saswrafod daamtkices am
Tanamdebobaze.
ganjis mZime, malariiT gaJRenTili hava gaxda mizezi baraTaSvilis wina-
morbedis sikvdilsa am Tanamdebobaze, poetisTvisac sruliad gamiznulad
iyo ganzraxuli gadasaxlebis es umZimesi adgili, romelic mas `nebayoflo-
biT~ samsaxurad unda mieRo.
1845 wlis ivnisis bolos baraTaSvili ganjas Cavida. zafxulis Tveebi gan-
sakuTrebiT mZime da xaSmiani iyo ganjaSi. ivlis-agvistoSi igi ZiriTadad
muruTSi imyofeboda. muruTi 15 kilometriTaa moSorebuli ganjidan, magram
poeti kidev ufro mivardnil da miyruebul adgilebSi mogzaurobda, radgan
mamuka orbeliani ZiriTadad TbilisSi imyofeboda. mTeli simZime muSaobisa
baraTaSvilze gadadioda.
Cven ar viciT, sad cxovrobda poeti ganjaSi, magram, aRwerilobis Tanax-
mad, mazris mmarTvelis sacxovrebeli adgili warmoadgenda erTs ubadruk
qoxs, raRa unda yofiliyo misi moadgilis bina?
baraTaSvili avad gaxda mZime malariiT da avadmyofi iZulebuli iyo mTa-
sa da RreSi evlo da edevna gayaCaRebuli brboebisaTvis.
23 seqtembers ukve avadmyofi, igi iZulebulia sofel salaralSi wavides,
xolo 25 seqtembers maRali sicxiT loginad Cavardeba. misi avadmyofoba or
kviras grZeldeba, 25 seqtembridan 9 oqtombramde. igi gardaicvala xurve-
biT, _ ase gvauwyeben sabuTebi. rogor aResrula igi am saSinel siRatakeSi,
yvelasagan mitovebuli, uTvistomo, Raribul qoxSi, mxolod zogadi fraze-
biTaa gadmocemuli.
nikoloz baraTaSvili gardaicvala 9 oqtombers Zveli stiliT, axali
stiliT 21 oqtombers, igi daasaflaves ganjaSive, marTlmadidebelTa ekle-
siis galavanSi, dautirebeli naTesav-megobarTagan. saqarTvelodan mis dakr-
Zalvas aravin daswrebia. misi gardacvalebidan meore wels, 1846 wels, poetis
obol saflavs qva daado misma sayvarelma biZam da megobarma ilia
orbelianma.
gaqra poetis arqivi ganjaSi: arc nawerebi, arc piradi werilebi, miwer-
mowera naTesav-megobrebTan, ganjis periodis Semoqmedeba STamomavlobas ar
darCenia, aravin icis maTi bedi, arsad SemorCenila arc cnoba maT Sesaxeb.
ganvlo drom. baraTaSvilis gamo sevda qarTul sazogadoebaSi araTu
neldeboda, aramed TandaTan ufro sacnauri xdeboda.
magram daiwyo saqarTveloSi `ciskris~ gamocema, romelSic pirvelad ga-
moqveynda poetis leqsebi. 1852 wlis meoTxe nomerSi daibeWda: `bulbuli
vardzed~, `Cemi locva~, `qali~, (`rad hyvedri kacsa~), `sulo boroto~. 1858
wels ganaxlebuli `ciskari~ kvlav iwyebs poetis nawarmoebTa beWdvas, mecxre
nomerSi ibeWdeba `bedi qarTlisa~, xolo 1860 wels _ `Cems merans~ ( 6).
poetis pirveli krebuli 1876 wels gamovida. qarTul sazogadoebaSi
TandaTan imatebs interesi baraTaSvilisadmi, magram misi namdvili Secnoba
da aRiareba ilia WavWavaZis saxels ukavSirdeba. iliam 1858 wels peterburgSi
yofnisas ekaterine WavWavaZis arqivis meSveobiT gaicno baraTaSvilis Semoq-
medeba, romelmac masze sruliad gansakuTrebuli, sulis SemZvreli STabeW-
dileba moaxdina. am periodidan daiwyo baraTaSvilis namdvili, didi aRiare-
54



ba, romelic dRiTidRe Zlierdeboda da Rrmavdeboda XIX saukuneSive. bara-
TaSvili gadaiqca mTeli qarTveli eris saTayvano poetad. igi geniosad
aRiares.
ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT 1893 w. 25 aprils poetis neSti gadmoasvenes
TbilisSi da didubis panTeonSi dakrZales.
1938 w. 15 oqtombers baraTaSvili gadasvenebul iqna mTawmindis
panTeonSi.


damowmwbani:

abaSiZe 1893: abaSiZe s. nikoloz melitonis Ze baraTaSvili. J. `mwyemsi~, 5-6,
Tb.: 1893.
abzianiZe 1940: abzianiZe g. n. baraTaSvilis erTi leqsis genezisi, literatu-
ruli matiane, Tb.: saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1940.
baraTaSvili 1922: baraTaSvili n. leqsebi, bedi qarTlisa, werilebi, Tb.: 1922.
baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT, komen-
tarebiT, SeniSvnebiT, Sesavali weriliT. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.
baraTaSvili 2005: nikoloz baraTaSvili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. mogone-
bani, portretis istoria, genealogia, levan TaqTaqiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT.
Tb.: `peg~, 2005.
ingoroyva 1968: ingoroyva p. nikoloz baraTaSvili (narkvevi). wignSi: n. bara-
TaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.
lolaSvili 1968: lolaSvili iv. nikoloz baraTaSvilis literaturuli
memkvidreoba. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1968.
mamacovi 1881a: mamacovi k. nikoloz baraTaSvili (masalebi biografiisaTavis).
gaz. `droeba~, 206, 1881.
mamacovi 1881b: mamacovi k. namdvili cnoba nikoloz baraTaSvilis gardacvale-
bisa. `droeba~, 232, 1881 .
mamacovi 1881g: mamacovi k. kidev nikoloz baraTaSvilis gardacvalebazed.
`droeba~, 237,1881.
masalebi... 1922: masalebi n. baraTaSvilis biografiisaTvis. wignSi: `n. baraTaS-
vili, leqsebi, bedi qarTlisa, werilebi. Tb.: mT. sax.kom.saliteraturi redaqcia,
1922.
masalebi... 1940: masalebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis dabadebis Sesaxeb (literatu-
ruli arqivi). saredaqcio werili~. J. `Cveni Taoba~, 4, 1940.
meunargia 1893: meunargia i. cxovreba da poezia T. n. baraTaSvilisa. gaz.
`iveria~, 85-103, 1893.
meunargia 1954: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi. sol. caiSvilis redaqciiT,
winasityviTa da SeniSvnebiT. t.1, Tb.: samecniero-meToduri kabinetis gamom-
cemloba, 1954.
meunargia 1957: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi. sol, caiSvilis redaqciiT,
winasityviTa da SeniSvnebiT. t. II, Tb.: samecniero-meToduri kabinetis gamomcem-
loba, 1957.
meunargia 2004: meunargia i. cxovreba da poezia nikoloz baraTaSvilisa. wignSi:
qarTuli mwerloba, t. 22. tomis Semdgeneli, redaqtori da bolosityvaobis
avtori m. kakabaZe. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 2004.
mTawmindeli 1885: mTawmindeli z. (zaqaria WiWinaZe). nikoloz baraTaSvili.
1816-1845. z. mTawmindelisa. tf.: 1885.
miqelaZe 1881: miqelaZe vl. nikoloz baraTaSvilis dabadebaze. `droeba~,
234, 1881.
saredaqcio werili 1940: nikoloz baraTaSvilis dabadebis TariRi (1817 w., 15
dekemberi). saredaqcio werili, gaz. `komunisti~, 41, 1940 .
55


raWveliSvili 1936: raWveliSvili qr. axali masalebi nik. baraTaSvilis
biografiisaTvis. gaz. `komunisti~, 312, 1936.
caiSvili 1954: caiSvili sol. SeniSvnebi da komentarebi i. meunargias
gamokvlevaze baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb. wignSi: i. meunargia. qarTveli mwerlebi. t. I,
Tb.: samecniero-meToduri kabinetis gamomcemloba, 1954.
cxviloeli 1893: cxviloeli p. (polieqtor karbelaSvili). nikoloz (tato)
baraTaSvili tfilisis keTilSoblTa saswavleblis IV klasSi. gaz. `iveria~, 79,
1893.
wereTeli 1989: wereTeli ak. `Cemi Tavgadasavali~. rCeuli nawerebi xuT tomad.
t. III, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1989.
WiWinaZe 1919: WiWinaZe z. sol. dodaSvili da nik. baraTaSvili `faruli
sazogadoebis~ winaSe. tf.: 1919.
xundaZe 1937: xundaZe ark. nik. baraTaSvilis biografiisaTvis. `komunisti~,
59, 1937.


Manana Kakabadze

Nikoloz Baratashvili

Biography

Summary

This work presents reinterpretation of Baratashvilis biography in a new way. Many
facts from the writers biography already adopted and established are reanalyzed and ground
for this novelty is given.
In the same 19
th
century according to the records of the contemporary biographers of
the poet, Baratashvilis date of birth was considered November 22 (in the old style), 1816.
In 1940 the poets date of birth was falsified. It was announced to be the year of 1817 and
thus his lifetime covering 27 years instead of 28 years coincided with Lermontovs age. This
was the states diktat. The falseness of this date has been grounded in this study and the
poets traditional date of the birth the year of 1816 has been reestablished.
The existed materials concerning the poets appearance, as well as some facts from the
poets love story have been analyzed anew.
One important novelty of the work is the analysis of the duel between Baratashvili and
Ilya Orbeliani. The significance of this fact has not been properly evaluated in the poets
biographies. It is considered as simple, occasional event. Reasonable grounds are given that
this duel was a part of the poets harassment by authorities that became especially intense
after writing the poem The Fate of Georgia (bedi k'art'lisa) The duel took place in the
autumn of 1841, and Lermontovs murder in a duel occurred in 1841. Based on the analysis
of the facts it became evident that both duels had instigators who acted in a similar way and
were ruled from the authorities. The facts of these two duels and obstacles are completely
similar to each other. They both had the same handwriting. It was Levan Melikishvilis
thoughtful action that saved the poet being sent to his doom by the authorities.
It is well grounded in the work that neither Baratashvilis exile to the town of Ganja nor
his early death were accidental. All these events were ruled by the state machine of Nikolai I
which was skilled in killing a genius.
56



lia kiknaZe

akaki wereTlis naklebad cnobili ori leqsi

qarTveli xalxis usayvarlesma poetma, akaki wereTelma uzarmazari memk-
vidreoba dagvitova _ 1000-ze meti leqsi, dramatuli da prozauli nawar-
moebebi, publicisturi Tu piradi werilebi amitom dResac ki SesaZlebe-
lia misi ucnobi an naklebad cnobili Txzulebis mikvleva siZveleTa saca-
vebSi, Zvel gamocemebsa Tu saojaxo albomebSi.
yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT akakis naklebad cnobil or leqsze, erTia
`xma~ da meore `n. n. durnovos~. pirveli leqsi ar aris Sesuli poetis Txzu-
lebaTa arc SvidtomeulSi da arc TxuTmettomeulSi, meore ki sxva saaTau-
riTa da Tavdapirveli saxiT daibeWda Svidtomeulis II tomSi (gv. 51-52)

.
orive leqsi daculia xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondebSi.
leqsi `xma~ Semonaxulia 2 nusxiT: erTi daculia arqimandrit tarasi kan-
delakis avtograful krebulSi (Q 1635
b
, 72r-74v) saTauriT `akakis ori dau-
beWdavi leqsi~

, meore ki _ kirionis (giorgi saZagliSvilis) fondSi (1459)

da avtoris gareSea. Zveli gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis analitikuri bibliog-
rafiis tomeulebSi `xmis~ gamocemis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar aris

, miu-
xedavad amisa, igi dabeWdila da araerTxel. misi dabeWdvis istoria aseTia:
leqsis pirveli publikacia ganekuTvneba 1916 wels

. igi daibeWda gaz.

`megobarSi~ (gamodioda q. quTaisSi) akakis gardacvalebidan wlisTavze _
1916 wlis 26 ianvars (gazeTi 1916: 2) umkacres sacenzuro pirobebSi. gazeTis
pirvel gverdebze moTavsebulia gancxadebebi poetis panaSvidis Sesaxeb, kita
abaSiZis sakmaod vrceli mimoxilva akakis memkvidreobisa da leqsi `xma~
saTauriT `xalxuri~. sanam am uZveles publikacias vnaxavdiT, vivaraudeT,
rom `xmis~ dabeWdvis gamo an aikrZaleboda gazeTi, an leqsi daibeWdeboda
sagrZnobi SemoklebiT. es marTlac ase gamodga: leqsis 38 strofidan
dabeWdilia mxolod 29 da erT-erTi strofi (35-e) dakoWlebulia _ amo-
Rebulia II taepi. aqedan leqsi gadaubeWdavT J. `ganTiadSi~ 1992 w. (Jurnali
1992: 19-20) aseve, nakluli saxiT, yovelgvari komentaris gareSe. `xma~ dai-
beWda imave wels J. `mnaTobSic~ (WrelaSvili 1992: 155-157) kirionis fondSi
daculi uavtoro nusxis mixedviT

. gamomcemel l.WrelaSvils leqsis

avtoris dasadgenad mouxda poetis sxva leqsebidan identuri mxatvruli
xerxebisa da saxeebis moxmoba, ramac saSualeba misca daedasturebuna akakis
avtoroba. am publikaciis mixedviT daibeWda es leqsi 1999 (akakis krebuli
1999: 129) da 2001 wlebSic (ucnobi akaki 2001: 19)

miuxedavad amdengzis
publikaciisa, leqsi `xma~ naklebadaa cnobili sazogadoebis farTo
wreebisTvis.

cnoba mogvawoda lamara SavguliZem, risTvisac madlobas movaxseneb.

meore leqsia `qarTveli Zeglis win~ (xelmowerilia ase: `qarTveli~) da dabeWdilia akakis
TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulSi.

madlobiT movixsenieb erovnuli samecniero biblioTekis TanamSromlebs nunu abuaS-

vilsa da nana baRaTurias, romlebmac guldasmiT eZebes leqsi analitikuri bibliografiis
tomeulebSi.

cnoba mogvawoda i. evgeniZem, risTvisac madlobas movaxseneb.

madlobiT movixsenieb el. bubulaSvils am cnobis mowodebisTvis.

wignSi miTiTebulia, rom aq dabeWdili `xmis~ dedania gaz. `megobarSi~ arsebuli publi-
kacia, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereba. Zveli publikacia Semoklebulia (9 strofiT), wignSi ki
leqsi sruladaa warmodgenili.
57


mivubrundeT `xmis~ uZveles, 1916 wlis publikacias. rogorc ukve aRvniS-
neT, igi daibeWda sagrZnobi SemoklebiT. ra iyo amis mizezi?
`xma~ mkveTri JReradobis leqsia, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze
mkveTri akakis qmnilebebs Soris. masSi asaxulia viTareba, romelic sufevda
rusebis mier dapyrobil saqarTveloSi da rac didad awuxebdaT qarTvel
mamuliSvilebs, maT Soris akakis. rusifikatoruli reJimi, romelic spobda
yovelive erovnuls, tradiciuls, moralurs da amkvidrebda urwmunoebas,
nihilizms, Ralats, gautanlobas da monur morCilebas, iZulebuls xdida
qveynis bedze mofiqral adamianebs eZebnaT misi gadarCenis gzebi da pirvel
rigSi ebrZolaT Seryeuli rwmenisa da pativaxdili mSobliuri enis ufle-
bebis aRsadgenad. qarTuli ena, gaZevebuli saswavleblebidan da eklesiebi-
dan, `slovenuriT~ icvleboda. gaugebar ucxo enaze swavleba uvicobis
WaobSi Ziravda moswavle axalgazrdobas, rwmenis dakargva ki amoraluri
qmedebebisken, cxovrebis miuRebeli wesebisken ezideboda maT. carizmis reaq-
ciuli saeklesio politikis gamtareblebi siZulviliT iyvnen gamsWvalulni
qarTuli enisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT da yovelnairad uwyobdnen
xels da amarTlebdnen eklesia-monastrebis qonebis mitacebas rusi kleri-
kalebis mier, erovnuli moRvaweebis devnas, Seviwroebas da gadasaxleba-
ganadgurebas. akaki yovelive amas aRwers leqsSi da didad Sewuxebuli gamosa-
vals `saerTo amboxebaSi~ xedavs. igi qarTvel xalxs umaRlesi RvTaebis piriT
aqtiuri moqmedebisken mouwodebs, raTa gauqmebuli avtokefalia, `rac
eklesias iverTa misca msoflio krebama~ aRidginon da egzarqosebi moiSoron.
ai, aseTi mkveTri Sinaarsis gamo daiCexa leqsi `xma~ gaz. `megobarSi~ da
mxolod 29 strofma ixila dRis sinaTle. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom
daklebuli 9 strofis (17-25 strofebi) adgili Tavisuflad, Seuvsebladaa
datovebuli gazeTSi. es redaqciis fandia, rom mkiTxvels naTlad daanaxos,
rogor Sekveca da daamaxinja cenzuram leqsi. aseve Tavisufali adgilia
datovebuli 35-e strofis II taepis SemTxvevaSic (amoRebulia sityvebi
`saerTo amboxebiTa~).
leqsSi dasaxelebulia realuri pirebi: sasuliero seminariis reqtori
germogeni

da pirveli egzarqosi saqarTveloSi Teofilaqte

_ reaqciuli
saeklesio politikis gamtareblebi. `xmaSi~ arsebuli realiebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT leqsi dawerili unda iyos 1898-1900 wlebSi, e.i. jer kidev maSin, sanam
farTo planiT gaiSleboda saqarTveloSi avtokefaliis aRdgenis moZraoba
(1905-1907 wlebi). leqsis dabeWdva im drois mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi
SeuZlebei iyo; akaki, rogorc Cans, arc varaudobda mis dabeWdvas da `xma~
aralegalurad vrceldeboda _ gadadioda xelidan xelSi avtoris miuTi-
Teblad, rom daculi yofiliyo Semoqmedis usafrTxoeba. amis dasturia,
swored, kirionis saarqivo fondSi Semonaxuli nusxa leqsisa, romelic avto-
ris gareSea. nusxas axlavs trofime inasariZis baraTi beWdiT, 1901 w. 21/I, rom
`xma~ ukve waakiTxa Tavis naTlias, rus soloviovs, rogorc sandos, `guliT,
zneobiT _ qarTvels~ da ubrunebs mRvdel-monazon tarasis (kandelaks). eWvi

giorgi efremis Ze dolganiovi. daamTavra novorosiiskis universitetis iuridiuli

fakulteti, Semdeg _ peterburgis sasuliero akademia. 1893 w. Tbilisis sasuliero
seminariis inspeqtoria, 1898 wlidan reqtori (ix. iveria 1898, 8/VIII 169).

rusanovi, saqarTvelos egzarqosi 1817-1821 ww. rusifikatoruli politikis aqtiuri gam-

tarebeli. iyo ganaTlebuli, kargi mqadagebeli, magram mkacri, angarebiani da daundobeli.
ganagebda kalugis eparqias, Semdeg riazanisas. peterburgSi yofnisas maRal ierarqebs
daupirispirda da saqarTveloSi gadmoiyvanes. misi iniciativiT sionis taZarSi SeizRuda
qarTul enaze RvTismsaxureba. igi TviTneburad asxvisebda saqarTvelos eklesiis qonebas,
Tavadac bevri ram miiTvisa. iyo erT-erTi Semoqmedi saeklesio reformisa, ramac imereTSi
1819-1820 w. ajanyeba gamoiwvia.
58



ar aris, rom leqsi `xma~ 1901 wlamdea Seqmnili, qveda zRvaria 1898 w. rodesac
germogeni Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis reqtorad daniSnes.
maSasadame, `xma~ Zalze mniSvnelovani leqsia, romelic mouwodebs qarT-
vel xalxs radikaluri moqmedebiT daibrunos eklesiis damoukidebloba.
akakis kargad esmoda, rom avtokefaliis aRdgena sawindari iqneboda eklesi-
isTvis im mniSvnelovani rolis dabrunebisa, rac mas hqonda saqarTvelos
istoriis manZilze moraluri, kulturuli kategoriebisa da erovnuli
TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. mas mtkiced swamda, rom avtokefaliis
aRdgena didad daexmareboda qveynis damoukideblobis mopovebas.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom akakis es leqsi malulad vrceldeboda da bevrma
arc icoda misi arsebobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, episkoposi leonide (oqro-
piriZe), romelic didad iRvwoda am mtkivneuli problemis mosagvareblad,
1914 wels akakisadmi miweril erT-erT werilSi, romelic xelnawerTa erov-
nul centrSia daculi (akakis f. 525), sTxovs mas, Seqmnas leqsi am Temaze.
werilSi bevri sagulisxmo azria moyvanili imis dasturad, rom qarTveli
moRvaweebis mcdelobebis miuxedavad es mniSvnelovani saqme adgilidan ar
daZrula. moviyvanT citatas: `dRevandlamde naTqvami, nafiqri, dawerili da
gamoqveynebuli avtokefaliis Sesaxeb darComilia martod-marto wignebSi da
Jurnal-gazeTebSi. aramc Tu gulamde, xalxis yuramdinac ver miaRwies am wig-
nebma da Jurnal-gazeTebma~ episkoposma leonidem kargad icis akakis grZne-
uli sityvebis fasi da am azrs ase gamoxatavs: `batono akaki, marto Tqveni
sityva moedeba alad didsa da pataras, marto Tqveni sityva aamoZravebs erT-
sulovnebiT eris talRebs, marto Tqveni subuqfrTiani leqsi CauZvreba sul-
Si qarTvel ers da aamRerebs Tav-Tavis kiloze Tqveni leqsi gauSuqebs
mTel ers avtokefaliis sakiTxs, yvelas Seayvarebs mas guliT da SeTanxmebu-
lad aRZravs didsa da pataras am xelidan waglejili saunjis dasabruneb-
lad~ `Tqveni patara grZneuli leqsi ganaxorcielebs mas~, rac ver SeZles
profesorebis mecnierulma gamokvlevebma da publicistebis cxare werileb-
mao, _ agrZelebs werils avtori da daaskvnis: `aseTi leqsis, aseTi himnis
Seqmnas moiTxovs Tqvengan Tqveni deda eklesia, didebulo mgosano, da ico-
deT, rom aseTi himnis wyalobiT axmaurebul saqarTvelos veRar gaumagrde-
bian Cveni eklesiis monobiT SemboWavi Zalebi~.
aSkaraa, rom episkoposma leonidem araferi icoda avtokefaliis aRsadge-
nad aqtiuri moqmedebisken momwodebeli leqsis Sesaxeb, romelic akakis
Seqmnili hqonda 15-16 wliT adre.
rac Seexeba leqss `n.n.durnovos~, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, isic xelnawer-
Ta erovnul centrSi kirionis fondSia daculi _ episkopos kirionis 1908 w.
18 martis werilSi (341). werilis adresatia mRvdeli ioseb CijavaZe. leqss
kirionis aseTi SeniSvna aqvs: `akakis Semdegi leqsi uZRvnia n.n.durnovosTvis,
romelsac moskovSi Cavlazed xaxanaSvils gadaaTargmninebs da TviTve wau-
kiTxams durnovos~. iqve moyvanilia leqsic mTlianad. sanam leqss ganvixilav-
deT, oriode sityviT SevexoT nik. durnovos pirovnebas.
nik. durnovo, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari, publicis-
ti, gamomcemeli, qvelmoqmedi, ruseTSi cnobili adamiani iyo. Rrma codna
saeklesio kanonebisa da istoriisa, simarTlisa da samarTlianobis erTgule-
ba mizezi gaxda misi dapirispirebisa ruseTis TviTmpyrobelur xelisufle-
basTan. misTvis miuRebeli iyo velikorusuli politika _ xalxTa Cagvra da
damcireba. kirionisa da sxva avtorebis Sromebis gacnobis Semdeg n.durnovo
qarTvelebis, qarTuli kulturisa da eklesiis didi qomagi gaxda. Tavisi wig-
nebiTa da publicisturi werilebiT igi aaSkaravebda ruseTis reaqciul
politikas qarTveli xalxisa da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis winaaRm-
deg, xmamaRla acxadebda 1811 w. qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis
59


arakanonierebas da Tanamemamuleebs Seaxsenebda: `saqarTvelo miendo ru-
seTs, rogorc sulierad monaTesave qveyanas, Torem igi arasdros SeuSvebda
rusebs amierkavkasiis mTebSi, ruseTisTvis ar daRvrida Tavisi Svilebis
sisxls~ (saiTiZe 2002: 71). misi azriT, qarTvelebi sikeTisa da siyvarulis ma-
tarebeli xalxia da gulwrfelad surT rusebisa da qarTvelebis mSvido-
bianad da megobrulad cxovreba. n.durnovo werda egzarqosebis reaqciuli
politikis Sedegebze: qarTul monastrebSi Cakvda disciplina, wesebi, saek-
lesio cxovrebis siwminde, ber-monazvnobis suli eklesias CamoarTves ma-
mulebi, savaneebi. am politikis Sedegad didebuli monastrebi dacarielda,
berebi gadaSendnen, veRarsad SexvdebiT gulmxurvale mqadageblebs da sulis
aRmtac saeklesio galobaso. iqve aRniSnavda qurdebad Seracxuli pirebis
dawinaurebas maRal Tanamdebobebze da aRSfoTebiT askvnida: ` es sircx-
vilia ruseTis eklesiisTvis da mTeli ruseTisTvis. mahmadiani mtarvalebic
ar ayenebdnen aseT Seuracxyofas qarTvel mamebs. amis Semdeg SeiZleba maT
Cven vuyvardeT?~ (saiTiZe 2002: 73). igi aRniSnavda im zaralsac, rac eklesias
miadga avtokefaliis gauqmebis droidan: gauqmda 20-mde saeklesio kaTedra,
daixura 1000-mde monasteri da 600-mde taZari, miTvisebul iqna 140 milioni
Rirebulebis saeklesio qoneba.

n. durnovom araerTi werili miuZRvna Sovinist-reaqcioner i. vostorgo-
vis mxilebas, romelic acxadebda: `aravin ise ar mezizReba, rogorc qarTve-
lebi~, isini ruseTis mtrebi da moRalateebi ariano. man 11 weli dahyo saqar-
TveloSi da siZulviliT gamsWvaluli abuCad igdebda qarTvelebs, qarTul
enas da eklesias. igi TanamzraxvelebTan erTad amkvidrebda azrs, rom saqar-
Tvelos eklesias avtokefalia arasdros hqonia. amis sapasuxod, n. durnovom
weriliT mimarTa konstantinopolis msoflio patriarq ioakim III-s, daedas-
turebina saqarTvelos avtokefalia da dadebiTi dokumentis miRebis Semdeg
gamoaqveyna igi Tavis wignSi `qarTuli eklesiis bedi~ (saiTiZe 2002: 72).
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom n.durnovos azrebsa da Sexedulebebs
dResac ar daukargavT mniSvneloba da Tanamedrove JReradoba aqvT. maga-
liTad, mas maiCnda, rom soxumis eklesia, romlis mrevli iqauri qarTvelebi
da qarTul saeklesio wignebze aRzrdili afxazebi arian, qarTveli samRvde-
loebis xelSi unda iyos da ara ruseTis da rom `arcerT xalxs, ragind didi
iyos igi, ufleba ara aqvs, xeli Seaxos saqarTvelos istoriul miwa-wyals~
(saiTiZe 2002: 75).
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena 1917 w. 12 marts didi sixa-
ruli iyo n. durnovosTvis. Tfilel mitropolit leonidesTan gagzavnil
milocvaSi igi werda: `es dRe erTi ubednieresi dReTagania Cems cxovreba-
Si, romelsac ager 40 welia movelodi vulocav ganTavisuflebas eklesiis
msaxurT da ers~.
n. durnovos damsaxurebas saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe didad afasebdnen
akaki, iakob gogebaSvili, eqv. TayaiSvili, n. mari, T. saxokia. al.cagareli, al.
xaxanaSvili... piradi nacnoboba da sulieri megobroba akavSirebda durnovos
episkopos kirionTan, leonidesTan, ambrosi xelaiasTan kirioni n.durno-
vom misi naSromebiT gaicno da misi gulwrfeli damfasebeli gaxda. igi
kirions `qristesdar~, `mociqulebriv~ moZRvars uwodebda da mis dasacavad
ruseTSi didi kampania gaaCaRa. n. durnovo sinodis mesveurebs afrTxilebda
kirionis xvedri SeemsubuqebinaT (ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli kirioni gausaZlis

magaliTad mohyavs aseTi faqti: gelaTis saxarebis Zvirfasi qvebiT mooWvili yda,
romelSic 1846 w. ingliselebi 60.000 girvanqa sterlings iZleodnen, quTaisis gubernator
levaSovs gauyidia da amJamad graf stroganovis muzeumSi inaxebao (saiTiZe 2002: 75).
60



pirobebSi cxovrobda), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 200000 werils dawerda mis
dasacavad da mTel ruseTSi gaavrcelebda (kiknaZe 2007: 64). kirionic didad
afasebda n.durnovos damsaxurebas saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe da werda:
`gamogviCnda ruseTSi RvTisnieri adamiani n.n.durnovo, romelic uSiSrad
qadagebda Cveni eklesiis avtokefaliazed~ (kiknaZe 2007: 64). akakic, kirio-
nis Tanamzraxveli da pativismcemeli, leqsiT gamoxmaurebia n.durnovos
Rvawls da, rogorc Cans, swored kirionisTvis gaucvnia igi yvelaze adre.
Cven ar viciT, Targmna Tu ara al.xaxanaSvilma es leqsi rusulad (CvenTan
dacul al.xaxanaSvilis arqivSi igi ar aRmoCnda) da saerTod miawvdina Tu ara
xma akakim misi samSoblos did qomags. varaudiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom akaki
Sexvda n.durnovos 1909 w. zafxulSi safrangeTSi gamgzavrebis win moskovSi
yofnisas an 1913 wlis ianvarSi moskovSi moswavle qarTveli studentebis
mier akakisadmi miZRvnil saRamoze da banketze, romelzec miwveuli iyo n.
durnovo da eswreboda kidec.
leqsi `n.n.durnovo~ Seicavs 14 strofs. misi ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba
rusifikatoruli politikis Sedegebis _ qveynad gamefebuli uzneobis, urw-
munoebis, ukanonobisa da usamarTlobis _ mxilebas. ruseTisgan bevri sike-
Tis momlodine da imedgacruebuli poeti uaryofiTi epiTetebiT `amkobs~
rus moxeleebsa da klerikalebs, romlebmac `saqristiano uaryves vali~ da,
miuxedavad amisa, leqss mainc optimisturi JReradobiT amTavrebs, radgan n.
durnovosTana adamianebi miaCnia `gazafxulis winamorbedad~ da `Zmoba-
erTobis~ simbolod.
rac Seexeba `n. n. durnovos~ Seqmnisa da dabeWdvis istorias, igi, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, dabeWdilia poetis TxzulebaTa SvidtomeulSi saTauriT `iona
brixniCovs~ (igi akakis sicocxleSi ar dabeWdila). Seicavs 13 strofs. durno-
vosadmi miZRvnili leqsi aris am leqsis gadamuSavebuli da gavrcobili va-
rianti. kerZod, variantuli cvlilebebia Setanili II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII stro-
febSi. bolo strofi Secvlilia axliT, romelSic gamokveTilia adresati-
sadmi mimarTva, xolo me-7-8 strofebs Soris Camatebulia strofi, romelSic
mkveTri ferebiTaa daxasiaTebuli rusi klerikalebi da maTi sulieri moZR-
vrebi _ egzarqosebi. yvelaferi es iZleva safuZvels, rom `n. n. durnovos~
miviCnioT leqsis saboloo da ZiriTad variantad da swored igi daibeWdos
poetis akademiur gamocemaSi, xolo SeniSvnebSi aRiniSnos misi Seqmnisa da
dabeWdvis istoria. miT umetes, rom saboloo varianti eZRvneba bevrad ufro
Rirseulsa da saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovan pirovnebas, nikoloz durno-
vos, romelic didi mondomebiT iRvwoda Cveni qveynis erovnul moRvaweebTan
erTad saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad.
aqve aRvniSnavT Semdegs: gvaqvs cnoba, rom leqsi `n. n.durnovos~ daubeW-
davs S.gozaliSvils, magram jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT. erT sagazeTo
statiaSi (gozaliSvili 1965: 3). igi msjelobs masze, Tumca iqve ar aqveynebs.
asea Tu ise, `n. n. durnovos~, iseve rogorc `xma~, mxolod mkiTxvelTa viw-
ro wrisTvis aris cnobili da saWiroa vizrunoT, rom isini Sevidnen akakis
TxzulebaTa axal akademiur gamocemaSi.

x m a

1. gars exvevian varskvlavni 2. gars evlebian wmindani
caze amosul mTvaresa! dedofals _ dedaRvTisasa!
SeqaTqaTeben brwyinvales, Segalob-SeRaRadeben
sxivs rom fens aremaresa! madls rom fens qveynad Zisasa

1992, 1999 da 2001 wlebis publikaciebSi SecdomiTaa dabeWdili `misasa~.

61


3. samoTxis karzed qalwuli
damjdara oqros selzeda:
brolis TiTistriT lalis Zafs
arTavs da ixvevs xelzeda

4. kvarTsa qsovs saqarTvelosTvis,
qveyana mis wilxvedria!
da is wyalobac saqveyno
Tamaris Senavedria!

5. rom gaaTavebs xelsaqnars
gadmofens saqarTvelosa
da aayvavebs feradaT,
viT gazafxuli mdelosa!

6. magram es erTi xania
bolos ver abams xelsaqnars!
raRaca uSlis siwmindes,
ukuRma scaravs TiTistars.

7. Tavze adgian dedofals
nino, qeTevan, Tamari,
xorciT yvavili iverTa
da suliT wminda lampari.

8. atirden wminda dedani,
daRonda deda RvTisaca
da SeekiTxa, gangeba
xelSi upyria visaca:

9. `ra mizezia, rom madli
veRar sWris rCeul erzeda
da saqarTvelos vxedavT dRes
sul sxva guneba-ferzeda?~

10. mibrZanda ieso tkbili
da uTxra: `nu swux, dedao,
davfiqrebulvar mravaljer
mec maRliT magazedao!

11. is aRar aris, rac iyo
Seni wilxvedri erio!
imas uSvreba Tavis Tavs,
rasac ver uzams mterio.

12. aRarc xati swams, arc jvari,
arc sadme saswaulio!
da jojoxeTis sibilwiT
gadarecxia gulio.

13. gadaugdia gulidgan
Cemi moZRvreba-mcnebao
da mec sasjelad daudev
iobis moTminebao!~

14. `nu guliswyromiT amxileb
da nuca risxviT swavli maT!~
evedreboden macxovars
qarTvel dedani sul erTxmad.
15. `maTi dacemis mizezi
TviT uwyi, mxsnelo, rac ari!
ucecxloT ZaluZs xes sadme
dahyaros naxSir-nacari?

16. cecxlad moedva qveyanas
bedi, ukuRma mbrunavi!
aRar hyavs Zveli mokeTe,
mfarvel-patroni mzrunavi!

17. rac eklesias iverTa
misca msoflio krebama,
is dRes axada gareSe
Zalam da aoxrebama.

18. aRar hyavs kaTalikozi,
mRvdel mTavar meufrosebi,
maT nacvlad naZaladevaT
dausves egzarxosebi.

19. isini ganZrax ukargven
xalxs rwmena-sasoebasa
da apiroben sxva sjulis
sxvagvarad SemoRebasa.

20. scdiloben, ena qarTuli
gardahqmnan slovenurada,
magram erTTavad ki ara!
nel-nela, eSmakuraTa.

21. Sescvales wesi moZRvrebis,
gadaqmnes TviT saganica,
uarhyves locva qarTuli
da maTi kurTxevanica.

22. ver eRirseba qarTveli
mRvdlobas da monoznobasa,
gind aeyvanos zecamde
is samRvTo madlis gznobasa.

23. Tu slovenurad ar swira
da uars ar hyofs qarTulsa!
ase amboben: qarTuli
arc xorcs argebso, arc sulsa.

24. da am ganzraxviT aages
sxvadasxva semenaria
da maTma mecadinobam
saqristiano aria!

25. iq gaugebar sityvebiT
uvseben yurTa smenasa
da ukrZalaven mowafeT
samSoblo deda-enasa.

26. maTi gazrdili samRvdelo
gza da kvalareulia
arc Sinaurad vargia
da aRarc gareulia!
62




27. xalxs maTi ara esmis ra
ubRvers rogorc mters mtrulada
da eklesiac mis gamo
damxobilia srulada

28. semenariis reqtorad
dResas rom germogenia _
iverTa eklesiisTvis
jojoxeTuri genia _

29. sdevnis qarTvelebs, ar iSlis
TviT maTi sjulis mtrobasa
da am RvawlisTvis moelis
dRe-dRezed mRvdelmTavrobasa

30. maSin ki ufro Tamamad
maxvils aiRebs pilate
da Seiqneba qveynisTvis
meore Teofilakte!~

31. rom moismina iesom
brZana: `ho, sul marTalia!
magram eg yvela xom mainc
xalxisve codva-bralia?

32. Tu TaTrobis dros ki SesZlo
daecva wminda taZari,
dRes mwvaleblobas gulgrilad
raRaT gauRo man kari?
33. Tu ZvelaT Cemi gulisTvis
Tavsac ki sdebda samowmoT,
dRes raRaT aris ugrZnoblaT
auRelveblaT da uxmoT?

34. Wiris amtani gulgrilad
Tavs risTvis udebs satanas?
`eZiebdeT da hpovebdeT~ _
ase ar vamcen qveyanas?

35. aba, eZios imanac
saerTo amboxebiTa
Tu ar ipovnos, raca surs
RvTismSoblis meoxebiTa

36. magram jer kidev im xalxis
grZnoba eSmakis xelSia
da mec imitom Cavagde
iobis gansacdelSia!~

37. `didxans iqneba, ufalo,
mag gansacdelSi qarTveli?~
ekiTxeboda mariam,
qveynis sikeTis mzraxveli.

38. `arao, _ brZana iesom,
mas ixsnis Tqveni fario
da waRma datrialdeba
eg wminda TiTistario~.


n. n. durnovos

1. colic rusi myavs, Svilic rusi myavs
da mec ruseTSi davWaRaravdi,
miyvarda rusi, magram mis nakls ki
aRviarebdi, vera vfaravdi.

2. vuqebdi warsuls, magram awmyoSi
mZulda mTavroba biurokrati
da me rom rusad warmovidgendi,
sxvagvari iyo imisi xati.

3. qristes moyvare, suliT maRali,
gaWirvebulTa xelis Semwyobi,
usamarTloTa da ukuRmarTTa
aRviramsxmeli da damamxobi.

4. viT Cven winaprebs, mec ise myavda
maSin rusoba warmodgenili _
mTel saqarTvelos damxsnel-
mfarvelad
da sasoebiT micemda guli

5. magram ra vnaxe, Cem samSobloSi
roca davbrundi, RmerTo Zliero!
erTgulebis da siyvarulisTvis
gadasaxadi samagiero!
6. zizRi da mtroba! sxva araferi,
devna sastiki xorcis da sulis,
viTomc mtyuani iyos qarTveli
da marTali ki sul is da suli is.

7. rusebs eWiraT suyovelgvari
Cveni cxovrebis asparezebi,
gvajden kiserzed, rogorc saxedrebs
da gverdebs gvWrida maTi dezebi.

8. samRvdeloebas da mis egzarxoss
aebnaT qristes namoZvri kvali,
SehqondaT xalxSi usjuloeba,
saqristiano uarhyves vali.

9. garegnad mRvdlebi, Sinagnad
mglebi
Tavs ar itexdnen qristes mcnebaze
da gamaZRrebi fiqrobdnen mxolod
rogorc Jandrebi, garusebaze.

10. samsjavroebSi aRarsad iyo
aRarc kanoni, arc samarTali
da TviToeul msajulTagansac
garusebisken eWira Tvali.
63


11. aRmzrdelebica Cveni Svilebis
mxolod hfiqrobdnen garusebaze
da ara maTis mowafeebis
grZnoba-gonebis amaRlebaze.

12. me ki vambobdi, rom movlineba
es droebiTi mxolod mexia
momavlisagan velodi sul sxvas
da mainc guli ar gamtexia.

13. vfiqrobdi, mova aw axali dro,
is gagvinaTlebs dRevandel bnelsa
da movelodi me gazafxulis
winamorbeds da maxarobelsa.

14. da ai, marTlac dRes gamogviCndi
kurTxeul iyos Seni WaRara!
da SenTan erTad Zmoba-erTobas
umRers, ugalobs Cemi naRara.



damowmebani:

akakis krebuli 1999: akakis krebuli. I, Tb.: Tsu, 1999.
gazeTi 1916: gaz. `megobari~, 26/I, 94, 1916.
gozaliSvili 1965: gozaliSvili S. akaki wereTlis ucnobi leqsebi. gaz.
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 26/XI, 48, 1965.
kiknaZe 2007: kiknaZe v. samaradiso Saravandedi _ kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-
is cxovreba da moRvaweoba. krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~. Tb.:
2007.
Jurnali 1992: i.eremeiSvilis publikaciebi akakis ucnobi leqsebisa, leqsi
`xalxuri~. J. `ganTiadi~, 11-12, 1992.
saiTiZe 2002: saiTiZe g. qarTvelTmoyvare, rusi _ nikoloz durnovo. `omega~,
12/XII, 38, 2002.
ucnobi akaki 2001: ucnobi akaki (axlad gamovlenili nawarmoebebi). Tb.: 2001.
wereTeli 1940-1959: wereTeli a. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli Svid tomad. Tb.:
1940-1959.
wereTeli 1950-1963: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad,
Tb.:1950-1963.
WrelaSvili 1992: WrelaSvili l. erTi ucnobi leqsis avtoris dadgenisaTvis,
`mnaTobi~, 5-6, Tb.: 1992.


64



Lia Kiknadze

Two Less Known Verses of Akaki Tsereteli

Summary

The article is about Akaki Tseretelis two verses. These verses are Khma (voice) and
Towards N. N. Durno. Khma, wasnt printed in the poets collected papers in fifteen
volumes and not even in the selected papers in seven volumes. The second one, with initial
version and different naming towards Iona Brikhnichov was printed in the seven
selections. Both of these verses are preserved at National Centre of Manuscripts of Georgia.
Khma is a verse of sharp sonorousness. It shows regrettable results of Russification
regime in Georgia the emancipation of church autocephaly, driving out Georgian language
from church, school, settling of nihilism and slavish obedience. Akaki calls for Georgians
to sober and return with general uprising, what Iverian church had been given by world
gathering, e. I. Autocephaly. Poet believes that restoration of autocephaly would be
guarantee of getting independence of the country.
The verse Khma wasnt published during the lifetime of Akaki, it was passed from
people to people without indicating the author and only at the anniversary of of poets death,
on 26 January in 1916, it was printed in newspaper Megobari (a friend). Because of sever
censorship the verse had been shortened, from 39 stanzas, 9 stanzas of the most
sonorousness had been withdrawn and left freely to show sever interference of censorship.
Later khma was printed several times, in spite of this, it was known only for the
philologists of narrow circle.
The verse Towards N. N Durnov is devoted to the outstanding researcher of orthodox
church, publicist and to the charity monger, Nikoloz Durnov. Velikoruski policy was
unacceptable for him oppression of conquered people, humiliation, was the reason of his
opposition towards Russian Government. After the introducing with Georgian past and
culture he becomes a great defender of Georgians. He tried to help them to restore their
autocephaly by his accusatory books and articles. Grateful poet devoted to him the verse, in
which he is considered as the symbol of brotherhood and unity among people. The first
version of the verse (towards Iona Brikhnichov) was treated by Akaki Tsereteli (he made
a versioned change in 6 stanzas and absolutely changed the last stanza). The added a new
one between 7 and 8 stanzas. Hhe even changed the addressee. This gives a basis that a final
version of the verse was printed in a new academic edition and in the remarks was
designated about the verses initial version. The author of the article hopes, that these less
known verses will take their own place in the new academic edition of the works of Akaki
Tsereteli.

65


naTela Citauri

`ornairi swavla~ ilia WavWavaZis
SemoqmedebaSi

mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebis~ CvenTvis kargad nacnobi Teimuraz
xevisTavi XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi Civis: `wignma momtaca rwmenis suli da
mecnierebam damwyvita uflisamde asafreni frTebi... codna da rwmena ver
movarige, erTad ver SevaduRe...~ (javaxiSvili 2000: 92).
iliam adreve igrZno codnisa da rwmenis urTierTdapirispirebis mosa-
lodneli safrTxe; misi fiqris, gasjis sagnad Tavidanve iqca is axali prob-
lemebi, romelTa winaSec qarTveli xalxi aRmoCnda feodalizmis rRvevisa da
kapitalizmis damkvidrebis epoqaSi.
qarTvel kacs mouwevda Cabma im axal brZolaSi, romlis mTavari iaraRi
ganaTlebuli goneba da gonivrulad warmarTuli sistematuri Sroma iyo.
iliam gamoxata Tavisi mkveTri pozicia _ qarTvelebma unda gauZlon am brZo-
las, gadarCnen, magram, rogorc kargma fsiqologma, eris istoriisa da xasia-
Tis mcodnem, icoda, rom qarTvel kacs amisaTvis mouwevda cxovrebis wesisa
da cnobierebis ramdenadme Secvla, rom mas gauWirdeboda kapitalisturi
civilizaciis umTavresi moTxovnebis SeTviseba, codnis, ganaTlebis praqti-
kuli gamoyeneba, realobis zustad aRqma, saRi azrovneba. midioda raindobis,
xmlis, fantaziorobis, fuWi ocnebebis, saxiobobis dro. saWiro iyo fxizeli
goneba da qmedeba...
`exla xmali Taroze unda SevdvaT. aRarafris maqnisia. exla an adli unda
gveWiros xelSi an guTani... exla vaJkacoba unda Sromisa... qveyana imisia, vinc
irjeba, vinc ufro ufrTxildeba naSroms... unda viswavloT droTa Sesafe-
risi samamaconi znenia~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 12).
iliam Tavisi SemoqmedebiTa da moRvaweobiT yvelaferi gaakeTa, rom qar-
Tveli kaci ori Zlieri iaraRiT _ rwmeniT da namdvili, realuri, praqtiku-
lad gamosayenebeli codniT aRWurvili Sexvedroda XX saukunes.
ilias nawerebi qadagebaa imisa, rom qristes moZRvreba iyo qveynis mxsneli
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da ase iqneboda momavalSic. `nuTu ar ici, ras gvam-
cnebda RmerTi jvarcmuli, ros brZana: `viTa mama zecas, iyavn Senc sruli~
(WavWavaZe 1987: 61). `yovelTvis gsmenia CvenTvis jvarcmulis qristes sityva:
`viTa mama zecisa, iyav Sen srulio~ (`erT wams Sens sicocxleSi magisTvis
scdilxar?~ _ mimarTavs ilia luarsab TaTqariZes) (WavWavaZe 1988: 75). ilias
nawerebidan msgavsi citatebis motana usasrulod SeiZleba... poema `gandegi-
lidanac~ aSkaraa, ras niSnavda iliasaTvis da mTeli erisaTvis suliereba,
locva, beris siwminde. berebis `RvawliT am taZris madli mTiulTa Soris
yvelgan ganTqmula... da is adgili, is aremare esoden wmindad swams dResac
ersa~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 256).
meore mxriv, iliam Semoqmedebisa da moRvaweobis dasawyisSive warmoaCina
realuri, praqtikuli, samomavlo saWiroebis codnisa da ganaTlebis arsi.
iliasaTvis namdvili codna _ esaa cnobiereba, romelic emyareba gonebriv,
inteleqtualur, magram ara mxolod wignier, aramed praqtikul SesaZleblo-
bebs. realobis sworad aRqma, movlenebis saRad Sefasebis unari ubiZgebs ada-
mians TviTSemecnebisaken, anu is arkvevs, romelia misi adgili da funqcia am-
qveynad, rogoria misi moralur-zneobrivi kriteriumebi, sad cxovrobs, ro-
goria misi sazogadoeba. amgvari TviTSemecneba pirovnebas aZlevs SesaZleb-
lobas, `WkviT ganWvritos sazogado cxovrebis dena~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 184).
66



realuri codniT aRWurvili, TviTSemecnebadi pirovneba ar aris meryevi,
mtkicea da gawonasworebuli, Camoyalibebulia misi urTierToba sazogadoe-
basTan. yovelive es ki aZlierebs rogorc sakuTari Tavis, aseve RvTis rwme-
nas. haerSi gamokidebuli, arapraqtikuli da arajansaRi, realobas mowyveti-
li codna da ganaTleba aucileblad gandevnis yvelanair rwmenas adamianis
sulieri samyarodan, pirovnebas aqcevs eWvian, gauwonasworebel arsebad
(Teimuraz xevisTavi).
es msjeloba rom abstraqtuli ar gamovides, gavixsenoT ilias nawarmoeb-
Ta personaJebi.
`glaxis naambobis~ mRvdelma, oTaraanT qvrivma, lelT Runiam ician, vin
vin aris, maTTvis yvelaferi garkveulia, isini advilad ar Tmoben poziciebs,
ar arian daeWvebulni, ar cdebian sakuTari SesaZleblobebis, garemos Sefa-
sebaSi. gandegilma ararealurad Seafasa movlenebi, arasworad aRiqva wuTi-
sofeli, codvis, `borotebis sadgurad~ gamoacxada, es cxovreba datova, ro-
gorc pesimistma, magram `ZaliT daviwyebulma~ realobam Tavi Seaxsena... ami-
tomacaa is disharmoniuli pirovneba. amitomac daeWvda arCeuli gzis sis-
woreSi (`gza xsnisa aseTi mergo me, ubedursa~).
saRi azri ersac sWirdeba da bersac. oTaraanT qvrivma icis, rom amqveynad
`virTagvebic~ arian, icis, rom wuTisofeli mkacria da `borotebis sadguri-
caa~, rom `wuTisofels Tu erTxel Tvali mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs, rogorc
didoeli leki nabadsa~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 242), magram es codna kidev ufro aZ-
lierebs rwmenas sakuTari Tavis mimarT. misi RvTisnieroba, uflis rwmena xom
usazRvroa, miuxedavad qvrivis mkacri sityvebisa. amitomac adamianebis tki-
vili stkiva, amitomacaa qvrivis damokidebuleba adamianebTan madli, magram
im realuri codnis gamo, pilpilmoyrili.
WeSmariti da saRia `glaxis naambobis~ mRvdlis codna sazogadoebis Sesa-
xeb. gandegilisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar gaurbis borotebas, ebrZvis mas, ada-
mianebs aswavlis, rogor gamoiyenon wigni, ganaTleba yoveldRiur saqmiano-
baSi (gavixsenoT misi dialogi petresTan). es adamiani xalxis samsaxurs, maT
daxmarebas RvTis samsaxurTan aTanabrebs. `kaci is aris, romelic Tavisi
gonebiT namuSevars xidad gasdebs~, _ ambobs mRvdeli (WavWavaZe 1988: 54).
iliasaTvis marTlac rom faseuli iyo codnis, ganaTlebis praqtikulad
gamoyenebis unari. gavixsenoT arCilisa da giorgis dialogi, cnobili stri-
qonebi `oTaraanT qvrividan~: `uwignod TvalTaxedvis isari moklea da marto
wigniTac sakmaod grZeli ar aris~. giorgis swori xedva, misi Sinagani rwmena
da `guliT gamokvebili~ codna garesamyaros realurad aRqmasa da praqtikul
gamocdilebas eyrdnoba.
Zalian sainteresoa ilias `cremliani codnis~ (`oTaraanT qvrivi~) inter-
pretacia. Cveni azriT, es aris tanjvis, gansjis Sedegad miRebuli dasabuTe-
buli codna, romelic konkretul SemTxvevaSi glexobasa da Tavadobas Soris
`xidis gamTelebas~ iTvaliswinebs ara mxolod wignis, mwignobaris `ptyeli
enis~ saSualebiT, aramed cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze. `xidis
gamTeleba~ ki ers marTlac haeriviT sWirdeboda...
iliam Tavisi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT TiTqos TandaTan moamzada fsiqo-
logiuri safuZvlebi, qarTvel kacs misca SesaZlebloba umtkivneulod mie-
Ro axali drois mkacri, aucilebeli moTxovnebi...
yovelive amis kvaldakval, drois msvlelobasTan erTad, ilias nawerebSi
TandaTan ikveTeba da sabuTdeba `Rone xorcielisa~ da `Rone sulieris~ ur-
TierTkavSiris aucilebloba. ilias cnobili Tezisi `sulier RonesTan er-
Tad unda vlides Rone xorcielic~ gonebrivi da qonebrivi SesaZleblobis
urTierTobis saWiroebis mtkiceba iyo. konkretulad ki es Tezisi aRiarebda:
eris ganviTarebisaTvis Tanabari mniSvneloba eniWeboda literaturul-gan-
67


manaTleblur da ekonomikur moRvaweobas, amitomac sruliad logikuri da
mosalodneli iyo ilias yofna bankSi. bankis Tavmjdomaris ampluaSi ilia
TiTqos realobaSi xedavs SemoqmedebaSi asaxul ideebs (oTaranT qvrivis
yairaTianoba, Sromismoyvareoba, luarsab TaTqariZis Seumecnebeli sulieri
samyaro, umiznoba, fuqsavatoba da uqnaroba).
qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis TiTqos moulodneli iyo: ilia bankiri, eko-
nomisti, usayvedurebdnen da hkicxavdnen kidevac TiTqosda uqmad dakargu-
li drois gamo, magram yuradRebamodunebuli adamianebi ver xvdebodnen, rom
ilia mTeli Tavisi SegnebiT, literaturuli nawerebiT, moRvaweobiT exmare-
boda mSobel ers, gaecnobierebina axali epoqis raoba: saWiro iyo ara mxolod
literatura, Teatri, leqsi, poezia, aramed banki, vaWroba, aReb-micemoba,
upirvelesad ki ekonomikuri, socialuri mecnierebebis ganviTareba saqarT-
veloSi. am konkretul problemaze zrunva ki, rogorc irkveva, ilias Zalian
adre dauwyia. 1863 wels `saqarTvelos moambis~ saprogramo gancxadebaSi ilia
hpirdeboda mkiTxvels, rom miawvdida werilebs saqarTvelos istoriis, sapo-
litiko da sofluri ekonomikis Sesaxeb~: `aq vecdebiT gavacnoT Cvens sazo-
gadoebas es sagnebi imodenad, ramodenadac dro da saWiroeba moiTxovs~
(WavWavaZe 1863: 3). masSi naTqvamia, rom sapolitiko da ekonomikis ganyofile-
bas ivane serebriakovi (oqromWedliSvili) unda gasZRoloda, magram sereb-
riakovs `saqarTvelos moambis~ gamocemebis masalis momzadebaze monawileo-
ba ar miuRia. JurnalSi pirvel eqvs Tves araferi dabeWdila. 1863 wlis II na-
xevarSi gauqmda `saqarTvelos moambis~ erT-erTi ganyofileba `sxvadasxva
ambavi~. ufro zustad, xelisuflebam es rubrika garkveuli mosazrebis gamo
akrZala. am ganyofilebaSi zogjer ibeWdeboda werilebi ekonomikisa da sof-
lis meurneobis Sesaxeb. arada, politikuri ekonomikis, sociologiis ganvi-
Tareba qveyanaSi ukve aqtualuri iyo.
iliamac ar daayovna. `saqarTvelos moambis~ 1863 wlis noemberSi daibeWda
im drois gamoCenil ekonomistTa nawerebis Targmanebi, kerZod, frederik
bastias ori statia `mZarcvelobis fiziologia~ da `ornairi swavla~ (`sa-
qarTvelos moambe~, 1863 w., 8 da 11); pier Jozef prudonis `siRaribe, rogorc
ekonomiuri principi~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~, 1863 w., 10) Targmanebi xelmowe-
rilia fsevdonimiT `b.v.~. rogorc irkveva, Targmanebi ilias kalams ekuTvnis
(aRniSnuli prozauli Targmanebi daibeWdeba ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa
mimdinare octomeulis me-16 tomSi, SeniSvnebSi ganxilulia atribuciis
sakiTxebi).
politikuri, ekonomikuri xasiaTis werilebis Targmna sakmaris ganaTle-
basa da gamocdilebas moiTxovda, miT umetes im dros, roca qarTul enaSi ar
arsebobda saTanado terminologia, qarTuli metyveleba mouqneli iyo amg-
vari sakiTxebis gadmosacemad.
ilia WavWavaZem azri sworad da gasagebad miawoda mkiTxvels, SeimuSava
saTanado qarTuli terminebic. unda gaviTvaliswinoT ilias ganaTlebac
(swavlobda iuridiuli fakultetis kameralur ganyofilebaze). albaT, mas
SedarebiT gauadvileboda politikuri da ekonomikuri terminologiis
zustad gadmotana qarTul enaze.
ilia ar Ralatobs Targmnis Tavisebur stils. cdilobs teqsti axlobeli
da saintereso iyos qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. am mizniT qarTul teqstSi,
rogorc Cans, damatebulia komentarebi, sxvadasxva CanarTebi, zogjer moSve-
liebulia rusTavelis aforizmebic; isic Cans, rom mTargmneli teqsts miz-
nobrivad arCevs. movusminoT erT komentars: `aris erTi wigni, dawerili ga-
moCenilis franciis ekonomisa bastiasagan; ekonomiuri sofizmebiT. Tumc
mTeli wigni friad sagangebo ram aris da sasargebloca rogorc yvelasaTvis,
ise CvenTvisaca, magram me iqidam amoviRe marto erTi nawili, romelic ufro
68



metad moedgmis Cvens cxovrebas da romelmac iqneba gviSvelos zogierTi rame
gavigoT da amiT CvenTvis unayofo ar iqmnes~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863g: 61).
frangi ekonomistis frederik bastiasa (1801-1850) da aseve frangi socio-
logiisa da ekonomistis pier Jozef prudonis (1809-1865) TxzulebebSi, Cans,
ilis Tavdapirvelad dainteresda ekonomikuri problemebisa da adamianTa
fsiqologiis, zneobis urTierTobis problemebiT.
frederik bastias statiebSi `mZarcvelobis fiziologia~, da `ornairi
swavla~ ganxilulia mZarcvelobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi: rodis xdeba
Zarcva, ra aris misi safuZvlebi. Semdeg ismis kiTxva: ra mospobs mZarcve-
lobis fsiqologias mecniereba (sapolitiko ekonomia) Tu zneoba, religia?
qristianul sarwmunoebaze mSvidobismoyvare religia ar arsebobs. mag-
ram saukuneebis manZilze mZarcveloba mudam arsebobda. antiliis kunZu-
lebze monebis patronebi mama-papiTve aRiareben qristes rjuls, magram
monoba da mZarcveloba iq mudam iyo. Cans, saxarebam ver gaarRvia mZarcvelo-
bis kedeli, enidan gulSi ver gadaitana qristes saRvTo cneba. piriqiT, reli-
gia zogjer Tavad iyo mZarcvelobis safuZveli. is hpirdeboda xalxs saiqios
bednierebas, TviT iCemebda yvelafris da, maT Soris, mecnierebis monopolia-
sac, codnas saxuravs afarebda, rom xalxs is ar SeeZina. ganaTlebas da
zneobas ki adamianebs iseTs urigebda, rogoric Tavad undoda. es niSnavs, rom
sarwmunoebas mZarcvelobisaTvis iyenebdnen. sakiTxi ase dgeba: msaxuri
emsaxureba sarwmunoebas Tu sarwmunoeba msaxurs? Tu msaxuri emsaxureba
sarwmunoebas, es sikeTea. is qadagebs da asrulebs mis mcnebebs. Tu sarwmunoe-
ba emsaxureba msaxurs, es borotebaa. msaxuri ise eqceva sarwmunoebas, ro-
gorc surs, droebisa da garemoebis Sesaferad cvlis sarwmunoebis arss, am
dros samRvdeloebis SemweobiT sarwmunoebis warmateba ki ar unda, sarwmuno-
ebis SemweobiT samRvdelos warmateba. ai, am dros xdeba Zarcva. cxadia,
qristianobam ver mospo Zarcva saukuneTa manZilze. piriqiT, zogjer Tavad
iyo mZarcvelobis safuZveli. maS sadaa gamosavali?
swored am drosaa saWiro mecniereba, romelic gaanaTlebs ara sazoga-
doebis nawils, aramed mTel sazogadoebas. swored am drosaa faseuli sapo-
litiko ekonomia. 1. sapolitiko ekonomia cxadyofs, rom mZarcveloba unda
moispos sargeblobis aRiarebiT, oRond ara mxolod kerZo sargeblobis
SemweobisaTvis, aramed sazogado sargeblobis SemweobisaTvisac. 2. sapoli-
tiko ekonomia ganasxvavebs nebayoflobiT da monis Sromas. is pirdapir
cifrebiT cxadyofs, rom nebayoflobiTi Sroma Tavisi bunebiT progresulia,
warmatebulia, xolo monis Sroma uZravia, amitomac aucilebelia nebayof-
lobiTi Sromis gamarjveba. 3. sapolitiko ekonomiam unda gaanaTlos, aRzar-
dos sazogadoeba. mZarcveli advilad moatyuebs da gaabriyvebs gaunaTle-
bels. gaunaTlebeli rom ar gabriyvdes, amis wamali codnaa WeSmariti, rea-
luri codna garemos sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonebis Sesaxeb! (`sa-
qarTvelos moambe~ 1863b: 68).
am Txzulebis mixedviT, TiTqos mZarcvelobis mospobis procesSi upira-
tesoba mecnierebas, sapolitiko ekonomias mieniWa, miT umetes, statiebSi
saubaria qristianuli religiis zogjer borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxebac, mag-
ram ilias mier Targmnili Txzulebebi swored imitom `moedgmoda~ imdroin-
deli qarTuli sazogadoebis interesebs, rom maTSi aRiarebulia rwmenis,
sarwmunoebis da zneobis didi roli mZarcvelobis, usamarTlobisa da Cagv-
ris mospobis procesSi.
ZarcvaSi ori piria gareuli. erTi mZarcveli, damCagvreli, meore _ ga-
Zarcvuli, daCagruli.
sapolitiko mecniereba moqmedebs daCagrulze, uCvenebs, ra mosdevs mis
Cagvras, ras kargavs da ratom. sapolitiko mecniereba cdilobs daCagruli
69


gamoafxizlos, gaanaTlos, aswavlos, aangariSebinos, gaxados cotaTi undoc
ki. is Wkuas elaparakeba, is amtkicebs faqtebiT.
sarwmunoeba, religia ajerebs mZarcvels, mCagvrels: Tavi daanebe borot-
sa, hqmen keTili. is guls elaparakeba. `aqedam gamodis ornairi swavla, ro-
melnic aramcTu erTmaneTis winaaRmdegni arian, aramed erTad moqmedoben:
erTi `sarwmunoebisa anu filosofiuri~, meore _ `ekonomikuri~ (`saqarTve-
los moambe~ 1863d: 75).
romelia ufro mniSvnelovani Zarcvis mosaspobad: mecniereba Tu
religia?
`sarwmunoebis Zlevamosileba ufro mSvenieria, sanugeSo da Zireuli.
Zleva sapolitiko ekonomiisa ufro advilia da uebari~ (`saqarTvelos moam-
be~ 1863d: 77).
statiebis daskvna amgvaria: adamianebs orive sWirdebaT. `dae, sarwmunoe-
bamac da sapolitiko ekonomiamac imis magier, rom erTurTi hkicxon, erTad
iSromon da borotebas Seeban sxvadasxva mxriT~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863d:
79). roca ekonomistebi Tavis saqmes akeTeben, Tvalebs uxelen sulelebsa,
ajereben daCagrulebs, `sarwmunoebam sdevnos kacs gulis siRrmemdina, daa-
naxos mas keTilmoqmedebis, Tavdadebis, gulSematkivrobis sitkboeba, da piri
moxsnas keTilmoqmedebis wyaros iqa, sadac Cven marto biwierebis wyaros
amoSroba SegviZlian~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863d: 80).
aq erTicaa saintereso: riT unda daiwyos sazogadoebam?
politikuri ekonomiis mcodne sazogadoeba keTilmoqmedia jer angariSis
gamo, Semdeg unda mohyves rwmena, wrfeli guli da sindisis xma, es ukve sazo-
gadoebrivi ganviTarebis maRali safexuria, romliskenac yoveli eri unda
iswrafodes.
`iqneb kacTa sazogadoebam jer eg uferuli mdgomareoba unda gamoiaros,
romelSic kacni keTilmoqmedni iqnebian angariSis gamo da ara guliTa, magram
bolos aqedam aiwion mdgomareobamdin, romelic ufro poeturi iqneba da ro-
melSic kacni keTils iqmoden ara romelime angariSis gamo, aramed wrfelis
guliT da mowadinebiT~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863d: 80).
pier Jozef prudonis statiis `siRaribe, rogorc ekonomiuri principi~
TargmanSi ilia qarTvel sazogadoebas kvlav religiisa da mecnierebis mori-
gebis, urTierkavSiris Sesaxeb esaubreba, kerZod, ganxilulia sakiTxebi: ras
niSnavs qristianuli siRaribis kanoni da ratom ar ewinaaRmdegeba is mecnie-
rebis, civilizaciis, teqnikis ganviTarebas?
qristianoba gvaswavlis: RmerTs, simdidris nacvlad, `puri Cveni arsebi-
Ti~ vTxovoT. Semoqmedi gviqadagebs: kacis cxovrebis wyaro Sromaa. `Sroma da
moqmedeba marto Cvenis xorcis dacvisaTvis ar aris, igi saWiroa kidev Cveni
sulis gaSlisaTvis~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863g: 66) kacis cxovrebis wyaro
Sromaa, zomiereba, daniSnuleba mecniereba da simarTle. `cotaTi cxovrob-
de, bevrs muSaobde, ganuwyvetliv swavlobde~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863g:
79).
qristianobam gviqadaga `siRaribis kanoni~. `siRaribe, rogorc ekonomiu-
ri principi~, daamkvidra. es niSnavs zomierebas, rigianobas. zomiereba oTx
saTnoebaTa Soris pirvelia. qristianuli zomierebis mixedviT, kacs SromiT
is eZleva, rac saWiroa xorcis dacvisaTvis da sulis ayvavebisaTvis... kacs ar
aqvs `av-muclobis neba~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863g: 72).
qristianobam pirvelad gansazRvra siRaribis kanoni da, rasakvirvelia,
`Teologiis mxriT gasinja~. qristianobam gailaSqra warmarTTa gatacebul
siamovnebaTa winaaRmdeg. amitomac cudad gaiges qristianuli siRaribis ka-
noni. warmoidgines siRaribe `tanjulad Tavis daWeraSi, marxulobaSi, monoz-
nobaSi, sinanulSi~. `es rom movaSoroT, siRaribe, warmoTqmuli saxarebisagan,
70



aris udidesi WeSmariteba, romelic qristem kacs uqadaga~ (`saqarTvelos
moambe~ 1863g: 87)
siRaribe, qristianuli gagebiT, `rigiania da uZraxveli, misi samoseli da-
konkili ar aris, misi sadguri faqizia, mrTelia da mSvidobiani. igi TeTre-
uls kviraSi erTxel mainc icvlis. igi arc fer-mkrTalia, arc SimSiliT gada-
leuli... igi bednieria~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863g: 73).
qristianobis mixedviT, siRaribe, rogorc ekonomiuri principi esaa
zomierebis, Tanasworobis principi. esaa moipovo is, rac aucilebelia, ra
gWirdeba. rodesac daiwyeb fiqrs da moqmedebs imis SeZenaze, rac ar gWirde-
ba, es ukve arRvevs zomierebas. yairaTianobas, Tanasworobis kanons ori mi-
marTulebiT: 1. ekonomiuri principebis mixedviT (mecnierul doneze) bevris
mopoveba gamoiwvevs sxvaTa siRaribes esaa realuri siRaribe. 2. am dros,
SesaZloa, yvelas ewvios es realuri siRaribe anu isic veRar movipovoT, rac
CvenTvis aucilebelia.
qristianuli siRaribis, rogorc ekonomiuri principis, darRveva iwvevs
realur siRaribes, romelic autanelia. ekonomikur principad misaRebia
religiuri siRaribis kanoni.
es kanoni ar uaryofs simdidres. simdidris mateba Sromis gaZlierebas
mohyveba. Sroma unda `moewyos gonivrulad~, rom daizogos dro da Zala. amave
dros bolo unda moeRos parazitobas anu sxvis xarjze cxovrebas. Tanasw-
orobis kanoni qristianobis umTavresi kanonia. adamianebma Tanasworad unda
gaiyon codnac, Rvawlic, namuSevaric. siRaribis kanoni TavisTavad gulisx-
mobs Tanasworobasac.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, ismis kiTxva: qristianuli siRaribis prin-
cipi xom ar gamoiwvevs kmayofilebas anu imas, rom adamiani gaiyinos erT
wertilze, aRar iswrafodes ukeTesisaken. maS raRad gvinda teqnika, civili-
zacia, gamogonebani, meti Sroma? maS raRad vimtvrevT Tavs, Tu Cveni SromiT
mets ver mivaRwevT?
siRaribis, rogorc ekonomikuri principis kanoni, qristianobam mogvca.
amitomac, faqtia, is aucileblad gulisxmobs sulier simaRles, gonierebas,
ganaTlebas. qristianuli siRaribis kanoniT (anu zomierebiT, TanasworobiT,
bednierebiT, simSvidiT) ixveweba jer suliereba, Semdeg aucileblad gaizr-
deba xorcis saWiroebac: gonier, ganaTlebul muSas meti moTxovnileba uCn-
deba, oRond sulierebis Sesabamisi. gaunaTlebeli iolad gava cud sadgomSi.
ganaTlebuls, gemovnebians moundeba meti TeTreuli, kargi saxli. dasvene-
bis, wignebis kiTxvis, Teatris naxvis, Tundac mogzaurobis survili gauCnde-
ba. amas meti fuli sWirdeba. amitomac is mets iSromebs, dainaxavs teqnikis
ganviTarebis saWiroebas, gamoiyenebs civilizaciis miRwevebs.
amitomac, siRaribis qristianuli kanoni ar gaxdis adamians kmayofils, ar
Seaferxebs Sromis survils, teqnikis ganviTarebas, radgan am kanonSi devs
upirvelesi amqveynad suliereba sulis simaRle, znesruloba, gonebis gan-
viTareba, ganaTleba, Semdeg xorcieleba. amitomac am kanonis amoqmedebas
mohyveba: zomiereba, Tanasworoba, zneoba, rwmena, Sromis siyvaruli, wadilTa
da midrekilebaTa kontroli, samarTlianoba, SromiT siamovnebisa da ara
tanjvis miReba.
ilia WavWavaZem, rogorc yovelTvis, miagno epoqiT motivirebul aqtua-
lur problemebs, romlebic marTlac rom `moedgmoda~ sazogadoebis intere-
sebs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, feodalizmis rRveva da kapitalizmis SemoWris
procesi qarTul cnobierebaSi iwvevda Zveli da axali Rirebulebebis Seja-
xebas. mecnierebis, teqnikis ganviTareba TiTqos, erTi SexedviT an araswor
gansjaTa mixedviT, ebrZoda tradiciebs. adamianebs raRac afrTxobdaT,
raRacis eSinodaT. ilias alRoianoba, axal cxovrebasTan Sexvedris mzaoba
71


bevrisaTvis qarTul xasiaTTan, zneobasTan, rwmenasTan, religiasTan brZo-
lis tolfasi gaxda. iseTebisaTvisac, romlebsac namdvilad unda scodnodaT
saqmis arsi da gonivrulad unda aReqvaT ilias miznebic: `vai Tqven mosvlas...
usasoeba, urwmunoeba umankoT gulSi Rrmad Caunerges. locva raT gvinda?
RmerTi raT gvinda! Cveni goneba ars Cveni RmerTi~... (orbeliani 1992; 310).
ilia daJinebiT, mtkiced, Tanmimdevrulad, Tavisi SemoqmedebiT, moRvawe-
obiT cdilobda daerwmunebina adamianebi: iseve sWirdebodaT `Rone xorcie-
li~ _ ekonomika, fuli, teqnikis ganviTareba, rogorc `Rone sulieri~ _ li-
teratura, religia, rwmena: `eri da qveyana, romelTac an erTi aklia an meore
_ calfexa kacsa hgavs da, rogorc calfexa kaci Sors manZils saWiro sima-
liT ver gaivlis, isec eri, qveyana veras gaxdeba, Tu Tavis warmatebis saye-
varSi es ori uRladi, yovliTSemZlebeli Zal-Rone ar eyoleba Sebmuli er-
Tad da ganuyrelad (kalandariSvili 1989: 63-65).
faseulobaTa mtkivneuli cvlilebebis procesSi (ilia Tavad brZanebda
`yvela dros Tavisi tkivili aqvso~) qarTvel kacs unda gaeazrebina, rom mou-
wevda cnobierebis ramdenadme Secvla. rac mTavaria, mas unda scodnoda, rom
mecniereba da rwmena erTmaneTs ar uSlida. piriqiT, realuri codna samya-
ros, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb ufro ganamtkicebda TviTSemecnebas, Rirsebas,
adamianebs daexmareboda sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis moZiebasa da swori
poziciis arCevaSi. realobis sworad aRqmisa da Sefasebis, saRi azrovnebis,
praqtikuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul codnasa da rwmenas
morigeba ar sWirdeboda. amdenad, sazogadoebis ganviTareba unda dayrdno-
boda `ornair swavlas~: rwmenas da mecnierebas. qarTvlis Zes unda `gaekvlia
zogadi cxovreba, mcnebis naTliT zeazidul, amaRlebuli WkviT unda ganeWv-
rita sazogado cxovrebis dena~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 185), anu progresisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo religiur-eTikuri zneobis, bibliuri poziciebis gaazreba
qveynis ganviTarebis procesSi. ufro metic, ilias Semoqmedeba da moRvaweo-
ba, maT Soris zemoT ganxiluli prozauli Targmanebi gvaZlevs imis safuZ-
vels, rom vilaparakoT mwerlis realistur sivrcul arealSi qristianuli
ekonomikuri azrovnebis arsebobaze.
iliam, rogorc sCveoda, am yvelafers zusti formulireba misca, rac Se-
saniSnavadaa Camoyalibebuli gabriel episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes Tqmul
sityvaSi: `gansvenebuli Rrmadmiwevnili mecnieri iyo da imodenadve Rrmad-
morwmuneca. aq aris misi aRmatebuleba aramcTu CvenTvis, sxvebisTvisac, rad-
ganac bevrsa hgonia, rom mecniereba da sarwmunoeba erTmaneTSi mourigebel-
ni da mouTavsebelni ariano... am or samflobeloTa Soris SemaerTebel xidsa
swnavs marto sibrZne... misi moRvaweoba, mTeli moZRvreba eyrdnoboda `gamec-
nierebul sarwmunoebas da gasarwmunoebul mecnierebas~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 252-
253).
Cans, ilia am `ornairi swavlis~ dasturs da naTelyofas eZebda Tanamed-
rove ucxour mwerlobaSic, mecnierul nawerebSi, Targmnida maT da amgvari
ZalisxmeviTac cdilobda qarTveli sazogadoebis cxovreba `Tavis denaSi ar
Seyenebuliyo~, qarTvel kacs umtkivneulod mieRo axali, gadaelaxa dabrko-
lebani, misi azrovneba Tanamedrove msoflio procesebis kvaldakval
ganviTarebuliyo.
es yvelaferi, Cveni azriT, miesadageba dRevandeli saqarTvelos bevr sa-
Wirboroto, samomavlo problemasac.

72



damowmebani:

kalandariSvili 1989: kalandariSvili g. ilia WavWavaZe, azrebi. Tb.: 1989.
kankava 2006: kankava g. Cveni humanitarTa `korpusis~ mdgomareobis gamo.
literaturuli Ziebani, XXVII, Tb.: 2006.
kupreiSvili 2007: kupreiSvili n. ilias banki da sociocentrizmis deficiti.
wignSi: ilia WavWavaZe 170. Tb.: 2007.
niniZe 1997: niniZe m. madlis wyaro. Tb.: 1997.
`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863a: i. WavWavaZis Sesavali werili JurnalisaTvis
`saqarTvelos moambe~, 1, 1863 (1991 wlis gamocema).
`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863b: ilias Targmani bastias Txzulebisa `mZarcvelobis
fiziologia~. `saqarTvelos moambe~, 8, 1863.
`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863g: ilias Targmani prudanis statiisa `siRaribe,
rogorc ekonomiuri principi~. `saqarTvelos moambe~, 10, 1863.
`saqarTvelos moambe~ 1863d: ilias Targmani bastias Txzulebisa `ornairi
swavla~. `saqarTvelos moambe~, 11, 1863.
orbeliani 1992: orbeliani g. pasuxi SvilTa. qarTuli mwerloba, t. IX, Tb.: 1992.
WavWavaZe 1955a: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. IV. Tb.: 1955.
WavWavaZe 1955b: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. V. Tb.: 1955.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. I. Tb.: 1987.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. II. Tb.: 1988.
javaxiSvili 2000: javaxiSvili m. `jayos xiznebi~. saskolo gamocema. Tb.: 2000.


Natela Chitauri

Double Learning in Creation of Ilia Chavchavadze

Summary

Ilia Chavchavadze felt early the real threat of knowledge and faith contradiction. He, by
his creations and life made the best efforts to help Georgians meet XX century equipped
with two powerful weapons: faith and real practical knowledge.
The case in point is his translation works; specifically, prosaic translations published in
journal Sakartvelos Moambe, scientific letters of Frederic Bastia (1808-1850) and Pier
Prudon (1809 1865).
In these articles Ilia was interested with economic and human psychological, plural
moral relation problems. Ilia introduced Georgian society with moral and economic bases of
elimination of oppression, also the law of Christian poverty.
These translations clarify Ilia found the problems again and made it clear for society
that real, practical knowledge and faith doesnt contradict with each other, on the contrary,
the development of the country is defined by their intercommunication.
It seems that Ilia seeked the proof of double learning in modern foreign writings.
73


merab RaRaniZe

vis ekuTvnis `droebis~ saredaqcio werili
aTonis gamo?

1882 wlis 20 Tebervals yoveldRiur gazeT `droebaSi~ ( 37), romelic
imJamad sergei mesxis redaqtorobiT gamodioda, gamoqveynda xelmouwereli
saredaqcio werili `qarTvelT qoneba aTonis mTaze~. statia exmaureba qarT-
velTa da berZenTa Soris gamwvavebul urTierTobas sakuTrebis gamo aTonze.
amis Semdeg, rva aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, es teqsti metjer aRar
dabeWdila.
rodesac sergei mesxis literaturuli memkvidreobis mkvlevarma da ga-
momcemelma ioseb bocvaZem gamosacemad moamzada mwerlis nawerebis sam-
tomeuli (1962-1964), man es werili krebulis mesame tomSi moaTavsa (mesxi
1964: 377-378)
1
.
is, Tu ris safuZvelze dadginda am teqstis avtori (iseve rogorc araer-
Ti sxva teqstisa am gamocemaSi), gacxadebulia TxzulebaTa gamomcemliseul
`winasityvaobaSi~:
`Cvens gamocemaSi Setanilia [...] s. mesxis xelmouwereli werilebi. rame
garkveuli wyaro, romelic adasturebdes s. mesxis avtorobas xelmouwereli
werilebis mimarT, TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba. am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad veyrd-
nobodiT werilebis enas, stils, Tematikas da sakiTxebis dasmisa da gadawy-
vetis mesxisebur meTods.
ar aris gamoricxuli is garemoeba, rom xelmouwereli werilebi sergei
mesxisadmi mikuTvnebisas SeiZleba davuSvaT raime Secdoma~ (bocvaZe 1962:
10)
2
.
2007 wels gamoqveynda ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa akademiuri octomeu-
lis XV tomi, romelSic Sesuli publicisturi teqstebis avtoroba gamocemis
redaqcias saTuod miuCnevia. amitomac gamomcemlebs
3
tomisaTvis amgvari sa-
Tauri miuniWebiaT: `publicisturi werilebi (savaraudoni)~ (WavWavaZe 2007b:
3). masSi gamoqveynebul teqstebs Soris aRmoCnda manamde sergei mesxis
kuTvnilad miCneuli `qarTvelT qoneba aTonis mTaze~ (WavWavaZe 2007b: 306-
308).
gamomcemlebi amjerad daemyarnen levan WrelaSvilis kvlevis Sedegebsa
da daskvnebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac, es teqsti da `droebaSi~ gamoqveynebuli
sxva araerTi teqsti ilia WavWavaZes ekuTvnis (ix. WrelaSvili 1985: 5-23). av-
toris dadgenis WrelaSviliseuli meTodebi rogorc zogadia, ise konkre-
tuli da Seexeba, kerZod, am teqstsac. zogadad, mkvlevars miaCnia, rom, saer-
Tod, yvela is mowinave werili, romlebic gazeTSi xelmouwerlad gamoqveyn-
da, redaqtors (anu TanaredaqtorTagan erT-erTs) unda ekuTvnodes, xolo
ilia WavWavaZe, sergei mesxTan erTad, marTalia, mxolod 1880 wels awerda
xels gazeTis Tanaredaqtorad, magram, misi azriT, sinamdvileSi sergei
mesxica da ilia WavWavaZec SemdgomSic isev ganagrZobdnen gamocemis erTob-
liv redaqtorobas. amave dros, iakob gogebaSvilis fondSi daculia sergei
mesxis nawerebis CamonaTvali _ saxelwodebiT `gadauwereli statiebi~ _ da
is mowinave werilebi, romlebic araa Sesuli xsenebul nusxaSi, levan Wre-
laSvilis TvalsazrisiT, Sesabamisad unda ekuTvnodes ilia WavWavaZes ro-
gorc gamocemis faqtobriv Tanaredaqtors (ix. WrelaSvili 1985: 5-7). Tavis-
Tavad am msjelobis uzustoba daadastures ilias octomeulis gamomcemleb-
mac, roca aRmoaCines, rom amgvar xelmouwerel statiaTa Soris ori namdvi-
74



lad ekuTvnis iakob gogebaSvils (ix. WavWavaZe 2007b: 621). dasafiqrebelia,
rom gogebaSviliseuli dokumentis saxelwodebac _ `gadauwereli statiebi~
_ ar niSnavs sergei mesxis nawerebis srul bibliografias an Tundac misi
Sedgenis mcdelobas da masSi romelime teqstis mouxseniebloba mainca da
mainc ar niSnavs, rom is mesxs ar unda ekuTvnodes.
iyo Tu ara ilia gazeTis faqtobrivi Tanaredaqtori 1882 welsac, _ ese
igi, mas Semdeg, rac orive Tanaredaqtorma 1881 wlis 19 noembers erToblivad
ganacxades kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavar sammarTveloSi, rom ilia WavWavaZe
saredaqcio uflebebs gadascems sergei mesxs, romelic am uflebebs iRebs,
xolo imave wlis 23 noembers nebarTva amis Sesaxeb sacenzuro komitetidan
miRebul iqna (ix. WrelaSvili 1985: 5), _ es sakiTxi qarTuli Jurnalistikis
istoriaSi sakamaTo ar yofila: mkvlevarTa TvalsazrisiT, romelic doku-
mentur wyaroebs eyrdnoba, 1882 wlis ganmavlobaSi ilia namdvilad aRar yo-
fila gazeTis redaqtori da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mas mxolod sergei
mesxi uZRveboda (baqraZe 1947: 6; bocvaZe 1964: 100-101; kalandaZe 1987: 51
4
).
ufro metic: rogorc Cans, roca ilia WavWavaZis saxeli `droebis~ Tanaredaq-
torad ewereboda gamocemas, maSinac ki igi moucleli yofila yoveldRiuri
saredaqcio saqmianobisaTvis
5
, xolo 1882 wlisaTvis ilia WavWavaZisa da
sergei mesxis ideuri da saqmiani gzebi sabolood gaiyara
6
.
rac Seexeba WrelaSviliseul kerZo mtkicebas, rom statia `qarTvelT
qoneba aTonis mTaze~ ilia WavWavaZes ekuTvnis, mkvlevris sabuTebi amgvaria:
jer erTi, is, rom ilia `dainteresebuli iyo aTonis mTaze moRvawe qarTveli
berebis mdgomareobiT~ (WrelaSvili 1985: 11) da am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
man 1886 wlis noemberSi gazeT `iveriaSi sagangebo werilic gamoaqveyna: `es
faqti TavisTavad sagulisxmoa da migviTiTebs imaze, rom savsebiT SesaZle-
beli iyo, ilias droebaSic~ daewera `mowinave~ am sakiTxze~ (WrelaSvili
1985: 11); amave dros, mkvlevari am xelmouwereli statiis Sesaxeb msjelobi-
sas poulobs stilis msgavsebas iliaseul statiebTan da, mesame, mniSvne-
lovnad miaCnia, rom sakiTxi ganxilulia iliaseburad erovnul aspeqtSi (ix.
WrelaSvili 1985: 11-12). sxvaTa Soris, levan WrelaSvili erTxelac arsad ax-
senebs, rom es statia manamde sergei mesxs miekuTvneboda da mis nawerebs
Soris iyo gamoqveynebuli.
mkvlevris daskvniT, `bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom `droebis~ xelmouwere-
li `mowinave~ `qarTvelTa qoneba aTonis mTaze~ [...], romelic i. gogebaSvilma
ar Seitana s. mesxis bibliografiaSi, meore redaqtoris _ i. WavWavaZis nawar-
moebia~ (WrelaSvili 1985: 12).
magram imas, Tu ramdenad bunebrivia amgvari fiqri, naTels gaxdis aTonis
sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili im ori teqstis erTmaneTTan Sedareba, romelTagan
erTi (1882) ukanasknel xanebamde sergei mesxs miekuTvneboda, xolo meore
(1886), Tavis dros, ilia WavWavaZes miekuTvna.
es meore _ `iveriis~ mowinave werili `aTonis qarTuli savanis Sesaxeb~ _
adreve sakmaod damajereblad iqna miCneuli iliaseulad (pavle ingoroyvas
Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze _ WavWavaZe 1957: 358) da Sesulia mwerlis Txzu-
lebaTa krebulebSi (WavWavaZe 1957: 305-311; WavWavaZe 2007: 545-552).
am teqstis dasawyisSive xazgasmiTaa warmoCenili qarTvelTa monastris
sulieri daniSnuleba:
`saqarTvelo, rogorc ki moiclida xolme gareSe mterTa zedmosevisa da
mogeriebisagan, maSinve Seudgeboda xolme qristes aRsarebis ganmtkicebisa
da gaZlierebis saqmesa. roca ki qveynis mdgomareoba nebas aZlevda, qarTvel-
ni, cnobilni sulieris moRvaweobiTa da aRyinebulni RvTis mosaobiT da
sarwmunoebis grZnobiTa, gamodiodnen gamavrceleblad da mosarCled marT-
lmadidebelis sarwmunoebisa aRmosavleTSi: mcire azia, siria da TviTon
75


balkaniis naxevarkunZuli Tvisda axlomaxlo kunZulebiTa dResac hmowmoben
qarTvelTa moRvawobas sarwmunoebisaTvis~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 545);
`qarTvelTa TavgametebiT da didis mxneobiT uRvawniaT Tavis qveynis
garedac sadideblad Tvisis sarwmunoebisa~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 545).
gansxvavebulad uyurebda qarTuli monastrebis daniSnulebasac da mo-
nastris mimarT `RvTisnieri qarTvelebis~ miswrafebasac `droebis~ mowinave
werilis avtori. misi teqsti amgvarad iwyeba:
`Zvelis-ZvelTaganve RvTisnier qarTvelebsa da imaT mefeebs Cveuleba
hqoniaT, rom, TavianT sulis mosaxseneblad, anu raime saqmeSi gasamarjveb-
lad, mamulebs, fuls, Zvirfas nivTs Seswiravdnen xolme monastrebsa da an
ekklesiebs~ (mesxi 1964: 377; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b: 306).
Tu `iveriisaTvis~ mniSvnelovania aTonis qarTvelTa monastris mxolod
sarwmunoebriv-sulieri niSnadoba, `droebisaTvis~, faqtobrivad, yuradRe-
bis miRma rCeba monastris es ganzomileba da werilis avtoris TvalsawierSi
aRmoCndeba am saeklesio keris mxolod erovnul-kulturuli mxare: savanis
qonebaSi qarTvelTa mier Setanili wvlili, iq daarsebuli da arsebuli
qarTuli biblioTeka, `romelic, vin icis, ramden Zvirfas masalas Seicavs
Cveni Zveli istoriisa da literaturisaTvis~ (mesxi 1964: 378; Sdr. WavWavaZe
2007b: 308) da agreTve, is, rom `aTonis mTaze qarTvel berebs umaRlesi saswav-
lebeli hqoniaT, sadac swavlis mosurne qarTvelebi mudam weliwads gzav-
nidnen TavianT Svilebsa da zrdidnen~ (mesxi 1964: 378; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b:
307-308)
7
. SeZlebul qarTvelTagan nivTieri mxardaWeris gaRebac emsaxure-
boda maTi sulis moxseniebas aTonel monazonTa locvebSi an gamarjvebis
mopovebis survils. `iveriac~ moixseniebs am Sesawiravs da gansakuTrebiT ga-
moyofs am saqmeSi qarTvel mefeTa Senatans, magram maTi mizani amjerad gans-
xvavebuladaa warmodgenili, _ es mizania qristianuli sarwmunoebis gan-
dideba da ganmtkiceba:
`saqarTvelos mefeni, hgrZnobdnen ra sidiades wmidaTa mamaTa moRvaweo-
bisas saqarTvelos gared, ara hzogavdnen ara saxsars, rom qonebiT uRonoba
da nakluloba ara hqonodaT monastrebsa da ekklesiebs qarTvelebisas. [...]
didZali mamulebi Sehswires, didZali ymebi, rom am gziT wyaro cxovrebisa
Seuwyveteli yofiliyo qarTvelTa moRvaweTaTvis saqarTvelos gared sadi-
deblad da gasaZliereblad qristes sarwmunoebisa~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 546).
amave dros, `droeba~ da `iveria~ movlenaTa ganviTarebis gansxvavebul
codnas amJRavnebs. ufro zustad rom iTqvas, `droebis~ statiis avtorisaT-
vis, rogorc Cans, naklebad xelmisawvdomia istoriuli faqtebi, ris gamoc
mas bevri araferi moexseneba, Tu rogor aRmoCnda berZeni berebis xelT
aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri:
`rogorc monasteri, agreTve mTeli imis qoneba da Semosavali, qarTuli
biblioTekac am Jamad, raRac manqanebis ZaliT, berZnis berebs CaugdiaT xel-
Si~ (mesxi 1964: 377; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b: 306).
`iveriis~ statiis avtori ukeTesad erkveva, ra xdeboda droTa ganmavlo-
baSi aTonze qarTvelTa monastris irgvliv da man cxadad icis, Tu rogor
moipoves berZenma berebma saqarTvelos istoriul ZnelbedobaTa gamo _ da
ara `raRac manqanebiT~ _ qarTuli savane:
`saqarTvelo dauZlurebuli iyo Sinaur da gareul mterTagan da xeli
Svelisa da mfarvelobisa veRar moewvdina am monastrebisaTvis. radganac am
saubeduro garemoebis gamo iqaur qarTvelTa imedi moespoT Svelisa da
mfarvelobisa saqarTvelodam da Suri da mtroba osmalTa metad awuxebdaT,
erTi saxsariRa darCaT; rom monastrebi ar gauqmebuliyo da rogorme Seer-
CinaT, vidre ukeTesi dRe daudgebodaT, aiRes da igi monastrebi Caabares
TanamorwmuneTa TvisTa berZnebsa sapatroneblad, maTve gardasces yoveli
76



mamuli da mamulebis Semosavali, rac ki ram qarTvelTagan Sewiruli iyo
gujrebiTa~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 546-547].
sxvaTa Soris, gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda imJamieri sababic, ramac `droebi-
sa~ Tu `iveriis~ furclebze wamoWra aTonis qarTvelTa monastris sakiTxi:
Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi gazeTi cdilobda, Tavisi publikaciiT mxardaWera
aRmoeCina samSobloSi Camosuli aToneli qarTveli monazvnis, benediqte bar-
kalaiasaTvis
8
, romelic, iqaur TanamoZmeTa mindobilobiT, tfilissa Tu qu-
TaisSi daJinebiT iTxovda daxmarebas, raTa aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri an
Tundac misi qonebis wili qarTvelebs dahbruneboda, meore SemTxvevaSi
sagazeTo gamoxmaurebis amgvar biZgad iqca berZeni samRvdeloebis mier
qarTvelTa odindeli monastris qonebis gayidva saqarTveloSi, ramac, saer-
Tod, saWirod aqcia xelaxla, kidev erTxel wamoWriliyo Tundac aTonis,
Tundac wmida miwis Zvel qarTul savaneTa mikuTvnebisa Tu maTi qonebis flo-
bis mtkivneuli sakiTxi.
sakuTrebis sakiTxis gamo gamwvavebul davaSi `droebiseuli~ pozicia
sruliad radikaluria _ statiis avtori moiTxovs monastrisa da samonast-
ro qonebis CamorTmevas berZenTaTvis:
`samarTlianoba Txoulobs, rom berZnis berebs CamoerTvas is, rac imaT
arc istoriiT, arc kanoniT da arc sinidisiT ar ekuTvnis da Cabardes namd-
vil mepatroneebs~ (mesxi 1964: 378; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b: 307).
`iveriaSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi ki sakiTxis ufro meti da ufro Rrma
codna mJRavndeba, ris gamoc misi avtoris poziciac ufro TavSekavebulia,
Tumca amjeradac Wvivis survili, rom monastrebi, `dRes iqneba Tu xval,
Tavis WeSmarit patronebs unda Cahbardes~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 551). magram es
werili daiwera ufro imis gamo, rom berZnebs savaneTa, _ ese igi, qarTvelTa,
_ am odindeli qonebis gayidva dauwyiaT, risi uflebac maT ar unda mieceT
an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gayidvis Sedegad mopovebuli Tanxa `Ziris fulad unda
daidvas, ruseTis xazinam unda Caibaros da monastrebs mxolod misi sar-
gebeli aZlios~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 551). survili survilad, magram iveriis av-
toris imedi sabolood mainc veraa mtkice, da arc is Cans naTlad, Tundac
momavalSi Tavad monastrebi isev qarTvelTa xelT aRmoCndeba Tu ara: `mainc
da mainc berZnebs dahrCebaT es monastrebi Tu kvlav Zlieris ruseTis mfar-
velobiT ukan daubrundeba qarTvel ber-monazvnebsa~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 551-
552).
magram Tu aseTi molodini mainc Wiatebs, monastrebisa Tu maTi qonebis
dabrunebis sawindrad `iverias~ saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi yofna
miaCnia: `exla, roca saqarTvelo Seadgens nawils ruseTis imperiisas (WavWa-
vaZe 2007: 550) da `roca saqarTvelo Zlieris xelmwifis mfarvelobis qveS
aris, qarTvelTa moRvaweTa [...] didi imedi da sasoeba miecaT qarTvelTa
monastrebis ukanve dabrunebisa~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 548).
`iveria~ am imedis wyarod da sayrdenad imperiis gansvenebuli saxelmwifo
kancleris moxsenebas da mTavarmarTeblis mosarCleobas xedavs, `droeba~ ki
Tundac kavkasiis `namestnikis~ `mxurvale monawileobas~, Tundac ruseTis
stamboleli elCis Suamavlobas, faqtobrivad, unayofod miiCnevs (`yvela es
miwer-mowera da Txovna-vedreba jer-jerobiT unayofod rCeba _ mesxi 1964:
378; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b: 307). amitom SesaZlo safuZvels saqmis qarTvelTa
sasargeblod mosagvareblad `droeba~ Tavad TanamemamuleTa im aucilebel
mondomebaSi xedavs, rac xels unda gvanZrevinebdes Cven, axlandel qarTve-
lebsa da gvafiqrebinebdes am Cven Zvirfas saunjis ukan dabrunebazed (mesxi
1964: 378; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b: 308). `droebis~ mowinave werili mTavrdeba
kidev erTxel SexsenebiTa da kidev erTi mowodebiT sazogadoebis valdebu-
lebis gamo: `Cveni sazogadoeba valdebulia, riTac da rogorc ki SeuZlian,
77


xeli moumarTos am saqmeSi m. benediqtes~(mesxi 1964: 377; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b:
308).
`iveriis~ werilis avtori, aTonze moRvawe qarTvelebTan erTad, darwmu-
nebulia, rom, Tu sazRvargareTuli qarTuli sulieri kerebi isev qarTvel
monazvnebs daubrundeba, `simtkice qristianulis grZnobisa kvlav uwinde-
lebr gaiSleba saxelovan sasuliero saqmeTaTvis~ (WavWavaZe 2007: 548). am
mxriv, arc `droebis~ werilis avtori gamoricxavs monastris sulier mniSv-
nelobas, magram mas miaCnia, rom mis dasabruneblad brZolisaTvis, `sulis
saqmis garda, es ori garemoeba unda gvaiZulebdes~ (mesxi 1964: 378; Sdr.
WavWavaZe 2007b: 308), romelTagan erTia iq arsebuli qarTuli biblioTeka,
xolo meore _ odindeli, gadmocemiseuli umaRlesi saswavleblis xsovna.
`vimeorebT, ierusalmeTisa da aTonis mTisaken marto sulis saqme ki ar
gvizidavs, aramed saero saqmec~ (mesxi 1964: 377; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2007b: 308), _
unda iTqvas, rom `droebis~ es sityvebi ucxod Cans `iveriisaTvis~ damokide-
bulebiTac, saTqmeliTac da saTqmelis gamoxatviTac.
am SemTxvevaSic cxadad Cans, rom `droeba~ ufro metad sekularuli
poziciisaken ixreba da qarTvelTa monasters misTvis metwilad istoriul-
kulturuli mniSvneloba aqvs, `iveria~ ki qristianuli savanis upirveles
daniSnulebad sulier moRvaweobas xedavs.
am ori teqstis erTmaneTTan Sedareba, romelTagan erTi 1882 wels ga-
moqveynda `droebaSi~, xolo meore _ 1886 wels `iveriaSi~, mkafiod avlens
maT Soris imgvar gansxvavebebs, rac metad saTuod xdis maTs mikuTvnebas er-
Ti avtorisaTvis, kerZod, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis da ufro sagulvebels tovebs
Zvel Tvalsazriss, rom mis avtorad sergei mesxi unda iqnes miCneuli.
da kidev: ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa imave akademiuri octomeulis XIII
tomSi pirvelad iqna mowodebuli iliaseulad erTi xelmouwereli teqsti,
romelic 1896 wlis TebervalSi gamoqveynebula `iveriaSi~ usaTauro mowinave
werilad, Tumca misi kuTvnileba ilia WavWavaZisadmi bevrad ufro metadaa
savaraudo da dadasturebuli, vidre `droebaSi~ 1882 wels gamoqveynebuli
werilisa `qarTvelT qoneba aTonis mTaze~. es teqsti, romelsac gamomcem-
lebma ase uwodes: `qarTuli samonastro mamulebi berZeni berebis samsaxur-
Si~ (WavWavaZe 2007a: 207-209), isev aTonis qarTuli monastrisa da misi qonebis
sakiTxs Seexeba, oRond gaSualebulad _ werili, faqtobrivad, exmianeba
besarabiaSi aTonel berZen monazonTa sakuTrebis miTvisebas adgilobrivi
erobis mier. am gviandel werilSi gacxadebulia avtoriseuli mowodeba, besa-
rabieli Tavadaznaurobis moTxovnas mihbaZos qarTvelma sazogadoebamac,
qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobamac, romelmac Zalisxmeva swored amgvari gziT
unda warmarTos aTonis qarTvelTa monastris qonebis dasabruneblad: `aq
saqmec sakadrisia TavadaznaurobisaTvis da Rvawlic~ (WavWavaZe 2007a: 209).
avtoris miCneviT, `amas iTxovs samarTali da mere igi saxsovari CvenTa mama-
papaTa, romelTac aTonis mTaze qarTvelTa da saqarTvelos xsenebisaTvis
amodena Rvawli dasdes da amodena mamulebi Seswires da gaimetes~ (WavWavaZe
2007a: 208).
1896 wels `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli am werilis daweris TariRi, sababi,
mizezi, garemo da istoriuli konteqsti ukve imdenad gansxvavebulia adre
`droebasa~ (1882) da `iveriaSi~ (1886) gamoqveynebul werilTagan, rom misi
mniSvneloba, rogorc rame mtkicebisa, metad mcirea im teqstis _ `qarTvelT
qoneba aTonis mTaze~ _ avtorobis gasarkvevad da dasadgenad, romelic yo-
velmxriv savaraudoa ekuTvnodes imas, visac mis avtorad bolo xanamde miiC-
nevdnen: `droebis~ imJamindel redaqtors _ sergei mesxs.
RirsSesaniSnavia, rom `droebis~ furclebze, sadac sergei mesxi imxanad,
sicocxlis miwuruls, pirvel yovlisa, yuradRebas miapyrobda axladSemoer-
78



Tebuli samxreTqarTuli miwebis sawuxars, qarTul Teatrsa da adgilobriv
skolebs, mas, amave dros, araerTgzis gamouTqvams Tavisi Tvalsazrisi saek-
lesio Temis irgvlivac (Tundac xSirad isev saswavlebelTa sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT): `Tfilisis sasuliero saswavlebeli~ (1879; mesxi 1964: 188-189),
`Tfilisis guberniis samRvdeloebas~ (1879; mesxi 1964: 194-195), `samRvdeloe-
bis kreba TfilisSi~ (1879; mesxi 1964: 234-236), `samRvdeloebis kreba (1879;
mesxi 1964: 236-238), `quTaisis sasuliero seminaria~ (1881; mesxi 1964: 360-362),
`quTaisis seminaria~ (1881; mesxi 1964: 365-367), `Cvens sasuliero saswavleb-
lebze~ (1882; mesxi 1964: 380-381)... es sagazeTo werilebi, aTonis gamo `droe-
baSi~ gamoqveynebul saredaqcio werilTan erTad, Rirebul wyaros warmoad-
gens XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi sekularizaciis saTaveebis, sekularuli
cnobierebis damkvidrebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad, gasagebad Tu gasa-
azreblad, xolo Tuki am teqstTagan yoveli maTgani namdvilad sergei mesxs
ekuTvnis, maSin aSkaraa, rom ufro mkafiod gamoCndeba da ufro Sesabamisad
SeiZleba ganisazRvros qarTul sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi, _ swored am
ganzomilebiT, _ sergei mesxis adgili da wvlili.


SeniSvnebi:

1. samwuxarod, sergei mesxis nawerebis pirveli, daumTavrebeli gamocemis
pirveli tomi, romelic 1903 daibeWda samson fircxalavas redaqciiT (mesxi
1903), ar moicavs mwerlis 1882 wels gamoqveynebul teqstebs da, Sesabamisad,
SeuZlebelia iTqvas, moxvdeboda Tu ara es teqsti mesxis nawerebis am
krebulSi.
2. sergei mesxis saxeliT es teqsti ukanasknelad gamoqveynda mravaltomeulis
`qarTuli mwerlobis~ me-18 tomSi (tomis redaqtori _ dali CikvilaZe),
romelic Sedgeba sergei mesxis nawerebisagan (qarTuli mwerloba 2001: 563-
565).
3. teqsti gamosacemad moamzades leila sanaZem, maia niniZem da nana fruiZem,
tomis redaqtori _ zurab WumburiZe.
4. aleqsandre kalandaZe jer wers, rom `1880-1881 wlebSi `droeba~-`iveriis~
gaerTianebul redaqcias uZRvebodnen sergei mesxi da ilia WavWavaZe~
(kalandaZe 1987: 51), rom `aRsaniSnavia 1880-1881 wlebi, roca sergei mesxTan
erTad, gazeTs ilia redaqtorobda~ (kalandaZe 1987: 253) da `rogorc irkveva,
gaerTianebuli redaqcia 1881 wlis noembramde ganagrZobda moRvaweobas~
(kalandaZe 1987: 52), Tumca Semdgom, levan WrelaSvilze dayrdnobiT, TiTqos
Tvalsazriss cvlis da acxadebs, rom `ilia im periodSic ganagrZobda
`droebis~ redaqtorobas, roca gazeTs xels aRar awerda~ (kalandaZe 1987: 52),
Tumca am mosazrebis dadastureba (ix. WrelaSvili 1985: 5-6) sruliadac araa
myari.
5. `1880 wels `droeba~ da `iveria~ SeerTda. bankis saqmeebiT datvirTuli il.
WavWavaZes saredaqcio saqmianobisaTvis metad mcire dro rCeboda, igi ara Tu
`droebis~ TanaredaqtorobisaTvis, xSirad `iveriis~ xelmZRvanelobisaTvi-
sac veRar iclida da am ori soliduri perioduli organos redaqtorobis
mTeli simZime ZiriTadad s. mesxs daawva (bocvaZe 1968: 64).
6. `1881 wlidan `droeba~ da `iveria~ daSordnen erTmaneTs, gawyda yvela Semaer-
Tebeli Zafi da samocianelTa jgufi, rogorc erTiani ideuri mimdinareoba,
1881 wlis dasasruls sabolood daiSala~ (bocvaZe 1964: 100-101).
7. es met-naklebad gavrcelebuli gadmocema, rogorc Semdgomma kvlevam daa-
dastura, ar Seesabameba istoriul sinamdviles.
8. sergei mesxis TxzulebaTa bocvaZiseul gamocemaSi igi moxseniebulia ro-
gorc `benediqte barklai~ (mesxi 1964: 378; 455).

79


damowmebani:

baqraZe 1947: baqraZe g. qarTuli periodikis bibliografia: 1819-1945, Tb.: wignis
palata, 1947.
bocvaZe 1962: bocvaZe i. `winasityvaoba~, mesxi s. Txzulebani sam tomad, t. I, Tb.:
sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1962.
bocvaZe 1964: bocvaZe i. sergei mesxi, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1964.
bocvaZe 1968: bocvaZe i. sergei mesxi da 70-80-iani wlebis qarTuli presa, Tb.:
ganaTleba, 1968.
kalandaZe 1987: kalandaZe a. qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, V, Tb.: ganaTleba,
1987.
mesxi 1903: mesxi s. nawerebi, t. 1, tf., 1903.
mesxi 1964: mesxi s. Txzulebani sam tomad, t. III, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1964.
qarTuli mwerloba 2001: qarTuli mwerloba: 40 tomad, t. 18, Tb.: nakaduli, 2001.
WavWavaZe 1957: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. VIII, Tb.:
saxelmwifo gam-ba, 1957.
WavWavaZe 2007: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. VIII, Tb.:
ilias fondi, 2007.
WavWavaZe 2007a: ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. XIII,
Tb.: ilias fondi, 2007.
WavWavaZe 2007b: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. XV, Tb.:
ilias fondi, 2007.
WrelaSvili 1985: levan WrelaSvili, `gazeT `droebaSi~ xelmouwereli publi-
cisturi werilebis atribucia~, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1985, 4.


Merab Ghaghanidze

Who Is the Author of the Editorial Article on Athos in Droeba?

Summary

The editorial article Georgian Property on Athos was published in the daily Georgian
newspaper Droeba (No. 37, February 20, 1882). The editor of the newspaper at that time was
Sergei Meskhi. Later, when in 1960s was published the three-volume selection of writings of Sergei
Meskhi, the article was included into this collection as his own text.
In 2007 was published vol. 15 of the twenty-volume complete edition of writings of Ilia
Chavchavadze. Into this collection also was included this article, as Ilia Chavchavadze was also co-
editor of Droeba in this period.
After the researching study the problem of authorship of the editorial article, published in
Droeba, is clear: in 1882 Ilia Chavchavadze could not be possible to write this text, because he did
not take the part in the everyday editorial work of the newspaper. Also, it is important, that in 1886, in
his newspaper Iveria Ilia Chavchavadze published the article on the problem of Georgian
monasteries on Athos and on the Holy Land, which was determined by the acute problem of the
property of these monasteries in Georgia. The positions, style, view of point of these two artilces are
so different, that it is impossible to say, that the author of these both articles is Ilia Chavchavadze.
Probably, the author of the editorial article in Droeba is Sergei Meskhi, who wrote exactly in these
years a couple of articles on Church problems.
80



julieta gaboZe

akaki wereTeli _ meigave Tu mTargmneli

2010 wels akaki wereTlis dabadebidan 170 weli sruldeba. `rusTavelis
fondis~ mier daafinansebuli sagranto proeqti, romelic akaki wereTlis
TxzulebaTa akademiuri octomeulis pirveli nawilis (aTi tomi) gamosace-
mad momzadebas iTvaliswinebs, poetis auxdeneli ocnebis asrulebaa: mas
surda Tavmoyrili da gamocemuli exila sakuTari nawerebi, risTvisac go-
lovinis prospeqtze eqvsi saJeni miwac SeuZenia, sadac jixurSi misi nawerebi
unda gayiduliyo. axali akademiuri octomeulis gamosacemad momzadeba sa-
patio, magram metad rTuli saqmea, radgan zogjer tomis mommzadeblis winaSe
erTob Znelad gadasawyveti sakiTxebi dgeba xolme. gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac nawarmoebs ramdenime varianti aqvs. arcTu iolia ZiriTadi teqstis
dadgena. am mxriv, gamorCeulad sayuradReboa TxzulebaTa mecxre tomi, ro-
melSic Sedis akakis poeturi Targmanebi da igav-arakebi kriloviT. sabednie-
rod, am tomis Semdgenelia gamocdili da metad Rvawlmosili mecnieri
qalbatoni lamara gvaramaZe, romelsac araerTi klasikosis tomebi Seudge-
nia, rac iZleva imis did imeds, rom aRniSnuli tomic maRali profesionaliz-
miT iqneba momzadebuli.
yvela Semoqmeds muSaobis Taviseburi stili da yvela nawarmoebs _ sxva-
dasxvaggvari SemoqmedebiTi istoria aqvs. sayovelTaod cnobilia akakis ga-
morCeuli interesi krilovis igavebisadmi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi poeti Targ-
mnida, ufro sworad, aqarTulebda am igavebs. da ara marto Targmnida, ufro
xSirad adre Targmnils kvlav ubrundeboda da gamocemidan gamocemamde Se-
moqmedebiTad amuSavebda. es gamocemebi bevri iyo da, Sesabamisad, varian-
tebic uxvad grovdeboda. teqstologiuri principis mixedviT ki nawarmoebis
ZiriTad wyarod avtografi, an mwerlis sicocxlis bolodroindeli gamoce-
ma unda avirCioT, Tumca SerCevis amgvari principi yovelTvis ar tovebs
saukeTeso arCevans. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazoga-
doebam TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi xuTjer gamosca akaki wereTlis mier
Targmnili rusi meigavis, ivane krilovis, igav-arakebi. es faqti ki imaze
miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis interesi da mowoneba am igavebisadmi
metad didi iyo. SesaZloa, mkiTxvelis amgvari siyvaruli krilovis igavebi-
sadmi, akakiseulma Targmanebmac ganapiroba, vinaidan, i. griSaSvilis sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT: `akaki wereTeli ar aris krilovis Cveulebrivi mTargmneli.
krilovs saqarTveloSi TxuTmetamde mTargmneli hyavda, magram verc erTi
ver mivida xalxis gulamde. STamomavlobam mxolod akaki daimaxsovra~
(griSaSvili 1964:194).
amjerad sagangebod gvinda ganvixiloT akaki wereTlis mier Targmnili
rusi mwerlis ivane krilovis igav-arakebis gamocemebi da poetis damokide-
buleba am Targmanebisadmi. rogorc cnobilia, akakim krilovis 152 igavi ga-
daTargmna. poetma maTi Targmna daiwyo 1862 wlidan da sicocxlis bolomde
aqveynebda maT Jurnal-gazeTebSi. am igavebis pirveli publikacia Sedga 1862
wlis `ciskris~ 8-Si saTauriT `mgzavrebi da ZaRlebi~. sxvaTa Soris akakim
es igavi SemdgomSic ramdenjerme gamoaqveyna, Tumca erTob Secvlili saxiT.
akakis mier Targmnilma igavebma maSinve didi popularoba moipova. rogorc
aRvniSneT, poetis sicocxleSive xuTjer gamoica calke wignad. aRarafers
vambobT im calkeul igavebze, romlebic 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad
ibeWdeboda sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTSi, zogi maTgani Sedioda i. gogebaSvi-
lis `deda enaSi~.
81


1889 wlis 1 seqtembers q. S. w. k. gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam akakisagan
SeiZina mis mier Targmnili krilovis 40 igavi, razedac miiRo Semdegi
`ganCineba~: `gamgeoba Tanxmdeba akaki wereTels pirobazed, e. i. aZlevs TiTo
igav-arakSi xuT maneTs, rom sul Sesdges ara umetes samasis maneTsa. amaze Ca-
moerTvas notariusis wesiT qaRaldi, rom samudamod uTmobs am igav-arakebis
gamocemas sazogadoebas~ (i. maCabeli, c.s.i.a.f.481. anaw.198).
centralur arqivSi inaxeba dokumenti, romlis mixedviT vgebulobT, rom
`akaki wereTeli samudamod uTmobs w.k.g. sazogadoebas 60 igav-araks krilo-
visagan naTargmns leqsad. (51 ukve warmodgenilia, danarCen 9-sac gvpirdeba.
warmogidgenTo) da TiTo igav-arakSi Txoulobs 5 maneTs. ase rom srulad
Sesdgeba 300 maneTi~ (c.s.i.a.f.481. anaw.198 , wigni IV).
w.k.g. sazogadoebam es igav-arakebi pirvelad 1891 wels gamosca. (`kri-
lovis igav-arakebi, naTargmni akakisagan~, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis kuTvnileba stamba m. SaraZisa, 1891 w.) meored
_ 1893 w. (krilovis arakebi naTargmni akakisagan. gamocema me-2 Seucvleli.
tf. wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis gamocema, 100 gv.), mesamed _ 1898 wels: (kri-
lovis arakebi, naTargmni akakisagan, gamocema me-3 tf. q. S. w. k. gamavrcele-
beli sazogadoebis stamba m. SaraZisa da amxanagobisa. 9 suraTi, 104 gv. 30.),
meoTxed _ 1901 w. (krilovis arakebi, naTargmni akakisagan. gamocema meoTxe.
Secvlili. 9 suraTiT. tf. w. k. g. s. gamocema 52 eq. xelaZis st. 104 gv.), mexu-
Te gamocema ganxorcielda 1906 wels.
mas Semdeg, rac akakim q.S.w.k. sazogadoebas mihyida Tavis mier Targmnili
59 igavi, kvlavac ubrundeboda maT da Targmnida axal igavebs. akaki wereTlis
nawerebis bibliografiisTvis Tvalis erTi gadavlebac kmara, rom davrwmun-
deT, raoden uxvad beWdavda poeti Tavis Targmanebs imdroindel periodul
organoebSi, xolo sazogadoebis didi interesis gamoxatulebaa is, rom 10
wlis ganmavlobaSi es igavebi oTxjer gamoica.
1901 wlis Semdeg, rogorc Cans, akakis kvlavac uxvad daugrovda axlad
Targmnili igavebi da maTi gamocemis saqme isev q.S.w.k.g. sazogadoebas miando.
1902 wels poetsa da wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebas Soris xelSekrulebac daido;
`q.S.w.k.g. sazogadoebis gamgeobas, amave gamgeobis wevrTa samson fircxalavas
da niko eliavas moxseneba: b-n akaki wereTels surs, mis mier naTargmni da
gadmokeTebuli krilovis igav-arakebis gamocema da Tanaxmaa, es gamocema
gadmosces wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebas. Cveni azriT, am gamocemis SeZena metad
xelsayreli iqneba sazogadoebisaTvis da amitom saWiroa, droze movelapara-
koT pativcemul avtors~. Semdeg momxsenebeli aRwers im pirobas, romelsac
udeben akakis. isini pirvel gamocemaSi avtors 300 maneTs sTavazoben. xolo
Semdeg yoveli gamocemidan _ mogebis 50%-s. amave werils Tan axlavs minawe-
ri: `akaki ar Seiqmna Tanaxma gamgeobis pirobaze~. Tumca, rogorc Cans, bolos
mainc miaRwies SeTanxmebas (c.s.i.a.f.481. anaw.1, saqme211).
akakiseuli Targmanebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi gamoTqmulia sxvadasxvagva-
ri mosazreba: rom isini mxatvruli srulyofilebis nimuSebia, rom poetma
gaaqarTula isini da erovnul niadagze daafuZna, erovnuli samosiT Semosa
(Tundac rusuli saxelebis Secvla qarTuliT), aseve qarTuli andazebiTa da
xalxuri igavebiT Seavso, ramac ufro metad Seayvara isini xalxs (griSaSvili
1964; burjanaZe 1990 da sxv.).
qvemoT sagangebod ganvixilavT ramdenime igavs, raTa ufro TvalnaTliv
davrwmundeT zemoTqmulSi: Tu rogor xvewda akaki TiToeul igavs gamocemi-
dan gamocemamde. akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulis IV tomis
(wereTeli 1955: 69-379) didi nawili eTmoba krilovis arakebis akakiseul Tar-
gmans. am tomis Semdgenlebi SeniSvnebisa da variantebis ganyofilebaSi (were-
Teli 1955: 439-480) warmoadgenen yoveli igavis pasportsa da komentars. ga-
82



momcemlebi ZiriTad teqstad poetis sicocxleSi gamoqveynebul bolo na-
beWd wyaros asaxeleben. arsebul komentarebsa da variantebze Tvalis erTi
gadavlebac ki kmara, rom davrwmundeT, rogor muSaobda akaki am igav-arakebis
Targmanze. TiTqmis yvela maTgans ramdenime nabeWdi wyaro gaaCnia da yoveli
axali wyaro erTmaneTisagan bevrad Tu ara, cotaTi mainc sxvaobs. akakis
TxzulebaTa aRniSnuli gamocemis IV tomSi mravladaa iseTi igavebic, romel-
nic absoluturad gansxvavebuli variantiT arian warmodgenilni. zogierTi
variantis Sedarebisas is azric ki dagvebada, rom poets ama Tu im igavis ara
Tu gansxvavebuli varianti, aramed axali redaqciac ki Seuqmnia. nimuSad war-
movadgenT ramdenime igav-araks da vimsjelebT mis variantebze.
mag. igavi `muxa da lerwami~ _ 1891 wels pirvelad gamouqveynebia akakis,
xolo 1906 wlis gamocemaSi ukve sxva redaqcia Seuqmnia.
SevadaroT isini:

1891 w. gamocema (B varianti) 1906 w. gamocema (A varianti)
iyo aris

`muxa da lerwami~ `muxa da lelwami~

muxam uTxra erTxel lerwams `erTxel muxam da lelwamma
sawyalo da ubeduro! Camoagdes saubari
emarTlebi swored Sen beds da erTmaneTs guls uxsnidnen,
rom dahgmo da daemduro rogorc ori megobari.
`sisustiT da msubuqobiT muxam uTxra: mezobelo!
aqeT-iqiT iRunebi giyureb da mtkiva guli,
rom giyureb mebralebi, rom ukuRmarT bedisweras
Senis codviT viwvi, vdnebi~ ( gv. 440) magre hyavxar daCagruli.
marto sio da Telxic ki
gibriyveben, gerevian...
akvaniviT rom garweven
rogorc undaT, ise gxrian~ (gv.71)

rogorc vxedavT, A varianti ufro gavrcobilia, Txroba ufro dinjia,
saTqmels ufro Soridan iwyebs avtori. is, rasac B variantSi or strofSi am-
bobs, axal A variantSi poetma sami strofiT gadmosca. Cven srulad ar war-
movadgenT am igavs, movixmobT mxolod bolo striqonebs:

B varianti iyo A varianti aris

`es rom uTxra moiRrubla, `es rom uTxra, swored am dros
amovarda ucbad qari... moiRrubla, atyda qari!
gaavdarda elva-WeqiT wamovida grigaliviT,
da SeiZra mTa da bari! Searyia mTa da bari,
qariSxalmac is lerwami daeZgera Cvens muxasac,
gadaxara-gadmoxara, bevri aRar daacala...
magram im dros didi muxa amoTxara Zirianad
ki sruliad amoTxara~. (gv. 441) gadiyvana yiramala~. (gv.73)

namdvilad ver vityviT, rom igavis axali redaqcia ufro maRalmxatvruli
iyos, vidre adrindeli, piriqiT, zogi strofi Zveli variantisa ufro sxar-
tia, magram faqtia, rom mTargmneli ar daakmayofila pirvelma variantma da
igavis gansxvavebuli redaqcia Seqmna. sxvaoba ganicada igavis saTaurmac: (B
variantSi) akaki `lerwams~ wers (A variantSi) ki lelwams.
83


`gamvlelebi da ZaRlebi~ arsebobs am igavis ramdenime nabeWdi wyaro:
`ciskari~ 1862 8: 163-164 da 1906 w. gamocema (gv. 73-74). sagulisxmoa, rom
krilovis am igavis TargmaniT Sedga akakis debiuti. rogorc Cans, es igavi
Jurn. `ciskridan~ gadaubeWdavT akakis `Txzulebanis~ 1893 wlis gamocemaSi,
saidanac gadmoibeWda akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wignSi (1912 w.), xolo
igavis gansxvavebuli varianti akakim 1891 wels gamoaqveyna da ase ibeWdeboda
is 1906 wlis CaTvliT. akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa TxutmettomeulSi Ziri-
Tad teqstad swored es ukanasknelia warmodgenili. am igavs Tavdapirvelad
ase erqva: mgzavrebi da ZaRlebi. sinamdvileSi meore Targmani _ `gamvle-
lebi da ZaRlebi~ (` ~) _ ufro Seesatyviseba dedans. pirveli
varianti igavisa ufro zedmiwevniT misdevs orginals, ganaxlebul redaq-
ciaSi ki poets gavrcobilad aqvs warmodgenili igavSi gadmocemuli ambavi
Tu B variantSi akaki ase gadmogvcems;

`saRamo Jams modiodnen
erTad ori megobari
da erTmaneTSi hqondaT
maT rigiani saubari~.
(wereTeli 1955: 448)

igavis A variantis kiTxvisas namdvilad Wirs misi miCneva Targmanad, iseTi
sisxartiT hyveba avtori:

`Saragzaze midioda,
erTad ori megobari,
im mTisa da am barisa
gaemarTaT saubari~.
(wereTeli 1955: 135)

aq ukve aSkarad igrZnoba akakis laRi, msubuqi, xalxuri stili, am strofs
swored rom qarTuli `qudi axuravs~ da `qarTuli Coxa~ acvia. igavis mora-
lic variantis mixedviT zustad imeorebs dedans:

`Surianebi sul hyefen,
radgan sxvebs exarbebian,
magram xmas rom ar gascemen,
iyefen da dascxrebian.





.
(krilovi 1951: 24).

magram aba, vnaxoT, rogor sxarti da mravlismomcveli, yovlismTqmeli
gaxada akakim igive morali axal variantSi:

`Surianebi amgvarad
hyefen da iRrinebian,
magram xmas rom ar gascemen,
TviTonve gulze sqdebian~.
(wereTeli 1955: 136)

84



amrigad, es igavic SemoqmedebiTad gadaumuSavebia avtors. dauxvewavs,
ufro qarTulad auJRerebia.
igavi `glexi da sikvdili~ 1891 w. gamoaqveyna poetma da Semdegac dabeW-
da. 1906 w-s ki misi axali varianti gamoaqveyna. roca vkiTxulobT am or
variants, TiTqos gviWirs maT Soris ukeTesis gamorCeva. pirveli varianti
sakmaod sxarti, daxvewili da mxatvrulad srulyofilia, SesaZloa, amito-
mac p. ingoroyvam igi ZiriTad teqstad airCia (wereTeli1941: 61). ai, ras
wers igi am tomis SeniSvnebSi: `am leqsis ori redaqcia arsebobs: erTi 1891
wlis gamocemisa. meore _ 1906 wlis gamocemisa (saTauriT `glexi da sikv-
dili~). mxatvrulobis mxriT ufro srulyofilad miviCnieT pirveli re-
daqcia da igi davbeWdeT Cveni gamocemis ZiriTad teqstSi. meore redaqcia
(1906 wlis) mogvyavs variantebSi (iqve, 617, 729): B varianti, marTlac, ufro
mokle da sxartia. A varianti ki ufro vrceli da iqneb cota gaWianurebu-
lic kia, magram teqstologiuri principebis Tanaxmad akademiur gamoce-
mebSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas avtoris bolo neba, es neba ki 1906 wels
gamoqveynebul igavSi gamoxata akaki wereTelma. am variants kvlavac akaki-
seuli stili gamoarCevs. xolo dednis morali, romelic igavis pirvel
variants aklia:



.
(krilovi 1951: 72)

akakim ase mSvenivrad gaavrco bolo variantSi:

`vin ar itanjvis am qveynad
da vis ar daukvnesia?
magram yovelgvar tanjvaze
sikvdili uaresia~.
(wereTeli 1955: 241)

amrigad, Cven SevecadeT mokled warmogvedgina akaki wereTlis mier Tar-
gmnili krilovis igav-arakebis teqstologiuri analizi. rasakvirvelia, am
kvlevas srulyofilebis pretenzia ar hqonia. magram am ramdenime igav-arakis
SemoqmedebiTi istoriis Seswavlis Sedegad CvenTvis naTeli warmosadgenia
poetis muSaobis principi. akaki wereTeli sityvasityviT ki ar Targmnida,
aramed SemoqmedebiTad amuSavebda ama Tu im ideas, xvewda, Tavisebur inter-
pretacias ukeTebda, aqarTulebda da axalxurebda. rogorc mivuTiTebdiT,
akakim krilovis gmirebs ara mxolod saxelebi da samosi Seucvala, aramed
calkeuli zne-Cveulebebic ki gadmouqarTula, amis magaliTad cnobili igavi
`Wirveuli Tamadac~ ikmarebs. rogorc cnobilia, krilovis Tamada Tanamoina-
xes Wamas aZalebs, qarTveli Tamada (akakiseuli) ki _ Rvinis smas. akaki sagan-
gebod cdilobda, yoveli gadmoTargmnili igavi qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis,
qarTuli yofisaTvis Seesabamebina. iqneb amitomac ubrundeboda igi zog
igavs da ramdenjerme, xelaxla amuSavebda, xvewda. saTqmelsac avrcobda da
afarToebda, Tuca, iqneb zogjer scildeboda kidec Targmans, zogjer imde-
nadac, rom TiTqmis axal igavsac qmnida, magram, vfiqrobT, akakisaTvis mTa-
vari iyo ara mxolod is eTqva, ra moralsac krilovi qadagebda, aramed ume-
tesad Tavad es morali moergo qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, zogjer eris man-
kierebis saCvenebladac gamoeyenebina. vfiqrobT, akaki am SemTxvevaSi erTgva-
rad agrZelebs sulxan-saba orbelianis SemoqmedebiT tradicias. xom cnobi-
lia, rom `sibrZne-sicruisas~ arc erTi arakis siuJeti araa originaluri,
85


magram ostatoba swored isaa, rom am araoriginaluri siuJetiTac mSvenivrad
miaRwia didma Semoqmedma dasaxul mizans: amxila eris zneobrivi mankierebani,
rac iyo qveynis `waxdenis mizezi~.
am Targmanebis gaqarTuleba (da ara mxolod gadmoqarTuleba) albaT,
akakis madlianma poeturma niWmac ganapiroba. gvaxsendeba Jukovskis frTiani
gamonaTqvami: `prozad mTargmneli monaa avtorisa, xolo leqsad mTargmneli
_ avtoris metoqeo~.
akaki wereTlis msgavsi Semoqmedni verc verasodes igueben monobas, mag-
ram am SemTxvevaSi rom akakim namdvilad metoqeoba gauwia ivane krilovs, es
udavoa! `Tu dRes krilovis igav-arakebi gaxalxurda da qarTvelTaTvis say-
varel nawarmoebebad iqca, swored rom akakis damsaxurebaa, radgan krilovis
stili akakim gaaTavisebura da misca mas akakiseburi elferi. swored misi dam-
saxurebaa, rom `xalxma orive xeliT miiRo krilovi~, _ werda i. griSaSvili.


damowmebani:

burjanaZe 1993: burjanaZe q. akaki wereTeli 150 saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1990.
griSaSvili 1964: griSaSvili i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. t. IV, Tb:
1964.
wereTeli 1955: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad. t. IV,
Tb: 1955 .
wereTeli 1941: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Svid tomad. t II, Tb.:
1941.
i. maCabeli, c.s.i.a.f: i. maCabeli, c.s.i.a.f:.481. anaw.198. centraluri saxelmwifo
istoriuli arqivis fondi.
c.s.i.a.f.481. anaw.198: c.s.i.a.f.481. anaw.198 wigni IV.
c.s.i.a.f.481. anaw.1: (c.s.i.a.f.481. anaw.1, saqme211).
1951: .. ,. . " ". .: 1951.


Juli Gabodze
Akaki Tsereteli - Fabulist or Translator

Summary

Akaki Tsereteli translated 152 fables of Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov. Poet had begun
translating them since 1862 and published them in magazines and newspapers till the end of
his life.
Krylovs fables translated by Akaki Tsereteli were published five times during fifteen
years by the Society for the Spreading of Literacy Among Georgians. This fact points out
that that Georgians interest to this fables were quite high. Perhaps, such interest determined
because of Akakis translations.
It was important for Akaki Tsereteli not only to show what Krylov moralized, but also
to fit this moral on Georgian reality, sometimes using it to demonstrate the fallaciousness of
his compatriots. We think, in this occasion Akaki continuous the traditions of Sulkhan-Saba
Orbeliani.
This article studies the versions of Akaki Tseretelis translations and concludes that
Akaki was really a literary rival of Ivan Krylov. Thanks to Akaki Tsereteli, Krylovs fables
became popular and favourite literary production for Georgians.
86



Tamar nucubiZe

civilizaciisa da progresis gageba ilia WavWavaZis
kritikul naazrevSi

civilizaciis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi, socialuri, ekonomikuri,
politikuri da kulturuli kavSirebisa da urTierTobebis internacionali-
zacia, mZafri integraciuli procesebi, axali globaluri gamowvevebi Tvi-
sebrivad axal problemaTa wres ayenebs kulturologiis winaSe; gansakuTre-
buli mniSvneloba eniWeba rogorc axali kulturuli paradigmebis, aseve ma-
Ti istoriuli winamZRvrebis saTanado Teoriul da meTodologiur
gaazrebas.
dRes, rodesac qarTuli saxelmwifo araerTi globaluri gamowvevis wi-
naSe dgas, uaRresad aqtualuri xdeba im kulturologiuri memkvidreobis
saTanado gaazreba, romelSic sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba iseT aqtualur
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa qarTuli kulturis civilizaciuri kuTvnileba da sxva
kulturebTan misi tipologiuri mimarTeba, qarTuli kulturisa da erovnu-
li mentalobis raoba, qarTuli kulturis erovnul TaviseburebaTa da TviT-
myofadobis SenarCuneba civilizaciaTa Soris intensiuri dialogis proces-
Si da sxv.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa XIX saukunis qarTul-evropuli
kulturuli dialogis umTavres gamovlinebaTa Seswavla, vinaidan am epoqis
saxiT Cvens winaSea Tvisebrivad specifikuri periodi, rodesac Zireulad
icvleba qristianuli xanis qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis veqtori.
XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan, metadre _ XIX saukunis dasawyisidan qar-
Tuli kulturis mWidro kavSiri aRmosavlur kulturasTan gzas uTmobs uSu-
alo da mWidro urTierTobas evropul civilizaciasTan. am problematikas
didi adgili uWiravs ilia WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi, romlis saTanado
gaazreba Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturologiis aqtualur sakiTxTa rigs
ganekuTvneba.


1. saqarTvelo civilizaciaTa sistemaSi

mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs erTiani Tvalsazrisi saqarTvelosa da ufro
farTod _ kavkasiis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb.
erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, qarTuli kulturuli sivrce balka-
nur-kavkasiuri civilizaciuri erTobis nawilia, rac ganpirobebulia iseTi
saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa genderul rolTa ganawileba, seqsisad-
mi damokidebuleba, mSobelTa da SvilTa urTierToba, socialuri sivrcis
funqciuri ganawileba da sxv. (niJaraZe 1999: 7-10).
gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kavkasia Taviseburi subciviliza-
ciaa, anu mezobel civilizaciebs Soris ganfenili marginaluri zonaa, rome-
lic arc erT civilizaciaSi ar Sedis da misTvis niSandoblivi faseulobebis
sistemiTa da tradiciebiT xasiaTdeba (kacitaZe 1998: 87-88). saqarTvelosa da
mTlianad kavkasiis specifikur subcivilizaciad moazrebis gamovlinebad
unda miviCnioT is Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmad kavkasia civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis zonas ganekuTvneba (hantingtoni 1996).

statia dafinansebulia rusTavelis fondis proeqtis `ilia WavWavaZe globalizaciis

saTaveebTan~ farglebSi.
87


aseve kavkasiuri subcivilizaciis arseboba igulisxmeba, rodesac kavka-
siis regioni erTian `kulturul sivrced~ ganixileba (suni 2000: 5-9).
saqarTvelos istoriaSi iyo periodi, rodesac cxadad isaxeboda kavkasi-
uri civilizaciis, erTiani politikuri-kulturuli da religiuri sivrcis,
saerTo `kavkasiuri saxlis~ Seqmnis perspeqtiva. amis TvalsaCino gamoxatu-
lebaa XI-XII sukuneebSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis zogadkavkasiuri hege-
monia. magram erTiani kavkasiuri saxlis Seqmnis mcdeloba, upirvelesad am
regionis civilizaciaTa Soris sasazRvro mdebareobis gamo erTgvar ganu-
xorcielebel proeqtad darCa. kavkasiuri erTianobis, kavkasiuri saxlis
idea, rogorc ara ukve arsebuli mocemuloba, aramed erTgvari samomavlo
proeqti, gamoxatulebas poulobs ilia WavWavaZis poemaSi `qarTvlis deda~,
romelSic kavkasiis erTa TavisuflebisaTvis erToblivi brZolis suraTia
daxatuli:

`Cemi mamuli, saqarTvelo, dRes micocxldeba!
xalxi azvirTda, xalxi aRsdga, xalxi moqmedebs,
kaspiis zRvidam Sav zRvamdina erTs fiqrsa hfiqrobs,-
da eg fiqria mTel kavkasis Tavisufleba!..
didia xalxi, ros es grZnoba win waruZRveba!..
. . .
Cveni qveyana, saqarTvelo, gaRviZebula,
mTeli kavkasi, mterzed risxviT aRmomqSinavi,
erTisa azriT, erTis grZnobiT aRelvebula~.

kavkasiuri subcivilizaciis arsebobis argumentaciisas yuradRebas amax-
vileben qarTvel da sxva kavkasiel erebs Soris arsebul saerTo niSan-Tvi-
sebebze, magram naklebad eTmoba yuradReba ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebs,
kerZod, religiur moments, im erT-erT mTavar faqtors, romelic mniSvelo-
vanwilad gansazRvravs yofas, RirebulebaTa sistemasa da kulturis xasiaTs.
Cveni azriT, ufro sworia is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad ar arsebobs
erTiani kavkasiuri subcivilizacia, Tumca politikur doneze araerTxel
arsebobda aseTi erTobis Seqmnis mcdeloba da aseve udaoa kavkasiis sxvada-
sxva regionebs Soris mWidro urTierToba da gavlenebi.
Crdiloel da samxreT kavkasielebs Soris saerTo niSan-TvisebebTan er-
Tad aranakleb TvalsaCinoa gansxvavebuli faseulobebi, normebi da tradi-
ciebi, rom araferi vTqvaT im faqtze, rom aq or sxadasxva religiasTan gvaqvs
saqme.
migvaCnia, rom qarTuli kulturuli sivrce Tavisi individualuri niSan-
TvisebebiT marTlmadideblur, aRmosavleT qristianuli civilizaciis inva-
riantis organul nawils warmoadgens.
qarTuli yofa-cxovrebis, saqarTvelos geografiuli sivrcis politiku-
ri, samarTlebrivi da kulturuli organizebis principebi da qcevis normebi
aRmosavlur qristianul samyarosTan, upirvelesad, bizantiasTan urierTo-
bis konteqstSi Camoyalibda da, amgvarad, qarTuli kultura vrceli evro-
puli civilizaciuri invariantis marTlmadideblur variants ganekuTvneba.
ilia WavWavaZis statiebSi araerTgzis iCens Tavs sakiTxi kavkasiis xalx-
Ta saerTo warsulsa da samomavlo interesebze, magram versad ver SevxvdebiT
azrs am regionis civilizaciur erTobaze.
ilia aRniSnavs, rom kavkasia, rogorc evropisa da aziis sazRvarze myofi
specifikuri regioni, iseve rogorc warsulSi, momavalSic didxans darCeba
evropisa da aziis cilobisa da dapirispirebis sagnad: `Tumca bevri ram
Seicvala qveynierebazed am xuTas-eqvsas weliwadSi, magram es miwa-wyali, ro-
melsac kavkasias eZaxian, romelic aziisa da evropis karad yofila uwin da
88



romlis dapyrobisaTvis bevri sxvadasxva xalxis sisxli daRvrila, mainc isev
karad darCa da xalxTa Soris SuRlisa da cilebis mizezad iqneba kidec~
(WavWavaZe 1960: 18).
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis kritikul naazrevSi araerTgzis exeba qarTuli
kulturis evropuli da musulmanuri civilizaciisadmi mimarTebis sakiTxs.
werilSi `qarTuli xalxuri simRera~ (1886) qarTuli xalxuri simReris Tavi-
seburebaTa ganxilvisas igi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelo ufro aziaa, misi is-
toria ufro aziis kulturisa da civilizaciis gavlenis qveS iyo ukanasknel
saukunemde. misvla-mosvla, istoriuli damokidebuleba, istoriuli mezob-
loba ufro aziis erTa Tana hqonia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 279).
amasTanave statiaSi `ai istoria~ (1889) ilia yuradRebas amaxvilebs qar-
Tuli kulturis TviTmyofadobaze, mis gansxvavebaze aRmosavluri civiliza-
ciisagan, kerZod, im garemoebaze, rom qarTuli `erovnuli xasiaTis~ socia-
lur, fsiqologiur Tu inteleqtualur substrats araferi aqvs saerTo
musulmanur kulturul sivrcesTan: `gana WkuaTa-myofels kacs fiqrad
mouva, rom zoroastris mimdevari da cecxl-Tayvanismcemeli sparsi da qris-
tiani qarTveli erTis saerTo cxovrebiT Sekruli da SeboWili igulvos,
erTs saerTo cxovrebaSi moaTavsos da moarigos?~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 365).
ilia samarTlianad miuTiTebs saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan mWidro
urTierTobaze sparseTTan, magram amasTanave aRniSnavs, rom am faqtoris miu-
xedavad, sparselebi da qarTvelebi gansxvavebul kulturul sivrceSi darC-
nen: `maS, Tu mTeli es aTas samasi weliwadi saqarTvelos saerTo cxovreba
hqonda iranTan, rogorRa davijeroT, rom am orma erma, aTas samas weliwads
erTis saerTo cxovrebiT mcxovrebma, Tav-Tavis vinaoba, ena, miwa-wyali, rju-
li SeirCina da an erTi-meores ar gaeqelvina, an erTmaneTs ar SeuduRda da
erT erad ar gardaiqmna. raki es ar moxda, aSkara sabuTia, rom saqarTvelos da
irans, aramc Tu erTad ucxovriaT saerTo cxovrebiT, aramed TviToeuls Ta-
visi sakuTari sisxl-xorcic hbadebia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 366).
amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRmosavlur gavlenebze,
magram amasTanave qarTul kulturas aRmosavluri civilizaciisagan damou-
kidebel erTeulad miiCnevs.


2. civilizaciis gageba ilia WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi

cnobilia, rom humanitarul mecnierebebSi termini `civilizacia~ frang-
ma ganmanaTleblebma daamkvidres rogorc civilizaciaTa klasifikaciisaT-
vis da droisa da sivrcis CarCoebiT SemosazRvruli socio-kulturuli mov-
lenis, anu met-naklebad homogenur erovnul kulturaTa erTobliobis aRm-
niSvneli cneba. amasTanave es cneba ixmareboda iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis gagebiT, romelSic Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da samarTalze damya-
rebuli wyobaa gabatonebuli.
rodesac ganmanaTleblebi civilizaciaze, rogorc adamianis gonebis mo-
napovarTTa erTobliobasa da progresze laparakobdnen, upirvelesad ada-
mianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa aRiarebasa da Tanasworobis ideas
gulisxmobdnen.
civilizaciis cnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiTac ilia WavWavaZe ganmanaTle-
belTa memkvidred gvevlineba.
ganmanaTleblebis kvalad, ilia WavWavaZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom prog-
resis Sedegi yvela socialuri fenisa da calkeuli pirovnebis Tanasworobis
princips unda emyarebodes: `ra aris mTeli progresi kacobriobisa, _ werda
ilia,_ Tu ara is, rom adamianis pirovneba, adamianis sinidisi, yofa-cxovre-
89


ba,_ usabuTod, usafuZvlod aravisagan xelSexebul ar iyos, aravisagan Sem-
wikvlul, Seginebul, Seviwroebul~ (WavWavaZe 1960: 253).
ganmanaTleblebisaTvis civilizacia sazogadoebis zneobrivi ganviTare-
bis Tvisebrivad axali donea, romelSic amave dros igulisxmeba progresuli
socialuri da politikuri maxasiaTeblebisa da xelisuflebis institutebis
arseboba.
amgvarad, civilizaciis cneba ganmanaTlebelTa sazogadoebaTmcodneo-
baSi garkveulwilad kacobriobis winsvlisa da warmatebis, sazogadoebrivi
progresis ideas ukavSirdeba. civilizaciis swored amgvari gagebis mowmeni
varT ilia WavWavaZis publicistikaSi, sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ima-
ze, rom civilizacia winsvlisa da sazogadoebrivi progresis matarebeli
cnebaa: `civilizacia, anu warmatebuloba adamianisa, mizezi ki ar aris, aramed
Sedegia yovel im Zal-Ronisa, romelnic erTad krebulad moqmedeben kacob-
riobaSi sazogadod da TviTeul erSi. amgvars Zal-Rones socialur Zal-Ro-
nes eZaxian. codna, gonebrivi da zneobrivi aRmatebuloba, mrewvelobis sim-
didris met-nakleboba, rwmuneba im sagnebis mimarT, romelic adamianisaTvis
udidesad misaCnevia, mmarTveloba, wes-wyobileba ojaxeburi, sazogadoebu-
ri, samoqalaqo, kanonebi, Cveulebani, zne-xasiaTi da sxva amisTana sul erTad
da erTs dros momqmedni, hqmnian imas, rasac romelisame drois mdgomareobas
erisas, Tu kacobriobisas, eZaxian, anu civilizacias Tavisis met-naklebobiT~
(WavWavaZe 1941: 322)
civilizaciis kategoriis ganmanaTlebluri gageba gulisxmobs kacobri-
obis ganviTarebaSi iseTi safexuris miRwevas, rodesac sazogadoebriv cxov-
rebaSi sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens codna, rodesac mkvidrdeba fizi-
kuri, kulturuli, sulieri da adamianuri resursebis optimaluri gamoye-
neba da qcevis normatiuli xasiaTi, rodesac sul ufro vrceli asparezi eT-
moba samarTlisa da samarTlianobis normebs (WavWavaZe 1959:. 28-29).
ganmanaTleblebis kvalad, ilia xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ama Tu im qveyni-
sa Tu progresis erT-erT umTavresi piroba aris codna da mecniereba: `ra
aaxlebs, ra hscvlis da _ Tu cxovreba janmrTelia _ ras mihyavs win? codna-
sa, mecnierebasa, romelnic TviTve cxovrebis nayofni arian~ (WavWavaZe 2005:
122).
civilizaciis normebis damkvidreba ilia WavWavaZes udides sikeTed miaC-
nia. misi TqmiT, `civilizaciis dasamyareblad ara xarji meti ar aris, rac un-
da fuli daixarjos _ bevri ar iqneba~ (WavWavaZe 1960: 69). am SemTxvevaSi civi-
lizacia ilias esmis, rogorc codnis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis sinonimuri
cneba.
ilia WavWavaZe civilizaciaTa urTierTobis, urTierTzegavlenis da maTi
saerTo da gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis kvleva-Ziebis saukeTeso meTodad
`SedarebiT meTods~ miiCnevs da acxadebs, rom `SedarebiTi filologia~, `Se-
darebiTi miTologia~ da `SedarebiTi politika~ `erTad Svelian istorias mis
qvemdebare saZiebelSi~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 326-327). ilias TqmiT, SedarebiTma me-
Todma `sifrTxiliTa da codniT xmarebulma, iseTi utyuaroba, iseTi zedmi-
wevniloba aRmoiCina, iseTi saxeli daigdo, rom ar aris mecniereba, romelic,
saca saWiroa, am meTods ar xmarobdes. am meTodiT bevrs wyvdiadsa da bnels
naTeli moefina, bevri dafaruli gamomzevda~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 323).
ilia WavWavaZe did yuradRebas uTmobs civilizaciuri jgufebis mTavari
Semadgeneli nawilis _ eris TviTmyofadobis, misi erT-erT umTavresi dama-
xasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis gansazRvras. ilias Tanaxmad, eris identurobas
upirvelesad ena gansazRvravs. statiaSi `ai istoria~ igi aRniSnavs, rom `ena,
rogorc gasaRebi daketilisa, yvelazed ufro SemZlebelia da yvelazed
sando mowamea civilizaciis istoriisaTvis, radganac ufros-erTs SemTxveva-
90



Si erToba enisa moaswavebs erTobas kulturisas... cxovreba erisa gadaSli-
lia, gamomzevebulia mis enaSi, romelic utyuari sarkea yovelis misis Tavga-
dasavalisa da yofa-cxovrebis cvalebadobisa~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 323).
eris maxasiaTebel niSanTa Soris ilia WavWavaZe yuradRebas did mniSvne-
lobas aniWebs sarwmunoebis rols eris sulier cxovrebaSi. igi acxadebs, rom
`Tu qarTveli Rvrida sisxls, marto sarwmunoebis saxeliTa Rvrida, radga-
nac sarwmunoebaSi xedavda igi Tvis samSoblosac, Tvis mamulsa, Tvis gvarto-
mobas, Tvis erovnebas, Tvis qarTvelobas. dResac qristiani da qarTveli si-
nonimebia mTels kavkasiaSi araqristianTa Soris... samRvdeloebis winamZRv-
robiT qarTvelma sarwmunoebaSi Cahswera Tvisi suli da guli da qristes jva-
ri sisxlis RvriT Seumwikvlelad da wmindad moitana mecxramete saukunemde~
(WavWavaZe 2005: 20).
uTuod marTlmadidebloba aris is qvakuTxedi, is mTavari faqtori, ro-
melmac, bizantiis msgavsad, ganapiroba qarTuli socialuri sinamdvilisa da
kulturis Tavisebureba. aq unda gavixsenoT, rom Tanamedrove sociologiasa
da kulturologiaSi gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, swored religiaa
is umTavresi faqtori, romelic civilizaciuri regionebis sazRvrebs gana-
pirobebs. kerZod, dasavluri civilizaciis safuZvlad miCneulia kaToli-
cizmisa da protestantuli konfesiebis geografiuli areali, xolo is qris-
tianuli qveynebi, romlebSic gabatonebul religias marTlmadidebloba war-
moadgens, damoukidebel orTodoqsul civilizaciad moiazreba.
ilia WavWavaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs qristianobis gansakuTrebul rol-
ze saqarTvelos rogorc sulier, aseve politikur cxovrobaSi: `qristes
rjuli qarTvelebisaTvis marto sarwmunoebiT aRsareba ki ar iyo, igi amasTan
erTad politikuri qviTkiric iyo saqarTvelos mraval nawilebis gasaerTeb-
lad da Semosakrebad. erToba sarwmunoebisa erTobas erisas moaswavebda. dro
iyo amisTana da sxva ara-ra elementi maSin SemZlebel ar iyo es Cvenis is-
toriis dasabamidam sasurveli erToba daedgina. sxvaTa Soris qarTveli eri
amisaTvis ufrTxildeboda Tavis rjuls, romelic, Tavis Sinagan Rirsebis
garda, duRabobas uwevda erTobas. am sikeTes didi xania miagnes CvenTa be-
disgamgebelTa da ar aris CvenSi arc erTi saxelganTqmuli kaci, an mefe, rom,
sxvaTa Soris, am TvaliT ar eyurebina qristes sarwmunoebisaTvis. amitomac,
moacalebdaT Tu ara politikuri triali bedisa, yoveli maTgani scdilobda,
arafers zogavda, qristes rjuli, Sinaganis RirsebiTac ganedidebinaT, gaem-
SvenierebinaT da misi monastrebi da taZrebi yvelgan moefinaT qristes rju-
lis saxsovrad da sadideblad~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 346).
ilia WavWavaZe ar iziarebda XIX saukunis istoriis filosofiaSi farTod
damkvidrebul azrs eris daberebis Sesaxeb. ilias mcdarad miaCnia `ukve daZ-
velebuli da bevrTagan gamtyunebuli azri dreperisa imis Taobazed, rom er-
sac, rogorc TviToeuls calke adamians, Tavisi asakebi aqvs: bavSvoba, yrmoba,
Wabukoba, vaJkacoba da bolos sibere, romelsac sikvdili mosdevs aucileb-
lad~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 316), `sibere erisa, Cvenis fiqriT, uqmi sityvaa, misi saga-
ni ar arsebobs da warmoudgenelic aris~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 317).
ilia did adgils uTmobs im azris mtkicebas, rom saubari eris sibereze
sruli alogizmia. misi TqmiT, `ers erTi suli, erTi guli aqvs, xolo xorci
imdeni, ramdenic calke adamiania. rogorc yvelasi erTad da erTs dros dabe-
reba ar SeiZleba, isec erisa. ivane berdeba da midis, petre ibadeba da modis,
da eri ki isev aris, erT-sul, erT-gul. eri Tavisis suliT da guliT im turfa
sabaRnarosa hgavs, saca, rusTavelis sityviT, erTi midis da mis magier sxva
modis, TviTon baRnari ki aris da aris mudam mwvane, mudam dauWknobeli, mu-
dam yvavilovani, ia-zambax-vard-gaSlili~ (WavWavaZe 2005: 259).

91


3. evropeizmis idea ilia WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi

XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos winaSe mTeli sicxadiT dadga kulturuli
orientaciis sakiTxi. qarTul sazogadoebriv azrs axali erovnuli cnobie-
rebis Camoyalibebis paralelurad unda ganesazRvra qveynis civilizaciuri
orientacia, Tavisi damokidebuleba evropuli, kaTolikur-protestantuli
samyaros ideologiuri da kulturuli Rirebulebebisadmi.
ilia WavWavaZe progress ganviTarebis evropul gzas ukavSirebda. am mxriv
sagulisxmoa is azri, rom ilias sxva civilizaciebis, sxva kulturuli regio-
nebis ganviTarebisa da progresis winapirobad evropul civilizaciasTan
Tanaziaroba miaCnia. misi varaudiT, evropuli civilizaciis zemoqmedeba
iaponiaze aziaSi am qveynis wamyvani rolis winapiroba iqneboda: `vin icis, iq-
neb iaponiam pirveli mesveuroba gauwios azias evropis civilizaciis zemoq-
medebis qveS warsamateblad da ganTiadma ganaTlebisam Tavisi sxivosani Suqi
pirvelad iqidam mohfinos mTels aziasaca~ (WavWavaZe 1960: 116).
amaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom igi mcdarad miiCnevda slaviano-
filebis Tvalsazriss imaze, TiTqos evropuli civilizacia ganviTarebis
CixSi moeqca. statiaSi `ivane aqsakovis gardacvaleba~ ilia slavianofilebis
did Secdomad miiCnevs im faqts, rom maT `wuni dasdves TviT ganaTlebas da
sikeTes evropisas da iqamde gakadnierdnen, rom yovelive, rasac ki evropis
niSanwyali emCneoda, aiTvaliswunes viT avxorci slavianTa agebulebazed me-
WeWad amosuli. `dampali evropa, gaxrwnili dasavleTio~, sul amas iZaxodnen,
roca ki SemTxveva eZlevodaT da guldajerebiT xmamaRla da ukandauxevelad
hqadagebdnen, rom dRes erTaderTi eriRaa evropaSi, romelic gangebiT mov-
lenilia axali sityva, axali moZRvreba, axali suli hSTaberoso daberebuls,
daZvelebuls da mixrwnil progress evropisasao da eg eri slavianebis eriao~
(WavWavaZe 2005: 334-335).
ilia WavWavaZis evropeizmi emyareba im rwmenas, rom kacobriobis prog-
ress upirvelesad evropuli civilizacia ganapirobebs. araa SemTxveviTi,
rom ilias azrovnebaSi evropeizmis cneba garkveul adgils ikavebs. kerZod,
Tavis gamouqveynebel narkvevSi `ciskari 1857 wlidana 1862 wlamdina~ (1862)
igi evropeizmis cnebas iyenebs qarTul literaturaSi aRmosavluri sawyisis
daZlevisa da tipologiurad evropuli literaturis msgavsi procesebis aR-
saniSnavad. ilias Tanaxmad, guramiSvilma scada `evropeizmis Semotana qar-
Tuli leqsis gamoTqmaSi; a. WavWavaZe, romelic ufro xSirad cdilobda mag
evropeizmis ganvrcelebasa; gr. orbeliani, gamgrZelebeli evropeizmisa; n.
baraTaSvili, brwyinvale warmomadgeneli evropeizmisa~ (WavWavaZe 1958: 457).
uTuod misaRebia is Tvalsazrisi, rom ilia WavWavaZisaTvis evropeizmi
iyo ara ubralod evropul literaturul mimdinareobaTa gavlenis an mas-
Tan miaxloebis mimniSnebeli termini, aramed igi iyo erovnul samwerlo kul-
turaSi igive poeturi kulturis universaluri cneba (Ciqovani 1980: 108).


4. progresis idea ilia WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi

rogorc cnobilia, istoriis filosofiaSi progresis idea sxvadasxvag-
var aris warmodgenili. platonis filosofiaSi progresi ciklur xasiaTs
atarebs, hegelis dialeqtikuri filosofiis Tanaxmad, progresi spiralurad
viTardeba, xolo ganmanaTlebelTa filosofiaSi progresis xazobrivad vi-
Tardeba. ilia WavWavaZe progresis cnebis gagebaSic ganmanaTlebelTa memk-
vidred gvevlineba.
92



ilia evropeisti da ganmanaTlebelia im mxrivac, rom aRiarebs istoriis
filosofiaSi ganmanaTlebelTa mier damkvidrebul progresi ideas: `prog-
resi swored kargi ram unda iyos, usaTuod qveynis sabednierod gaCenili~
(WavWavaZe 1958: 434).
ganmanaTlebelTa kvalad, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis progresi niSnavs ganviTa-
rebas dablidan maRlisaken, winsvlas ukeTesisaken. ilias swams, rom kacob-
rioba aRmavali socialuri da politikuri srulyofis gziT viTardeba. mas
miaCnia, rom kacobriobis progresma gansakuTrebiT cxadad iCina Tavi XIX
saukuneSi: `rac am saukuneSi mecnierebam saswauli moaxdina, rac ganaTlebul
qveynebis adamianma saxeli da dideba moipova, mTels danarCens TerTmet
saukunes erTad ar unaxavs. ra Tqma unda, rom wina saukuneTac ar emoqmednaT,
arc es mecxramete saukune iqneboda ase nayofieri, radganac, rac ginda
sTqvan, wina saukuneni sTesdnen da saxeli da dideba mecxramete saukunisa is
aris, rom uxvi mosavali mogvca naTesisa, imdenad uxvi, rom moulodneli iyo
CvenTa winaparTaTvis~ (WavWavaZe 1960: 7).
sazogadoebrivi progresi, ilia WavWavaZis Tanaxmad, gulisxmobs svlas
socialuri Tanasworobis damkvidrebisaken. `progress rom eZaxian,_ aRniS-
navs ilia, _ eg ar moaswavebs marto erTis wodebis win wawevas, gamokeTebas,
warmatebas sulierad da xorcielad, aramed mTel im krebulisas, romelsac
eri hqvian ganurCevlad didisa da patarisa~ (iveria 1897: 2).
ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweoba iyo gamudmebuli brZola saqarTvelos ganax-
lebisaTvis. `netavi im xalxs,_ ambobda igi,_ romelsac ar daukargavs eg ime-
di ganaxlebisa da ar gahqrobia ukeTesobis ndoma! is xalxi, is cxovreba, ro-
melic ar izrdeba, romelsac ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli da nayofieri Semod-
goma; romelica berwdeba ki, magram im siberis nayofzed isev ar amova ganax-
lebuli, ganaTlebuli siaxlis mSvenier gvirgviniTa _ is xalxi, is cxovreba
miCanCalebs samarisaken, bolos miva da aRigveba, rogorc mtveri dedamiwis
zurgidam~ (WavWavaZe 2005: 122).
rodesac ilia ganaxlebaze, winsvlaze, eris progresul ganviTarebaze sa-
ubrobs, amiT igi evropuli civilizaciis modelis upiratesobas gulisxmobs.
maqs veberi aRniSnavs, rom dasavluri civilizaciis erT-erTi ZiriTad Rire-
bulebaTagani aris dinamizmi, ganaxlebisa da srulyofisaken mudmivi swrafva.
ilia WavWavaZe evropeistia, evropel ganmanaTlebelTa memkvidrea maSi-
nac, rodesac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warmatebaSi gansakuTrebul rols
aniWebs mecnierebas. ilias Tanaxmad, progresi ganuyrelad aris dakavSirebu-
li mecnierebis warmatebasTan: `mecniereba da xelovneba, romelnic dRemudam
zed dahstrialeben cxovrebasa, rom yoveli cvlileba misi cnobierad gad-
moiRon, rom yoveli yvavili misi mohkrifon, Seityon, risTvis arian igini da
rani arian, _ mecniereba da xelovneba sxvadasxva gziT ikisreben axalis viTa-
rebis axsnasa, cnobaSi moyvanasa. amaTi ukeTesi mimdevari, xalxis dawinaure-
buli Taoba, maSinve mixvdeba, rom dro icvleba, hgrZnobs, rom eca suli axa-
lis gazafxulisa, ganaxlebisa, hgrZnobs, rom Zveli cxovreba aivso, damwif-
da, rac daTesili iyo, imis nayofi moitana da exla am nayofidam unda gamoik-
rifos axali Tesli axalis cxovrebis gamosakvanZavad, raTa madlobiT gais-
tumros Zveli da sixaruliT miegebos da gza gauxsnas axalsa~ (WavWavaZe 2005:
123).

93


damowmebani:

kacitaZe 1998: kacitaZe k. saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis civilizaciuri kuTvnile-
bis Sesaxeb. _ postkomunisturi demokratiuli gardaqmnebi da geopolitika
samxreT kavkasiaSi. _ konferenciis masalebi. 17-18 oqtomberi, 1997. Tb.: 1998.
niJaraZe 1999: niJaraZe g. saqarTvelo da xmelTaSuazRueTi. _ `konfliqtis
alternativa~, 7-8, 1999.
suni 2008: suni r. samxreT kavkasia. erTiani kulturuli sivrcis problemebi. _
saqarTvelos sagareo saministrosTan arsebuli sagareo politikis kvlevisa da
analizis centris biuleteni. 8, 2000.
Ciqovani 1980: Ciqovani s. Txzulebani. t. III, 1980.
WavWavaZe 1941: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli. t. II, 1941.
WavWavaZe 1958: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. III, 1958.
WavWavaZe 1959: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. IV, 1959.
WavWavaZe 1960: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. V, 1960.
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, 1991.
WavWavaZe 2005: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. VII, 2005.
hantingtoni 1996: Huntington S.P. The Clash of Civilizations and Remaking of the World
Order. N.Y.: 1996.



Tamar Nutsubidze

The Concept of the Civilization and Progress in the Works of Ilia Chavchavadze

Summary

The problems of cultural identity and social progress and the relationship between
Georgian culture and different civilizations occupy a highly important place in the works of
Ilia Chavchavadze. He pays attention to the facts that although Georgian culture was for a
long time in close touch with Islamic civilization it differs from it in every important aspect.
Though Ilia Chavchavadze was a passionate advocate of the unity of Caucasian
nations, the idea of such unity was only a political project but not the belief that Georgia
and other Caucasian nations compose a civilization unity. He emphasized the role of a
religion in the cultural outlook and system of values.
As the leader of the political and intellectual life of Georgia Ilia Chavchavadze tried his
best to inspire the Georgians with national optimism. This is why he refused to recognize
one of the oldest clichs of the philosophy of history - the idea that civilizations pass
through a process of rise, fall and death.
As a follower of the ideas of the Enlightenment he stressed the opinion that social and
intellectual progress, development towards a better state are determined by science, power
of human reason and innovations in political, religious and educational doctrine.
Ilia Chavcchavadze was an advocate Europeanism. He criticised the Russian
Slovophils, strong opponents of the Western system of law an civil rights. He defended the
democratic and individualistic aspects of the Western outlook, the ideals of the
Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
94





XX saukunis mwerloba


inga milorava

`zekacis~ saxis interpretacia modernistul
teqstSi

`RmerTi mokvda!~ _ am sabrZolo yiJinam marTlac rom sulis xorcamde
SesZra axali epoqis mijnasTan misuli adamiani. apokalifsi, armagedoni ukve
daiwyo mis sulSi. igi dRemde, XX s-is miwurulamde grZeldeba, Zlierdeba,
mwvavdeba, permanentulad aisaxeba filosofiur da esTetikur sistemebSi da
gastans im dromde, sanam wminda, upirobo simarTles, umaRles WeSmaritebas
ar miaRwevs adamiani. magram SesaZlebelia ki misi miRweva amqveyniur sinamdvi-
leSi, xorciel garsSi momwyvdeuli sulisaTvis, cnobierebisaTvis? alber
kimiu werda, rom `gonebis upirvelesi valia, is, rac namdvilia, ganasxvavos
imisgan, rac yalbia. magram rogorc ki viwyebT fiqrs, is rasac umalve aRmo-
vaCenT, winaaRmdegoba iqneba~ (kamiu 1996: 23). swored gadaulaxavi Sinagani
winaaRmdegobani arTulebs WeSmaritebis miRwevis process. misi Zieba usasru-
lod grZeldeba da, savaraudoa, asec gagrZeldeba. es movlena zustad gansaz-
Rvra aristotelem `metafizikaSi~: am SexedulebaT xSirad masxrad igdeben
imis gamo, rom bolos yvela TviTonve uaryofs sakuTar Tavs. marTlacda,
vinc amtkicebs, rom yovelive WeSmaritia, WeSmaritad aqcevs sapirispiro
mtkicebasac da amiT Tavis mtkicebas WeSmaritebas moklebulad xdis xolme
(raki sawinaaRmdego mtkiceba mis WeSmaritebas uaryofs). is ki, vinc amtki-
cebs, yvelaferi mcdariao, Tavissave mtkicebasac mcdarad acxadebs. Tu davi-
CemebT, marto Cveni mtkicebis sapirispiro mtkicebaao mcdari, an marto Cveni
mtkiceba araao yalbi, mainc iZulebuli viqnebiT vaRiaroT auaracxeli WeSma-
riti da yalbi mtkicebis arseboba, radgan adamiani, vinc Tavis naTqvamis WeS-
maritebas amtkicebs, mis WeSmaritebas qadagebs da es SeiZleba usasrulobam-
de gagrZeldes.
WeSmaritebasTan miaxloeba kidev ufro gaaZnela filosofiur da esTe-
tikur sistemaTa im badem, romelic ganitota da gadaefara mTel XX saukunes.
kirkegoris, haidegeris, iaspersis, huserlis, prustis, sartris, kamius mier
Seqmnili filosofiur-esTetikuri qsovili sarCulad daedo ekzistencia-
lizms. SiSma, romelic RmerTis arsebobaSi daeWvebam da cxovrebis amaoebam
Caunerga adamians, ormagi ganviTareba hpova. WeSmaritebis Ziebam erTi mxriv
yofierebis siZulvilTan da SiSTan, misi usafuZvlobis, usamarTlobis, uaz-
robis da amaoebis SegrZnebasTan miiyvana igi. Tavis mxriv, SegrZneba gamwvave-
bulia sakuTari Tavisadmi undoblobiT, zogjer TiTqmis zizRiTac ki da
xorcieli cxovrebis, miwieri arsebobis ubadrukobis gancdiT (arafriT
hgavs qristianul asketizmsa da TviTgvemas. maT safuZvelSi siyvaruli devs
da sulis ganwmendis, amaRlebis da gadarCenis idea aniWebs azrsa da sicxa-
des). meore mxriv ki, swored RmerTis dakargviT gamowveulma eldam gamoa-
cala pirovnebas mravalsaukunovani zneobrivi sayrdeni, garkveuli religi-
isadmi kuTvnilebis SegrZneba, usafrTxoebis grZnoba. SiSma gadaalaxvina mas
yvela zRvari, sasowarkveTilebam Sva TavzexelaRebuloba: Tu RmerTi mokv-
da, yvelaferi nebadarTulia. (`yvelaferi nebadarTulia~, _ Sehyvira ivan
95


karamazovma) da Tu asea, maS, me, adamiani, davikaveb mis adgils. nicSes `zeka-
cis~ ideas, romelmac didi kvali daamCnia modernistul xelovnebas, mwerlo-
bas, faqtobrivad jer kidev XIX s-is wiaRidan aRZrul am SiSsa da srul saso-
warkveTilebaSi udgas fesvebi da misi daZlevis mcdelobaa.
qarTulma modernistulma mwerlobam marTlac gaicno da gaiTvaliswina
misi Tanamedrove evropuli filosofiuri da esTetikuri Sexedulebebis
farTo speqtri. maT, bunebrivia, ganapirobes TviT modernizaciis procesis
dawyeba da misTvis niSneuli Temebis, ideebis, motivebis, mxatvruli saxeebis
moZaleba. Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviTvaliswinebT, gasakviri aRar unda
iyos, rom modernistuli prozis asaxvis da gamosaxvis sistemaSi erT-erT
TvalsaCino adgils RvTis dakargviT gamowveuli mZime ganwyobileba da
`zekacis~ motivi iWers. magram qarTuli modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis
`zekacis~ modeli ar aris erTganzomilebiani. es faqti imTaviTve xazgasmiT
unda aRiniSnos. ar SeiZleba erT sibrtyeze davayenoT da erTmaneTs gavuTa-
nabroT vasil barnovis `zekaci~ _ `kacRmerTi yovelmxriv sruli~; grigol
robaqiZis da konstantine gamsaxurdias `zekacebi~ (isini yvelaze axlos dga-
nan nicSeseul modelTan) an niko lorTqifaniZis `zekaci~, romelsac mxolod
pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos es saxeli. maT arc erTiani filosofiur-esTeti-
kuri safuZveli aqvT da arc saerTo literaturuli wyaroebi. miuxedavad
amisa, `zekaci~ yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs nawarmoebis mxatv-
rul qsovilSi. Taviseburad aisaxa da gamoisaxa igi moTxrobaSic.
vasil barnovis zeadamiani pozitiuri muxtis matarebelia. igi TviT sike-
Tis gamovlinebaa, Tavad ki ar ikavebs gamqrali RmerTis adgils, aramed uax-
lovdeba RmerTs, romlis arsebobaSic eWvic ki aravis Seutania _ `ganicada
Zala siyvarulisa da aRsdga masSi xateba RvTisa~ (barnovi 1961: 362). `kac-
RmerToba~ misTvis mxolod amaRlebas, ganwmendasa da RmerTTan SeerTebas
niSnavs da es gardasaxva mxolod siyvarulis meSveobiT xdeba. sulieri inten-
sivoba TavisTavad gulisxmobs RmerTTan miaxloebas, jer kidev pindare (Cv.w-
aR-mde daax. 518-442 w.w) werda, rom RmerTebi da adamianebi erTi dedis Svi-
lebi arian. da Tumca RmerTebis Zala ganuzomlad didia kacisaze, adamianebs
SeuZliaT miuaxlovdnen maT Tuki sulsa da sxeuls avarjiSeben. barnoviseu-
li `kacRmerTi~ borotis winaaRmdeg igrZvis. misi araadamianuri, RvTaebrivi
Zala borotebis sabolood amosaZirkvadaa mimarTuli. violeta ciskariZe
wers: `Tu nicSes zekaci omSi xedavs kacobriobis xsnas, barnovi mTeli Tavisi
SemoqmedebiT da kerZod, Tavisi zekacis ideiTac mSvidobis dacvas emsaxure-
ba. narkvevSi `gvelis mWamelis~ Sesaxeb barnovi swored im garemoebas usvams
xazs, rom adamianTa Soris ar arsebobs urTierTgatana da mSvidobiani damo-
kidebuleba, rom `mZlavrobs dasavluri mcneba sastiki: mgelia kaci kacisT-
vis ; brZola sastiki, daSineba, STanTqma imisi. mravldeba sisxli...~ (ciskariZe
1972: 159).
es sisxlic borotebaa, romlis mospobisTvis movlinebulia barnovis `ze-
kaci~. v. ciskariZe varaudobs, rom barnoviseuli `zekaci~ mazdeizmis astava-
teretas Taviseburi gamovlinebaa. keTilisa da borotis brZolaSi astavate-
reta moxmobilia arimanis mosaspobad. marTalia, es bundovani, gaurkveveli
saxea, magram aSkarad emCneva mesiis niSnebi. barnoviseuli `zekacic~ Seicavs
mesiis elementebs. vasil barnovis SemoqmedebaSi samyaros modernistuli
asaxvis da gamosaxvis principi, rac upirveles yovlisa amqveyniuri cxovre-
bis iluzorulobasa da miRma samyaros arsebobis, metemfsiqozisa da reinkar-
naciis aRiarebasa da mxatvrul stilSi gamovlinda, Seerwya qarTuli renesan-
sis anTropocentrizms. rogorc amiran gomarTeli aRniSnavs, `anTropocent-
rizmis problema umTavresia sazogadod renesansuli azrovnebisaTvis. v.
barnovic upiratesad am niSniT afasebs renesansul msoflgagebas. kidev erT-
96



xel gavixsenoT v. barnovis Tvalsazrisi renesansis esTetikur idealze,
romlis Tanaxmad `adamiani unda Seqmniliyo unaklo qmnilebad, rogorc ram
kacRmerTi yovelmxriv sruli~. qarTul renesansul msoflgagebaze saubri-
sas v. barnovs, upirveles yovlisa, `vefxistyaosani~ aqvs mxedvelobaSi, ro-
gorc mwvervali XII saukunis qarTveli klasikuri kulturisa, romlis avto-
ris msoflmxedvelobac mkafio anTropocentrulobiT xasiaTdeba. (gomarTe-
li 1997: 78). swored aq, renesansuli azrovnebis wiaRSia saZiebeli barnovise-
uli `zekacis~ fesvebic. igi marTlac rom arafriT da arasdros upirispir-
deba RmerTs. zeadamiani RmerTamde amaRlebas, RmerTis msgavsobas mxolod
universaluri formulis _ `RmerTi siyvaruli ars~ safuZvelze aRwevs. Tum-
ca barnovis SemoqmedebaSic farulad, magram mainc iCina Tavi `zekacis~ mkve-
bavma ekzistencialurma SiSma, magram ver Searyia barnoviseuli mtkice zne-
obrivi safuZveli, siyvarulis absoluturobaze dayrdnobili filosofiuri
doqtrina da esTetikuri principebi da misi zeadamianis _ `kacRmerTis~
monoliTur saxeSi verasgziT Seuria demonuri elementi. SiSis grZnoba ucxo
ar aris v. barnovis gmirebisaTvis. SiSi da amoucnobis winaSe TrTolva ipy-
robs yvelaze ufro harmoniul, srul saxeebsac ki, anu personaJTa im wyvi-
lebsa da jgufebs, romlebic darRveuli mTlianobis aRdgenis SesaZleblo-
bas floben. safiqrebelia, rom barnoviseuli `zekaci~ _ `kacRmerTi~ swored
androginuli bunebisa unda yofiliyo. jufTi arsebani daeZeben erTmaneTs,
siyvaruli aRadgens daSlil erTian arss, sikvdils miRma samyaroSi gadahyavs
isini, anu ukve igi _ mTliani, ganuyofeli, `kacRmerTi~, romelic RvTis siax-
loves Tavisufldeba yovelgvari fuWi SiSebis da amaoebis SegrZnebisagan.
opoziciebSi: sikeTe _ boroteba; miwa _ zeca; xorcieli _ miRmuri; mSve-
nieri _ maxinji; darRveuli _ mTliani mwerali upiratesobas yovelTvis po-
zitiur koncepts aniWebs da irCevs sikeTes, zecas, miRmurs, mSveniers, mTli-
ans. am konteqstSi moiazreba `zekacic~. v. barnovis romanebSi `zekaci~ upira-
tesad istoriasTan mimarTebaSi gamoisaxeba. igi warmarTavs istoriis ganvi-
Tarebas, TviT Semoqmedia istoriisa. romanis zemZlavr gmirebs (aSot kurapa-
lati, daviT aRmaSenebeli, arsena da sxva.) xelT upyriaT qveynis da aTasobiT
adamianis sicocxle da momavali. magram maTSi TiTqmis arsad gamosWvivis
mistiuri elementi. marTalia, maTi misia Tavganwirva da sikvdilia istoriis
ganviTarebis im etapze, roca `gangeba mowyalis TvaliT gadmoxedavda Tavis
gaCenil ers da warmouvlenda mxsnelad kacRmerTs, romel dasTrgunavda
sikvdiliT TvisiT sikvdils xalxisas da aRadgenda mas, zneobiT ganspetake-
buls da Zliers, axali cxovrebisTvis, adamianuri arsebobisaTvis~, magram am
sikvdils sruliad konkretuli miwieri sarCuli aqvs da romanis gmirs mesiis
funqcias eris TavisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi aniWebs. ase rom, vasil barnovis
romanebis zemZlavr personaJebs mxolod aq, miwaze ekisrebaT sxvaTagan aRma-
tebuli da safuZvelSive gansxvavebuli funqciebi: isini xdebian istoriis
Semoqmedni, eris mxsnelni da TavianTi sikvdiliT ganamtkiceben Cveulebrivi
adamianebis sulebs, magram TviT am RvTisgan movlenil `kacRmerTTa~ sulier
mdgomareobaze ki aqcenti aRar keTdeba. mxatvrul qsovilSi maTi gza Tavgan-
wirvasa da zogjer sikvdilTan siaxloveSi wydeba. aRsdgeba Tu ara darRve-
uli mTliani arsi, miaRwevs Tu ara arnaxulad Zlieri adamiani arsebobis uf-
ro maRal, srulyofil da harmoniul dones _ WeSmarit `kacRmerTobas~, es
sakiTxi barnoviseul istoriul romanSi faqtobrivad gadauWreli rCeba. Se-
iZleba iTqvas, rom aq warmodgenilia `zekacobis~ pirveli, Tvisobrivad ufro
dabali safexuri, romelzec ikveTeba zemZlavri, sikeTisken midrekili, eris
mxsneli da mtkice moralis mqone zeadamianis saxe, oRond miRmuri, zedrou-
li da zesivrculi mistiuri planis gareSe. aseTi gardamavali xasiaTebis
(`zekacobis~ TvalsazrisiT) amara darCenilni ver SevZlebdiT raime daskvna
97


gamogvetana vasil barnovis `zekacis~ koncefciaze da, SesaZloa, misi `kac-
RmerTis~ zusti definiciisas mxolod mesiiT SemovfargluliyaviT, magram
sakiTxs avsebs da naTels hfens mwerlis moTxrobebSi mocemuli `kacRmer-
Tad~ gardaqmnis meqanizmi. aq sul sxvagvaradaa saqme. jer erTi, naCvenebia
ganviTarebis mTeli gza pirvelxatis gaxsenebidan (`tkbili duduki~, `dedo-
fali bizantiisa~, `yvavilebSi~) sikvdilis Semdeg sruli saxis aRdgenasa da
srul metamorfozamde. swored moTxrobaSi iCina Tavi im farulma ekzis-
tencialurma SiSma, romelic adrec vaxseneT. gulnazsa da oTaris (`sulTa
kavSiri~), mixakos da qeTeTos (`tkbili duduki~), xaTuTas (`dedofali bizan-
tiisa~), farsmans da SuSans (`xazarTa sarZlo~), babucas (`yvavilebSi~) axsovT
TavianTi sruli, androginuli da zemZlavri pirvelsaxe, magram miwier cxov-
rebas isini daSlili, dacalkevebulni moevlinen, amitom aSinebT amqveyniuri
yofa, cxovreba autaneli gamxdara maTTvis. isini eswrafvian kvlav Zlier, er-
Tian arsebad gardaqmnas da didi sulieri intensivobiT aRweven kidec amas.
ase ibadeba `kacRmerTi~ _ sikvdilis zRvaris gadamlaxveli, zemZlavri, ga-
nuyofeli da RmerTTan gatolebuli ukvdavi arsi. maradiulobasTan ziare-
bis gza ki siyvarulze gadis _ `es nazi grZnoba Zlieria TiTon sikvdilzed.
es is siraa naTelTagan grexili simi, romels ar hkveTs bedisweris basri max-
vili, mas dro ver swvdeba da manZili mis wina dneba~. (barnovi 1962: 82).
vasil barnovis Semoqmedeba erTgvari xidi, gardamavali safexuria, rome-
lic erTmaneTTan aerTebs da axamebs `kacRmerTis~ _ `zekacis~ renesansuli
da modernistuli gaazrebisa da gamosaxvis principebs. Sedegad miiReba
mTlianad pozitiuri, idealuri saxe, romelic, ZiriTadad, gamosaxvis gareg-
nuli modernistuli efeqtebiT (idumaleba, bundovaneba, SiSi, odnavi sqema-
turoba, viwro samoqmedo sivrce, nevrozebi, afeqtebi, winaaRmdegobrioba da
a.S.) gansxvavdeba renesansuli azrovnebis mier agebuli naTeli, sada da har-
moniuli xasiaTebisagan, magram barnoviseuli `zekaci~ marTlac rom SuaSi
dgas da garkveul wonasworobas icavs. iqiT ki, meore napirze, sadac `RmerTi
ukve mokvda~ Tavis adgils moiTxovs da Zalas ikrebs nicSeseuli `zekaci~.
erTaderT SemakavSirebel rgolad rCeba miTi _ `zekacis~ saxis safuZveli,
romelsac orive mxare erTnairad iTvaliswinebs.
RmerTis sikvdili, `mkvdari RmerTis leSi~ konstantine gamsaxurdiam
`fotografSi~, `zarebi grigalSi~ da `did iosebSi~ gamosaxa. `mTeli Tve egdo
waqceuli samreklo wm. zaqarias eklesiis ezoSi, rogorc mkvdari RmerTis
uSvelebeli, upatrono leSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 17) (`zarebi grigalSi~) `mTva-
re _ gardacvlili RmerTis leSi~ (`didi iosebi~). cxovrebis iluzorulobis
modernistuli motivi Tavis rols asrulebs iseT neorealistur moTxro-
baSic ki, rogoric `didi iosebia~. `es qveyana, Cemo ioseb, sizmarsa da ocnebas
upyria da Tu adamiani ocnebisgan gamoerkva, masac iseTive daRupva moelis,
rogorc gamofxizlebul mTvareuls. maSin dadgeba swored dRe risxvisa,
weRan rom giTxari igi dRe, Zma Zmas ar daindobs da Svili mSobels. es axda
kidec nawilobriv~. (gamsaxurdia 1959: 160). aseT apokalifsur suraTSi gasak-
viric aRar unda iyos mkvdari RmerTis leSis xilva, magram sad aris `zekaci~,
romelic daiWers mis adgils? `patara adamianis~ samoqmedo sivrceze `zeka-
cis~ monumenturi figura ver daeteva. arada, Tu RmerTi mokvda, sicariele
unda amoavsos zearsebam da Tanac swored nicSeseulma `zekacma~, romelsac
TiTqmis araferi aqvs saerTo v. barnovis `kacRmerTis~ pozitiur saxesTan.
zaratustras sastiki xeli samyaros axal suraTs xatavs:
_ yvela Semqmneli mrisxanea.
_ iyavi mSieri, Zlieri, martoxela da qeduxreli _ amas niSnavs lomis
neba.
_ yvela RmerTi daiRupa, gaumarjos zekacs.
98



_ zekaci aris miwis azri.
_ siyvarulSi yovelTvis aris sigiJis marcvali.
_ miyvars mxolod is, rac sisxliTaa dawerili. were sisxliT da Sen
mixvdebi, rom sisxli _ es aris suli.
_ dedamiwas aqvs tyavi, romelic dafarulia sneulebiT.
_ Tavad samyaro aris binZuri urCxuli.
Tu mTeli samyaro binZuri urCxulia, misi axali erTpirovnuli mflobe-
li _ `zekacic~ ver iqneba sufTa da xalasi. sisxlma waleka suli _ `sisxli~
_ es aris suli, `zekacis~ suli. aseTi agresiuloba erTmaneTisagan sabolo-
od TiSavs barnoviseul `kacRmerTs~ da konstantine gamsaxurdias `zekacs~,
romelic nicSeseuli saxis safuZvelzea konstruirebuli da mxolod moder-
nistuli nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovilSi asrulebs srulyofilad Tavis
rols. aq kidev erTi momentia gasaTvaliswinebeli: erTia gsurdes iyo `zeka-
ci~, misi arqetipis _ dionises mxatvrulad transformirebuli saxe, da meo-
re _ marTlac iyo `zekaci~. konstantine gamsaxurdias romanebSi naTlad Cans
gmiris swrafva zekacobisaken (konstantine savarsamiZe, TaraS emxvari, gior-
gi mefe, arzayan zvambaia). isini Seicaven `zekacis~ elementebs (siyvarulSi
dafaruli sigiJis marcvali, sisxlis wyurvili, Zalauflebisaken swrafva),
magram bolomde verc erTi maTgani ver aRwevs sruli zeadamianis statuss,
romanis erTaderTi gmiri, romelmac miaRwia, `kacRmerTobas~, konstantine
arsakiZea, magram igi sworedac rom barnoviseuli `kacRmerTis~ tolfasi sa-
xea da ara nicSes `zekaci~. arsakiZis ganRmrTobas, `kacRmerTad~ gardasaxvas,
maradisobasTan ziareba xelovnebis, Semoqmedebis meSveobiT xdeba da ara
siyvarulis, Tumca, meqanizmi faqtobrivad igivea. xelovneba qmnis amaRle-
bul, aRmatebul, RmerTTan Serkinebamde misul arsebas, romelsac am orTa-
brZolisTvis saWiro Zalasa da SemarTebas da ukvdavebis SegrZnebas isev
sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi niWi da wva aZlevs.
`xelovnebaa Tavad ukvdaveba,
mxolod ostats ver eweva sikvdili...
aTaseuli wlebi walekaven irgvliv yovelives, mxolod sveticxoveli
darCeba rogorc RmerTTan da sikvdilTan mebrZoli iakobi~ (gamsaxurdia
1959: 577).
konstantine gamsaxurdias romanebSi umTavresi da mniSvnelovani Cans
swored zekacobisken swrafvisas xasiaTis gaSla, ganfena, TiTqmis usazRvro
raodenobis ganStoebebad gadaqselva mTeli romanis mTrTolavi, cocxali,
mravalSriani sxeulis zedapirze da ara mzad mocemuli xasiaTis konkretul
situaciaSi amoqmedeba. sapirispirod, moTxrobaSi pirdapir Semodis ukve mza
xasiaTi _ `zekaci~. Tamaz vardaniZe (`qalis rZe~) samoqmedo sivrceze gamoCe-
nisTanave flobs `zekacis~ TiTqmis yvela Tvisebas, martosulia, gularZni-
li, samyaro misTvis foladisferi, binZuri urCxulia. es ganwyobileba aisa-
xeba peizaJSi, romelsac mistiuri elferi adevs. Tamaz vardaniZe ukanmou-
xedavad sTesavs sikvdils, radgan, rogorc Cans, adamiani masac dedamiwis sne-
ulebad miaCnia da sisxli ki _ sulad. gabatonebis, Zalauflebisaken swrafva
ki umweo qalze ZaladobaSi gamoixateba. mxolod qalis rZe aokebs mis winsw-
rafvas, magram sabolood gardaqmnis Tu ara mas, es ki ar Cans. moTxrobis
mTel sibrtyeze, am bolo akordamde igi `zekacia~, misi saxe ganmartavs mTeli
moqmedebis Sinaarss, romelic sikvdil-sicocxlis maradiul da gadauWrel
problemas Tavisebur WrilSi warmoadgens.
aris Tu ara `zekaci~ xogais mindia? Tu `zekaci~ sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli
da aRmatebuli pirovnebaa, ra Tqma unda, aris. am debulebas mxars umagrebs
moTxrobis miTosur-mistiuri xerxemalic, mxolod mindias esmis bunebis ena,
mxolod igi ukavSirdeba `sxva sofels~, TvaliT uxilavs, kacTa ubadruki
99


cxovrebisagan gansxvavebuls, mxolod man icis ra aris WeSmariti da utyuari,
magram Tavisi ezoTeruli codnisa da pirovnuli mTlianobis dacvis Tval-
sazrisiT `zekacisTvis~ yovlad Seuferebel sisustes iCens, agresiulobis da
Zalauflebisaken ltolvis nebis simZafris aspeqtSi ki saerTod Sordeba mas.
mindia Cvili, rbili bunebisaa, ar uyvars sisxli, sZuls Zaladoba, guli
siyvaruliT da bunebis kamkama ferebiT, wkriala xmebiTa aqvs savse. am SemTx-
vevaSi mocemulia zeadamianis Taviseburi, erovnuli tradiciidan amozrdili
gaazreba, romelic qarTuli literaturisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovan `mindias
rkalSi~ iWers kuTvnil adgils. mindias `kacRmerTobas~ pozitiuri safuZve-
li aqvs (v. barnovTan _ siyvaruli, k. gamsaxurdiasTan _ xelovneba) da `zeka-
cobamde~ bunebasTan Tanaziarobis meSveobiT maRldeba. ra Tqma unda, es ar
aris tradiciuli `zekaci~, romelic asaxa da gamosaxa modernistulma xelov-
nebam, magram TviT gamosaxvis principi, safuZveli _ adamianuri yofis, cxov-
rebis ubadrukobis, usamarTlobis, arasworad mowyobisa da amaoebis SegrZne-
ba _ Sexamebuli ufro maRal realobasTan miaxlebis wyurvilTan _ moder-
nistulia. cxovrebis amorfulobasa da iluzorulobasTan mimarTebaSi saku-
Tari codnis tragikuli gancda da miniSnebaTa enis codniT gamowveuli pa-
suxismgebloba kidev ufro amZafrebs am saxes. `zekacTan~ mimarTebaSi igive
tendencia gamovlinda leo qiaCelis `jadosansa~ da `stefaneSi~, tagu zeada-
miani _ TviT bunebis mefea. `tagu mefea, yvela unda scnobdes mas im mefuri
niSnebiT, romlebiTac daugvirgvinebia isini bunebas ... misi mwvane Tvalebidan
gamosWvivis idumali Zala da faruli codna. `... yvelaze ufro es is saidumlo
Zalaa, romelic misi mwvane Tvalebis jadoSia dafaruli. mTel sofelSi
mxolod tagu hflobs mas, sxva aravin. amiT aris is mefe...~ (qiaCeli 1984: 154)
tagus zeadamianoba idumali Zalisa da codnis flobasTan erTad mis marto-
sulobasa da sazogadoebisgan gandgomaSic gamoixateba. dumilSi, mxolod
miniSnebaTa enaze amyarebs kavSirs igi garesamyarosTan da amitom misi ze-
moqmedebis Zala da diapazoni faqtobrivad ganusazRvrelia. aseve dumilSi
amyareben urTierTobas erTmaneTTan da bunebasTan stefane da Zokoc. am
TvalsazrisiT isinic sxvebze aRmatebulni arian. magram am sam gmirs mxolod
pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos `zekaci~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini mindias saxis
Taviseburi anareklebia da maTi mxatvruli mizandasaxuloba da ideuri sa-
fuZvelic erTia. `mindias rkalSi~ moqceuli pirovnebani `zekacebi~ arian,
magram maTSi uaryofilia agresia, Zaladoba da xelisuflebisaken swrafva.
piriqiT `xogais mindiaSi~ Zaladobis, agresiis elementis SemoWram TviT
mindias Sinagani mTlianoba daarRvia da gaanadgura igi. sikeTisa da boro-
tebis maradiul opoziciaSi `mindias rkalis~ moTxrobaTa e.w. `pirobiTi ze-
kacebi~ sikeTis mxareze dgebian. raime misiac rom ar hqondeT Sesasrulebeli,
TviT bunebis sruli gageba, sruli Serwyma masTan aniWebs am jgufs pozitiur
iersaxes. xolo `usaxelo da idumali~ (b. meliqiSvili, `Turmani~) misiis Segr-
Zneba, garTulebuli misgan aRZruli ekzistenciuri SiSiT, ubiZgebs am rangis
pirovnebas bolomde Seicnos sakuTari Tavi, dasZlios SiSi da Seecados Ta-
visi amqveyniuri misiis aRsrulebas.
rogorc Cans, qarTulma prozam imTaviTve miznad daisaxa Tavisuflad da
originalurad gaeazrebina `zekacis~ motivi. man SeZlo Tavi daeRwia nicSes
`zekacis~ mkacri, sworxazovani modelisaTvis da Seeqmna e.w. `pirobiTi
zekacis~ damoukidebeli saxe.
`mojadoebuli var zekacTa mrisxane siZlieriT, adamianTa grZnobis siRr-
miT, gonebis simaRliT, aRwerilobis simSvenieriT~ _ werda niko lorTqi-
faniZe. misi moTxrobebis poetizebul garemoSi moqmedi gmiri yovelmxriv
aRemateba Cveulebriv adamians, magram rogorc nana RambaSiZe aRniSnavs, `Ta-
visTavad cxadia, n. lorTqifaniZis `zekacs~ araferi aqvs saerTo nicSes agre-
100


siuli individualizmis ganmasaxierebel zaratustrasTan; igi misi sruli
antipodia, ramdenadac pozitiuri idealisTvis mebrZoli Zlieri pirovneba
erovnuli, zneobriv-eTikuri siwmindis damcvelia~. (RambaSiZe 1980: 79). roca
nawarmoebSi mxatvrulad aisaxeba da gamoisaxeba istoriuli procesi, mwera-
li izRudeba realuri kanonzomierebebiTa da adgilisa da drois paramet-
rebiT, magram roca igi asaxavs pirobiT garemos, Tanac Tu es garemo miTo-
logizebulicaa da mTavari gmiri ki pirobiT `zekacia~, igi Tavisufleba
yovelgvari CarCoebisgan. mas SeuZlia, rogorc surs ise aagos sivrce, sa-
kuTari neba-surviliT daaCqaros an Seanelos moqmedebis tempi da gadaitanos
isini fizikuridan sulier planSi. am dros eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba pirobiTi `zekacis~ moqnil da tevad saxes. igi SeuzRudavia, mas bevri
daujerebeli Tviseba miewereba, flobs samyaros. aseTi hiperbolizebuli
saxis SemotaniT mwerali ilustracias ukeTebs zemZlavri adamianis rTul
problemas. saerTod, niko lorTqifaniZis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad gvxvdeba di-
di Zalis, uZlevelobis gamomxatveli simboloebi: muxa, medgrad mdgomi
cacxvi, kldeebi, Zlieri frinvelebi da sxva. `am simboloTa krebulSi mra-
valplaniani Semoqmedis mxatvrulad rTuli Sinagani samyaros erTi mniSvne-
lovani aspeqti cnaurdeba: Zlieri pirovnebis fizikuri da moraluri uZle-
veloba pozitiuri idealisaTvis brZolaSi~ (RambaSiZe 1980: 76). niko lorT-
qifaniZis pirobiTi `zekaci~ upirispirdeba mis `patara adamians~, romelic
aseve XX s-is filosofiuri da esTetikuri azrovnebis nayofia. misi `zekaci~
erTmaneTs ukavSirebs warsulis da samSoblos cnebebs, amave dros saTuTi,
nazi, mSvenieri, natifi sulis mqonea. warsulis adamiani _ harmoniuli, mTli-
ani da Zlieri _ uaxlovdeba `zekacs~, awmyoSi ki mis adgils `patara kaci~
iWers. awmyoSi mTliani pirovneba iSleba, misi nawili nadgurdeba da rac rCe-
ba, is uRonoa da ubadruki, ar ZaluZs cxovrebasTan Serkineba, yovelTvis ga-
Telilia da damarcxebuli. am dapirispirebaSi naTlad ikveTeba niko lorT-
qifaniZis msoflmxedvelobisa da Semoqmedebis ideuri safuZvlebis mraval-
mxrivoba: erTi mxriv, modernistuli filosofiur-esTetikuri mrwamsi, ga-
mosaxuli impresionisturi stiliT da Rrma pesimizmiT da meore mxriv, misi
Semoqmedebis qarTuli literaturis saukeTeso tradiciebiT nasazrdoebi
erovnuli, patriotuli safuZveli. amave dros, Cans adamianis im renesansuli
idealis gavlenac, romelic srulad gamovlinda v. barnovis SemoqmedebaSi.
man niko lorTqifaniZis pirobiTi `zekacis~ eqspresiul-monumentur saxesac
sakmao kvali daamCnia.
cxovrebis mSvenierebiT tkbobis antikuri idealis, harmoniuli da uZle-
veli, RmerTs gatolebuli adamianis koncefcia italiuri renesansidan iRebs
saTaves. mxatvruli nawarmoebebis sivrces Zlieri, harmoniuli adamiani ipy-
robs. iqmneba Tvisobrivad axali xelovneba. Zlieri, keTilSobili, idealu-
rad mSvenieri sxeulis da sulis mqone, magram mainc realuri, sisxlxorceu-
li adamianis figura kolosiviT wamoimarTa. igi zemZlavri arsebaa, magram
amave dros mSvenieri adamianicaa da misi arseboba tiloze Tu teqstSi, mxatv-
rul sinamdviled gardaqmnis gamonagons. samoqmedo garemos arqiteqtonikac
rTuli da mravalplaniania. wina planzea gadmotanili amayi, mZlavri ada-
mianebis mZafri vnebebi, Zlieri, moqnili sxeulebi, mkveTri xazebi da Zlieri,
savse, `mZime~ feri. niko lorTqifaniZe `zekacis~ saxis gamokveTisas erTnai-
rad iyenebs aRorZinebis xanis ferweris Zlier, msuye ferebs, detaluri
damuSavebis rTul teqnikas da Tanamedrove impresionistul stilsac, rome-
lic uaryofs detalebs da epikur tiloebs, eyrdnoba monaxazs, bundovan, na-
xevrad gamokveTil formas, wertils, feris ucabed gaelvebasa da msubuq Suq-
Crdils.
101


`zekacis~ saxes mwerali am ori stilis SereviT qmnis. ise, rom sazRvrebi
TiTqmis ar igrZnoba. misi mozaikuri, metaforuli xasiaTi farTo, gaxsnil da
esTetikur samoqmedo garemos moiTxovs. es aiZulebs mwerals eZebos Tavi-
sufali, SeuzRudavi samoqmedo adgili, romelic zogjer realur samyaroSi
arc ki arsebobs. igi SeZlebisdagvarad abundovnebs qronologiur CarCoebs,
asustebs empiriul drosTan mis kavSirs. aseT pirobiT garemoSi `zekacis~
moqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi damajereblad, bunebrivad da
esTetikurad aRiqmeba. mis gamoCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli moqmedebis tempis
cvalebadoba. `zekacs~, zRapris gmirisagan gansxvavebiT (erTi amosunTqviT
rom gadalaxavs cxra zRvasa da cxra mTas), SedarebiT mcire sivrcezec ki
bevri rTuli dabrkolebis daZleva uxdeba. am winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis
procesSi ikveTeba misi ZiriTadi funqciebi:
1. nawarmoebSi gamosaxuli mxatvruli samyarosTvis garkveuli mniSvne-
lobis mimniWeblis, wesrigis Semqmnelis (aRmdgenis), anu `pirvelis~ funqcia;
2. ZiriTadi ideis kvintesencia;
3. drois aRmricxvelis funqcia.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra ideebs aRiarebs, `zekaci~ yovelTvis winamZRoli
da `pirvelia~. niko lorTqifaniZiseuli `zekaci~ ZiriTadad Tavisi eris wi-
namZRolia da misi gaTavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis. ukve am TvalsazrisiT ewi-
naaRmdegeba igi nicSeseul `zekacs~, romlisTvisac eri da erovnuloba saer-
Tod arafers niSnavs. moTxrobis CarCo TavisTavad gulisxmobs moqmedebis
swraf ganviTarebas. samyaro rom Signidan `afeTqdes~ da Seicvalos, saWiroa
biZgi, impulsi. aseTi biZgis rols asrulebs `zekaci~. misi usazRvro Zala,
mgznebareba da mizanswrafuloba TiTqos garemosac gadaecema da dinamiu-
robas aniWebs. Tavisi Tanmdevi amaRlebuli da Zlieri ideis meSveobiT `zeka-
ci~ SeZlebs viwro qronotopis CarCoebis garRvevas da mis srul gardaqmnas.
magram `zekacis~ saxesac, Tundac iseT mravalmxrivs da rTuls, rogoric niko
lorTqifaniZis `zekacia~, gaaCnia mxatvruli damajereblobis zRvari. amitom
mwerali mxars umagrebs mas Sesaferisi mxatvruli plastiT _ legendis an
pirobiTad istoriuli warsulis miTopoeturi qronotopebiT, romlebSic
erTi SexedviT warmoudgeneli gardaqmnebic ki mxatvrulad damajerebeli da
SesaZlebelia. zedmeti yofiTi detalebisagan Tavisufal, umniSvnelo movle-
nebze daxarjuli droisgan gantvirTul garemoSi gmiri - `zekaci~ Tavisuf-
lad Slis mxrebs. naxevradzRaprul saburvelSi gmiris qmedebisa da moZrao-
bis traeqtoriis simartive bunebrivi Cans. aseT garemoSi `zekaci~ ukve ga-
nuxrelad da pirdapir emsaxureba nawarmoebis ZiriTadi problemis warmoCe-
nas, romelic umetesad cxadis da zmanebis mijnaze meryeobs.
aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens `pirvelis~ funqcia.
pirveloba im TvalsazrisiTacaa sagulisxmo, rom `zekacis~ saxe ganuyoflad
ukavSirdeba raime mniSvnelovani movlenis an axali gzis dasawyiss. `pirveli~
gmirebia: zurab jiSkariani (`qeduxrelni~), amayi (`amayi~), gaiozi _ mefis
erTguli (`es iyo ZvelaT~). moTxrobis mxatvruli samyaros gamxsneli da gar-
damqmneli gmiris gzis yoveli axali monakveTi avsebs gmiris saxes da `zeka-
camde~ ahyavs igi. `qeduxrelnis~ mxatvrul qsovilSi SemoWril legendaSi
gmiris pirveli nabijebidanve `irTveba~ nawarmoebis Sinagani drois qrono-
metri. zurab jiSkarianis qmedeba samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvis ideas emorCi-
leba. igia `pirveli~, gmiri, romelic, Cveulebriv, yvelaze adre acnobierebs
Tavisi eris gasaWirs da sakuTar misias. zurabi _ Tavdapirvelad Cveuleb-
rivi adamiani _ iRebs gadawyvetilebas Tavisi nebiT Caekiros cixis kedelSi,
bolosdabolos cixe aSendeba da eri, qveyana gadarCeba. igi mohyavT `gzaze~.
aq xdeba gmiris TandaTanobiT gardaqmna `zekacad~. `gzis~ sivrcul models
saerTod didi mniSvneloba eniWeba moTxrobaSi. mas ukavSirdeba pirovnuli
102


mTlianobis aRdgena da misi WeSmariti saxis warmoCena. zurabi Tavis Tav-
ganwirvis `gzaze~ ubralo `upovari~, `erTperangiani~ adamianidan `zekacam-
de~ maRldeba.
`zekacisTvis~ niSneuli `pirvelis~ funqcia da xalxisaTvis, eris, soflis
bednierebis, misTvis Tavdadebis misia gamovlinda basil meliqiSvilis moTx-
robaSi `Turmani~. moTxrobis dasawyisidanve igrZnoba, rom Turmani idumali,
araCveulebrivi arsebaa. misi portretic usvams xazs am SegrZnebas: `lelian
da daCalul tbasTan Camosjeqi da dainaxe Seni saxe: viwro, gamxdari da
mkacri. mxolod maSin dainaxe Seni Tvalebi _ RvarZliTa da gesliT savseni;
Seni Tvalebi, qveyanas dacinviT rom umzeren. mlaSe tbaSi dainaxe Seni saxe _
miwisferi da gaZvaltyavebuli. mxolod maSin SeamCnie Rawvs gadawolili da
dadaRuli Wriloba~ (meliqiSvili 1987: 31). RvarZliTa da gesliT savse, qvey-
nisaTvis damcinavi TvalebiT macqerali kuSti Turmani TiTqos nicSes `ze-
kacTan~ ufro axlos dgas, Tanac aSkarad igrZnoba mZafri ekzistencialuri
SiSi _ `usaxelo da idumali~. magram Turmani adgas `gzas~, romelmac Sveba
unda moutanos RvarZliT dajabnil mSobliur mxares. am `gzas~ mihyavs igi
lasticixeSi, saidanac moelis daxmarebas _ wminda xorbals, sufTa Tesls. `
_ xalxno da jamaaTno! qarTli dacara RvarZlma, RvarZlma dagvlia da Segva-
wuxa. qarTls Tesli sWirdeba, Tesli _ wminda da gadaugvarebeli. SuqarTi
Svelas Tqvengan elis, SuqarTma aqeT gamomistumra, _ eubneboda lasticixe-
lebs Turmani~ (meliqiSvili 1987: 39). `gza~ gadakveTs SuqarTsa da lastici-
xes Soris moqceul mistiur, sakralur sivrces, aq xdeba Turmanis saxis
transformacia. ekzistencialur SiSs igi Tavisi zeadamianuri misiis Secno-
biTa da SegrZnebiT sZlevs. igi `pirvelia~ xsnis gzaze, winwamZRvarebuli
lampari, simtkicis, siyvarulis da moTminebis `gzaze~ Semdgari gmiria, ro-
melic Tavisi Sinagani sirbiliT, gulCvilobiTa da sikeTiT ara marto gansx-
vavdeba, upirispirdeba kidev nicSes `zekacs~. martoobis, sikvdilis, siyvaru-
lis sulier prizmaSi gardatexiT xatavs mwerali am saxes. Turmani ar iZleva
nebas, moklan udanaSaulo bavSvi, Seswiron msxverplad. mezisis siyvaruli da
sikvdili, moxuci salTujis sityvebi da fiqrebi, sisxlmowyurebuli adamia-
nebis borgva da TviT maxinji jaTi _ `RvarZlisferi da ulosaviT dagre-
xili~ realobaze metad koSmars, zmanebas Camohgavs. dalijamoreuli xorba-
li amqveyniuri cxovrebis metaforaa da aRZravs bibliur asociaciebs. uflis
samsjavroze ganirCeva sarevela da wminda marcvali. aqedan momdinareobs
Turmanis mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba balRis msxverplSewirvis
warmarTuli ritualisadmi. xsna da sikeTe ver damkvidrdeba ZaladobiTa da
sisxliT. msxverplSewirva azrs ukargavs Turmanis `zekacur~ misias, romlis
safuZvelSic mxolod sikeTe devs. balRis sikvdili sabolood arwmunebs
Turmans, rom cxovreba koSmaruli xilva, tanjvisa da martoobis saufloa,
sadac mis msgavs `zekacs~ ara aqvs adgili da imarjvebs mxolod `jaTi, yinva
da lodi~.
rogorc mocemuli moTxrobebidan gamoCnda, qarTulma prozam sruliad
originalurad gaiazra `zekacis~ saxe da TiTo-orola, magram Zalze mniSvne-
lovani gamonaklisis garda (gr. robaqiZe, `gvelis perangi~, `Cakluli suli~,
k. gamsaxurdia, `qalis rZe~, `dionisos Rimili~) pozitiuri mizandasaxulobis
mqone, mxolod pirobiTad `zekacad~ saxeldebuli, sinamdvileSi ki samSoblo-
saTvis Tavdadebuli, sikeTiT, SemoqmedebiT da siyvaruliT RmerTamde amaR-
lebuli zeadamianis sruli da mravalmxrivi saxe Seqmna. magram qarTul moTx-
robaSi `zekacis~ funqcionirebis sruli suraTi ver warmoCindeba mxolod
pozitiuri planis gaTvaliswinebiT. arc mxolod agresiasTan mimarTebiT
irkveva nicSeseuli `zekacis~ _ orTodoqsuli `zekacis~ saxe. upirvelesia
Zala, romelic pirobiT `zekacsac~ axasiaTebs, oRond keTilSobili miznebi-
103


saTvis iyenebs, Semdeg _ agresia _ namdvili `zekacis~ erT-erTi mTavari ni-
Sani da bolos miusafroba, martooba. `iyavi mSieri, Zlieri, martoxela da
qeduxreli~, _ ambobs zaratustra. martosuloba, XX s-is rwmenaSeryeuli,
RvTis sikvdiliT dazafruli adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, magram mar-
tosuli adamianebi didad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, maTi martoobac
gansxvavebulia. martosuli `patara adamiani~ ise itanjeba, rom bolomde
verc acnobierebs Tavis miusafrobasa da martoobas. zemZlavri adamiani ki
qedmaRlobasa da siamayeSi rCeba euli. igi `nakacaric~ rom gaxdes, miuxeda-
vad dacemis, cxovrebis fskerze daSvebisa, inarCunebs Sinagan siamayes, lomis
nebas: `iyavi mSieri, Zlieri, martoxela da qeduxreli~.


damowmebani:

barnovi 1961: barnovi v. Txz. sr. krebuli aT tomad. t. III, Tb.: 1961.
barnovi 1962: barnovi v. Txz. sr. krebuli aT tomad. t. VIII, Tb.: 1962.
gamsaxurdia 1959: gamsaxurdia k. Txzulebani. t. II, Tb.: 1959.
gomarTeli 1997: gomarTeli a. qarTuli simbolisturi proza. Tb.: 1997.
kamiu 1996: kamiu a. sizifes miTi. Tb.: 1997.
meliqiSvili 1987: meliqiSvili b. mkerdSebolili mercxali. Tb.: 1987.
qiaCeli 1984: qiaCeli l. Txz. oTx tomad. t. I, Tb.: 1984
RambaSiZe 1980: RambaSiZe n. niko lorTqifaniZis mxatvruli stilis Tavisebu-
rebani. Tb.: 1980.
ciskariZe 1972: ciskariZe v. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoriis
sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1972.



Inga Milorava

Transformation of the Overmans Image in Modernistic Text

Summary

The analysis of V. Barnovs, L. Kiachelis, K. Gamsakhurdias, D. Shengelaias, M.
Djavakhishvilis short stories leads us to the conclusion that the basis of modern style and
sensibility is the problem of interrelation between the reality and the dream-land. It is very
important to study the Overmans image in modernistic text. The article has a very concret
aim to show the main traits of Overnam and it concerns some aspects of the reality,
dream-land and Overman.
There are given the clear examples of Overmans transformation in modernistic
texts. It has several layers. We can see the different forms of Overman and the different
stages of the complex structure. The Heroe pass the stages and step by step approaches the
point in which the personality is finished and the man is turned into Overman. The
Overman of modernistic text is connected with the overman of Nitshe, but we can see
very clear differences also, there are some complete images in this texts and all of them can
be interpreated as original Overman, man and God in one person. Overman is a strange
man when he begins the action and step by step his image becomes perfect, absolute, his
action asquire sense and at the end of the way he joined to the heaven and the eternity.
104


nestan kutivaZe

XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos istoriuli realiebis
mxatvruli interpretacia Sio aragvispirelis roman
`gabzarul gulSi~

XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis cnobili qarTveli
mwerlis Sio aragvispirelis `gabzaruli guli~ (1920) avtoris erTaderTi
romania. nawarmoebi, aseve, pirveli romania XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis
qarTul literaturaSi.
`qarTuli arakiT~, rogorc mas uwodebs Sio ragvispireli, igi, faqtob-
rivad, monawileobda erovnuli mwerlobis ganaxlebis im procesSi, romelic
`miTosmoklebuli~ epoqis axali miTologizmis Seqmnasac gulisxmobda. vfiq-
rob, swored am aspeqtze amaxvilebda yuradRebas gr. robaqiZe, rodesac ro-
mans `miTiuri atmosferos moqrolvis~ gamo gamoyofda da mas am Tvalsaz-
risiT moixseniebda iseT nawarmoebebTan erTad, rogorebicaa: leo qiaCelis
`almasgir kibulan~, demna Sengelaias `sanavardo~ da konstantine gamsaxur-
dias `tabu~ (robaqiZe 1996: 163). Tumca arsebobs sxvagvari damokidebulebac,
romelic cnobil literaturaTmcodnes soso siguas ekuTvnis: `im dros,
roca Tavisufali saqarTvelo sisxlisagan icleboda, miwaas! avtori `gab-
zaruli gulis~ zRapars werda, _ aRniSnavs kritikosi da paradoqsulad
Tvlis am faqts (sigua 2002: 33).
cnobili novelistis mier moRvaweobis dasasruls Seqmnil am nawarmoebs
kargad etyoba rogorc mwerlis cxovrebiseuli da SemoqmedebiTi gamocdi-
lebis, ise Cveni qveynis warsulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos
istoriuli da sazogadoebrivi movlenebis kvali. romans sxvadasxva plani
gaaCnia da sxva problemebTan erTad masSi airekleba XX saukunis dasawyisis
saqarTvelos tragizmic.
Tavisi qveynis mZime istoriul xvedrs yovelTvis mtkivneulad ganicdida
Sio aragvispireli. igi Seecada, Tavisi wvlili Seetana samSoblos gaTavisuf-
lebis saqmeSi. 1893 wels varSavaSi qarTveli studentebis mier daarsebuli
`saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis ligis~ erT-erTi organizatori iyo da orga-
nizaciis gacemis Semdeg sasjelsac ixdida jer varSavis, Semdeg ki quTaisis
cixeebSi (CxeiZe 2008: 111-120,202-204).
`samSoblos siyvaruli varSavaSi sigiJemde momivida~, _ Sio aragvispire-
lis mier naTqvami es kargad cnobili fraza samudamod daukavSirda im mZafr
emocias, romelic mTlianad moicavda mis Sinagan samyaros. bunebrivia, sa-
qarTvelos bedze is mudmivad fiqrobda, Tumca istoriul Temaze mwerals
TiTqmis araferi dauweria, Tu ar CavTvliT `Sio Tavads~, `istoriuli legen-
das sam moqmedebad~. im droisaTvis potos mier Tavis wignSi `saqarTvelo da
misi warsuli istoriul dro~ gadmocemuli es legenda (potto 1894: 46) sak-
maod gavrcelebuli yofila qarTul literaturaSi. amis Sesaxeb informa-
cias Tavad avtoric gvawvdis piesisTvis darTul SeniSvnaSi (argvispireli
1947: 540).
Sio aragvispirelma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi mogvca gansxvavebuli mxatvruli
interpretacia Tavisi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi Tu istori-
uli realiebisa (mag.: erTi mxriv _ `Cemi samSoblo Cemi gulia~ da meore mxriv
_ `miwaa~, `Sio Tavadi~...), vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiTac, uaRresad saintere-
so nawarmoebia `gabzaruli guli~.
qarTulma saliteraturo kritikam jerovani yuradReba dauTmo romans,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sio aragvispirelis wvlili erovnuli mwerlobis isto-
105


riaSi, savsebiT marTebulad, upirveles yovlisa, fsiqologiuri novelis
damkvidrebas daukavSira (k. abaSiZe, iv. gomarTeli, v. kotetiSvili, al.
xaxanaSvili, m. zandukeli, d. benaSvili, s. Wilaia, v. ciskariZe, T. maRlaferi-
Ze da sxv.). literaturaTmcodneebi am romanze saubrisas gamoyofen siyva-
rulis, megobrobisa da xelovnebis Temebs (m. zandukeli, d. benaSvili, s.
Wilaia, v. ciskariZe da sxva), romlebic sxvadasxva rakursiT, marTlac, ismeba
`gabzarul gulSi~, magram, amjerad, Cven gvainteresebs romanis sxva plani,
romelic, Cveni azriT, zemoTqmulTan erTad gansazRvravs mis umTavres
problematikas. erovnuli problemis mwerliseul gaazrebas yuradReba miaq-
cia avT. nikoleiSvilma. `marTalia, romanSi arc CrdiloeTis samefos zusti
saxelwodebaa dakonkretebuli da arc im qveynisa, sadac moqmedeba xdeba, mag-
ram mkiTxvelisaTvis mainc daueWveblad cxadia da naTeli, rom qarTul ara-
kad wodebuli nawarmoebis samoqmedo qveyana saqarTvelos gulisxmobs, xolo
CrdiloeTis samefoSi ruseTi igulisxmeba~, _ wers kritikosi (nikoleiSvili
2002: 141). aSkaraa, rom romanis qvesaTauri _ qarTuli araki _ nawarmoebSi
gadmocemuli zRapruli ambis qarTul sinamdvilesTan kavSirs usvams xazs,
Tumca masSi arc konkretuli droa miniSnebuli da arc geografiuli garemo.
gadmocemuli ambis TiTqmis dasasruls nawarmoebSi Cndeba axali winaaRm-
degoba, romelsac azrobrivad sul sxva planSi gadahyavs romani.
CrdiloeTis mefe cecxlismfrqvevel raSs agzavnis mosaTviniereblad.
konteqstis gauTvaliswineblad es pasaJi SeiZleba sulac ar miviCnioT gan-
sakuTrebuli simboluri datvirTvis matareblad da igi CavTvaloT mxolod
romanis struqturis Semadgenel erT-erT elementad, romelic folklorSi
kargadaa cnobili da igi gmiris mier rTuli davalebis SesrulebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli (qurdovaniZe 2002: 77).
vidre uSualod gadavidodeT am konteqstis analizze, yuradReba unda
gavamaxviloT nawarmoebis erT detalze: samefos erTdroulad ori xelmwife
hyavs, erTi didi mefe, anu mama mefe, da meore, Svili, romelic axali asulia
samefo taxtze. maT Soris gamarTuli dialogi sakamaod upasuxismgeblo ada-
mianebad warmoaCens orive maTgans. `...Zlivs Camovixade eg tvirTi da axla
xelmeored erTi wamiTac ar SemiZlian isev avikido...~, _ pasuxobs didi mefe
Svils, romelsac droebiT sakuTar grZnobebTan ganmartoeba urCevnia (arag-
vispireli 1970: 585). sayuradReboa, rom movaleobis mimarT pasuxismgeblo-
bis grZnobis problemas mwerali sxva nawarmoebSic wamoWris (`Semusvrili sa-
mi mcneba~) da am Temis mxatvruli gadawyvetiT naTlad gamokveTs sakuTar
pozicias _ yovelTvis tragikuli Sedegi mohyveba qveynis winaSe pasuxism-
geblobisa da piradi gancdebis erTmaneTSi aRrevas.
CrdiloeTis mefe romanis meeqvse karSi Cndeba, ufro sworad moixsenieba.
Tumca mkiTxvels masze mainc sakmaod srulyofili warmodgena eqmneba misi
namoqmedarisa Tu sxva personaJTa saSualebiT, rac TavisTavad saintereso
mxatvruli gadawyvetaa. CrdiloeTis mefisagan ZRvnad morTmeul raSs oTxi
uzarmazari kaci jaWvebiT Zlivs amagrebs. es Zalze simboluri da imTaviTve
avis momaswavebeli saCuqaria. bunebrivia, rom orive mefes situaciis Sesafe-
risi reaqcia aqvs. igi, rogorc Cans, kargad nacnobi da Znelad dasamarcxe-
beli mteria, razec mwerali Semdegnairad migvaniSnebs: `mefe-nadiras amis
danaxvaze feri ecvala, didi mefec am xmaze qloSiniT swrafad aq daibada da
Svils Sexeda ... swrafad mTeli qalaqi aq daibada da yvela gancvifrebuli da
SeSinebuli gamoicqireboda am cecxlismfrqveveli raSis mnaxveli~, _ wers
avtori (aragvispireli 1970: 587).
TavisTavad is, rom raSi gaxednili unda gaagzavnos, Torem pirobis
Seusruleblobis sanacvlod CrdiloeTis mefe, nadir mefis ulamazes cols
moiTxovs, zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli detalia, magram mxatvruli gadawy-
106


veta, romelsac aragvispireli gvTavazobs, mas gansxvavebul datvirTvas
sZens. swored aq Cndeba sakmaod cxadad, ra alegoriuli datvirTva aqvs
CrdiloeTs miniWebuli. aseve, mwerali gvTavazobs sakiTxis gadaWris sxvada-
sxva variants da nawarmoebis finaliT kargad aCvenebs, rom warmatebis mo-
sapoveblad gabedulebac iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc goniereba da Rir-
seba. mxolod am TvisebaTa wyalobiT SeiZleba moipovos gamarjveba rogorc
erma, ise pirovnebam.
axalgazrda mefis pirveli reaqcia uzneo winadadebaze gabeduli da Rir-
seulia: xvalve avakafvineb raSs, Cavawyob imisave jagvaSi da SevuTvli: `ase
vxedniT SenisTana mefeebis raSebs!,- acxadebs Seuracxyofili raindi (arag-
vispireli 1970: 589), magram mama sxva gamosavals sTavazobs mas. is urCevs
Svils, Seecados cxenis gaxednas, radgan misi gadawyvetileba xalxis uazro
Jletas gamoiwvevs mxolod. Svili amjobinebs erTxel da samudamod daaCumon
CrdiloeTis mefe, romelic mudmivad Seecdeba `Saris modebas~, mama ki drois
gayvanas miiCnevs ufro gonivrulad. mas imedi aqvs, rom `sanam Cven am gziT
cotaTi avicdenT imis Semosevas, sxvebs am dros waesisineba da maSin Cvenc
gavmagrdebiT... boroti adamiani Tavis borotebaSive CaixrCoba... vecadneT,
rogorme movigerioT, vidre CaixrCobodes...~ (aragvispireli 1970: 589). Svi-
lisTvis mamis winadadeba misaRebia. axla mxolod gamxednia mosaZebni. didma
mefem kargad icis, rom Svili Tavis samefoSi yvelaze kargi mojiriTea, magram
yvelaze gabeduli ara. am cxenis gaxedna ki codnaze metad gabedulebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. Seqmnilma kritikulma situaciam zogadad mefis pasuxismgeb-
lobasTan erTad nadir mefis mSiSara bunebac kargad gamoaCina. Tumca arc
didi mefe gamoiyureba gonier mmarTvelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis mex-
sierebaSi CrdiloeTis mefe damcirebasa da SeuracxyofasTan asocirdeba,
gamocdileba ki adasturebs aseTi midgomis mcdarobas, strategia mefisa
mainc ar icvleba. erTi SexedviT igi TiTqos cdilobs xalxi uazro Jleti-
sagan ixsnas, magram sinamdvileSi es sxva araferia, Tu ara mis mier Seqmnili
viTarebisa da nacnobi mowinaaRmdegis saTanadod Seufasebloba. swored
mwerlis mier problebis amgvarad asaxva saSualebas gvaZlevs garkveuli
qveteqstebis wakiTxvisas.
eris winaSe upasuxismgebloba da pirovnuli simxdale sakmaod uRirss da
damamcirebel gadawyvetilebas aRebinebs nadir-mefes. igi mzadaa colis
nacvlad da gaugzavnos CrdiloeTis mefes, romelmac erTxel ukve gaxednili
raSi ukan moabruna, virad giqceviaTo. cxadia, CrdiloeTis mefisTvis mTava-
ri amqveynis damorCilebaa da raSic sababia omisaTvis. nadir mefes ki surs
omze Tqvas uari, isargeblos imiT, rom misi da mociqulebs dedofali hgoni-
aT. es detali nawarmoebSi ramdenjerme meordeba. Tavad nadir-mefec eTerSi
marexis msgavs mSvenebas xedavs da amitomac gadawyvets masze iqorwinos. pir-
velad dRis sinaTleze xilvisas verc oqromWedeli arCevs eTersa da marexs.
samefoSi qaosi iwyeba. qveynis didi mefe saomrad uxmobs Tavis xalxs, qa-
liSvils ki gaxiznavs. mitovebili sasaxlis xilvisas nadirac tyeSi uCinarde-
ba da qveyana upatronod rCeba.
mefis gareSe darCenili qveynis Rirsebas ki ubralo adamianebi icaven.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom movlenaTa amgvari ganviTarebiT mwerali aSkarad ga-
moxatavs Tavis simpaTias dabali socialuri fenebis mimarT, magram finali am
mosazrebas ar adasturebs, Tumca epoqis tendencias aSkarad asaxavs. mefis,
monadirisa da oqromWedlis erT sibrtyeze warmoCena swored im grandiozu-
li cvlilebebis mimaniSnebelia, sazogadoebriv ZalTa gadaadgilebaSi rom
xdeboda XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
ukan mobrunebul mefes pirveli brZola mogebuli xvdeba, oRond am ga-
marjvebas ukve misi erTguli monadire zeimobs, romelic xalxs sakuTarsave
107


mefes Caaqolvinebs, sakuTar megobars (oqromWedels) ki imis gamo, rom mefis
gadarCenas cdilobs, moRalated acxadebs, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs mwer-
lis simpatias. metic, qveynis bedis gadamwyvet momentSi oqromWedlisa da mo-
nadiris aseTi aqtiuroba am sazogadoebis daSlis mauwyebelia.
romani iwyeba zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipuri formuliT: `iyo da
ara iyo ra~, magram dasasruls ar Cans igive tipuri formula `Wiri iqa, lxi-
ni aqa~ da, aseve, zRaprisTvis damaxasiaTebeli keTili finali. `gabzaruli
gulis~ ukanaskneli frazaa: `Zmadnaficma xalxis moRalated gamomacxada!...~
amas ambobs gmiri, romelmac TiTqos ipova bedniereba. araerTi literatu-
raTmcodnis azriT, romanSi imarjvebs siyvaruli (eTerisa da maxares (oq-
romWedlis) grZnobis saxiT), magram swored maxares acxadebs Zmadnafici
moRalated.
Sio aragvispirelis romani uCvenebs im samyaros, romelSic ugulvebel-
yofilia zneobrivi principebi, rac saxelmwifos ngrevis mTavari mizezia, xo-
lo xalxis mier Cadenili umZimesi codva _ sakuTari mefis mokvla _ am sazo-
gadoebis rRvevas da, bunebrivia, ganwirulebas usvams xazs. mravlismTqmelia
Tundac is faqti, rom gamarjvebisaTvis monoliTurad Sekruli eri nawar-
moebis finalSi mefis Camqolav brbod iqca. amgvari metamorfoza saboloo
gamarjvebamde verasdros veravis miiyvans.
sayuradReboa rTuli davalebis-raSis gaxedvnis _ kompoziciuri mniSv-
neloba. jadosnur zRaparSi `raSis gaxedvnas mamaci gmirebi axerxeben da maT
Tavis TanaSemwed gadaaqceven~ (qurdovaniZe 2002: 78). raSis gaxedvnis funqcia
romanSic nawilobriv SenarCunebulia. raSi gaixedna, magram gmiris TanaSem-
wed ver iqca. mweralma misi saSualebiT daaxasiaTa gmiri da moqmedebis kul-
minaciurobasac am gziT miaRwia, magram moqmedebis Sedgomi ganviTarebiT da
nawarmoebis finaliT swored gmiris deheroizaciaze gaakeTa aqcenti.
romanSi CrdiloeTis mefesTan dakavSirebuli realiebiT saqarTvelos
istoriuli gamocdileebaa alegoriulad gamoxatuli. akakis `damexseni
Crdiloelo~ mTeli XIX saukunis natvraa da amasTan mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad
nacnobi metaforac. aragvispirelis mier `qarTul arakSi~ Semoyvanili Crdi-
loeTis mefe arc SemTxveviTia da arc Znelad amosacnobi. dasasrulis am
sibrtyeSi gadatana naTels xdis mwerlis skepsiss, sakmaod pesimistur da
kritikul damokidebulebas Tavis qveyanaSi mimdinare istoriul-sazogado-
ebrivi procesebis mimarT.
Sio aragvispirelis mier `gabzarul gulSi~ dasmuli umwvavesi zneobrivi
problema moicavs nawarmoebis yvela danarCen Temas. zRaprisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli alegorizmiT ki mwerali Seecada, aexsna is mizezebi, romlebmac, misi
azriT, ganapirobes araerTi movlena saqarTvelos istoriul Tu sazogadoeb-
riv yofaSi.


108


damowmebani:

aragvispireli 1947: aragvispireli S. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. II, Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1947.
aragvispireli 1970: aragvispireli S. erTtomeuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,
1970.
nikoleiSvili 2002: nikoleiSvili a. literaturuli narkvevebi. quTaisi: qsu
gamomcemloba, 2002.
potto 1894: potto. saqarTvelo da misi istoriuli warsuli dro. Targmani
i.baqraZisa. tf.: 1894.

robaqiZe 1996: robaqiZe gr. simarTle CemTvis yvelaferia. Tb.: Sps `jek-servisi~,
1996.
sigua 2002: sigua s. qarTuli modernizmi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `didostati~, 2002.
qurdovaniZe 2002: qurdovaniZe T. qarTuli folklori. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`merani~, 2002.
CxeiZe 2008: CxeiZe r. mze da mwuxri. al. orbelianis sazogadoeba. Tb.: 2008.




Nestan Kutivadze

Literary Interpretation of Historical Studies in Georgia at the Beginning of
the XXth Century in The Cracked Heart by Shio Aragvispireli

Summary

The Cracked Heart is the only novel written by Shio Aragvispireli. Talking about the
novel some literary critics point out the themes of love, friendship and art, but the main
subject of the novel I consider the problems connected with morals.
In his book the writer describes the society in which morals are ignored and it has
become the main countrys destruction. The people ready to kill their own king are doomed.
This kind of ending clarifies the authors pessimistic attitude towards the historical events of
the country of his time.
Shio Aragvispireli uses allegory characteristic to tales. By means of which he tries to
explain a number of social or historical events in Georgias life.
109


maia jaliaSvili

naratorisa da personaJis teqstebis urTierTmimarTeba
(jemal qarCxaZis roman `zebulonis~ mixedviT)

jemal qarCxaZe XX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi gamoirCeva Txrobis
ostatobiT. mis nawarmoebebSi naraciis sxvadasxva planis monacvleoba xels
uwyobs, erTi mxriv, saTqmelis siRrmiseulad warmoCenas, meore mxriv, gad-
mocemuli ambis eqspresiulobasa da STambeWdaobas. igi inteleqtualuri
tipis mweralia da mis nawarmoebebSi Txrobas upiratesad sulieri samyaros
daxatvis funqcia akisria. misi romani `zebuloni~ introversuli, centris-
kenuli romania. Tomas manis, herman heses, franc kafkas, uiliam folkneris
romanebis msgavsad, am nawarmoebSi sulis landSaftebia aRwerili. 1988 wls
gamocemul am romanSi TiTqmis ar Cans realisturi romanisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli socialur-panoramuloba, marTalia, mwerals yovelTvis Tanadrouli
problemebi ainteresebda, magram misTvis mTavari erTgvari zedrouli
sivrce iyo, romelSic cxovroben misi personaJebi da avlenen im arsebiTs,
rac adamians an RmerTTan miaaxlovebs da an demonTan. amitom am mwerlisTvis
mTavari adamiania, romelsac konteqstis mravalferovnebisTvis urCevs xan
adrindel saukuneebs, xan Zvel roms, xan zRapars, xan Tanamedroveobas.
amjerad saqarTvelos istoriis mZime droSi gadavinacvlebT. Tumca mwerals
naklebad ainteresebs TviTon istoriuli faqti Tu movlena, amitomac es ar
aris romani istoriul Temaze, aramed adamianze, romelic Tavis beds, Tavis
codva-madls SesWidebia.
`TiTqmis yvela Cemi prozauli nawarmoebi, rac damiweria, _sulis biog-
rafiebia, saqme exeba ara ambebs, siuJetur peripetiebs da a.S. isini ZiriTadad
monologebia, romlebSic ganxilulia erTaderTi pirovneba, saxeldobr, is
miTiuri saxe, Tavis samyarosTan, Tavmis sakuTar `mesTan~ mimarTebaSi~, _
werda hese erT patara CanaxatSi (yaralaSvili 1988: 140)
jemal qarCxaZis `zebulonic~ sulis biografiaa. aq wina rigSi erTi per-
sonaJia, romelic Cven Tvalwin izrdeba da viTardeba. mis garSemoa Tavmoy-
rili movlenebi, faqtebi, sxva personaJebi. igi romanis naratiuli mravalfe-
rovnebis erTgvari centria, romlisganac gamodis da sxvadasxva mxares
ganitoteba calkeuli ambavi.
rezo yaralaSvili heses centriskenul romanebze saubrisas erT mniSvne-
lovan Taviseburebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rac CvenTvisac sagulisxmoa:
`misi romanis formasa da struqturas safuZvlad udevs mwerlis Sexeduleba
adamianze, rogorc organzomilebian arsebaze, romelic ori `mesagan~ Sedge-
ba. erTi mxriv, es aris realuri adamiani misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisuste-
ebiT, meore mxriv ki, yovel individumSi idealisa da SesaZleblobis saxiT
arsebuli srulyofili pirovneba. adamianis arsebis es ori polusi heses
romanis siuJetSi, rogorc wesi, ori personaJis saxiTaa xolme warmodgenili,
romelTagan erTi mTavari gmiria, meore ki masze aRmatebuli pirovneba, ro-
melsac igi cdilobs gautoldes. am polusebis Tanafardoba, realuri adamia-
nis TandaTanobiT gadaqceva ocnebis adamianad, gmiris miaxloeba im ideal-
Tan, romelic masze aRmatebul personaJSia gansaxierebuli, heses romanis
siuJeturi daZabulobisa da Sinagani dinamikis uSreti wyaroa~ (yaralaSvili
1988: 144)
jemal qarCxaZis zebulonisTvis amgvari ideali ganxorcielebulia iovel
batoniSvilis saxiT, romelzec maT sofelSi legendebs hyvebodnen, amitom is
mis SegnebaSi xilulad naxvamde ukve ideali iyo. Sexvedris Semdeg ki es idea-
110


li ki ar daimsxvra, aramed gamyarda da meti brwyinvalebiT Seimosa. ase rom,
zebulonic TiTqos gaorda da mis sulSi, gonebasa da gulSi Cveuli, nacnobi
SegrZnebebis garda gaCnda paralelurad mimdinare axali da uCveulo fiqrTa
nakadi. igi TandaTan gadaiqca ocnebis adamianad, Tanve, aman ufro SesagrZ-
nobi gaxda realobasa da ocnebas Soris zRvari. iulon batoniSvili iqca
RvTaebrivis, miuwvdomelis sinonimad. masTan dakavSirebul narativs swored
es funqcia aqvs: zedrouli daupirispiros warmavals. zebulonis gonebaSi
gaRviveba daiwyo ucxo, magram mimzidvelma fiqris marcvlebma: `vin varT,
saidan movdivarT, saiT mivdivarT, ra gvinda, ras vakeTebT, ra aris Cven iyo-
fa, ris maqnisia es amodena xalxi, WianWvelebiviT rom dafuTfuTebs dedami-
wis zurgze~ (qarCxaZe: 27)
naratoris da personaJis teqstebi romanis sam vrcel TavSi warmoCndeba,
esenia: `SurisZieba~, `siyvaruli~, `sikvdili~. es aris konceptualuri saTau-
rebi da gmiris cxovrebis sam etaps warmoaCenen. imavdroulad, es sami simbo-
loa, zebulonis sulier-materialuri samyaros ZiriTadi sayrdenebi. ase
rom, naracia sami mimarTulebiT ganitoteba. xan SurisZiebaa wina rigSi, xan
siyvaruli da xan sikvdili, Tanve cxovrebis garkveul etapze erTi romelime
Warbobs.
SurisZiebis narativiT warmoCenilia zebulonis sulier cxovrebaSi momx-
dari didi gardatexa. is Tavisdauneburad iqca SurismaZieblad. mokluli
mama `aiZulebs~ mas am SurisZiebas (aq gaielvebs hamletiseuli SurisZiebis
motivic, mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, rom SurisZieba `iZulebiTia~ da mTlia-
nad ewinaaRmdegeba gmiris mes). ase rom, SurisZiebis narativs gamsWvalavs
codvis narativi. am ori Zlieri grZnobis Widili ayalibebs zebulons,
rogorc pirovnebas.
Txrobas warmarTavs upiratesad avtori, imavdroulad, zebuloni da ram-
denime personaJi. Tumca, es mxolod iluzoruli cvalebadobaa mTxrobele-
bisa. jemal qarCxaZis, rogorc mTxrobelis, ostatobac swored esaa, Seqmnas
iluzia, TiTqos sxvadasxva epizods gansxvavebuli personaJebi hyvebian. si-
namdvileSi avtori-mTxrobeli mesame pirSi warmoaCens yovelives, magram
Txrobis ritmi, Seferiloba, intonacia imdenad icvleba, rom mkiTxveli Seh-
yavs gmiris `teqstSi~, rogorc misi aRsarebis msmeneli.
romani wriuli struqturisaa, iwyeba mTavari gmiris sikvdilTan Sexved-
ris epizodiT da mTavrdeba amave gmiris sikvdiliT. arsebiTad, es erTi da
igive epizodia, sxvadasxva rakursiT daxatuli, oRond dasawyisSi mkiTxveli
Sescqeris misTvis ucnobi adamianis sulis amosvlas, boloSi kargad nacnobis
aRsasruls. mwerali garkveul frazebs Tavsa da boloSi imeorebs da amg-
varadac aduRabebs romanis mTlianobas. aq aris gadaZaxili romantizmis ide-
alebTan, radgan jemal qarCxaZe sikvdils xatavs, rogorc cisfers. gmiri
ayvavebuli nuSisa da tyemlis TeTr tevrSi SeniSnavs misken msubuqad mo-
livlive cisfer sikvdils, romelic Wrel mindorze daeSva da misken gamoe-
Sura. qarTulsa Tu ucxour literaturaSi sikvdilis aTasgvari saxea daxa-
tuli, magram iSviaTad SexvdebiT aseTi Tbili tonebiT daxatuls, natifi,
nazi monasmebiT Sesrulebuls. sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli amgvari poeturi
narativi moulodnelobis efeqts qmnis da garkveul daZabulobas matebs
Txrobas. sikvdilTan amgvari Sexvedra exmianeba sulis ukvdavebis rwmenas.
imisaTvis, rom sulisa da xorcis gayris harmoniuloba warmoaCinos, mwerali
sikvdilis sifaqizes usvams xazs: `yvavilebi rom ar gaeTela, SiSvel fexebs
miwas ar akarebda, ise msubuqad modioda, rogorc sizmarSi da damaTrobeli
RimiliT iRimeboda~. TxrobaSi mTlianad SemoiWreba cisferi da yvelafers
gadafaravs. es `pirvelad qmnili feri~ (nikoloz baraTaSvili) gmirs simSvi-
des moutans da am ferSi gamoCndeba mTeli misi cxovreba, romelic savse iyo
111


uamravi, sworedac rom Savi sikvdiliT, magram axla `sikvdils cisferi wa-
mosasxami esxa, cisferi pirbade efara da cisferi pirbadis ukan TeTr saxeze
saTnoebis ucxo naTeli gadasdioda~ (qarCxaZe 1988: 4)
romanis amgvari dasawyisi aris erTgvari musikaluri preludia, saxeTa
ferweruloba, striqonTa Sefaruli, magram sagrZnobi ritmi amZafrebs melo-
diurobas. amgvari musikalurobis gancda ar tovebs mkiTxvels mTeli romanis
ganmavlobaSi.
Txrobis ZiriTadi nawilSi mwerali qmnis drois vertikalur Wrils da
masze ganalagebs movlenebs. mkiTxveli CaRrmavdeba personaJis warsulSi, ra-
Ta gaiazros, ratom aris gmiris `sakuTari sikvdili~ cisferi, ra gza gaiara
man, rom mweralma amgvari sikvdiliT `daajildova~.
naratorisa da personaJis teqstebis urTierTmimarTeba mkiTxvels exma-
reba romanis teqsti aRiqvas, rogorc erTiani esTetikuri fenomeni. sazoga-
dod, esTetikaze xazgasmuli orientacia damaxasiaTebelia jemal qarCxaZis
SemoqmedebisTvis da asea am romanSic.
`teqstis esTetikuri aRqma gulisxmobs sxvadasxva Zalebis, rogorc Se-
mecnebiTi, aseve, mgrZnobelobiTis, daZabulobas. amgvari aRqma ar Semoifar-
gleba teqstis Tematuri informaciis damuSavebiT, arc misi gamosaxvis saSua-
lebebis aRweriT. es aris mTliani aRqma, im struqturis gaazreba, romelic
Sinaarsobrivi da formaluri elementebis urTierTqmedebas moicavs. esTe-
tikur aRqmaSi Tematuri erTeulebi meoreul mniSvnelobas iZenen, formalu-
ri elementebi ki, romelTac TavisTavad raime referenciuli mniSvneloba ar
gaaCniaT, iReben azrobriv funqcias. erTi mxriv, isini xels uwyoben esTe-
tikuri Sinaarsis dabadebas, xazs usvamen ra Tematur erTeulTa Soris urTi-
erTobas, imavdroulad, TiTqos axal semantikur potencials gamoaTavisuf-
leben~ (Smidi 2008: 36)
romanis erTian narativs kidev erT Taviseburebas matebs naraciis ori
plani: realisturi da mentaluri.
pirvel planSi naratori avtori _ mTxrobelia, romelmac yvelaferi
icis Tavisi personaJis Sesaxeb da TanmimdevrobiT gviyveba misi cxovrebis
Tavgadasavals.
naraciis meore planSi personaJi TviTon `hyveba~, oRond es aris ara rea-
lur dro-sivrceSi movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis gadmocema, aramed igi fiq-
rebSi, warmosaxvaSi aanalizebs momxdars, gadaafasebs movlenebs da gamoaqvs
daskvnebi, romlebic safuZvlad unda daedos mis momavals.
unda aRiniSnos, rom naraciis es ori plani paralelurad ar miimarTeba,
aramed erTgvari zigzagebiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini xandaxan erTmaneTs
gadakveTen. am SemTxvevaSi, movlena romanis sivrceSi TiTqos Cerdeba da
irealur, warmosaxul sivrceSi ganitoteba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.
naraciis erTgvari saxea `Wvreta~, `ganaTeba~, `gasxivosneba~, grigol
robaqiZe amas gznebasa da eqstazs uwodebda. amgvari unariT bavSvobidanve
gamoirCeva zebuloni. am SemTxvevaSi, mwerali gmiris saxis gamosakveTad tra-
diciul xerxs iyenebs, igi sxvaTagan gamorCeuli bavSvia, yvelasgan ganride-
buli, ganmartoebuli, Tavis fiqrebsa da ocnebebSi CaZiruli. ra elis am
siwmindes cxovrebaSi? gauZlebs Tu ara cxovrebis mRvrie talRebis Semote-
vas? am kiTxvebze pasuxi ainteresebs mkiTxvels da romanic amis mcdelobaa,
warmoaCinos amqveyniuri codva-madlis Widili.
`eqstazis fenomeni yvela miTis, kultis, ritualis ucilobeli nawili
iyo. qarTul modernistul romanSi uxvad SemoiWra miTi, zRapari legenda
aman ki suls gza gauxsna siRrmisaken. adamiani eziareba maradisobas, magram
saWiroa gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba am ziarebisTvis. gansakuTrebuli
mdgomareoba ki miiRweva `TrobiT~ sityviT, saqmiT, siyvaruliT, religiiT,
112


poeziiT. gaxelebas, eqstazs xSirad iwvevs mxurvale mze, didi SuadRis Jams
dayudebuli, sagnebs rom aorebs da adamians Tavis sxva mes Seaxvedrebs.
swored am mzem `dauSanTa~ goneba dantesa da nicSes. magaliTad, mze grigol
robaqiZis `gvelis perangSi~ warmoCndeba, rogorc metafora, romelic gmiris
Ziebis gzaze Tavis udides rols TamaSobs. eqstazisas adamiani Tavisufldeba
yvelafer imisagan, rac mas am sofelTan akavSirebs, ganiZarcveba miwieri
survilebisgan, vnebebisgan. Cveulebrivi smenisgan, xedvisagan da imsWvaleba
uxilavis, dafarulis wyurviliTa da molodiniT~ (jaliaSvili 2006: 154).
mwerali Tavisi poeturi sulis gmirs poeturi saxelis sofelSi daasax-
lebs _ wyarosTvalSi, romelic TiTqos miwieri samoTxesaviTaa. zebuloni
izrdeba da adamiviT `saxelebs arqmevs~ sagnebs, e. i. Seimecnebs samyaros. igi
mSoblebis erTaderTi vaJia, da-Zmebi dabadebis pirvel kvirasve daexocnen.
amiT TiTqos xazi esmeba mis gamorCeulobas, rom man cxovrebaSi raRac mZime
unda itvirTos, msxverplad iqces. mwerali xazs usvams zebulonis ganmar-
toebisken midrekilebas. is Sinagan samyarosa da bunebas iyo miyuradebuli.
`rodesac erTxel yuri mohkra, alionze, sinaTlisa da sibnelis Sexvedris
Jams, mdinare wamiT Sedgebao, am uCveulo ram ambis sanaxavad samjer uTenia
gaipara saxlidan, marTalia verc erTxel damdgari mdinare ver naxa, magram
naxvis molodini samivejer iseTi tkbili iyo, iseTi amaforiaqebeli da
Jruantelismomgvreli, romlis msgavssac tol-amxanagebSi yofna ver miani-
Webda~ (qarCxaZe 1988:8). mas aqvs unari bunebasTan Serwymisa, gardasaxvisa.
erTxel, sayvarel muxnarSi ganmartoebulma, swored amgvari eqstazi gani-
cada, igrZno, rom TviTonac muxad iqca da aRmoaCina: `muxa miwis tyve iyo! mi-
wa borkilebiviT Semohkvroda fesvebze da gasaqans ara Zlevda. muxas moZ-
raoba undoda da dabmuli iyo. saca daibada, iq unda momkvdariyo da ucxo
mindorTa silamazes verasodes ixilavda~ (qarCxaZe 1988:7) swored am dros
daibada zebulonis gulSi soflidan wasvlisa da ucxo sanaxebis moxilvis
wyurvili. zRaprebiT, legendebiT ikvebeba misi suli, amitomac yvelafers
romantikuli saburveli aqvs. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia mSobliuri miwis
siyvarulis axali rakursiT daxatva. yvelasTvis cnobilia galaktioniseuli
cvrian balaxze gavlis gancda. jemal qarCxaZis zebulons ki wvimis Semdeg
rbil talaxSi fexSiSveli siaruli uyvarda. aris Tu ara dapirispireba kria-
la, sufTa namian balaxsa da Sav, WuWyisfer talaxs Soris. ara, ubralod, mi-
wis SegrZneba axali niuansiTaa gamdidrebuli: `nelTbili da ToTo miwa rom
nestiani eniT moelamuneboda da terfebze saamo artaxebad Semoekvroda, is
ucxo da usaxelo, auxsneli gancda gulSi niaRvariviT Semovardeboda, mere
yovel mxares gaifanteboda, sisxls Seereoda da mTel sxeuls tkbili, mom-
TenTavi netarebiT avsebda~ (qarCxaZe 1988: 14) mwerali vrclad mogviTxrobs,
ras ganicdis gmiri rbil da Tbil talaxTan Sexebisas. amgvarad iqmneba sao-
cari esTetikuri xati, talaxi ganiwmindeba, CamoSorebs erTgvar myar Sina-
arss da axali emociiT itvirTeba. amgvarad, igi gancdis intensivobiT cvria-
ni balaxis silamazes eTanabreba. zebulonis sulis sifaqize warmoCndeba
amgvari narativiT. sagulisxmoa kidev erTi Strixi misi xasiaTis gasaazreb-
lad: mas erTgul megobrebadac adamianebi ki ara, ori ZaRli: brolia da lo-
mia hyavs. misi faqizi sulis warmosaCenad mwerali erT detals gamokveTs.
ymawvili zebuloni TanatolebiviT ocnebobs mterTan brZolaze, momxvdur-
Ta daxocvaze, magram warmodgenaSic ki arasodes klavs vinmes. warmosaxva
swored iq ebindeba, rodesac vinmes pirispir dgas da maxvils uRerebs. es
pasaJi kontrasts Seqmnis Semdgom movlenebTan, rodesac zebuloni uamravs
gauCexs xmliT Tavs, sinanaulisa da sibralulis gareSe.
aq calke yuradRebas iqcevs zemoT aRniSnuli idealisken swrafvis
narativi. mwerali romanSi xatavs winaaRmdegobas idealisken swrafvis gzaze.
113


sazogadod, nebismier adamians SeiZleba gauCndes idealisken swrafva. zebu-
lonis sofelSi iovel batoniSvili gamiTebulia. mis Sesaxeb Txrobisas iye-
neben TurmeobiT formas. masze zRapariviT hyvebian, magram Tu danarCeni
gmirebi zRapris Tavgadasavals imiT amTavreben, rom mefeebi xdebian, iovel-
ma, uflis angelozis karnaxiT, uari Tqva xelmwifebaze. es iyo gaugonari da
saocari ram, man, mefis ufrosma vaJma, taxti umcross dauTmo. `amgvari kacis
adgili mxolod zRaparSia, WabukebTan da mzeWabukebTan, devebTan da gve-
leSapebTan, faskunjebTan da kudian dedabrebTan~. iovels Turme bevri
umogzauria, enebi Seuswavlia, samSobloSi dabrunebuls ki maRali mTis wver-
ze taZari augia da saswavlebeli gaumarTavs ai, am taZris xilva iqca ze-
bulonis ocnebad. mere ise moxda, rom maT sofelSi stumrad mosulma iovelma
zebuloni gamoarCia da mis mSoblebs sTxova, oriod TveSi masTan gaegzavnaT,
raTa wera-kiTxva eswavlebina da mere zebulons sxvaganac daenTo swavlis
lampari, Tan patara wigni-xelnaweri saxareba aCuqa. iovelis saxeSi eris gan-
manaTlebeli ilia WavWavaZe irekleba. mis saubarSic iliaseuli Tvalsazri-
sebi moCans. zebulonsac aqvs ideali, iovel batoniSvilTan mimsgavseba, mag-
ram am gzaze cxovreba gadaeRobeba da es ideali drodadro xan ikargeba, xan
warmoCndeba.
mTeli romani am idealisken zigzagur svlas aRwers. sabolood ki, es gza
zebulonis sulieri siRrmeebisken miimarTeba. amis Semdeg TxrobaSi axali
narativi Cndeba, romelsac warmarTavs axal, wignier cxovrebaze ocneba,
Tumca taZrisken swrafva bolomde ganuxorcielebeli darCeba. cxovrebis
wigns ki waikiTxavs zebuloni, magram adamianTa dawerils ki vera.
am erTgvar idealiur narativs mwerali arRvevs ucxos SemoWriT. ucxo am
SemTxvevaSi soflis ganapiras mcxovrebi, saidanRac gamoxiznuli uJmuri
ojaxia, romlis erTi wevri zebulons mamas, calTvala isaxars mouklavs.
zebuloni am dros aRmoaCens cxovrebis sazriss, aqamde ucnob WeSmarite-
bas, erTgvar `zneobriv kanons~. es aris garkveul movaleobaTa aRsrulebis
tvirTi. xSirad imgvari movaleobebisac, romlebic gmiris mes, mis sulier
samyaros ewinaaRmdegebian.
paralelurad romanSi Cndeba codvis narativi. TxrobaSi SemoiWreba axa-
li, saSiSi, xmauriani motivi. es aris saSineli codva, romelic zebulonma
unda Caidinos. codva TiTqos TviTonve warmarTvs movlenaTa ganviTarebis
dinamikas. mTeli sofeli da ojaxi uTqmelad aRZravs ymawvil zebulons
SurisZiebisTvis. zebuloni TiTqos raRac saSineli Zalis morCilia. igi
amoqolavs im xvrels, romelSic mamamisis mkvlelTa CvilbavSvebiani ojaxi
imaleba. es aris sawyisi wertili, saidanac ganitoteba rTuli gza namdvili
cxovrebisken. SurisZiebis aRsrulebis Semdeg zebulons sami dRe da Rame
gadabmulad eZina. mwerali am detaliT mianiSnebs, rom am sam dReSi codvis
nayofi _ axali zebuloni daibada, romelsac Cadenilma codvam idealisken
gza gadauketa. es axali zebuloni materialuri cxovrebis oromtrialisTvis
aris mzad _ sisxlis saRvrelad da codvis morevSi dasanTqmelad. amis Sem-
deg mis garSemo SiSi da sisastikis molodini isadgurebs, xalxi rogorc urC-
xuls, ise erideba, erTgulma ZaRlebmac ki miatoves. zebuloni kvlav martoa
mTeli samyaros pirispir. sofelSi xma dairxa, RamRamobiT qajebi da avi su-
lebi daudiano. zebuloni grZnobda, rom `sxva kaci gaxda, ki ar gardaiqmna da
imisgan ki ar aRmocenda, rac aqamde arsebobda, rogorc fesvidan aRmocende-
ba mcenare, aramed sul mowyda fesvs da calke mcenared iqca. samagierod,
sulSi darCa im fesvis maradiuli, mtkivneuli, maxrCobela natvra (qarCxaZe
1988: 85)
iovel batoniSvilisken mimavals esizmra, rom mcvelma araTu SeuSva
masTan, eWvic ki Seitana: `am avazaks Wabuki zebuloni mouklavs da gauZarc-
114


vavs, saxelic ki waurTmeviao~. mxolod iovelis naCuqari saxareba daaqvs avga-
roziviT. es patara wigni simbolurad ganasaxierebs misi sulis Seuryvnel
nawils, naperwkaliviT mbJutavs da did cecxlad gadaqcevis momlodines.
siyvarulis narativi zebulonSi axal energias aRviZebs. iovelisken
swrafva, rogorc idealiken, transformirdeba nestanisken swrafvaSi. sagu-
lisxmoa isic, rom zebuloni pirvelad roca mohkravs patara gogonas, nes-
tans, Tvals, is magidaze Tavdaxrili wigns kiTxulobs. amjeradac kvlav wig-
nia xidi uflisken mimaval gzaze, siyvaruliT ganaTebulze. zebulons es wig-
ni, e.i. wera-kiTxvis Seswavla sikvdilamde miuwvdomel idealad darCeba,
sxvagvarad albaT SeuZlebelic iqneboda. ideali ar unda gansxeuldes, mas
arc araferi ar unda Caenacvlos, maSin SeeZleba adamians am idealis erT-
guleba da maSin dajildovdeba cisferi sikvdiliT. mwerals, ra Tqma unda,
SemTxveviT ar daurqmevia mSvenieri qalwulisTvis es saxeli. is gansaxiere-
baa, marTlac, idealisa, romelsac didi ZalisxmeviT sWirdeba mopoveba da
dacva. nestanTan urTierTobaSi zebulonis sulSi swored is Seuryvneli na-
perwkali gaRvivdeba: `zebuloni TvalgaSterebiT Sescqeroda win mimaval
nestans da mis arsebaSi viRac, vinc zebulonic iyo da da arc iyo zebuloni,
mZafrad, locvasaviT natrobda, yvelaferi gamqraliyo, mTeli qveyniereba,
mxolod es Wala darCeniliyo da es mdinare. mudam ase evlo am WalaSi nestans
zebulonis win da mudam ase ecqira zebulons nestanisTvis~ (qarCxaze 188) am
gzaze zebuloni samSoblosTvis Tavdadebul meomrad iqceva, xmalCaugebel
vaJkacad. qarTlis mefe manuCaris gverdiT rom daayenebs gangeba da masTan
erTad qveynis dasacavad abrZolebs. mwerali romans axal konteqstSi warmoa-
Cens. es aris Savbneli xana saqarTvelos istoriisa, daSlil-daqucmacebuli
qveyana, Sinaomebi, aTasgvari mteri. zebuloni mTlianad gadaeSva cxovrebis
SuagulSi, romelic misgan amjerad mtris umowyalo daxocvas moiTxovda. is
kvlavac iaraRi iyo bedisweris xelSi: `roca erTianad xmlad da brZolad iyo
qceuli, im dros ar icoda, rom TaTari, romelsac gametebiT uqnevda xmals,
adamiani iyo, sulieri, TviTonac sicocxle undoda da xmali ro xvdeboda,
stkioda~ (qarCxaZe 1988: 113) sikvdils mieswrafvoda TviTonac, magram ucnau-
ri ram xdeboda mis sulSi, sicocxlis siyvaruls brZola badebda.
mtris daundoblad mokvlisa da Sebralebis motivebi romanSi erTmaneTs
gadakveTs da aqac erTmaneTs xvdeba codvisa da madlis narativebi. erT epi-
zodSi zebuloni tyved Cagdebul lek ymawvils rom Caxedavs TvalebSi, SeS-
foTdeba, marTalia TanamebrZolebs daubarebs, yvelafers rom aTqmevinebT,
mere rac ginda, is uyaviT, ginda mokaliT da ginda cocxlad gauSviTo, magram
veRar moisvenebs, natrobs, rom amxanagebma gauSvan da didi xnis mere, roca
kvlav moikiTxavs da pasuxad miiRebs, gavuSviTo, SvebiT amoisunTqavs.
mwerals zebuloni cxovrebis daxlarTul gzebze dahyavs fizikurad da
aTasgvar xifaTs Seaxvedrebs, magram mTavari misi sulieri gzebia.
rogorc aRvniSneT, romani pirobiTad istoriul Temazea, magram, jemal
qarCxaZes rogorc sCvevia, mas istoria ainteresebs ara momxdari movlenebis
TvalsazrisiT, aramed im epoqaSi mcxovrebi adamianis gadmosaxedidan (amgva-
ri originaluri rakursis magaliTia `rahaT-luxumi~, sadac mteri hyveba
Tevdore mRvdlis gmirobis ambavs). ase rom, romanSi aRwerili istoriuli
movlenebi erTgvari paradigmebia, romlebic xSirad meordebian saqarTvelos
istoriaSi.
aqac `dro avi iyo, qveyana gaveranebuli~. amjerad, ubralo aznauris,
zebulonis, Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili modelirebul istoriul fonze. es
aris mZime xana saqarTvelosTvis. zebuloni uneburad moeqceva movlenaTa
SuagulSi, magram mwerlisTvis mTavaria misi zneobrivi cvlilebebi.
115


romanSi sxva personaJebic SemoiWrebian TavianTi gansxvavebuli xmebiT.
esenia: manuCar batoniSvili, beqa amilaxvari, nestani, iese erisTavi. romanSi
mravlad ixatebian qveynis erTgulnic da moRalatenic, magram ise, rom mTa-
vari personaJis, zebulonis, xma arsad ar iCrdileba.
gansakuTrebul yurdRebas iqcevs kaTalikosis xma. es aris amaRlebulis
narativis SemoWra romanSi. roca rwmenaSecvlili iskanderi iranis mxarda-
WeriT dajda samefo taxtze, qarTlis kaTalikosma jer sajarod SeaCvena mah-
madiani mefe, mere kaTalikosis Zvirfasi samosi SemoiZarcva, jvalos kaba
Caicva, xelSi rkinis jvari daiWira da sofel-sofel daiwyo siaruli. `qada-
gad dacemuli yvela qristians, visac iaraRis tareba SeeZlo, gulmxurvaled
mouwodebda, xeli gamoeRo, raTa RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyana urjulo-
Tagan exsnaT da Tu ver ixsnidnen, namusianad daxociliyvnen~ (qarCxaZe 1988:
175)
romanSi gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia erTi epizodi. tyeSi gaxiznul kaTa-
likosTan naxevrad dangreul eklesiaSi TavSefarebul zebulons daevala,
eTvalTvala da amoecno aq amosuli moRalate Tavadi. zebulonma davalebas
Tavi Cveuli moxerxebulobiT gaarTva, magram is saxeze ar icnobda Tavadebs.
moulodnelad eklesiaSi kaTalikosi gamoCnda, romelmac mimaluli zebulo-
nis gasagebad xmamaRla saxeliT mimarTa misTvis nacnob moRalates. zebulo-
nis Tvalwin mokles kaTalikosi. es iyo saocari Tavganwirva eklesiis saWeT-
mpyrobelisa, romelmac sakuTari sisxliT daamowma Tavisive naqadagevi. igi
ase arigebda zebulons: `gaTaTreba egre ioli ar aris. qveyana gana vaSlia,
rom pirdapir gulSi gauCndes matli, rogorc kacs uCndeba! qveyanas matli
garedan exveva da, rogorc kombostos, pirvelad did-didi furclebi ulpeba,
romlebic gamosaCenzea. gulSi gvian aRwevs~( qarCxaZe 1988: 244) ra Tqma unda,
gaTaTrebac erTgvari simboloa da igi, zogadad, eris gadagvarebas
gulisxmobs.
cxovrebanagemi zebuloni Semecnebis axal safexurze sikvdils gaiazrebs,
rogorc uCveulo sicocxlis dasawyiss, amitomac brundeba mSobliur sofel
wyarosTvalSi: `mixvda, rom amao yofila sikvdilis Zebna, iseve rogorc si-
cocxlis Zebna amao yofila~ (qarCxaZe 1988: 217). zebuloni Tavis miwas ubrun-
deba namdvili sikvdilisa da namdvili zebulonis saZebnelad. man cxovrebis
aRmarT-daRmarTebze xetialisas kidev erTi WeSmariteba aRmoaCina: `sicocx-
le ufro didi sasjeli yofila, vidre sikvdili~. simboluria, rom mas moRa-
latis isari zurgSi mSobelTa saflavze wamoeweva da `zebuloni mixvda: `si-
cocxle, gauTavebeli satanjveli rom egona~ sinamdvileSi myisieri da
mouxelTebeli ram yofila. rogorc muguzlidan avardnili naperwkali, ro-
melic erTi akiafdeba haerSi da maSinve isev Caqreba. es naperwkali SurisZie-
bisaa, siyvarulisa da sikvdilisa da zebulonis sicocxlec sxva ara yofila
ra, garda ganuwyveteli, yovelwamieri SurisZiebisa, ganuwyveteli, yovelwa-
mieri siyvarulisa da ganuwyveteli, yovelwamieri sikvdilisa~ (qarCxaZe 1988:
323)
romanSi naratorisa da personaJis teqstebis amgvari urTierTmimarTeba
swored am mTavari saTqmelis warmosaCenadaa.


116


damowmebani

qarCxaZe 1988: qarCxaZe j. `zebuloni~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1988.
yaralaSvili 1988: yaralaSvili r. `aRsarebiTi prozis tradicia da
Tanamedrove `centriskenuli~ romani~. wignSi: `dasavleT evropis literatura
(XX saukune). Tb.: gamomcemloba `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1988.
Smidi 2008: Smidi v. naratologia http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Literat/shmid.
jaliaSvili 2006: jaliaSvili m. qarTuli modernistuli romani. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `wyarosTvali~, 2006.



Maia Jaliashvili

The Relation of the Texts of Narrator and Personages
(According the Novel "Zebuloni" by Jemal Karchkadze)

Summary

Jemal Karchkhadze is the distinguish writer of XX the century Georgian prose.
In novel "Zebuloni" author describes entirety of the world by the interchanging of
various lines of narrative. First of all he achieves his main aims by the way of depicting the
fates of Zebuloni. The narrator and main personage have own particular voice. Among those
personages the most significant is the author, narrator, storyteller of information's, who is
depicting world by the way of panoramic narrative. This narrator is similar mystic and his
narrative is the similar to his method. The writer makes original artistic time space models,
so called, chronotope, for each personage.
These heroes are depicted according to the context space of real and imaginary. The
horizontal narrative is submission by the causal relationship. Soul transfiguration of
characters of personages is defined also in the vertical section of narrative in the
metaphysical space. In this point of view, reality has a metamorphosis and is submissioned
to soul condition. Indeed, narrator and personages are the `being of paper~, but the writer
artistically expresses theirs thoughts and emotions. The reader feels everything that is
depicted in the novel. There are connected real and dream world. Sometimes there are
difficulties to understanding where boundary is. The novel`s space is the mystic space,
beyond the visible space, closely to heaven. Thus, the earthly time is linked with eternity
and the actions of personages are fulfilled through poetic mysticism.
The different narratives of the novel are reached as with rhythmic typical for lyrics as
well with plenty of art features. There are many symbols and paradigm of way, sun, day,
night. The writer is generalizing real things. By the way of various narratives lines the
author depicted the harmony and perfection of the world.


117




irakli abaSiZe _ 100



zoia cxadaia

poetis werilebi, sityvebi, mogonebebi

`qebac, yvedrebac, kicxvac, madlobac,
wyromac, varamic,
sityva ekuTvnis STamomavlobas,
sxvas aRaravis.
irakli abaSiZe

100 weli Sesrulda XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis TvalsaCino warmomad-
genlis, rusTavelis, saxelmwifo da javaharlal nerus saxelobis premiebis
laureatis, poet-akademikos irakli abaSiZis dabadebidan. TiTqmis Svidi aTe-
uli weli emsaxura igi qarTul poezias. drois gadasaxedidan, rogorc Tavad
ityoda, `bewvis xidze etlis tarebas~ hgavda am wlebis xelovanTa Semoqmede-
biTi gza.
qarTul poeziaSi irakli abaSiZe 20-iani wlebis miwuruls movida, roca
mometebulad uWirda ideologiis wnexiT daTrgunul Cvens mwerlobas, qar-
Tul xelovnebas, qarTul kulturas... roca axali `wesrigi~ yovelgvari sa-
SualebiT aSTobda sulierebas, roca ukiduresad gandgomil poetebsac aTq-
mevines, rom unda `svan sibrZne saukunis axal Tasidan~. swored am wlebSi das-
rulda qarTuli poeziis WeSmaritad aRmavali gza, Sedegad _ qarTuli leqsi
waleka `sawarmoo~ Temebma, amitomac araferia moulodneli imaSi, rom irakli
abaSiZem, cxrameti wlis Wabukma, 1928 wels pirveli leqsebiT da Semdeg _
1931 wels gamocemuli wigniT `ramdenime leqsi~ Tanamedroveobas auba mxari.
wignSi `zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan~ irakli abaSiZe igonebs: `saqarTvelos
ociani wlebis barometris isari TiTqos gamodarebas uCvenebda. ukan darCa
qveynis gasabWoebis epopea, ukan darCa ocdaoTxi wlis tragikuli zafxuli;
ukan darCa bevri Cvenganis ojaxebisaTvis umrisxanesi lozungi: `daviyvanoT
qarTvel TavadaaznaurTa ricxvi nulamde~. win _ saqarTvelos ugamoCeniles
adamianTa axali pozicia da inteligenciis mowodebebi, romelTac me jer ki-
dev saSualo saswavlebelSi, ukanaskneli klasebis merxze momiswres~ (abaSiZe
2003: 13). is Tematika, romelsac irakli abaSiZis am wlebis poezia moicavs,
TiTqmis sayovelTao iyo qarTul poeziaSi.
ormocdaaTiani wlebis miwurulidan Tvisebrivad axali etapi daiwyo mis
SemoqmedebaSi. lirikuli ciklebiT `rusTavelis nakvalevze~ da `palestina,
palestina~ sruliad axleburi sityva Tqva poetma. ram ganapiroba es warma-
teba, ram warmarTa poetis axali xedva? amasTan dakavSirebiT minda gvixseno
batoni iraklis TiTqmis ocdaaTi wlis winandeli gamonaTqvami. maSin is en-
ciklopediis redaqtori gaxldaT. roca saubari 50-iani wlebis lirikas See-
xo, TiTqos mimixvda da Cems jer kidev dausmel kiTxvas pasuxiT daaswro:
`pirovnebis kultis periodma da, sazogadod, epoqam bevri ramiT SegvzRuda,
kultis Semdgomi periodi sul sxvagvarad warimarTa, meti SesaZlebloba mog-
vecao~ (cxadaia 1999: 5). erT-erTi piroba warmatebisa uTuod es iyo. poetis am
wlebis lirikaSi sagrZnobia gansja, Sinagani monologebi, poeturi Txroba,
subieqturis zogadSi ganTavseba da _ piriqiT, Sesabamisad novacias qmnis
118


tradiciisa da axlis sinTezi. irakli abaSiZis poeturi bunebis Tavisebureba
imaSic gamoixata, rom umTavresi saTqmeli iseT asakSi gamoTqva, roca,
sazogadod, poetSi SedarebiT minavlulia SemoqmedebiTi potenciali _ emo-
ciuroba, aRmafrena. swored maSin, naxevar saukunes gadacilebulma poetma
aramcTu SeZlo SeenarCunebina poeturi SemarTeba, aramed mis lirikaSi axle-
burad gaxmianda yvela is azri Tu fiqri, romelic manamde uTqvams, an ver
uTqvams. siWarmagis asakSi poetSi TiTqos axali poeti iSva. amieridan sicocx-
lis bolomde misi lirika iyo Cinebuli kompensacia imisa, rac axalgazrdobis
wlebSi uTqmeli darCa (cxadaia 1999: 5). movusminoT, ras wers igi Tavis me-
muarebSi am wlebis Sesaxeb: `rogorc cnobilia, 50-iani, 60-iani wlebi mTel
sabWoTa kavSirSi pirveli `daTbobis~ wlebi iyo; qveynis demokratizaciis
pirveli cdebis (Tumca xanmokle) wlebi.
gadaWarbebulad da kvexniT ar vityvi, magram, rogorc Cans, saWiroa erT-
xel kidev xmamaRla vTqva _ Cven im wlebSi qarTul kulturaSi zogi ram sa-
sikeTo namdvilad movaswariT (miT ufro, me-20 yrilobaze pirovnebis kultis
gamomJRavnebis Semdeg piradad CemTvis yvelaferi sabolood gairkva da mec
iqve ganvsazRvre Cemi Semdgomi sicocxlis da Semoqmedebis azri. diax, swored
iqidan daiwyo Cemi cxovrebis axali periodi, axleburad gaazrebuli gza, ro-
melsac me `rusTavelis nakvalevze~ davarqvi da saiTkenac me Cemi poeturi
kalmiT movuwode Cems mkiTxvels da mTels Cems qveyanasac. es gaxda Cemi
erTaderTi ideuri mrwamsi, Cemi politikuri partia. movaswariT swored qar-
Tuli, didi qarTuli saqmeebis gakeTeba; am reabilitaciis Semdeg win iyo
qarTvel moRvaweTa palestinuri eqspedicia ierusalimSi rusTavelis nakva-
levze da misi samecniero Sedegebi; rusTavelis premiebis daarseba litera-
turasa da xelovnebaSi, SoTa rusTavelis 800-wlovani, humanizmis namdvilad
msoflio iubile (im wlebSi, roca saqarTvelos miwa-wyals pirovnebis kultis
da damsjeli, sisxlismsmeli adamianebis samSoblod Tvlidnen mTel qveyana-
ze) da rasac udidesi rezonansi hqonda mTel Cvens planetaze; rusTavelis
Zeglis aRmarTva qalaq moskovSi (roca mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi da mis gareTac
mimdinareobda stalinis ZeglTa msxvreva). dadginda qarTul mravaltomeuli
universaluri enciklopediis gamocema.
diax, aseTi iyo is `daTbobis~ wlebi saqarTveloSi. yvelaferi ki daiwyo
sami qarTveli mwerlis, mixeil javaxiSvilis, paolo iaSvilis da tician
tabiZis reabilitaciiT.
rogorc poetma, es `daTbobis~ wlebi me maSinve gamoviyene. am 50-ian, 60-ian
wlebSi gamoqveynda `rusTavelis nakvalevze~ da `palestina, palestina!~, ro-
melTa azrsa da mizandasaxulebas Cemi mkiTxveli maSinve gagebiT Sexvda
(abaSiZe 2003: 36).
irakli abaSiZe mravali literaturuli werilis avtoria. mniSvnelovania
misi mogzauruli Janris cikli `gzebi da fiqrebi~, romelSic poetis TvaliT
danaxuli uaRresad didi da saintereso samyaro iSleba (`amerika Tvalis erTi
gadavlebiT~, `indoeTis gzebze~, `palestinis dRiuri~...); memuaruli wigni
`zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan~ da sxv.
irakli abaSiZis xangrZlivi cxovreba da Semoqmedeba mravalmxriv sayu-
radReboa. wlebis manZilze saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris Tavkaci, rogorc
Tavad ityoda, cxovrebis SuagulSi trialebda da mravali mniSvnelovani li-
teraturuli RonisZiebis moTave da monawile iyo. poetis yuradRebis miRma
ar darCenila misi drois qarTul literaturaSi momxdari TiTqmis arc erTi
mniSvnelovani movlena. is CarTuli iyo Cveni xalxis sulier-SemoqmedebiTi
cxovrebis mraval sferoSi. misi Sexedulebebi poeziaze, Zveli, axali da Tana-
medrove qarTveli mwerlebis Semoqmedebaze, Teatrze, mxatvrobaze gamoir-
Ceva azris cocxali, zomierad poeturi stiliT, daxvewilobiT. 1989 wels ga-
119


mocemul irakli abaSiZis `rCeulis~ winaTqmaSi batoni revaz TvaraZe aRniS-
navs: `sruliad SeuZlebelia irakli abaSiZis pirovnebisa da misi Semoqmedebis
(leqsi iqneba Tu sxva ram naweri) erTimeorisgan gamijvna, gamocalkeveba...
irakli abaSiZe harmoniuli pirovnebaa, wrfeli da sikeTiT savse kaci, moyva-
ruli, xalisiani, Cinebuli mosaubre, maxvili da cincxali gonebis, uaRresad
mravalmxrivi interesebisa da farTo Tvalsawieris mqone pirovneba~ (TvaraZe
1989: 3).
irakli abaSiZis literaturul werilebSi gansakuTrebiT didi adgili
eTmoba rusTavelis Temas. `poetis ukvdaveba~, `msoflio poeziis didi rain-
di~, `diadi sakacobrio idealebis momRerali~, `fiqrebi SoTa rusTavelze~,
`sityva SoTa rusTavelze~ da sxv. aseve poetis publicisturi memkvidreobis
didi nawili eZRvneba sulxan-saba orbelians, daviT guramiSvils, baraTaS-
vils, ilias, akakis, vaJas, irodion evdoSvils, daviT kldiaSvils, Sio mRvi-
mels, galaktions, Salva dadians, mixeil javaxiSvils, konstantine gamsaxur-
dias, ioseb griSaSvils, simon Ciqovans, korneli kekeliZes, Salva nucubiZes,
akaki SaniZes, geronti qiqoZes, Salva RambaSiZes, giorgi wereTels.
garda qarTveli mwerlebisa da sazogado moRvaweebisa, irakli abaSiZis
`werilebsa da sityvebSi~ saubaria: puSkinis, lermontovis, taras SevCenkos,
ovanes Tumanianis, vladimer maiakovskis, nikoloz tixonovis, aleqsandre
maliSkinis, maqsim rilskis, mixeil Soloxovis, aleqsi surkovis, aleqsandre
tvardovskis, Saraf raSidovis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.
werilebi rusTavelze, ZiriTadad, 1966 wliT aris daTariRebuli (es weli
iuneskom rusTavelis wlad gamoacxada).
saiubileo dReebSi monawileobis misaRebad mowveul mweralTa da sazo-
gado moRvaweTa Soris iyvnen msoflios mravali qveynis warmomadgenlebi,
gamoCenili mwerlebi da kulturis moRvaweebi, cnobili qarTvelologebi
inglisidan, safrangeTidan, italiidan, germaniidan, Sveicariidan, Sveciidan,
espaneTidan, norvegiidan, saberZneTidan, amerikidan, iaponiidan, egviptidan,
indoeTidan, iugoslaviidan, ungreTidan, poloneTidan, libanidan, rumineTi-
dan, irlandiidan, ierusalimidan, holandiidan... irakli abaSiZe yvela Tavis
werilSi srul warmodgenas gviqmnis rusTavelis saiubileo dReebis Sesaxeb.
werili `poetis ukvdaveba~ wakiTxul iqna 1966 wlis 30 seqtembers SoTa
rusTavelis dabadebis 800 wlisTavis iubileze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
iubiles eswrebodnen sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa
umravlesoba pirvelad iyo saqarTveloSi. irakli abaSiZe sityvas iwyebs
qarTuli literaturisa da saqarTvelos istoriis Soreuli warsulidan. igi
exeba saqarTvelos dramatizmiT aRsavse istorias, rusTavels warmoadgens
rogorc poets, `romelmac jer kidev Sua saukuneebis wyvdiadSi yvelaze ma-
Ral kvarcxlbekze daayena adamiani, daicva da adida adamiani, vinc didebuli
himni uZRvna gonebis ganTavisuflebas da mebrZoli humanizmis qadagebiT
Svidasi wlis Semdegac Cven gverdiT dadga Cvens mrisxane epoqaSi~ (abaSiZe
1971: 14).
poeti qmnis rusTavelisdroindeli saqarTvelos cocxal suraTebs, para-
lels avlebs evropis maSindel saxelmwifoTa kulturasTan, xazgasmiT aRniS-
navs, rom rusTavelisdroindeli saqarTvelo iyo saxelmwifo, romelic hu-
manur principebs emyareboda da romlis kulturul safuZvelsac humanuri
suliskveTeba Seadgenda, exeba qarTul hagiografiul Txzulebebs, sasulie-
ro poezias, saistorio Tu filosofiur mwerlobas, romlebSic, misi azriT,
aSkarad iCina Tavi iseTma aspeqtebma, romlebic gulisxmobdnen swored ada-
mians, adamianis ganxilvas mTlianobaSi rogorc sulieri, ise fizikuri aR-
nagobis TvalsazrisiT, tkbobas adamianis simSvenieriT, siyvarulis motivebs,
agreTve, WeSmaritebis dauridebeli Ziebisa da daeWvebis momentebs. poeti
120


sagangebod gamohyofs qalis qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblad movlenis faqts,
romelic, misi azriT, SemTxveviTi ar yofila qarTuli qristianuli kultu-
risaTvis. yovelive amas, irakli abaSiZis sityviT, emateboda saqarTvelos
geografiuli mdebareobis faqtori da aq mcxovrebTa temperamentisa da
msoflSegrZnebis meoxebiT dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa sinTezi.
`magram, _ wers igi, _ es yovelive iyo zviadi Senobis mxolod saZirkveli da
kedlebi, romelic mougumbaTebeli darCeboda, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTveli
rom ar movlenoda... rusTavelma daasrula, sabolood Camoayaliba da ga-
mokveTa adamianobis is umaRlesi ideali, romelzec ki saerTod SeeZlo eoc-
neba Sua saukuneebis msoflios. da vai, rom ara marto Sua saukuneebisas, man
manamde da SemdegSic didxans arnaxul simaRleze aiyvana adamiani. amiT man
didi xniT win uswro evropis renesanass~ (abaSiZe 1971: 18).
poeti zog SemTxvevaSi upirispirdeba kidec rusTvelologiaSi gamoTq-
mul calkeul mosazrebebs, kerZod, Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom rusTaveli
mxolod amqveyniurobiTaa dainteresebuli da misi interesebis sfero am-
qveyniurobis sazRvrebs ar scildeba, msjelobs rusTavelis mier warmoCeni-
li adamianis mimarTebaze uzenaesTan, saamisod arsebul or gzaze sibrZnisa
da siyvarulis gzaze: `rusTavelis gagebiT, siyvaruls miwier arsebobaSive
SeuZlia gvaziaros umaRles harmonias da amgvarad migvaaxlovos uzenaess.
rac Seexeba sibrZnes, igi gonebis gziT xorcieldeba, xolo gonebis SesaZleb-
lobani rusTvelisaTvis usazRvroa...
... Sua saukuneTa moazrovne ityvis: WeSmariteba amqveynad ar ipoveba, es
qveyana mxolod borotebis saufloa, moCvenebaa, iluziaa. es qveyana iseve ar
hgavs RmerTs, rogorc wyvdiadi ara hgavs mzes.
rusTaveli ityvis: es qveyanac RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili, da Seqmnilia
kacTaTvis, xolo kaci RmerTis wilia, maSasadme, kacis moqmedeba kacis pirda-
piri daniSnulebaa da ara borotebis tyveobaSi yofna. mxolod kacis aqtiuri
moqmedebiT daiTrguneba boroteba da gamoaSkaravdeba misi ararseboba. es
qveyana mziT aris ganaTebuli, xolo mze xatia RmerTisa, qveyniuri sinaTlec
RvTaebrivi sinaTlea da ara bneli wyvdiadi~ (abaSiZe 1971: 23). rusTavelze
naTqvam am sityvebSi araerTxel gaiJRerebs sityva `adamiani~, romelic, irak-
li abaSiZis TqmiT, rusTavelma manamde da Semdegac arnaxul simaRlemde aiy-
vana, mwerali amaSi gulisxmobs adamianobis ideas da ara ubralod adamians.
irakli abaSiZem saqmiTac da sityviTac didi amagi gaswia rusTavelis
saxelis Sors gasatanad. 1966 wels parizSi, Jurnal `kurierSi~, daibeWda poe-
tis werili `fiqrebi rusTavelze~, romelSic avtori saubrobs qarTvelTa
mier `oqros xanad~ wodebul epoqaze, rusTavelis Sesaxeb arsebul legendasa
da mis realur wyaroze. rogorc viciT, am droisTvis i. abaSiZes ukve movlili
hqonda palestina samecniero eqspediciis sxva wevrebTan erTad, mopovebuli
iyo mniSvnelovani da saintereso masalebi. werilSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwe-
rili calkeuli momentebi da faqtebi, dawyebuli jvris monastris istori-
idan. saubaria SoTa rusTavelis, `didebuli moxucis~, muxlmodrekil port-
retze, romelic gamoxatuli aRmoCnda ioane damaskelisa da maqsime aRmsareb-
lis freskaTa Soris, exeba qarTveli eris warmoSobis istorias, Cveni kultu-
ris mniSvnelovan movlenebs Soreul warsulSi, uZveles miTebs, kerZod, le-
gendas amiranze da ZvelberZnul miTs promeTeze. saubrobs winaqristianuli
saqarTvelos istoriaze, saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvlaze, aRwers va-
zis jvarsa da wminda ninos legendaSi Semonaxul saxes da aRniSnavs, rom qris-
tianoba, romelsac im dros dasavleTSi ukve asketizmis formebi hqonda miRe-
buli, saqarTveloSi sicocxlisa da nayofierebis ideasTan dakavSirebuli
aRmoCnda.
121


werilSi saubaria sasuliero mwerlobis paralelurad arsebul qarTul
saero mwerlobaze, qarTul anbanze da mis istoriaze, mis ganviTarebaze, sa-
qarTvelos muzeumebsa da wignsacavebSi dacul mraval aTas xelnawerze, ase-
ve, Suasaukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaze, kedlis mxatvrobaze, oqro-
mWedlobaze, ferweraze, minanqris xelovnebaze, swavla-ganaTlebisa da kul-
turis kerebze saqarTvelosa Tu sazRvargareT, daviT aRmaSenebelsa da
Tamar mefeze... mwerlis mizania, saqarTvelos warsulis, misi kulturisa Tu
istoriis warmoCeniT erTgvarad Seamzados ucxoeli mkiTxveli rusTavelTan
misaaxleblad. amis Semdgom igi mimoixilavs `vefxistyaosanTan~ dakavSire-
bul konkretul sakiTxebs, kerZod, Txzulebis poetikas _ dabal da maRal
Sairs, leqsis musikalur JReradobas da a. S.
`vefxistyaosnis~ rusul gamocemas (msoflio literaturis biblioTeka,
1969 w.) wamZRvarebuli aqvs irakli abaSiZis sakmaod vrceli winasityvaoba.
masSi farTod aris gaSuqebuli rusTavelis epoqa, poeti biografia, saubaria
konstantine balmontisa da marjori uordropis Targmanebze.
1958 wels aRiniSna 300 wlisTavi sulxan-saba orbelianis dabadebidan. am
dros ukve gamoqveynebuli iyo giorgi leoniZis monografia sulxan-saba
orbelianze, romliTac poetma-mkvlevarma Seqmna mwerlis tragikuli port-
reti. irakli abaSiZis werili `sulxan-saba orbelianis dabadebis 300 wlis-
Tavi~ gviCvenebs poetis damokidebulebas didi qarTveli mwerlisa da moaz-
rovnis, meigavis, aRmzrdelis, moralistisa da didi saxelmwifo moRvawisad-
mi: `sulxan-saba orbelianis moxuc saxeze qarTveli kaci saqarTvelos sauku-
novan warsuls kiTxulobs. Zveli saqarTvelo Cvens warmodgenaSi sulxan-
sabas hgavs, anu sulxan-saba hgavs Zvel saqarTvelos. Cveni qveynis mTeli
istoria _ konstantinepolisa da aleqsandriis dacemis TiTqmis meore dRi-
dan, vidre qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTTan SeerTebis wina dRemde es aris sulxan-
saba orbelianis biografia qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi~ (abaSiZe 1971: 71).
irakli abaSiZis werili `daviT guramiSvili~ gamoqveynebulia gazeT
`pravdaSi~ 1955 wels. is Sesulia mwerlis krebulSi `werilebi da sityvebi~.
werilSi SeniSnulia, rom guramiSvilis biografia Serwymulia maSindeli sa-
qarTvelos bedukuRmarT cxovrebasTan. Semdeg saubaria guramiSvilis Semoq-
medebis mniSvnelobaze qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. irakli abaSiZe aR-
niSnavs, rom novatorma poetma gabedulad gadauxvia imdroindeli qarTveli
mwerlebis gaTelili gzidan, romelmac isini epigonobis CixSi moaqcia. i.
abaSiZe gansakuTrebiT xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom guramiSvilis Semoq-
medebas safuZvlad udevs Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis saukeTeso tradiciebi,
Sesabamisad, farTo iyo misi, rogorc moazrovne poetis gonebrivi horizonti
da misi bevri leqsi filosofiuri lirikis saukeTeso nimuSia.
mravalmxriv sayuradReboa irakli abaSiZis werili nikoloz baraTaSvil-
ze, romelSic naTladaa warmoCenili, Tu ra adgili uWiravs qarTul poeziaSi
nikoloz baraTaSvils, ra aris namdvili poezia, ra aris misi sagani, ra adgili
uWiravs Semoqmeds sazogadoebaSi? mwerals nikoloz baraTaSvilis magaliTi
miaCnia imis dasturad, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi arasodes gaurbis Tavisi
drois, Tavisi qveynis socialursa da TviT politikur problemebsac ki.
`Senc iq ideqi, _ wers irakli abaSiZe, _ Seni drois, Seni qveynis samsaxurSi.
magram WeSmarit xelovnebas, WeSmarit poezias Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi amoca-
nebic, Tavisi Sinagani problemebic aqvs da erTi aseTi ZiriTadi problema _
erovnulisa da zogadkacobriulis urTierTobaa. am urTierTobaze ki SoTa
rusTavelis Semdeg Sen aRgviZrav fiqrebs.Seni uWknobi magaliTi sabolood
gvidasturebs erovnulisa da zogadkacobriulis erTianobis, ganuyoflobis
aucileblobas maRal poeziaSi~ (abaSiZe 1971: 81).
122


irakli abaSiZis sityviT, rac ufro metia erovnuli sawyisi namdvil, WeS-
marit mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, rac ufro metad qarTulia igi, rac ufro metad
rusulia, rac ufro metad frangulia, miT ufro metad maRldeba igi zo-
gadkacobriulobamde da amis dasturad miaCnia baraTaSvilis poezia, radga-
nac man Tavisi drois umetes poetTa xelSi salaRobod qceuli qarTuli leq-
si ara marto Semoabruna da swor gzaze daayena, aramed misca mas rusTveluri
siRrme. baraTaSvilis sidiades mwerali upirvelesad imaSi xedavs, rom es uR-
rmesi tkivilebiT dakodili mgosani adamianis maRal daniSnulebas moqmede-
baSi xedavda, rom man zogadkacobriulis Secnobis saqveyno saqmeSi ormocio-
de leqsiT didi wvlili Seitana.
`Cveni didi Tavkaci~, _ ase hqvia ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnil werils,
romlis ZiriTadi saTqmeli aseTi daskvniT gamoixata: `Znelia warmoidginos
kacma msoflio literaturis istoriaSi sxva poeti, romelsac amdeni amagi
daedos mSobeli qveynisaTvis, misi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero-
saTvis~ (abaSiZe 1971: 85).
`adamianis momRerali mTebSi, adamianis momRerali mTebidan~, _ ase mi-
marTavs mwerali vaJa-fSavelas werilSi `mTebis mgosani~. igi exeba vaJas Se-
moqmedebis Taviseburebas, avlebs paralels vaJasa da robert bernss Soris.
msgavsebas xedavs rogorc SemoqmedebiT, ise pirad cxovrebaSi, oriveni gmi-
ruli bunebis adamianebi iyvnen, mgznebare patriotebi da samarTlianobisaT-
vis mebrZolebi. gadamwyveti ki maT SemoqmedebaSi folklorTan urTierTo-
baa. sainteresoa irakli abaSiZis Semdgomi msjeloba, kerZod, dakvirveba
vaJasa da bernsis poetur Taviseburebebze, maTi individualurobis ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebze. `Tu bernsis poeziis mTavari paTosi dakavSirebulia socia-
lur-yofiTs problematikasTan, vaJas poezia, piriqiT, moralur-filoso-
fiur sakiTxebs dastrialebs Tavs~. bernsis poeziis satirul-iumoristul
kolorits vaJa-fSavelas Rrma filosofiuri Cafiqreba, Zlieri, dramatuli,
xSirad tragikuli nakadi upirispirdeba, aqedan vaJas ltolva Seqspiruli
xasiaTebisa da goeTeseburi ganzogadebebisa da simboloebisaken~ (abaSiZe
1971: 93).
galaktionisadmi miZRvnil ramdenime werilSi irakli abaSiZe emociurad
xatavs didi poetis garegan da sulier portrets, poeziaSi misi mosvlis wina
dRes, im siaxleebs, romlebic galaktionma Semoitana XX saukunis qarTul
lirikaSi, im Taviseburebebs, romlebiTac imTaviTve gamoirCa galaktionis
leqsi.
`sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi igi miTosis mrisxane pans hgavda, xSiri,
aqa-iq WaRaraSerTuli, moWirebulad Savi wver-ulvaSiT, _ odesRac evropu-
lad daxvewili saxis inteligenti galaktion tabiZe _ `me da Ramis~, `Tov-
lis~, `TeTri pelikanis~, `Wianurebis~, `lurja cxenebis~, `meris~ galaktion
tabiZe. aseTi iyo igi CemTvisac sikvdilamde. aseT galaktion tabiZes dama-
kavSira mec drom, bedma da poeziam ocdaaTi wlis grZel manZilze: aseTi vnaxe
me igi pirvelad 1926 wels, mTawmindaze, vaso abaSiZis dakrZalvis dRes, zaqa-
ria faliaSvilis, vasil barnovis da misgan ganuyreli giorgi quCiSvilis
gverdiT, mgloviared mkerdze xelebdawyobili, panTeonis moajirs miyrdno-
bili, rogorc maxsovs, swored im adgilas, sadac axla samudamod ganisvenebs
(abaSiZe 1971. 107).
galaktion tabiZis bevri leqsi, irakli abaSiZis sityviT, Seqmnilia Semoq-
medis fsiqologiaSi mecnierulad jer kidev sabolood amoucnobi im WeSma-
riti STagonebiT, romelsac Tavis droze `RvTaebriv inspiracias~ uwodebd-
nen~ (abaSiZe 1971: 111).
1954 wels `literaturnaia gazetam~ gamoaqveyna irakli abaSiZis werili
`qarTuli literaturis didi ostatebi~, romelic mieZRvna represirebul
123


qarTvel mwerlebs: mixeil javaxiSvils, paolo iaSvils, tician tabiZes. es iyo
pirveli gabeduli sityva 1937 wels udanaSaulod dasjili mwerlebis Sesaxeb,
ramac imTaviTve miiqcia ruseTis inteligenciis yuradReba. `maSin bevrisTvis
jer kidev warmoudgeneli iyo aseTi statia sabWoTa presaSi. `literaturnaia
gazetas~ redaqciaSi moTxres, rogori zarebis rekva atexila im dReebSi, sai-
dan ar urekavdnen, ssrk romeli kuTxidan redaqciis TanamSromlebs, da ara
marto moskovidan. es werili marTlac sensacia iyo maSin, jer kidev skkp XX
yrilobamde. stalinis gardacvalebis TiTqmis meore dResve~ (abaSiZe 1971:
34). es iyo udanaSaulod dasjilTa reabilitaciis pirveli idea, romelic
moskovs saqarTvelom miawoda. gasagebi mizezebis gamo, irakli abaSiZe gansa-
kuTrebulad mianiSnebs samive Semoqmedis mier revoluciuri sinamdvilis mi-
Rebaze, socialisturi realizmis principebis erTgulebaze da a. S. sul
sxvagvari paTosiTaa dawerili am mwerlebisadmi miZRvnili Semdegdroindeli
werilebi. poeti ufro Tavisuflad, SeuzRudavad wers maTi Semoqmedebis
Taviseburebebze, gamoyofs maT saukeTeso nawarmoebebs.
werilSi `konstantine gamsaxurdias rvatomeulis gamo~ irakli abaSiZe,
rogorc redaqtori da gamomcemeli, mwerlis Semoqmedebis ramdenime sain-
tereso momentze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: `Tu poeturi prozis forma bevri
didi beletristis yurs examuSeboda da examuSeba, is ki namdvilad marTali
unda iyos, rom romanistika poeziis umaRlesi formaa da am azrs konstantine
gamsaxurdia eTanxmeba ara mxolod Teoriulad, aramed Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi
praqtikiTac. WeSmaritad maRali poeziaa misi `didostatis marjvena~, rom-
lisTvisac avtors Tavisuflad SeeZlo poema ewodebina, am sityvis ara imde-
nad Tanamedrove, ramdenadac keTili, klasikuri gagebiT~, _ wers irakli
abaSiZe (abaSiZe 1971: 149), da, amasTan erTad, exeba im sirTuleebs, romlebsac
am samuSaos Sesrulebisas waawyda. sainteresoa Semdegi faqti: irakli abaSi-
Zes moaqvs citata konstantine gamsaxurdias rvatomeulis bolosityvidan,
sadac mwerals naTqvami aqvs: `Cems rvatomeulSi Segnebulad ar Sevitane
zogierTi fragmenti Cemi romanisa, zog-zogi novelac, cxadia, isini, rogorc
yovelive, rac odesme gamomiqveynebia, didi da uangaro siyvaruliT maqvs
dawerili~. amasTan dakavSirebiT irakli abaSiZe igonebs: `me unda ganvacxado,
rom Cvenc, redaqtorebmac, Cvenis mxriv, vurCieT avtors zogierTi risame
gadadeba Semdegi gamocemebisaTvis, aTasgvari mosazrebis gamo. zogjer ki,
roca Cveni mosazreba avtors ar akmayofilebda, Cven mas vexumrebodiT. vin
icis, ra madlobas getyvis momavlis axalgazrda mecnieri am gamouqveynebeli
nawarmoebebisaTvis, darCes mas es ulufa-Tqo.
Cven, konstantine gamsaxurdias redaqtorebi, avtoris mimarT viyaviT me-
tad mkacrni da metad lmobierni, metad iWvneulni da metad erTgulni. metad
gulcivni da metad moyvarulni, metad frTxilni da metad gabedulni; asec
gagvsajon momavalma redaqtorebma, romlebic xelaxla ganaxorcieleben,
odesme, konstantine gamsaxurdias nawarmoebTa rvatomeulebis da aTtomeu-
lebis gamocemas~ (abaSiZe 1971: 151).
aqve irakli abaSiZe momavali mkvlevarebis, gamsaxurdias gamomcemlebis
sayuradRebod wers: `...mxolod arasgziT daiviwyon avtorisave gancxadeba, an
rogorc mas, avtors uyvarda `Segoneba~, am nawarmoebTa avtoris anderZi: `me
mimaCnia savsebiT umarTebulod, roca avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg akademiuri
pedantobiT aRWurvili redaqtorebi, modgebian da yovelives, rac mwerals
Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze dauweria, an daustambavs, gamofenen da gamoaqvey-
neben. me agre mgonia, isini mxolod zians ayeneben ama Tu im avtoris gemov-
nebasa da esTetikur prestiJs~ (abaSiZe 1971: 152).
sayuradReboa irakli abaSiZis Teoriuli naazrevi literaturul-esTe-
tikur sakiTxebze: `poezia... ra did da lamaz qaTinaursac unda eubnebodnen
124


poezias, igi jer kidev ar aris saWirod da Rirseulad dafasebuli, miT ufro
_ poezia meoce saukunisa. Cveni epoqis poezia WeSmaritad udidesi mniSvne-
lobis faqtori iyo da aris, Cveni drois adamianTa jer gaugonari winaaRmde-
gobebiT savse, sulis wonasworobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. es ki, es Tanadgoma,
es mxardaWera ise sWirdeboda Cveni urTulesi da mrisxane drois adamians,
rogorc arasdros kacobriorbis istoriaSi~ (abaSiZe 1971: 153).
werilSi `lirikosebisa da fizikosebis Sesaxeb~ saubaria `komskomolskaia
pravdaSi~ gamarTul diskusiaze aris Tu ara saWiro Cvens epoqaSi xelovneba.
teqnikuri inteligenciis nawilma, ufro metad axalgazrdobam, gamoTqva az-
ri, rom teqnikuri revoluciis epoqaSi, roca adamianma Seqmna bunebasa da
kosmosze Setevis warmoudgenlad mZlavri damrtymeli brigadebi, roca
TiTqmis TiTebiT Seexnen mTvares, arisRa saWiro, rom mis miRwevebs viRac
atarebdes registraciaSi (laparakia xelovnebaze), arsebobs statistika da,
garda amisa, mTeli qveyana xedavs adamianTa miRwevebs, xolo momavlisTvis
momavlis istorikosebi daweren masze. amis pasuxad werilSi vkiTxulobT:
`literaturas da xelovnebas marto registraciaSi gatarebis movaleoba ro-
di akisria, an, literaturuli eniT rom vTqvaT, marto cxovrebis asaxvis
movaleoba rodi akisria. mas kargad awevs meore movaleobac, romelsac igi
mudam asrulebda da romelic man mudam unda Seasrulos, esaa adamianis
sulieri aRzrdis movaleoba, an rogorc Cven vambobT, esTetikuri aRzrdis
movaleoba.
Tu mwerlobisa da xelovnebis es meore didi movaleoba Cven Segnebuli
ara gvaqvs, ar viciT misi fasi da wona, rasakvirvelia, Tavisuflad SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom xelovneba dRes ukve aRaraa saWiro, dRes, kibernetikisa da
uzustesi fotogadaRebaTa epoqaSi~ (abaSiZe 1971: 269).
rodesac 50-ian wlebSi `zogierTma partiulma muSakma pirdapir ganacxa-
da, rom saWiro ar iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval yvela ers Tavisi samreklo-
dan daereka, Sesabamisad ki, gamocxadda brZola literaturasa da xelovneba-
Si erovnuli formis yovelgvari gamovlinebis winaaRmdeg, presaSi gaimarTa
cxare kamaTi erovnuli enebis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxze. erovnuli formis
amgvari Teoriis avtorebis azriT, erTxel da samudamod unda waSliliyo
erovnuli Taviseburebani, erovnuli formebi da yvela eri gaerTianebuliyo
erT saerTo kulturaSi. maTi sityviT, sabWoTa xalxebis kulturaSi sul uf-
ro da ufro did adgils iWerda saerTo internacionaluri elementebi erov-
nuli ki sul ufro mcirdeboda. 60-ian wlebSi kvlav ganaxlda kamaTi. gamo-
iTqva azri, rom Znelia misvla saerTo, internacionalur kulturamde, Tu
SevinaxavT da ganvaviTarebT imas, rac erTi xalxis kulturas meorisagan ga-
nasxvavebs. erovnuli kultura xom SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes...
irakli abaSiZe akritikebs amgvar `Teoretikosebs~, romlebic mouTmen-
lad elodebian nacionalur kulturaTa erT saerTo kulturaSi Serwymis
bednier wuTebs.
1992 wels Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ daibeWda irakli abaSiZis mogonebebi `zarebi
ocdaaTiani wlebidan~ (TviTon avtori maT gamoqveynebas ver moeswro), rom-
lebic 2003 wels gamoica calke wignad, winaTqmaSi kritikosma jumber TiTme-
riam maT `epoqis Svilis aRsareba~ uwoda. wigni, rogorc Tavad i. abaSiZe aR-
niSnavda, Tavdapirvelad paolo iaSvilis cxovrebis tragikul dasasrulze
iwereboda, mere ki poets kalami, misive sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, im drois
sxva movlenebiskenac `gaeqca~. igi gulistkiviliT SeniSnavs, rom am memuare-
bis dawerisas Zveli Taobis qarTveli poetebidan TiTqmis aRaravin iyo coc-
xali (`me momswre qveynis amden cvlis da amden dramisac, me erTi SevrCi, erTi
SevrCi am dedamiwas~... i. a.). `zogi ram~ da ara _ `zustad yvelaferi~, _ aseTia
irakli abaSiZis, rogorc mTxrobelis mizani, radgan zustad yvelaferi
125


gonebas ver Semounaxavs, `zogi ram~ ara marto im 30-iani wlebidan, aramed
socialisturi sistemis 70-wliani istoriidan exeba `usazRvrod naZaladevi
socializmis mSeneblobas~ da `kanibalizmamde misul did SimSilobas~, ko-
leqtivizaciis wlebs, adamianis gadaqcevas koleqtivis wevrad _ pirovnebis
gauqmebis saxelmwifoebriv mcdelobas... qarTveli xalxis axali sinamdvilis-
ken SemobrunebaSi irakli abaSiZe gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs `nepis~
periods (gulisxmobs ekonomikur aRmavlobas, romelic satyuarad iyo Se-
mogdebuli xelisuflebis mxridan da romelsac mohyva mosaxleobis ukidu-
resi gaRatakeba soflad Tu qalaqad), e. w. `gankulakeba~. aqve aRniSnavs im
faqtsac, rom, amavdroulad, Tavisi arsebobis uflebebisaTvis ibrZodnen
`cisferyanwelebi~, `akademiuri asociaciis wevrebi~, mravali sxvac `miumxro-
belTa~ Soris. `nepis~ dasasruli _ 20-iani wlebis bolo da 30-ianis dasawyis
_ irakli abaSiZes im droisTvis jer kidev gaucnobierebel momavlis dasaw-
yisad miaCnia. faqtobrivad ki amas mohyva sityvisa da azris Tavisuflebis
akrZalva, qveyanaSi klasTa brZolis gaZliereba. `gaivlis urTulesi, umZimesi
naxevari saukune (kidev metic), Cemgvarad `bednier~ Zveli Taobis `aswlovani~
adamianebis Tvalwin da qveyana sabolood darwmundeba, rom es axali gza yal-
bi da arabunebrivi iyo~ (abaSiZe 2003: 19)... magram sainteresoa, ras fiqrobs
irakli abaSiZe `nepis~ Semdgomi periodis qarTul inteligenciaze? misi Sexe-
dulebiT, maT inerciiT ki ar Sedges fexi Semdgom aTwleulSi, aramed `Segne-
bulad sabWouri droSiT, TviT Seurigebelnic ki ZiriTadad axali sinamdvi-
lis mxardamxar dadgnen~ (abaSiZe 2003: 30). amis erT-erT da umTavres safuZv-
lad igi im faqts miiCnevs, rom dedamiwis erTi meeqvsedis saTaveSi patara
saqarTvelos Svili aRmoCnda. qarTuli inteligenciis imdroindel ganwyobi-
lebaze da ara marto qarTul inteligenciaze, misi azriT, moqmedebda stali-
nis saxelis aRzeveba ucxoeTis qveynebSi, rom maTze aseve imoqmeda 30-ian
wlebSi gorkis ruseTSi sabolood dabrunebam, Serigebam axal sinamdviles-
Tan (Tundac, stalinisa da gorkis erTad gadaRebulma fotom), ssrk mwe-
ralTa pirvel yrilobaze misma saxotbo sityvebma stalinze da a. S... `es iyo,
rogorc dRes gairkva, mistifikacia, romlis narkozic Cveni saukunis mTeli
Taobebis organizmSi SeiWra da dRes nurvis hgonia, rom am narkoziT gaJRen-
Tili Taobebis epoqisadmi samsaxuri yovelTvis mxolod SiSisa da angare-
bismieri iyo (abaSiZe 2003: 31). gamomdinare aqedan, irakli abaSiZe naCqarevad
miiCnevs 30-ian wlebSi qarTveli mwerlebis axali sinamdvilisken Semobrune-
bis `moTvinierebad~ Sefasebas. vfiqrobT, sagulisxmoa Sefaseba `narkoziviT
gaJRenTili Taoba~, _ umeteswilad, es Tavad poetis Taobaa, radgan am Tao-
bam uSualod 20-iani wlebis miwuruls gadadga pirveli SemoqmedebiTi nabi-
jebi, es is Taobaa, romlis bavSvobis da ymalwvilobis xana saqarTvelos aneq-
siis TariRsa da 1924 wlis tragedias daemTxva. es is Taobaa, romlis axal-
gazrduli emocia advilad gadafara, daimorCila am `narkozma~ (mainc _ `dai-
morCila~...), zogmac guliT iwama (arc es aris daujerebeli), zogmac e. w. xarki
gaiRo, Tavic gadairCina da didebuli SenaZeni dautova qarTul mwerlobas,
iyvnen iseTebic, erTsa da imave faqts ukiduresad rom akritikebdnen, Tanac
`poeziis~ eniT, Semdeg, drois cvalebadobasTan erTad piriqiT werdnen (mag.,
eseninis TviTmkvlelobis faqtTan dakavSirebuli k. lorTqifaniZis erTi
leqsis ori varianti).
sainteresoa irakli abaSiZis msjeloba stalinTan dakavSirebiT. 1933
wlis dasawyisSi mweralTa kavSirSi partiis warmomadgenels mwerlebisTvis
ganucxadebia, rom amieridan nebadarTuli da saWiroc iyo daweriliyo mxatv-
ruli nawarmoebi beladze. amasTan dakavSirebiT irakli abaSiZe wers: `am sit-
yvebma mwerlebze ise imoqmeda, rogorc amnistiam. axla miWirs ase ironiulad
Tqma amisa, magram swored imis Semdeg gaixsna namdvili literaturuli mara-
126


Toni, vin, vis... am saqmes gulwrfelad umeTaures ufro `cisferyanwelebma~,
vidre e. w. proletarulma, ukve avtoritetdakargulma mwerlebma... qarTvel
gamoCenil mweralTa mier esec qarTul saqmed iqna im xanebSi miCneuli da iseT
qmnilebebSi, rogoric `bavSvoba da yrmobaa~, es swored asec iyo. namdvili
patriotis kalmiT ostaturad dawerili poema, iq xom upirvelesad saqarTve-
loa daxatuli, misi didi istoria, misi didebuli buneba, misi SesaniSnavi
tradiciebi~ (abaSiZe 2003: 32). irakli abaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris
masStabiT ar darCenila cnobili mwerali, romlis sityvasac raime fasi hqo-
noda sazogadoebaSi da stalinze sityva ar daeZras. ara marto mwerlebi, ara-
med xelovnebis yvela dargis warmomadgenlebi, mecnierebi gamosvlas stali-
nis citirebiT iwyebdnen. stalinis Temas poezia ufro swrafad exmaureboda,
Semdeg ki iwereboda romanebi, piesebi, iqmneboda speqtaklebi, mxatvruli
filmebi da a. S. isic faqtia, rom mogvianebiT stalinis saxels leninis saxeli
Caenacvla. irakli abaSiZe igonebs boris pasternakTan Sexvedrebs da aRniS-
navs, rom masTan mwerals araerTxel gamouTqvams gulwrfeli aRtaceba sta-
linis fenomenis gamo da Tavis leqss stalinze (romelic 1936 wels gazeT `iz-
vestias~ saaxalwlo nomerSi gamoqveynda) erT-erT uZlieres qmnilebad miiC-
nevda. i. abaSiZe imowmebs Tamaz natroSvils, romlis azriTac, rusul poezia-
Si `stalinianas~ saTave swored pasternakma daudo.
wignSi saintereso mogonebebia grigol robaqiZeze. irakli abaSiZe aRniS-
navs cnobil faqts, rom robaqiZe berlinSi pirvelad orjonikiZis daxmarebiT
gaemgzavra, rom Semdgom swored orjonikiZesa da respublikis axal xelmZR-
vanels Soris urTierTobis gamwvavebis Sedegad gadawyda sabolood misi iq
darCena. `maxsovs, igi centraluri komitetidan mweralTa kavSirSi rom dab-
runda, respublikis axal xelmZRvanelze Tqva: _ me ver gavuZeli mis Tvaleb-
so. amave dros TviTon robaqiZesac metad gamWoli mzera hqonda~ (abaSiZe
2003: 60). irakli abaSiZe ixsenebs gazeT `komunistSi~ dabeWdil werils `gve-
lis perangosani~ (avtori _ partiuli muSaki, grigol muSiSvili-xoferia),
robaqiZis faSistad gamocxadebas. gulistkiviliT wers, rom gazeTebSi
daibeWda robaqiZis uaxloesi megobari mwerlebis gamoxmaureba `moRalate~
robaqiZeze iseTi frazebiT, rogoric maT gulSic ki arasodes gauvliaT misi
namdvili mtrebisa da mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarTac ki~ (abaSiZe 2003: 68). `gri-
gol robaqiZe _ 30-iani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis erTi umTavresi figura,
mkacri stilis kaci. erTi mTliani movlena, yvelasgan gamorCeuli, magram
axali, raRac sxva, raRac ucxouri kulturismieri... Tavisi uzarmazari eru-
diciiT, niWiT, sityvis damajereblobiT~ (abaSiZe 2003: 61). aqvea motanili
grigol robaqiZis im werilis sakmaod vrceli fragmenti, romelic man
irakli abaSiZes 1962 wels gamougzavna: `sabWoeTSi hgoniaT TiTqos me `meore~
napiras vidge, araa marTali. me vdgavar `mesame~ napirze _ mdinares aseTi
napiric aqvs. vinc am napirze ar mdgara, is verc moazred gamodgeba da verc
xelovnad... `wigni hitlerze?~ _ es wigni `piTagoruli~ gegmebiTaa agebuli,
mokled iq nacional-socialisturi msoflxedva sruliad Sengreulia Si-
naganad~ (abaSiZe 2003: 64). irakli abaSiZis daskvniT, `robaqiZes mainc Sinaga-
nad awuxebs wignis arseboba, iseve, rogorc `aqeTa napiris~ bevr Cvengans
imdroindeli zogi ram~ (abaSiZe 2003: 64).
mogonebaTa wignSi sainteresoa msjeloba nicSesa da karl marqsis moZRv-
rebaze, romelsac, irakli abaSiZis sityviT, `mxolod erTi medlis ori mxare
aRmoaCnda Tavisi simkacriT, Tavisi antidemokratiulobiT da diqtaturo-
biT. ZiriTadad am ori kacis moZRvrebam aaforiaqa da saboloo angariSiT
fizikuradac imsxverpla Cveni saukunis ugamoCenilesi, uZlieresi tvinebi,
rasac Semdeg zed miayola ubralo, udanaSaulo 50 milioni adamianis sicocx-
le meore msoflio omSi, ager Cvens Tvalwin, Cvens gverdiT~ (abaSiZe 2003: 65).
127


mwerlis mogonebebSi gulTbilad da emociurad arian warmodgenilni:
leo qiaCeli _ `udrtvinveli~, Wir-varamis udrtvinvelad gadamtani kaci,
iseTive samagaliTo da sakvirveli adamiani, rogorc ostati Semoqmedi~; pro-
fesori Salva nucubiZe, romelic `rogorc kargi mofarikave, orTave xelSi
ori xmliT trialebda marjvniv da marcxniv, misi didi erudiciiT, didi da
basri iumoriT, dauzogavi polemistis eniT~; sergi danelia da konstantine
kapaneli, konstantine gamsaxurdia da geronti qiqoZe, mixeil javaxiSvili da
simon Ciqovani, giorgi leoniZe da udrood daRupuli simon xundaZe _
`keTilSobili, ganaTlebuli, dinji, lamazi kaci da mecnieri~, teqnikuri
dargis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli vladimer jiqia, rionhesis amgebeli,
`upopularulesi da saxelovani kaci mTel saqarTveloSi, bevri kargi saqmis
gamkeTebeli~ da sxv. irakli abaSiZe mkiTxvels mouTxrobs jiqias garSemo
datrialebul tragediaze da im mizezebze, ramac ganapiroba paolo iaSvilis
tragediac, aseve andre Jidisa da tician tabiZis Sexvedris istoriaze, rac
sabediswero Seiqna ticianisaTvis.
wigni sruldeba mogonebebiT paolo iaSvilze, kerZod, misi tragikuli
aRsasrulis aRweriT: `paolo iaSvili SuadRisas movida mweralTa kavSirSi.
xelSi gazeTebSi Sexveuli Tavisi Tofi eWira, misi cnobili Zvirfasi `lebo~
(erT dRes rom kinaRam sergei esenins aCuqa, is rom Tavmdablad ar Sehpire-
boda, moskovSi dabrunebisTanave swored aseT Tofs viyidio) _ gasayidad
wamoviRe, magram monadireTa kavSirSi kapikebi maZlieso. mweralTa kavSiris
bufetis gamges, rifsimes, vali _ 7 maneTi gadauxada da wavida. aravis miuq-
cevia yuradReba, rom wasvlisas Tofi xelSi ukve aRar eWira. sadRac dauto-
vebia da mweralTa sasaxlidan igi ukan uTofod gabrunda... yvelam icoda, im
dReebSi araerTxel iyo gamoZaxebuli umaRles dawesebulebebSi da iqidan
yovelTvis usazRvrod aRelvebuli brundeboda... ukve yvela grZnobda, rom
vladimer jiqiasa da giorgi eliavas Semdeg jeri paolo iaSvilzec midga,
magram aravis SeeZlo misi daxmareba da verc veravin moiwadinebda. igi axla
mxolod bedis anabara rCeboda am usazRvro cisqveSeTSi.
im saRamos, mweralTa kavSirisken krebaze mimavals, igi moedanze, kirovis
quCis mosaxvevSi Semxvda... cota rusTavelze gavla mindoda momeswroo. saxe
usazRvrod hqonda Secvlili... yvelas davumtkiceb, rom vaJkaci varo, `imaTa-
co~... mere gzad sxva mwerlebic Semogvxvdnen. Cven erTad wavediT im sabe-
diswero sxdomaze.
erTxans darbazSi nerviulad ijda, mere darbazidan gavida. krebac didi
xnis dawyebuli ar iyo, rom samarisebur siCumeSi gaisma is jojoxeTuri qu-
xili, iseTi siZlierisa, rogoric Semdeg me did msoflio omSi sahaero da-
bombvis dros msmenia xolme...
sul xuTiode wuTSi gaCndnen administraciuli dawesebulebebis warmo-
madgenlebi da sasaxlis karic daiketa. isev samariseburi siCume, axla ufro
meti. axla ufro samariseburi. mxolod erTxel gaisma mixeil javaxiSvilis
dagubuli xma _ namdvilad vaJkaci yofila, geTayvaT~ (abaSiZe 2003: 116). cno-
bilia, rom am faqtis gamo atirebuli irakli abaSiZe kinaRam did gansacdelSi
Cavarda, rom ara `misi keTili cru mowmeebi~ simon Ciqovani da Jurnalisti
giga mebuke (mdivani 2003: 117).

`Sen, Sen daeci im wels,
roca saqarTveloze
kaenis sulis aRzevebam gadisriala~. _

_ dawers Semdeg poeti... xolo wignis finalSi kidev erTxel ityvis mtkivne-
ul aRsarebas: `dRes, bunebrivia, axal Taobebs daebadebaT kiTxva: sad iyvnen
sxvebi? sad iyaviT Tqven (maSin sruliad arafris SemZle axalgazrdebi)?
128


vupasuxeb: yvelas, visac Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi Tu partiuli gavleniT am
`eWvmitanilebis~ raime daxmareba SeeZlo, an raime avtoriteti gaaCnda, Tvi-
Tonve hqonda sakuTari gaWirveba _ aravin icoda, xval vis ra moeloda, vis ra
dabraldeboda. maTi daxmareba, SesaZloa, kidev ufro gaarTulebda `eWvmita-
nilTa~ saqmes, an maT TviTon gaurTulebda mdgomareobas. aravin iyo dazR-
veuli ubedurebisgan, zemoT, sul zemoT im erTis garda. bedisgan da xeli-
suflebisagan sabolood ganwirulTa raime mosazrebiT, raime mizniT daxma-
reba aravis SeeZlo, TviT TavdadebiTac ki~ (abaSiZe 2003: 112). wigns paolos
Svilisadmi da meuRlisadmi datovebuli baraTebi asrulebs.
`epoqis Svilis aRsareba~ ar aris avtorisTvis Svebis momgvreli. is SfoT-
vis, wuxilis, sulieri mousvenrobis gamoZaxilia, erTgvari pasuxia TviT
avtoris mier wignze epigrafad wamZRvarebul blokiseul poetur-ritori-
kul kiTxvaze: `, , ?~.



damowmebani:

abaSiZe 1971: abaSiZe i. poetis ukvdaveba. wignSi: werilebi da sityvebi. Tb.: 1971.
abaSiZe 1979: abaSiZe i. paolo iaSvili. Txzulebani, t. I, Tb.: 1979.
abaSiZe 2003: abaSiZe i. zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan. Tb.: `inteleqti, 2003.
TvaraZe 1989: TvaraZe r. irakli abaSiZis rCeuli. winaTqma. Tb.: `merani~, 1989.
cxadaia 1986: cxadaia z. irakli abaSiZis lirika. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1986.
cxadaia 1999: cxadaia z. `gafrinda, gaqra Cemi wlebic, Cemi cxovrebac~. gaz.
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 21.XI. Tb.: 1999.



Zoia Tskhadaia

Poet's Publications, Speeches, Memoirs

Summary

Irakli Abashidze is the author of many publications and memoirs. The most important
are the letters about Shota Rustaveli, Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani, Davit Guramishvili, Galaktion
Tabidze, Paolo Iashvili...
There is talk about tragic events of the XX century thirties in the book of memoirs -
The Bells of the Thirties. In this connection, he reminds a number of realities, especially
tragic days and decease of Paolo Iashvili (as Irakli Abashidze remarks, he was getting ready
for this book from the fifties when he wrote a poetry devoted to Paolo Iashvili).
129




miTosi. rituali. simbolo


rusudan canava

`vefxistyaosnis~ erTi strofis gagebisaTvis

nuradin-fridonma megobrebs qajeTis cixis aRebis gegma SesTavaza. am
gegmis mixedviT, mas cixeSi Tokze gasvliT unda SeeRwia. fridoni ambobs:

`Cemsa simcrosa gamzrdelni samuSaiTod mzrdidian,
maswavlnes maTni saqmeni, maxltunvebdian, mwvrTidian;
asre gavidi sabelsa, rom Tvali ver momkidian,
vinca mWvretdian ymawvilni, igica inatridian~ (1393).

muSaiTi _ Tokze mosiarule, jambazi. muSaiToba _ muSaiTis xeloba, jam-
bazoba. jambaz-i _[spars. janbaz] Tokze mosiarule, muSaiTi (leqsikoni 1958:
1166).
yuradReba mivaqcioT imas, rom fridons samuSaiTod wvrTnidnen gamzrde-
lebi da ara droebiTi an SemTxveviTi pirebi, mas jambazebis saqmeebs aswav-
lidnen, axtunavebdnen

. am wvrTnis Sedegad, ise swrafad SeeZlo sabelze

(Tokze) gavla, rom adamiani Tvalsac ver mohkravda. mis ostatobas sxva ymaw-
vilebi Senatrodnen. axla Znelia visaubroT, Sedioda Tu ara ufliswulis
aRzrdis zogad `kodeqsSi~ jambazobis Seswavla. yovel SemTxvevaSi, arc
tariels (erTi mefis Camomavalsa da meore mefis Svilobils) da arc avTan-
dils (arab didebuls, spaspets) jambazoba ar uswavliaT.
am taepma da teqstis sxva pasaJebma (romlebsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT)
gvafiqrebina, ufro Rrmad CavwvdomodiT jambazobis arss. raki muSaiTobis
mTavari aqsesuari Tokia, swored misi simbolikiT daviwyoT. Toki mniSvnelo-
van funqcias asrulebs arqaul ritualebSi. es sakiTxi Seiswavla mirCa elia-
dem (eliade 1998a: 440-460). Tavis mxriv, eliades daintereseba TokebiT faki-
rebisa da jambazebis (jadoqrebis) triukebma ganapiroba.
magiis samSoblod aRiarebul indoeTSi fakirebi aseT triuks atarebdnen:
TavianT Segirds auSvebdnen xolme Tokze, romelic cis usasrulobaSi ikar-
geboda. garkveuli xnis Semdeg cidan miwaze cvioda am ymawvilis sxeulis na-
wilebi. fakiri aerTebda Camocvenil nawilebs da Segirds acocxlebda. aR-
moCnda, rom msgavs triuks msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi atarebdnen: CineTSi,
irlandiaSi, evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, meqsikaSic ki. es wre zogan gafar-
Tovda: 1. jadoqari (fakiri) an sakuTari sxeulis nawilebs iWris, an sxvas ana-
wevrebs; 2. danawevrebamde adamiani (qali an kaci) Tokze adis da uCinardeba. am
triukis bevri modifikacia arsebobs: Tokis Canacvleba jaWviT, xiT, rqebiT,
magram, amaze aRar gavagrZelebT saubars. mTavaria mravalferovnebis saerTo

teqsts yvela SemTxvevaSi vimowmebT; SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, ak. SaniZisa da al.
baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1966.

xtunaoba (xtoma) iniciaciis ritualSi Sedioda da simbolurad zecaSi asvlas aRniSnavda

(eliade 1998: 255. Cirumbolo 1995)). yabardoSi iniciaciis ritualis aucilebeli etapi yo-
fila Tokze gasvlis ostatobis daufleba (gansakuTrebiT maRali wris warmomadgenel-
TaTvis). igive tradicia dasturdeba svaneTis zog regionSic (es informacia momawoda prof.
m. qurdianma, risTvisac mas madlobas vuxdi).
130


fesvebis moZieba. am ucnauri triukis Tu `TamaSis~ analizma mecnierebi
(eliade da sxvebi) arqaul universalur warmodgenamde miiyvana. triukSi ori
elementi unda gamoiyos: I. neofitis danawevreba, II caSi asvla TokiT. neofi-
tis danawevreba iniciaciis arqaul rituals ukavSirdeba. axla rac Seexeba
caSi TokiT asvlas: uZvelesi warmodgenebiT, miTosuri dros dasawyisSi cas
da miwas erTmaneTTan akavSirebda Toki (jaWvi, xe, mTa, kibe), romelic uz-
runvelyofda RmerTebis kavSirs adamianebTan. miTiuri winapris danaSaulis
gamo es kavSiri gawyda, xe, Toki, jaWvi gadaiWra (eliade 1998: 112, 201-214). es
miTi (variaciebiT) gavrcelebulia msoflios yvela xalxSi. miTi struq-
turulad ase warmogvidgeba: 1. miTosur droSi urTierToba casa da miwas So-
ris ioli iyo; maT akavSirebda Toki (xe, mTa da a.S.). 2. RmerTebi Camodiodnen
miwaze. mefeebi ki, romlebic RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis iyvnen, miwaze Tavi-
anTi misiis Sesrulebis Semdeg isev zecaSi adiodnen TokiT. 3. raRac didi
katastrofis Semdeg, Toki gadaiWra da Sewyda urTierToba casa da miwas So-
ris. 4. am katastrofam Secvala rogorc kosmosis mowyoba (sabolood gaiTiSa
ca da miwa), ise adamianis yofa: adamiani gaxda mokvdavi (gancalkevda sxeuli
da suli). 5. kavSiris gawyvetis Semdeg mxolod suls SeuZlia caSi asvla. 6.
arian privilegirebuli adamianebi (magebi, jadoqrebi), romelTac katastro-
fis Semdegac SeuZliaT TokiT caSi asvla. Semdgom es koncefcia safuZvlad
daedo `samoTxisa~ da `dacemis~ miTs (eliade 1998: 445). rogorc aRiniSna, gar-
kveuli momentidan Toki privilegirebuli adamianebis _ mefeebis, jadoqre-
bis, qurumebis _ aqsesuari gaxda.
axla mokled SevexoT Tokis simbolikis sxva mxares. Toki da Zafi Zalian
mniSvnelovan funqcias asruleben kosmologiasa da yofaSi. maTi funqciaa
yoveli cocxali arsis SeerTeba-SekavSireba. es idea warmatebiT aitaca fi-
losofiam, romelic asabuTebs, rom bunebaSi yvelaferi Seqmnilia (gadabmu-
lia) uzenaesi principiT;

droiT SezRuduli arseboba iTvaliswinebs `Seer-

Tebas~ an `gadajaWvas~. ase magaliTad: a)kosmiuri Tokebi _ qarebi _ aerTe-
ben samyaros iseve, rogorc sunTqva kravs adamianis sxeuls. rodesac samya-
ros aRsasrulis Jami dadgeba da qarebis Tokebi gadaiWreba, samyaro danawev-
rdeba b) mze mTel samyaros `miibams~ Zafebis saSualebiT. mze badisebria
imitom, rom erTmaneTs `akerebs~ dReebsa da Rameebs. g) mze _ kosmiuri mqso-
veli _ warmoidgineba rogorc oboba, romelic qsels abams. bevri teqstis mi-
xedviT Semoqmedi RmerTi mqsovelia. masTan uxilavi ZafebiT arian dakavSire-
buli samyaroebi da arsebebi, romlebic man Tavad Seqmna. kosmogoniuri pro-
cesi iseve, rogorc TviT kosmosi, simbolizebulia beWvis, qsovis aqtiT
(eliade 1998:450). mqsoveloba _qsova _ qseli _qsovili Zafis, Tokis, beWvis
saxeebi orgemagea. isini, erTi mxriv, gamoxataven privilegirebul mdgoma-
reobas, meore mxriv, Semofarglul dros (sicocxlis Zafis gawyveta). Toks da
Zafs udidesi funqcia aqvT magiaSic; okultur da jadosnur procedurebSi.
Tokebi da kvanZebi (naskvebi) figurireben sityvieri garigebebis formulebSi:

apokatastasisze msjelobisas Jan danielus mohyavs grigol noselis qvemoT warmodgenili

pasaJi: ase rom, aRdgomisas suls araferi daabrkolebs Tavi mouyaros Tavis elementebs,
romlebTanac igi yovelTvis kontaqtSi iyo. `Tuki samyaros ganmgebeli Zala SeerTebis
niSans miscems daSlil elementebs, maSin, rogoradac erTi saTavis mqone sxvadasxva Zafi
dahyveba damrTvels, sulis erTi Zala miizidavs sxvadasxva elements, Tavs mouyris imas,
rac mas ekuTvnis da dagrexs Cveni sxeulis bawars, romlis dros yoveli elementi Tavis
Cveulsa da Zvel adgils daubrundeba da Tavis nacnobs daukavSirdeba~. `dialogi sulisa da
aRdgomis Sesaxeb~, XVI, 77 -b. _ Jan danielu, apokatastasisi, krebulSi: evropuli kulturis
ori safuZveli: VITA CONTEMPLATIVA da VITA ACTIVA, seria evropuli Ziebani, redaqtor-
Semdgenlebi: p. papava, z. SaTiriSvili, Tbilisi, 2008: 175 (es informacia momawoda prof. m.
mWedliZem, risTvisac mas madlobas vuxdi).
131


mag: Zv. inglisuri gamoTqma `show the ropes~ sityvasityviT niSnavs Tokebis Cve-
nebas. am frazas iyenebdnen garigebis dasrulebisas xelis CamorTmevis adek-
vaturad. amave rigisaa ZvelberZnuli idiomebi gri`f o~, dovl on uJf aivnein (IL VI,
187-8) `gamocanis (sicruis) moqsova~ da `sityvebis moqsova~ (IL III, 212). qsovas-
Tan, beWvasTan dakavSirebuli evropul-aRmosavluri ritualebis saintere-
so analizi aqvs r. onianss (oniansi 1999:328).
Toks sayuradRebo mxatvruli funqcia akisria homerosis `iliadaSi~. zev-
si mimarTavs olimpiel RmerTebs: me yvelaze Zlieri var. Tu gindaT, gamom-
cadeT: CamovuSvaT cidan oqros Toki, Tqven yvelani mis erT bolos CaeWideT,
me ki meore bolos movkideb xels. naxavT, rom Zvras ver mizamT (ILl VIII, 17-27).
amJamad Tokis gadaqaCva sayovelTaod cnobili gunduri TamaSia. es TamaSi,
rogorc Cans, sxva TamaSebis msgavsad (karti, kamaTeli), sakraluri
warmoSobisaa.
aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT zevidan CamoSvebul (vertikalur) Tokebze. mag-
ram unda aRiniSnos, rom imave arqaul warmodgenebSi aranakleb mniSvnelo-
vania horizontaluri Tokebis simboloebi: or samyaros (or qveyanas, qveynis
or napirs da a.S.) aerTebs `bewvis xidi~ (Toki). bewvis xidze gadis adamiani
zesTasofelSi gadasvlisas.

didi cxovrebiseuli siZneleebis gadalaxva sim-

bolurad bewvis xidze gavlas emsgavseba.

horizontaluri da vertikaluri sibrtyeebis gadakveTa samyaros models
qmnis. vertikals (zemo-qvemo) da horizontals (marcxena-marjvena) sxvadasx-
va simbolika aqvs, Tumca konceptualurad isini binaruli opoziciebis ar-
sobriv aspeqts gamoxataven. opoziciebis ukiduresi wertilebis damakavSire-
beli xazebi (Zafebi, Tokebi, qarebi, jaWvebi da a.S.) Rrma simbolikas (Tu gne-
bavT, religiur datvirTvasac _ am azris farTo gagebiT) Seicavs. es funqcia
gamokveTilia Sesaqmes sxvadasxva variaciebSic da Cveulebriv yofiT saqmia-
nobaSic: beWvis procesi (jaraze qsovilis beWva) iwyeba vertikaluri Zafebis
gabmiT. am vertikalur ZafebSi horizontalurad mimoiqceva sxva Zafi, rac
erTianobaSi qmnis qsovils.

erT xalxur leqsSi, romelic kopalas eZRvneba, vkiTxulobT:

`RmerTo, Tu mame SaZleba / Senav amixsen mxarnia,
aqedan Toki gamibi / karatis gasavalia,
agre gavivli imaze, / vervin mamkidos Tvalia~.
am leqsis da misi variantebis analizis safuZvelze i. qeSikaSvili askvnis, rom kopalas
karatesa (karate _ mTa an borcvi, romelzec aRmarTuli iyo RvTisSvilis salocavi) da
iaxsaris karates Soris gabmuli uxilavi Sibi (Toki) Tok-Sibi warmoadgens am ori RvTis-
Svilis saurTierTo gzas (qeSikaSvili 1990). z. gamsaxurdia am xalxur leqss `vefxistyaos-
nis~ Cven mier ganxilul strofTan mimarTebiT moixmobs. misi azriT, fridoni samsaxovani
wm. giorgis erT-erTi saxea, romelic ukavSirdeba warmarTul mTvaris kults da am kultis
miTosur korelats _ kopalas (gamsaxurdia 1991: 188-189).
am e.w. `xalxuri~ Sexedulebis TvalsaCino nimuSia ilia WavWavaZis `oTaraanT qvrivSi~: `rom
RmerTma adamiani gaaCina, ubrZana: wadi, Sens Tavs Senve mouareo; Sen ici da Senma wuTi-
sofelmao; rac wagekidos, Seni brali iqneba, me nuras damabralebo; me xeli damibaniao; aq
CemTan rom amoxval, maSin sxva ariso. aduRebul kupris zRvazed bewvis xids gagideb, Tu
kargi xar, _ gaivlio; madli mxrebSi Segijdeba da gagatarebso; kai kacs ar Cauwydebao~
(WavWavaZe 1974:281).

movigonoT ilia WavWavaZis msjeloba ruseTSi gatarebul oTx weliwadze: `... eg oTxi
weliwadi cxovrebis saZirkvelia, cxovrebis wyaros saTavea, bewvis xidia, sibnelisa da
sinaTlis Sua bedisagan gadebuli~ Ibid:11.

qsovisa (Tu beWvis) simbolikasTan dakavSirebiT, uTuod, sayuradReboa xataeTidan wamo-

Rebuli sakvirveli yabaCa da ride, romlebic tarielma nestans aCuqa (da romlebic Txzu-
lebaSi mniSvnelovan datvirTvas atareben):
`vera Sevigen, ra iyo anu naqmari raulad!
visca vuCveni, ukvirdis, RmrTisagan Tqvis saswaulad;
132


Znelia dabejiTebiT iTqvas, Sesaqmes procesSi romel mimarTulebas
eniWeba meti sakraluroba da Zalmosileba, magram cxadia, rom erTi meoris
gareSe, faqtobrivad, ufunqcioa. amitom paralelurad gabmuli Toki sakra-
luri simbolikis aucilebel Semadgenlad unda miviCnioT.
TamaSad gardasaxvis Semdeg zecidan CamoSvebuli Toki fakirebisa da
jadoqrebis `kompetenciaSi~ gadavida, horizontaluri ki _ muSaiTebis
(jambazebis).

axla isev fridons davubrundeT. ratom unda eswavlebinaT aRmzrdelebs
mefis ZisTvis Tokze gasvla? xom ar igulisxmeba am `TamaSSi~ rame simboluri
mniSvneloba? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad teqsts mivubrundeT. `vefxis-
tyaosnis~ mixedviT, fridoni zRvispira patara qveynis mefea. metic, Cven ar
viciT, romel qveyanas gulisxmobs rusTveli mulRazanzarSi (marTalia, ga-
moiTqva ramdenime mosazreba fridonis samefos adgilmdebareobis dadgenis
Taobaze, magram es mxolod varaudebia). amis sapirispirod, zustad viciT
sxva gmirebis warmomavloba: tarieli indoeTidanaa, avTandili _ arabeTi-
dan. miTiTebulia sxva saxelmwifoebic _ xataeTi (CineTi) da xvarazmi (spar-
seTi). fridonis qveynamde misaRwevad avTandils tarielis gamoqvabulidan 70
dRe dasWirda. rogorc Cans, mulRazanzari marginaluri, araordinaruli
qveyanaa _ patara, magram Zalian mdidari. am specifikidan gamomdinare, qvey-
nis mmarTvels mefeTa tradiciul `qceva-qmnaTa~ paralelurad aRmzrdelebi
muSaiTobis xelovnebasac aswavlian (amiT xasgasmulia, rom siymawvileSi
fridonma iniciaciis gansxvavebuli _ ezoTeruli _ gzac gaiara). fridoni
Tavisi patara qveynis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad da mis gasafarToeb-
lad, rogorc Cans, nemsis yunwSi Zvreba da xSirad `bewvis xidze~ gadis. am
miznis miRwevaSi mas is sulieri gamocdilebac exmareba, romelic Tokze gav-
lis praqtikulma unar-Cvevam gamoumuSava.
yuradRebas ipyrobs sxva aspeqtebic: sami gmiridan mxolod fridonma
icis qajeTisken mimavali gza (igi adrec yofila qajTa qveyanaSi). `vefxistya-
osanSi~ qajeTi rom borotebis simboloa, sadavo ar aris. borotebis simbolo
_ qajeTi _ upirispirdeba adamianTa qveyanas, sadac, rusTvelis koncefci-
iT, sikeTe Warbobs, radgan am qveynis Svilebs saocari Tavganwiruli siyva-
ruli SeuZliaT. teqstis mixedviT, or samyaros Soris qajeTis auRebeli ked-
lebia, qalaqis sam karibWes ki grZneuli qajebi darajoben. swored am viTa-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiT, fridoni megobrebs problemis gadawyvetis uCveulo
gzas sTavazobs _ Tokze gasvlas (`mas zeda gavla advilad miCs, asre viTa
velisa~, 1394). fridons eWvi ar epareba, rom am amocanas kargad gaarTmevs
Tavs, metic, TamaSiT, kiskasad gavalo, _ arwmunebs megobrebs. am rwmenis mi-
zezi ara mxolod mis muSaiTur ostatobaSia, aramed imaSic, rom keTil saq-
meze mimavals `bewvis xidi~ ar Cauwydeba.

Cveni varaudis gasamyareblad sxva aspeqtebsac mivapyrobT yuradRebas:
fridons uCveulo cxeni hyavs, romelic `zRvaTa Sigan ixvsa hgavs da xmelTa

arca larulad hgeboda mas qseli, arc orxaulad;
simtkice hgvanda naWedsa, vsTqvi cecxlTa SenarTaulad~ (467).

TamaSebis sakralur warmomavlobaze ix.: haizinga 2004.

eklesisstes (4,12) evagre pontoeliseul komentarebSi vkiTxulobT, rom adamianebi da

angelozebi erTdroulad arian CarTuli erTsa da imave brZolaSi: borotis pirispir dgas
orive, adamianica da RmerTis angelozic, raTa adamiani, mas Semdeg, rac igi eSmakze gaimarj-
vebs, Rirsi gaxdes RmerTis codnisa da iqces sammag Tokad, romelic advilad ar wydeba
(evagre, koment. ekles.30). prof. lorenco perones leqcia `ZaRlebis gandevna locvis Jams~,
wakiTxuli Tsu klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutSi
(Targm. m. mWedliZisa).
133


zeda Savardensa~ (626).

fridoni erTxel kidev axsenebs Tavis cxens: rodesac

qajeTis cixis aRebis tarieliseuli gegma damtkicda, fridonma megobars
xumrobaSereviT uTxra:

`fridon uTxra: `Semignia, gamigia, vici me ra:
maga cxensa Cemeulsa wamoaswrebs karTa vera;
odes giZRven, ra vicodi, qajeTs gvinda qajTa mzera,
Tvara yola ar giZRvnidi, Cemi giTxra siZunwe ra~ (1405).

qajebis winaaRmdeg rom sxva xerxebic unda gamoeyenebinaT, amaze isic
miuTiTebs, rom gmirebi devebis gamoqvabulSi sagangebod qajTa winaaRmdeg
gankuTvnili abjar-iaraRiT aRiWuven. qajebis grZneulebis winaaRmdeg TviT
devebic emzadebodnen. maT gamoqvabulSi tarielma da avTandilma ipoves uc-
nauri zaradxana:

`poves erTi zaradxana, abjrisaTvis saxlad qmnili;
mun abjari yovliferi asre idva, viTa mwnili,
Sigan erTi kidobani dabeWduli, ar-gaxsnili~ (1365)
zeda ewera: `aqa Zes abjari sakvirvelio,
jaWv-muzaradi almassi, xrmali basrisa, mWrelio;
Tu qajni devTa Seebnen, iyos dRe igi Znelio!
umisJamisod vinc gahxsnis, aris mefeTa mkvlelio~ (1368).

qajebTan brZola devebis damarcxebaze Zneli rom iyo, es teqstSi sru-
liad gamWvirvaled Cans: jer erTi, tarielma martom SeZlo devebis amowyveta
da maT gamoqvabulsac daepatrona. meore: Tavad devebs eSinodaT qajebis
Tavdasxmis da amisTvis sagangebo iaraRi hqondaT momzadebuli.

mokled,
tarieli qajebis winaaRmdeg zurmuxtebiT mooWvili xmal

-abjar-muzara-
diT midis fridonis naboZvar Sav taiWze amxedrebuli. amiT xazgasmulia, rom
tarielSi koncentrirebulia yvela Zala _ adamianuri da transcendenturi.
igi mzadaa borotebis dasamarcxeblad.
am konteqstSi fridonis funqcia miTosuri (zRapruli) gmiris (kultu-
ruli gmiris) damxmares models esadageba. kerZod, fridoni Tavadac exmareba
tariels: masTan erTad ibrZvis; Tavis jars axmars (rCeul meomrebs) da saWi-
ro `nivTs~ (cxens) uZRvnis. niSandoblivia isic, rom qajebze gamarjvebis Sem-
deg devebis gamoqvabulis mTeli ganZi tarielma fridons (da mis mebrZolebs)
uboZa.

es swored is cxenia, romelic Semdeg fridonma tariels uZRvna da romelic poemaSi arc Tu
umniSvnelo funqcias asrulebs. am Sav cxenze amxedrebuli tarieli ise dausxlta roste-
vanis moymeebs da rCeul arabul taiWebze amxedrebul mefe-spaspets, rom `hgavda qvesknels
CaZromilsa anu zecad anafrensa~ (100). xataeli Zmebic sagangebod amaxvileben yuradRebas
ucnauri moymis cxenze `zeda jda Savsa taiWsa, _ merani rame Savia~ (209). teqstSi zogjer es
cxeni mxolod feriTaa aRniSnuli `tariel Savsa zeda zis taniTa mis werwetiTa~ (1417). Cven
SegveZlo gvesaubra Savi feris simbolikaze; mogvexmo e.w. `Wkviani~ cxenebis paralelebi mi-
Tosidan da literaturidan (aqilevsis adamianis eniT molaparake cxeni; aleqsandere make-
donelis cnobili bucefali da sxva), gvesaubra jadosnuri zRapris raSze, cxenze, rogorc
`damxmareze~, magram axla am Temas ar ganvavrcobT.

esec saintereso sakiTxia. saqme is aris, rom uZvelesi warmodgenebiT, gamoqvabuli didi
dedis kults _ iniciacias, sikvdilsa da xelaxla Sobas ukavSirdeba. gamoqvabuls ukavSir-
deba liTonis warmoebis magiuri xelovnebac: gamoqvabuli (didi dedis saSo) ziarebulebs
`gauxsnis~ madneuls. am warmodgenebis rekonstruqcia xerxdeba samoTrakes da sxva cnobili
misteriebiT, romelSic monawileoben koribantebi (daqtilebi, kuretebi) miTiuri meta-
lurgebi (eliade 1998b; vasilieva 1990).

am xmalze rusTveli wers: `xrmali rkinasa mohkrian, viT bambis mkedsa sWridian~ (1379).
134


sxva aspeqtebzec SeiZleba yuradRebis gamaxvileba, magaliTad: Cven ara-
feri viciT fridonis pirad cxovrebaze, rac poemis mTavar gmirebTan mimar-
TebiT mas, cota ar iyos, `naklulad~ warmogvidgens. miT umetes, rom Txzu-
lebis komentatorebis azriT, fridoni yvelaze ufrosia. mxolod erTxel
gaielvebs poemaSi fridonis emocia: igi tariels uyveba mzesaviT qalis
uecari da ucnauri naxvis ambavs, romelic xilvas ufro hgavs:

`qali gardmosves, sisxoni vnaxen misisa Tmisani.
mas rome elva hkrTeboda, fernimca hgvandes risani!
man gaanaTla qveyana, gacuddes Suqni mzisani!~ (629)

`igi vardi Semiyvardao~, _ ambobs fridoni. sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom
nestans `safarveli~ swored fridonis qveyanaSi aexada. fridoni aris pirve-
li adamiani, romelmac nestan-darejani ixila indoeTidan gadakargvis
Semdeg.

sainteresoa agreTve fridonis brZolis epizodi biZaSvilebTan. sadavo
kunZulis dapatronebis survili ramdenime aspeqtiT SeiZleba aixsnas _ praq-
tikuli mosazrebiT (samefos gafarToebis surviliT) da SesaZloa, kunZuli
moviazroT, rogorc sakraluri punqti (magram axla am sakiTxs ar ganvavr-
cobT). CvenTvis sainteresoa is, rom fridoni biZaSvilebs Tavisi cxenis wya-
lobiT gadaurCa. man zRva gamocura. poeti ase aRwers gamwarebul fridons:
`mterTa eqadda, wyreboda, igineboda, Cioda~ (596). fridonis mrisxaneba aSka-
rad gansxvavdeba sxva gmirebisagan. arc avTandili arc tarieli ar iginebian.
Tu am termins (gineba) Rrmad CavyvebiT, SeiZleba bilwsityvaobis ritualur
mniSvnelobamde mivideT da kontagiozuri magiis elementebzec visaubroT
(`mters usurve cudi da cudi SeemTxveva). biZaSvilebTan mimarTebiT Cven
sxva aspeqti gvainteresebs: damarcxebuli biZaSvilebi fridonma ar daxoca,
magram `xelni wmindad gardakveTnes~ (623). fridonma mtris dasjis is meTodi
gamoiyena, romelic iTvaliswinebs mowinaaRmdegis gauvnebelyofas saaqaoSic
da saiqioSic.

sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fridoni tarielisa da avTandilisgan
gansxvavebuli personaJia. marTalia, es sami gmiri avsebs erTmaneTs, magram
fridonis wvlili am erTobaSi, nawilobriv, gamodis ordinarulis fargle-
bidan. am araordinarulobis gasaRebi ki `samuSaiTod~ gazrdis koncefciaSi
(ezoTerul codnaSi) SeiZleba moviZioT.

meored nestani aseve rukaze daufiqsirebeli qveynis _ zRvaTa samefos (gulanSaros)

mkvidrma _ fatmanma ixila. mesamed _ qajebma.

marjvena mklavis mokveTis miToritualur modelze ix.: canava 2005. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
(adekvatur konteqstSi) damarcxebul ramaz mefes sruliad gansxvavebulad eqcevian
farsadani da tarieli.
135


damowmebani:

rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. ak. SaniZis da al. baramiZis
redaqciiT. Tb.: 1966.
gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb.: 1991.
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1958: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t.V, 1958.
eliade 1998 a: , . : . . ., .,
. .: 1998.
eliade 1998b: . . . ., ., . .: 1998.
eliade 1998: . , . ., . : 1998.
oniansi 1999: . , . . .:1999.
qeSikaSvili 1990: qeSikaSvili i. RmerTebi, miTebi, ritualebi. Tb.: 1990.
WavWavaZe 1974: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli or wignad. Tb.: 1974.
vasilieva 1990: . , : - -
. , 3, 1990.
Cirumbolo 1995: Chirumbolo Paul, Sex, Gods and Gay Peaple Underlying the Myths, 1995
(www.guidancetochangeyourlife.com)
canava 2005:canava r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlo-
baSi da qarTuli literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tb.: 2005.
haizinga 2004: haizinga i. Homo Ludens kaci moTamaSe (kulturis TamaSSi warmo-
Sobis Sesaxeb). Targm. germanulidan, Tb.: 2004.




Rusudan Tsanava

Towards the Understanding of the One Strophe in
"The Knight in the Panther's Skin"

Summary

At a counsel with his friends held before the seizure of the fortress of evil spirits, Pridon
proposes that he will penetrate the fortress by walking the tightrope. Stanza 1402 has
attracted our attention here. It quotes Pridon saying that his teachers prepared him to become
a tightrope walker.
Tightrope walking was linked to archaic religious and ritual ideas. Mircea Eliade has
studied this issue, paying particular attention to the symbolism of the main accessory of
tightrope walking - the rope. Eliade took an interest in ropes due to fakirs' and tightrope
walkers' stunts.
The analysis of their stunts or "play" led researchers to universal archaic conceptions.
Two elements can be identified in the stunts: 1. dismembering neophytes, and 2. ascending
to the heavens on a rope. The dismemberment of neophytes is believed to be linked to the
archaic ritual of initiation and ascending to the heavens on a rope is linked to the ancient
religious idea, saying that at the start of the mythic time, a rope (chain, tree, mountain, or
ladder) connected earth and heaven, ensuring gods' connection with humans. This
connection was detached because of the mythic ancestor's malefaction - the tree, rope, or
chain was cut.
Variations of this myth are widespread among all nations. The myth can structurally be
presented as follows: 1. Relations between the heavens and earth were effortless in the
mythic time, as they were connected with a rope (tree, mountain, and so forth); 2. Gods used
136


to descend to earth, and kings, who were of divine origin, returned to the heavens on the
rope after fulfilling their mission on earth; 3. The rope was cut in some major disaster and
relations between the heavens and earth were severed; 4. The disaster changed the order
both in the universe (the heavens and earth were finally divided) and the life of humans:
people became mortals (their bodies and spirits were separated); 5. Since the connection was
severed, only the spirit is able to ascend to the heavens; 6. There are privileged people
(magicians and wizards), who have been able to ascend to the heavens on the rope even after
the disaster. Later, the concept became the basis of the myth of "paradise" and "fall". As
mentioned above, the rope has belonged to privileged people - kings, magicians, and priests
- since a certain moment.
No less symbolic importance is attached to horizontal ropes. We receive a model of the
universe by merging the two conceptions. The vertical (up-down) and horizontal (right-left)
lines have different implications and the lines connecting the extreme points (threads, ropes,
chains, and so forth) are deeply symbolic.
Mulghazanzar is a marginal and extraordinary country. It is small but very rich. Given
this specific feature, the rulers of the country are taught the art of tightrope walkers along
with the traditional rules for the "behaviour and deeds" of kings (which serves to underscore
that Pridon went through a different - esoteric - initiation in his early years). Pridon seems to
travel often on a dangerous road to ensure his small country's prosperity. The spiritual
experience received through the practical skill of walking on the rope helps him in achieving
this aim.


137


lali osefaSvili, saba-firuz metreveli

sveti-cxovelis, viTarca sicocxlis xis
gamosaxulebani
qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi xeTa sakralizeba dakavSirebuli iyo samyaros
msoflaRqmasTan, rwmena-warmodgenebTan, tradiciebTan da, rasakvirvelia,
ucxo kulturaTa gavlenisa Tu universalur faseulobaTa amsaxvel Sreeb-
Tan. samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom uZvelesi
droidan arsebobda xeebis, wminda koromebisa da tyeebis Tayvaniscemis faqti
(RuduSauri 2001: 4).
xe aris sinTezi cis, miwisa da wylis dinamikuri cxovrebisa, sawinaaRmde-
god statikuri qvisa (kooperi 1986: 18). xe SeiZleba iyos kargi da cudi (keTi-
li da xeneSi). igi nayofiT Seicnoba. boroti xeebi imsaxureben imas, rom daW-
ran da cecxlSi Cayaron, magram, amave dros, isini xalxTan iqneba meored mosv-
lis Jams (maTe 7, 16-20; luka 23,31). am saerTo mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, xis
simbolika bibliaSi sami mimarTulebiT viTardeba. amis Sesaxeb vrclad qve-
moT vimsjelebT, magram unda SevniSnoT, rom xe dakavSirebulia samoTxesTan
da amis gareSe misi gaazreba warmoudgenelia, Tumca qarTul cnobierebaSi
sicocxlis xe sacxovrisis simbolikaSi iyo gansaxovnebuli. dedaboZi, rome-
lic saxlis SuagulSi erTgvari sayrdenis funqcias itevda, simbolurad
swored sicocxlis xes ganasaxierebda da mis irgvliv iyrida Tavs yovelgvari
sulieri. mis tanze gamosaxuli iyo borjRali, romelic maradiulis, mudmi-
vobis warmomaCinebelia. aqve aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom pirveli
qristianuli taZrebi swored xisa iyo da igi sveticxovlis uZveles mcire ek-
lesias warmoadgenda, romelic saukuneebis Semdeg gaxda grandiozuli dai-
tia qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebis uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde. aq
gamovyofT sam mimarTulebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia sicocxlis xesTan.
1. sicocxlis xe nasesxebia mesopotamiuri miTologiidan. dabadebaSi igi
moTavsebulia pirvelqmnil samoTxeSi, romlis nayofi ukvdavebis momtania
(dab. 2,9; 3,22). amasTan dakavSirebiT pirveli simbolo cru sibrZnea, romlis
Secnoba adamians surda ukanonod, raTa gaeTavisebina keTilisa da borotis
Semecneba. e. i. es iyo akrZaluli (dab. 2,16). `sicocxlisa da nayofierebis xis
motivi CvenSi Sua brinjaos xanidan vrceldeba da igi gvevlineba saTemo da
satomo nayofierebis RvTaebad. vfiqrob, es RvTaeba universaluria da itevs
yovel RvTiur funqcias~ (kikviZe 1963: 196).
macduri, Semacdunebeli saxiT xis nayofi SeWama adamianma (dab. 3,2-6),
romlis Sedegadac mas aekrZala gza maradiuli sicocxlisaken, ukvdavebisa-
ken. sakraluri cxovrebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo, rogor aRadgina
RmerTma misken mimavali gza. winaswarmetyvelur esqatologiaSi wminda miwa
ukanasknel dros aRwerilia rogorc axladdabrunebuli samoTxe, saocari
xeebiT, romlebic kvlav miscemen adamians sazrdosa da kurnebas (iez. 47,12;
gamocx. 22,2). am droidan adamianisaTvis sibrZne Seicnoba am sicocxlis xiT,
romelic iZleva netarebasa da, bolos, axal aRTqmaSi qriste hpirdeba maT,
vinc mas irwmunebs, miirTvan sicocxlis xis nayofi, romelic uflis samoT-
xeSia (gamocx. 2,7).
2. uflis samefo xe aRmosavlur miTologiaSi cnobili iyo mxolod ro-
gorc kosmiuri xe, romelic ganasaxierebs samyaros. es simbolo ar Sesula
samoTxeSi, magram masSi sakmaod xSirad adamianuri meufebaa, romlis Crdil-
qveS imyofeba uamravi eri, Sedarebuli uCveulo xesTan. igi miiwevs cisken da
eSveba jojoxeTamde. ifaravs uamrav Citsa da yovelgvar cxovels (iez. 31,1-9;
dan. 4,7), magram es didebuleba xelovnuria, radgan damyarebulia siamayeze da
138


uflis msjavris dros es xe moikveTeba (iez. 31,10-18; dan. 4,10-14), magram uf-
lis samefo wamoizrdeba kvlavac nayofidan da iqneba didi xe, romlis to-
tebSi uamravi Citi daibudebs (iez. 17,82; 22,13-31).
3. jvris xe _ xe gadaiqceva wyevlis niSnad maSin, roca is emsaxureba saxr-
Cobelas sikvdilmisjilTaTvis (dab. 40,19; isu nave 8,29) da bilwavs wminda
miwas, magram iesom Tavis Tavze aiRo es wyevla, man Cveni codvebi Tavisi
sxeuliT jvris xeze aRmarTa (petre 2,24), evno Cveni codvebisaTvis (kolas.
2,14). amrigad, jvris xe gadaiqca xsnis xed. yvelas gauxsna gza axalwarmoqm-
nili samoTxisken, sicocxlis xis nayofisken (gamocx. 2,7; 22,14), Zveli wyevlis
niSani iqca sicocxlis xed (diufura 1990: 276-278).
bunebrivia, rodesac vmsjelobT xeze, unda gaviazroT is adgili, romel-
zedac igi izrdeba, anu baRi, anu Zveli warmodgenebiT, samoTxe. igi Zveli
rwmena-warmodgenebiT qristianobamde arsebobda, bibliaSic da warmarTTa
msoflmxedvelobaSic. qristianobam mas axali saburveli SesZina. arsebobs
ori samoTxe _ Zveli aRTqmisa da axali aRTqmisa. Zveli aRTqmis samoTxe,
umeteswilad, cnobilia, ufro met interess iwvevs axali aRTqmis samoTxe,
romelic esqatologiur Sinaarss itevs, romelSic erTmaneTSia Cawnuli
axali miwa, axali Sesaqme, axali edemi. am axal samoTxeSi mdinare gamoedineba
taZridan, romelSic imyofeba RmerTi. sanapiroebze wamoizrdeba saocari
xeebi, romlebic axal erebs sakurnebel axal sakvebs miscems (iez. 47,12). am-
rigad, gza sicocxlis xisken kvlav gaixsneba (gamocx. 2,7; 22,2). sawinaaRmde-
god dabadebisa (gamocx. 3,24) samoTxiseuli cxovreba aRdgeba sakraluri
wminda cxovrebis Semdeg, iqneba msgavsi pirvelqmnili edemisa da garkveulwi-
lad aRemateba kidec sakvirvel nayofier bunebas (ier. 31,23-26).
xelaxlad dabrunebuli samoTxe es aris esqatologiuri realoba. `sibrZ-
ne aris sicocxlis xe~, romelic uzrunvelyofs bednierebas, msgavsad samoT-
xis mdinarisa. axali aRTqma Segvacnobinebs uflis Canafiqris saidumloebas.
qriste aris sibrZnis wyaro. is TviT aris sibrZne (I kor. 1,30). qriste axali
adamia (rom. 5,14; I kor. 15,45 romlis meSveobiT kacobrioba aRwevs esqatolo-
giur mdgomareobas (diufura 1990: 277). misi saocrebiT sikvdili marcxdeba.
morwmuneebi pouloben `purs cxovrebisas~ (i. 6,35), `macxovnebel wyals~ (i.
4,14), `maradiul cxovrebas~ (i. 6,24). es ZRveni amieridan gvixsnis gzas
esqatologiuri samoTxisaken.
Cven moviyvaneT vrceli pasaJebi rogorc samoTxis, ise sicocxlis xis Se-
saxeb. SesaZloa, arc ise vrceli, radgan moyolebuli IV s-is saeklesio mame-
bidan dRemde uamravs gamouTqvams azri amis Sesaxeb. eklesiologiuri ganmar-
tebiT, samoTxe aris eklesia, oTxi mdinare oTxi maxarebeli, xeebi wmin-
danebi, sicocxlis xe qriste, xolo xe cnobadisa keTilisa da borotisa _
adamianTa survilebi. samoTxis Sesaxeb arsebobs enoqis wigni, romelic apok-
rifs warmoadgens da mraval informacias itevs (qristianuli... 1971: 376).
qristianuli xanis bevri mwerali exeba am problemas da cdiloben warmoadgi-
non jvari, viTarca sicocxlis xe. saxarebaSi mravalgzis gvxvdeba sxvadasxva
jiSis xe, romelTac mxatvrebi dResaswaulis scenebSi CarTaven-xolme, magram
gansakuTrebiT sacnauria vazis semantika.
`me var venai WeSmariti~ _ brZanebs ufali. isaias winaswarmetyvelebis
Tanaxmad, israeli nayofieri vazia, ieremias mixedviT ki gamorCeuli vazi,
magram unayofo. igi nayofieri venaxia, Rirseulia Tavisi saxeliT, namdvili
israelia. WeSmaritad gamoiRebs Tavis nayofs sisxlis gaRebiT, daRvris
sakuTar sisxls, rogorc umaRles dasturs siyvarulisa (i. 15,9-13; 10-10) da
Rvino, viTarca nayofi venaxisa, gaxdeba evqaristiis saidumlo, saidumlo
niSani im sisxlisa, romelic daiRvara axali aRTqmisaTvis, viTarca ziareba
qristes siyvaruliT masSi yofniT (m. 26,27; i. 6,56; 15,4-9).
139


qriste aris venai, Cven ki _ lerwamni. mxolod iesos, WeSmarit venas,
SeuZlia moitanos nayofi mevenaxis sadideblad. e. i. mamis am erTobis gareSe
Cven ver viqnebodiT vazis lerwebi. am siyvaruliT miiRweva adamianebis siyva-
ruli mamasTan da ZesTan, radgan ieso arCevs maT, romlebic xdebian lerwebi,
Tavis mowafeebs. isini ki irCeven mas. am erTobiT adamiani xdeba WeSmariti
vazis lerwami.
adreqristianuli xanis mweral ignatiusis miTiTebiT, vazs Tavisi lerwe-
biT mamis mcenare hqvia (flemingi 1969: 89), sapirispirod kosmiuri xisa, ro-
melsac deda xes uwodeben (kooperi 1986: 18).
Cven zogadad warmovaCineT is rwmena-Sexedulebani, romlebic Camoyalib-
da saukuneTa manZilze adamianTa warmodgenebSi miwier da zeciur ierusalim-
ze, anu samoTxeze, Zvelsa da axal adamze da a. S. es iyo is rwmena-warmodgene-
bi, romlebic arsebobda qarTul sulier cxovrebaSic moyolebuli wm. ninos
moRvaweobidan da, bunebrivia, Semdgomac agrZelebda arsebobas, amJamad ukve
xelovnebis nimuSebSic.
Zeli, anu sveti-cxoveli qarTvelTa upirveles salocavad iqca. Cveni
vrceli Sesavali miznad isaxavda warmoeCina saerTo qristianobamdeli da
Semdgomi xanis adamianTa cnobierebaSi daunjebuli warmodgenebi samoTxisa
da sicocxlis xis Sesaxeb, radgan maT esqatologiuri motivi gaaCniaT da meo-
red mosvlasTan kavSirSi arian. am fonze gvsurs gamovkveToT is, rom qarT-
velTa cnobiereba Caketilad ar viTardeba, rom erovnuli siwmindeebi myar
kavSirSia sinqronuli periodis mewinave sazogadoebis azrovnebasTan,
msoflmxedvelobasTan, SexedulebebTan.
sicocxlis xis upirvelesi gamosaxulebaa iudaur xelovnebaSi dura
evroposis sinagogaSi; `Zveli aRTqmis samebis~ kompoziciaSi mudam CarTulia
mambres muxa da a. S. palestinur bobiosa da moncas ampulebze ki jvari sico-
cxlis xes warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, Cven uamravi nimuSis moyvana SegviZlia
(qristianuli... 1968: 265).
upirveles yovlisa, mivmarTavT im siwmindeebs, romlebic uSualod sve-
ticxovlis misterias ukavSirdeba. imas, rac mravalgzis Tqmula da dawerila,
amJamad aRar mivubrundebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom yovelgvar simbolos
oTxi sazrisi aqvs, anu oTxgvarad SeiZleba gaviazroT. Cvens pirvelive sta-
tiaSi, romelic sveticxovliseul basili didis Jamiswirvis gragnils Seis-
wavlida, aRvniSneT, rom saeWvo iyo Tavfurcelze postamentze aRmarTuli
vertikaluri sveti jvrad Segvecno, rogorc aRiarebuli iyo samecniero li-
teraturaSi (qajaia 1992: 113), Semdeg igi SvicaniT Zelad, romelic SeiZleba
jvris funqcias itevda, momdevno statiaSi masSi sveti-cxoveli (osefaSvili
2005: 84-100), xolo amJamad masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze masSi kvlav axali
ideis gamovlena davinaxeT, risi safuZvelic gamyarebulia literaturuli
da saxviTi masaliT.
sxvaTa Soris, XII saukunis kaTolikos-patriarqis nikoloz gulaberisZis
`sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisa, kurTisa sauflosi da kaTolike eklesiisa~
cxadad aCvenebs, rom sveti-cxoveli safuZvelia qarTuli eklesiuri azrov-
nebisa, romelic arsobriv safuZvels qmnis qarTuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis,
qarTuli saistorio cnobierebisaTvisac (siraZe 1992: 109). n. gulaberisZis
`sakiTxavis~ mixedviT sveti-cxoveli anu naTlis sveti gamoxatavs `Zvel
dRes~ _ mama RmerTs, `moxuc kacs~ _ (`moxucebulisa berisa kacisa~. gula-
berisZe 1882: 110), yovladwmida samebas, sveti-cxoveli ukavSirdeba sauflo
kvarTs. `sueti wmidao cxovelo, cxovels myofelo~ (gulaberisZe 1882: 113)
ase mimarTavs nikoloz gulaberisZe. `cxovels myofeli~ saRvTo saxelia. es
sveti imitomaa `cxoveli~, rom RvTaebrivi naTliTaa aRsavse. rogorc prof.
r. siraZe SeniSnavs: `cxoveli niSnavs cocxals da gulisxmobs saRvTo sicocx-
140


les. saba ganmartavs: `cxoel ars ufali da cxovel ars suli Seni (IV mef. 4.30).
saRvTo sicocxle maradiulia. qriste aris RmerTi ara mkvdarTa, aramed
RmerTi cxovelTa (mr. 12,27). qristianoba saukuno cxovrebaa (mT. 19,20),
qriste sityvaa sicocxlisa (I i. 1,1), sulia sicocxlisa (I kor. 15,45), naTelia
cxovrebisa (i.6,12), sikvdilis sicocxliT damTrgunvelia (Sdr. II kor. 5,4).
yovelive SeiZleba SevajamoT ioanes saxarebis sityvebiT: `cxoreba igi iyo
naTeli kacTa~ (i. 1,4) (siraZe 1992: 115-116).
`wm. ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviTac, sveti-cxovelis aRmarTvis epizodi
ukavSirdeba xisa da naTlis kultTan arsebul Zvel warmodgenebs. Txzulebis
mixedviT mefem samefo baRSi (igive samoTxe) taZris aSeneba gadawyvita. moW-
res xe, magram sveti ver aRmarTes. mxolod wm. ninos locvis Semdeg naTliT-
mosilma Wabukma `miyo xeli suetTa mas~ da Semdeg yvelaferi dagvirgvinda
imiT, rom `naTliTa brwyinvale sueti igi Camovidoda adgilad Tssa~. sveti-
cxoveli CaiTvleboda `cxovrebis xed~ da simbolod `kosmiuri xisa~ (siraZe
1992: ). e. i. sveti-cxoveli iyo xe, romelic `samoTxeSi~ moWres da Semdeg imave
Zirze daafuZnes. SesaqmeTa wignis mixedviT `xe cxovrebisa~ samoTxeSi idga,
mefis `samoTxeSi~ iyo sveti-cxovelis xec. `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ Satberduli
redaqcia, momdevno redaqciebic gviCveneben, rom sveti-cxoveli axali taZ-
ris umTavresi burji iyo. amasve migviTiTebs `wm. ioane zedaznelis
cxovrebac~ (T.III).
ase mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi
sveti-cxoveli, viTarca cxovrebisa da sicocxlis xe, romelic saRvTo
sicocxles gulisxmobs.
axla mokled aRvwerT sveticxovlis XII s-is liturgikuli gragnilis Tav-
furclis, anu I kefis dRevandel iers: eqvssafexuriani laJvardisa da mewamu-
lisferi lerwebis wnuliT Seqmnil postamentze aRmarTula Zeli, igive sveti
aseTive wnuliT. igi flankirebulia ori lorosani mTavarangeloziT. Tavi
wakveTili aqvs da kompozicia daugvirgvinebeli. scena moCarCoebulia wnu-
liT. qvemoT oTxi wminda mamaa xatiseburad gamosaxuli da erTgvarad temp-
lonze dasvenebul xatebs mogvagoneben. wm. mamebis qvemoT gamosaxulia ase-
Tive wnuliani Tavsamkauli. mere iwyeba proskomidis teqsti, romlis pirveli
asoa u (o) _ amitomac mxatvarma sazedao asod gaaforma da erTgvar sawyis
prolog gamosaxulebad warmogviCina uflis xati _ logosi, anu winare arse-
buli yrma qriste evmanueli.
rodesac am kompozicias vumzerT, bunebrivad Cndeba samoTxiseuli
brwyinvalebis gancda, im samoTxisa, romelic qristianma mamebma gadaamuSaves
da qristianul saburvelSi Semoses. amaSi uCveulo araferia. Zeli anu xe, ori
angelozi, vazis lerwebi, logosi _ yvelaferi es is atributebia, romlebic
samoTxes ukavSirdeba. jer kidev antikuri droidan moyolebuli sveti Tavisi
bazisiTa da kapiteliT triumfis, gamarjvebis gansxeuleba iyo. igi aseve si-
cocxlis xesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. bazisi _ viTarca fesvi, sveti _ viTar-
ca tani, xolo kapiteli _ viTarca foTlebi da a.S. magaliTad, traianes ko-
lona _ romi (dasuraTebuli 2000: 251).
qristianul simbolikaSi sveti ganasaxierebs samoTxes. igi mcenereul
saxed moiazreba da mesiis xea (leqsikoni 1990: 330).
sveti-cxoveli dgas `samoTxeSi~, marTalia, es samoTxe mefis baRia, mag-
ram masSi simboloebad sulieri samoTxe unda vigulisxmoT. mefe anu mama, e. i.
baRi aris mefiseuli, anu mamiseuli (ise, rogorc mamiseul baRSi dgas koSki
nestan darejanisa, misi iqidan gamodevna, am baRis dakargva nestan-darejanis
ubedurebis dasawyisia). samoTxec mamiseuli edemia. or angelozSi xis mcve-
lebi unda SevicnoT, rogorc aRniSnulia dabadebaSi, roca gamodevnil iqnen
samoTxidan adami da eva. igi SemosazRvrulia zRudiT da pirvelqmnil edems
141


gvaSorebs. vazi, romliTac gaformebulia xe, ieso qristes ganasaxierebs,
xolo lerwebi varT adamianebi, romelTa codvili bunebiT Seibilwa pirveli
samoTxe, magram Cvens xsnas ganaxorcielebs qriste logosi, sityva.
rogorc cnobilia, macxovris ikonografiul tipebs Soris evmanueli
ukavSirdeba logosis cnebas, viTarca `mamisagan Sobili uwinares yovelTa
saukuneTa~ da gankacebadi logosis gansaxierebaa. winaswarmetyveli isaia am-
bobs: `aha qalwulman muclad-iRos da Sves Ze da uwodon saxeli misi emanue-
li~ (isaia 7,14). filos aleqsandrieli logoss ganmartavs, viTarca sicocx-
lis xes Tavisi uxvi nayofiT.
wm. aTanase aleqsandrielis vrceli traqtati sityvis gankacebaze miCneu-
lia logosis Sesaxeb qristianuli swavlebis pirvel yvelaze srul da Camoya-
libebul moZRvrebad, logosis cneba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli mesianistur
doqtrinasTan (Sdr. metreveli 2000: 13-22). aqve SevniSnavT, rom saintereso
semantikaa Cadebuli sicocxlis xis mesiis xesTan gaigivebaSi, romelic saek-
lesio mamebis mier gamoTqmuli SexedulebebiT unda ganmtkicdes.
XII s-dan amnoss zogjer cvlis evmanueli _ viTarca evqaristiuli
msxverpli. interesmoklebuli rodi unda iyos XII s-is gelaTis saxarebis erT-
erTi kamaris morTulobaSi f. 10r-ze CarTuli qriste _ evmanuelis gamosaxu-
leba yovladwmida RmrTismSobelTan da wmida ioane naTlismcemelTan erTad,
sadac, agreTve, angelozebic arian gamosaxulni, oRond amjerad vnebis iara-
RebiTa da evqaristiuli ZRveniT _ sefiskveriTa da zedaSiani barZimiT. evma-
nueli, anu am SemTxvevaSi msxverpli _ winarearsebuli yrma qriste da evqa-
ristiuli ZRveni sefe da zedaSe urTierTkavSirSi arian. es ukanaskneli evqa-
ristiuli msxverplis saxeliTacaa cnobili. evmanueli golgoTis msxverpl-
ze migviTiTebs. golgoTa ki borcvTan da jvrebis xeebTanac asocirdeba.
metad mniSvnelovania semantika xisa, romliTac (nayofi xe cnobadisa) Se-
movida sikvdili da xe, romliTac moxda gamoxsna. rogor aisaxa es idea niko-
loz amilaxvris dakveTiT moxatul sveti-cxovelze. aq zeda registrebze
ilustrirebulia zatikis dResaswaulebi. es aris aRdgomis ideis mkveTri ga-
movlena,

xolo qvemoT wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis siuJetebia asaxuli.

aq mewamulzolian CarCoSi centrSi aRmarTuli qvisperangmosili svetia, ro-
melic dagvirgvinebulia kiboriumiT, flankirebulia ori molivlive ange-
loziT, xolo marjvniv locvis pozaSi dgas wm. nino. Cven kiboriumis ramdeni-
me semantika gamovavlineT, romelic uflis saflavis gvirgvinyofas warmoad-
genda da amJamad gvsurs erTi pasaJi ganvavrcoT. f. krosis `qristianuli ek-
lesiis leqsikonis~ mixedviT, adreul Sua saukuneebSi kiboriumi erqva feS-
xumis tipis WurWels, romelsac hqonda saxuravi. igi gankuTvnili iyo sefis-
kveris Sesanaxad da amrigad, ukavSirdeboda iyo evqaristias (krosi 1958: 291).
aseTive ganmartebas iZleva `qristianuli ikonografiis leqsikonic~ (leqsi-
koni 239-240).
am kompoziciaSi samoTxiseuli brwyinvalebis gamoxatulebaa qvis perang-
Semosili sveti (raTa daecvaT morwmuneTa mier xelis Sexebis dros daziane-
bisagan). ori angelozisa da svetis dakavSireba evqaristiasTan pirdapir pa-
ralels avlebs Cven mier ganxiluli gragnilis I miniaturasTan. Tu simbolos
gavSifravT, aseTi kompozicia warmoCndeba _ feSxumze dasvenebulia yrma
qriste, feSxumi svets warmoadgens anu xes, romliTac movida sikvdili, marc-
xniv eria gamosaxuli, anu lerwebia im venaxisa, romelsac ieso ganasaxierebs,
xolo wm. nino, viTarca meoxi RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris, marjvena kuTxeSi
dgas.

aRdgomis ideis Sesaxeb `wm. ninos cxovrebis mixedviT~ ix. siraZe 1997: 127; metreveli 2000:
54-56.
142


Tu gragnilze angelozebi xis mimarT Tayvaniscemis pozaSi arian da
xelebi vedrebis niSnad miumarTavT misken, svetze ukve angelozebs xelebiT
ise upyriaT sveti, TiTqos, yvelasagan icaven da surT aRamaRlon. niSandob-
livia, rom ioane maxareblis `apokalifsSi~ Cven vxvdebiT svets, romlis Zir-
Tan ori angelozia, rac imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom qristianul RvTis-
metyvelebaSi yoveli dogmati, yoveli saxe, yoveli simbolo esqatologiur
saxes iZens da meored mosvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli. maTes saxarebaSi ufali
brZanebs: `movediT Cemda yovelni maSuralni da tvirTmZimeni, da me gangisue-
no Tquen~ (maTe 11.28).
mniSvnelovania ferTa semantika. svetis moxatulobaSi lurji neitralu-
ri foni, svetis oqrocurvili xazebi, angelozTa oqros Saravandebi samoTxi-
seul brwyinvalebas gadmoscemen. marTalia, mwvane feri miiCneva TiTqosda
samoTxis ferad, magram lurji feri zecis feria, zeciuri ierusalimis, anu
esqatologiuri samoTxisa, im samoTxisa, romelSic marTalni daivaneben da
bilwT Sesvla ar ZaluZT.
Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi `zeciuri ierusalimis~ gamosaxvis ikonog-
rafias safuZvlad udevs ioanes gamocxadebis 21-e da 22-e Tavebi. umetesad
gamoisaxeba golgoTas rotindiseburi taZari. marTalia, apokalifsis mixed-
viT, qalaqs oTxkuTxa forma hqonda, magram umetesad wriul nagebobebs gamo-
xataven. zeciuri ierusalimi xSirad gamoisaxeba wmida werilSi, romlis mi-
xedviTac, igi aris marTalTa samyofeli, sasufeveli anu samoTxe.
amrigad, Cveni naSromis mizans Seadgenda sveticxovliseuli am ori siw-
mindis _ gragnilisa da svetis moxatulobaSi samoTxisa da sicocxlis xis
ideis gamovlena. am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, gragnilze pirvelqmnili samoT-
xe anu edemia gamosaxuli, Tan darTuli evmanuelis xatiT, Tumca gvxvdeba wm.
mamebis xatisebri gamosaxulebebic. svetze esqatologiuri anu momavali sa-
moTxea gamosaxuli, romelSic yvelas ar ZaluZs Sesvla. aq saqme gvaqvs or,
qronologiurad sakmaod daSorebul epoqasTan, gragnili XII saukunes gane-
kuTvneba, xolo svetis moxatuloba _ XVII saukunes, isini asaxaven, erTi
mxriv, im realobas, romelSic TviT imyofebian da TavianT TanamedroveTa
msoflmxedvelobas gadmoscemen, xolo, meore mxriv, qristianobis siRrmise-
ul fenebs, Sreebs uRrmavdebian.

damowmebani:

gulaberisZe 1882: gulaberisZe n. sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisa, kuarTisa
sauflosi da kaTolike eklesiisa. saqarTvelos samoTxe, Sedgenili m. sabininis
mier. Tb.: 1882.
dasuraTebuli 2000: Udo Becker, Mit uber Lexikon der 900 Abbildungen Symbole, Freiburg,
Basel, Wien, 2000.
kikviZe 1963: kikviZe i. miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kulti Zvel
saqarTveloSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1963.
kooperi 1986: Cooper J. C. Lexikon der Alten Symbole. Leipzig: 1986.
krosi 1958: The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London. New-York. Toronto: 1958.
leqsikoni 1990: . Bruxelles. Belgique:
-, 1990.
leqsikoni 1968-1971: Lexikon der christlichen Jconography. Bd I, Wien. Basel. Rom: 1968.
leqsikoni 1971: Lexikon der christlichen Iconography. Bd III, Wien. Basel. Rom: 1971.
metreveli 2000: metreveli f. agiografiuli sityva da logosi. Tb.: gamomcem-
loba `nekeri~, 2000.
osefaSvili 2005: osefaSvili l., saswaulTmoqmedi svetis gamosaxuleba sveti-
cxovliseuli basili didis liturgikuli gragnilidan (S-4980, XII s) mwigno-
bari05. Tb., 2005.
143


siraZe 1992: siraZe r. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.: `Tbi-
lisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1992.
siraZe 1997: siraZe r. `wm. ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa.
Tb.: 1997.
flemingi 1969: Flemming J. Kreuz und Pflanzenornament "Byzantinoslavica 30". 1969.
qajaia 1992: qajaia n. basili didis TxzulebaTa Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1992.
RuduSauri 2001: RuduSauri T. XIX saukunis meore naxevris germanuli wyaroebi
qarTveli xalxis sulieri kulturis Sesaxeb. disertaciis avtoreferati. Tbili-
sis saxelwifo universiteti, Tb.: 2001.
cincaZe 1987: . - . kr.: qarTuli xelovneba. g.
CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis Sromebi.
seria A-Zveli xelovneba, 9, Tb.: 1987.


Lali Osepashvili, Saba Pirus Metreveli

Portrayals of Sveti-tskhoveli as Tree of Life

Summary

Svetitskhoveli is the Georgians sacred image. The greatest mystery of turning into
Christian religion, St.Ninos activity, St.Nanas and St. King Mirians merit is connected
with it, Christianity was introduced in Georgia with a vine-cross (wood) which is associated
with a health tree cult.
According to scientific researches the Old Testament borrowed the Tree of Life from
Mesopotamic mythology. It was called Mother Tree, as a synthesis of the sky, earth and
water dynamic life. Its very fruitful. Its branches are risen to the sky bit the roots go down
the Hell Its opposite is a Christian Tree of life-vine, which is called ,,Fathers plant by
Christian fathers. The vine is Jesus Christ and its branches believers.
The aim of our work was to show the semantics which is embodied in the Tree of life
and in general, in the opinion of a Tree. It isnt accidental that the first Georgian church was
built in the place where the column was hoisted and that one was also wooden.
Falling in sins, death came with wood and also deliverance, the way to the eternal life, a
new way too heavenly Jerusalem.
Each portrayal in the Christian art has four symbolic opinions. A pillar hoisted on the
six-step postament which is on the 1
st
page of Basil Didiseulis Liturgical scroll, was
recognized by scientists as a fragmentary cross. According to our survey we have also
cognized pillar, which has a function of a cross, Svetitskhoveli or pillar tskhoveli, which
was gone down by St. Ninos prayer, in our opinions, embodies a Christian Tree of life
which is connected with the Eschatological Paradise. The two angels must be perceived as
attributes to paradise, below it Christ-Logos-Emmanuel or the Gods Son ,,Born by father
the of all centuries, which represents the whole doctrine of deliverance.
The painting of Sveti-tskhoveli done by ordering of Nikoloz Amilakhvari also
represents the symbolical bodies of the Tree of Life which contains a pillar or the Tree with
two angels. St. Nino, a praying nation, semantics of color personifies paradisiacal
magnificence and lights up our way to the future, apocalyptic, heavenly Jerusalem where
indecent people arent let enter there.
The column hoisted in the Kings Paradise we have thought out as the Tree of Life, link
the tress stated in the Bible, that the tree of Life in Paradise is of life, a grantor of an eternal
life.
144


Teimuraz qurdovaniZe

mezRapris mxatvruli metyveleba

2. Sedareba, gapirovneba, hiperbola
jadosnur zRaparSi

mxatvruli metyveleba, rogorc rTuli da gansakuTrebuli fenomeni,
yovelTvis dapirispirebuli iyo Cveulebriv da martiv yoveldRiur metyve-
lebasTan. amis mizezi sityvisadmi sxvadasxvagvar midgomaSi devs. literatu-
rul Semoqmedebaze dakvirvebisas b. tomaSevski SeniSnavda, rom Cveulebriv
saxmari sityva, romelsac `cnobis (uwyebis) gadacemis saSualebas~ vuwodebT,
frazis konstruqciaSi SedarebiT Tavisuflad SeirCeva. am dros SesaZlebe-
lia avirCioT gamoxatvis nebismieri forma, `oRond ki gasagebad iTqvas~
saTqmeli. mxatvruli metyveleba ki piriqiT, mTlianad `fiqsirebuli gamo-
naTqvamebisagan~ Sedgeba. literaturul SemoqmedebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania
sityvaTa iseTi SerCeva, maTi frazaSi ise ganawileba, rom sazogadod aRiare-
bul formasTan SedarebiT siaxle dafiqsirdes (tomaSevski 1931: 9).
folklors gamoxatvis Tavisi, literaturisagan gansxvavebuli, kultura
aqvs. folkloruli stilistika mxatvrul metyvelebaSi akvirdeba azris ga-
moxatvis upirovno, koleqtivis mier mignebul da aRiarebul saSualebebs, am
saxeTa gamoyenebiT aRbeWdil efeqts. xalxuri metyveleba sityvebis swored
Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri mniSvnelobiT xmarebiT gamoirCeva ara mxolod
sayofacxovrebo Temaze laparakisas, aramed zRapris, saerTod TxrobiTi Jan-
ris nawarmoebebis moTxrobis dros (gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs poeziis
Txzvisa da Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi!), Tumca aq unda SevniSnoT, rom Txrobisas
kargi mezRapreebi meti pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebian sityvas da sSirad mxatv-
rul-esTetikuri faseulobis donemde ahyavT igi. amis magaliTi bevria qar-
Tul folklorSi, romelic gvatkbobs sityvaSi daunjebuli margalitebis
siuxviT.
epiTetis istoriis kvlevisas a. veselovski im daskvnamde mivida, rom
`calkeuli epiTetis iqiT, romelTa mimarT uyuradRebobas viCenT, radgan mas
ukve miveCvieT, devs Soreuli istoriul-fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva meta-
forebis, Sedarebebisa da ganzogadebebis dagrovebisa, gemovnebisa da stilis
evoluciis mTeli istoria, dawyebuli sasargeblo da sasurveli ideis
ganviTarebidan, vidre cneba mSvenieris gamoyofamde~ (veselovski 1940: 78).
es Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa tropis yvela saxeobaze gavrceldes. eWvi araa,
rom nebismier enaSi tropebis mignebisa da saWiro konteqstSi Casmamde xang-
rZlivi dro da didi energia ixarjeba. saukuneebi dasWirda Ziebis process,
vidre yovelma folklorulma Janrma gamoimuSava da tradiciulad daimkvid-
ra Tavisi forma, asaxvis sfero da ideur-mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa arsena-
li, Camoiyaliba sakuTari specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebi. sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Ca-
weril zRaprebSi tropebis msgavsi formiTa Tu mcire variaciiT ganmeorebis
faqtebi imis dasturia, rom azris gamoxatvis forma da naTqvamis Sinaarsi
stereotipul mocemulobad aris qceuli da saerTo erovnul sakuTrebas
warmoadgens.
calkeul folklorul JanrTa Seswavla aaSkaravebs nawarmoebTa Sinagani
struqturis mdgomareobas, cxads xdis, ra enobrivi masalisagan igeba ama Tu

statiis pirveli nawili ix. `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXIX, 2008: 256-263.

145


im tipis Txzuleba. am codnis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mTqme-
lebi mxatvruli gamosaxvis enobriv saSualebebs yvelgan erTnairad ar mimar-
Taven. ase, magaliTad, poeturi enis gamorCeuli tropi _ metafora _ far-
Tod gamoiyeneba gamocanebsa (anikini 1981: 53) da sayofiero lirikaSi (koCe-
tovi 1981: 67), dafiqsirebulia aRmosavleT evropis xalxuri Teatris tradi-
ciaSi, kerZod bazrobebze gamarTul folklorul warmodgenebSi (bogati-
revi 1971: 402), romlebSic didi adgili eTmoboda komikurisa da satirulis
aqcentirebas.
qarTveli mezRapreebi teqstis enobrivi saSualebebiT mosakazmavad xSi-
rad mimarTaven Sedarebas. Sedarebis Rirseba, d. lixaCovis TqmiT, mis
sisruleSi, mravalmxrivobaSi mdgomareobs. mniSvnelovania is, rom Sedareba
Seexos ara erT niSans, aramed ramdenimes (lixaCovi 1967: 183). mkvlevars uTu-
od niWier ostatTa mier Seqmnili maRal beletristikaSi dadasturebuli
Sedarebebi aqvs mxedvelobaSi. zRaparSi ramdenime niSnis momcveli Sedare-
bebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba.
qarTul zRaparSi gavrcelebul SedarebebSi mocemulia SedarebisaTvis
savaldebulo orive sagani _ Sedarebulica da Sesadarebelic. amgvari xer-
xiT gamarTuli Sedarebis nimuSebis Seqmnisas koleqtiuri avtori ZiriTadad
erTi sagnis meoresTan SedarebiT kmayofildeba, e.i. martiv Sedarebebs qmnis.
saganTa Soris arsebuli Sefardebis warmosaCenad zRaparSi gamoyenebulia
kavSirebi, nawilakebi da viTarebiT brunvaSi dasmuli sityvebi.
teqstSi Sedarebis gamoCenis adgils, rogorc wesi, konteqsti ganapiro-
bebs. mezRaprec amis mixedviT uqmnis msmenels pirobas emociisTvis. tradi-
ciuli qarTuli zRapris (vgulisxmobT XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX sau-
kunis dasawyisis Canawerebs, gamoqveynebulebs T. razikaSvilisa (1909 da 1911 )
da p. umikaSvilis (1964) krebulebSi) analizi naTels xdis, rom orwevriani
Sedarebebi asociaciurad dawyvilebuli sityvebis dajgufebis gziT aris
Seqmnili. gavecnoT magaliTebs. wyvilebi _ juja//rwyili: `es juja, rogorc
rwyili, ise Sexta kofoze~; sicive//zamTari: `sawyali beberi amoiyvanes gacie-
buli, moxrukuli, rogorc zamTris buzi~; oqro//mze: `gdia es qoSi wyalSi da
ise anaTebs, rogorc mze~; frena//Citi (niavi): `mifrinavs qali CitiviT~;
`mihqris raSi niaviviT~; Rone//buRa: `gaSvebuli buRasaviT dadioda ivane
falavani~; sijansaRe//mercxali: `mercxaliviT saR-salamaTi dedakaci~; sikv-
dili//sisxli: `qali cremlad da sisxlad CamoiSala miwaze~; yanis rxeva//
zRvis Relva: `aRelda yana zRvisaebr~; `balaxi zRvasaviT Relavs~ da sxv.
zRaparSi iSviaTi ar aris qalisa (ufro xSirad) da vaJis mnaTobebTan (mze,
mTvare, varskvlavi) Sedareba, Tumca maTi ricxvi lirikul leqsebSi didad
aWarbebs zRaprisas: `gamoixeda qalma da mzesaviT gaaCiraRdna midamo~; `qali
ise anaTebda bnels, rogorc mTvaris naTeli~; `germa varskvlaviviT gogo
gauCina xelmwifis Svils~; `iseTi iyo biWi, badr mTvares SeSurdeboda imisi~
da sxv.
qarTul jadosnur zRaparSi gvxvdeba rTuli Sedarebis nimuSebic: `qali
iseTi lamazi iyo, rom bnelSi mzesaviT anaTebda, umTvaro RameSi mTvaresaviT
qaTqaTebda~ (virsalaZe 1949: 29). mezRapre erTi sagnis meoresTan SedarebiT
qmnis metaforul Sedarebas, magram STabeqdilebis gaZlierebisa Tu cxadyo-
fis mizniT pirvel Sedarebas Tan axlavs meorec: `qali hyavs imas mzeTunaxavi,
romelic mzesaviT lamazia da mTvaresaviT manaTobeli~;
gavrcelebulia antonimebiT gawyobili Sedarebebis nimuSebic: qali `Ca-
akravs TeTr purs, rogorc bambas, da amoiRebs Savs, rogorc talaxs~; `geri
mzeTunaxavi iyo, dedinacvlis qali ki majlajunasa hgavda~ da sxv. mezRapre
msgavs SedarebebSi efeqts kontrastuli wyvilebis dapirispirebiT aRwevs.
146


SedarebaSi zogjer dasaxelebulia Sesadarebeli sagani, magram frazaSi
aRar Cans is sagani, romelsac unda Seudardes igi: `qali iseTi lamazi iyo,
rom mnaxvels wuTisifels daaviwyebda~. aseT `prozaul SedarebaSi~ (Rlonti
1966: 284)), erTi SexedviT, darRveulia Sedarebis Seqmnis ZiriTadi kanoni,
magram mezRapre, miuxedavad Sesadarebeli sagnis gamotovebisa, frazas ise
awyobs, rom am sagans an aucileblad gulisxmobs, anda raime saSualebiT mig-
vaniSnebs masze: `iseTi lamazia, iseTi msubuqi, rom iseT lamazsa da mSveniers
verc naxavs kacis Tvali da verc inatrebs; `imodena iyo is wyeuli, rom sisxli
zRvad dadga da xorcidan didi mTebi aRimarTa~; `moitanes aTasnairi farCa,
iseTi Wreli, rom kacs Tvals auWrelebda~ da sxv.
rogorc cnobilia, Sedareba Tavisi bunebiT axlos dgas metaforasTan. am
siaxloves ganapirobebs orive am xerxisTvis saerTo principi erTi sagnis an
movlenis meoresTan msgavsebisa (aq metafora farTodaa gagebuli). metafo-
ruli xasiaTis Sedareba zRaparSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. aseTi Sedareba upirate-
sad agebulia Sesadarebel obieqtTa garegnul msgavsebaze (lixaCovi 1967:
177), rac miznad isaxavs dakvirvebis sagnis TvalsaCinoebas.
gapirovnebis xSiri gamoyenebis faqti jadosnuri zRapris Janruli speci-
fikiT unda aixsnas. saswaulebrivi gardaqmnebi, rac ase niSandoblivia jados-
nuri zRaprisaTvis, safuZvels qmnis sulier arsebaTa Tvisebebi mieweros
usulo an suliersave sagnebs, an piriqiT, usulo sagani gasulierdes. jados-
nur zRaparSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa bunebis gasuliereba _ qvebis, xeebis,
kldeebis laparaki da moqmedeba.
sulieri sagnis Tvisebebis sulierzeve gadatana yovelTvis erTi princi-
piT xorcieldeba _ adamianis Tvisebebi miewerebaT cxovelebs an frinve-
lebs. magaliTebi: `Citi niskartiT perangs qsovda~, `raSma Tqva~, `exveweba
mtredi vaJs~, `Tagvebma kreba gamarTes~, `bayayma ikiTxa~, `gvelebma civi uari
uTxres~, `saTagveTis xelmwifem daibara kata da pkiTxa~, `bum mxarze Seisva
qali~ da sxv.
usulo sagnis Tvisebebis gadatana sulierze: `wyali sul gadairia~,
`mkvdars gauCnda vaJi~, `amotexa qari da setyva wyalma~, `mze miealersa siZes
da gamohkiTxa mosvlis mizezi~.
jadosnur zRaparSi iSviaTad mimarTaven usulo sagnis Tvisebebis usu-
loze gadatanas: `SimSili yels amomiwvavso~, `margaliti yinulad gadaqceu-
liyo~ da sxv.
usulo sagnebi jadosnuri zRapris specifikuri personaJebi arian da gmi-
ris daxmareba evalebaT. saWiro SemTxvevaSi isini alaparakdebian xolme. ar
arsebobs sagani, romelsac mezRapre ver miawers sulierebas: `afrinda sasax-
le da erT ukacriel kunZulze daeSva~, `kedelze dakidebul xmals wveroSi
sisxli gadinda~; `am wyaros aqvs almasis karebi, TavisiT iReba da iketeba~.
msgavsi gapirovnebebis daxmarebiT izrdeba zRapris momxibvleloba da gansa-
kuTrebuli ieri: `erTi yvavili iZaxis~; `am dros karebma Tqva~; `wlebi wuTe-
biviT mifrinavdnen~; `xmali wavida, mosWra Tavi monadires da gudac am kacs
daubruna~ da sxv.
mezRapres personaJTa da fantastikuri samyaros xatvaSi didad exmareba
hiperbola da litotesi. gazviadeba is mxatvruli xerxia, romlis gamoyene-
bis gareSe STambeWdavad ver daixateboda is fantastikuri samyaro, romel-
Sic gmiri xvdeba. zRapris gmiri Tavganwirulad ebrZvis Tavisze Zlier mters.
zRapris kanonis Tanaxmad, gmirma am uTanasworo brZolaSi aucileblad unda
gaimarjvos, Tumca misTvis ioli ar aris winaaRmdegobaTa daZleva. mezRapre
dausruleblad mimarTavs hiperbolas, magram ara rogorc sityvaTa TamaSs. am
mxatvruli saSualebis funqcia ufro arsebiTia.
147


qarTul zRaparSi gazviadebulad SeiZleba warmodges yvela sagani da
movlena. erTi da igive Tviseba sxvadasxva siuJetsa da situaciaSi SeiZleba
mieweros rogorc gmirs, aseve mis mowinaaRmdeges. arsebobs romelime konkre-
tul personaJze mimagrebuli hiperbolebic.
rac Seexeba litotess, hiperbolis sapirispiro mxatvrul xerxs, jados-
nur zRaparSi mas iSviaTad mimarTaven, radgan fantastikuri moTxrobis esTe-
tika hiperbolizaciazea dafuZnebuli.
hiperbolasa da litotesze dakvirveba warmoaCens saswaulebrivi samya-
ros xatvis zRapriseul xerxebsa da saSualebebs. jadosnur zRaparSi Ziri-
Tadad hiperbolizebulia personaJis silamaze, asaki, simdidre, SesaZleblo-
bebi, sidide, fizikuri Zala da sxv.
zRvaSi erTi didi sasaxle idga da mTlad brwyinavda, rogorc cecxli ise
anaTebda. `Sig xelmwifis qali cxovrobs mzeTunaxavi, - eubneba dedaberi vaJs,
_ mravalkeci saburveli aqvs pirze Camofarebuli, magram mainc egre anaTebs
misi silamaze mTel midamoso~ (virsalaZe 1958: 36). mzeTunaxavis ase xatva
gamiznulia gmiris Semdgom qmedebaTa stimulaciisTvis.
ymawvilTagan `vinc TviT izrdeboda, is wlisa iyo~, cxvris Svili `Turme
dReSi TiTo maTraxis tars izrdeboda. aTi dRisa rom gaxda, mWedels mSvild-
isari gaakeTebina~, `bavSvi erT dReSi erTi wlis zrdas asrulebda~ da sxv.
warmodgenili hiperbolizaciis daniSnuleba gmiris araCveulebriobis
gaxazvaa.
fantastikuri samyaros araCveulebrioba personaJis asakze miniSnebiT
xerxdeba: kaci `iseTi beberi iyo, rom TeTri daxavsebuli wveri welzed edo~,
devebis deda ambobs: `samasi wlisa varo~, oTaxSi dabmuli iyo `samarSinwveri-
ani devi~ da sxv.
devebTan mebrZoli adamianebi imdenives Wamen, ramdensac devebi, zogjer
ki ufro metsac. madis gazviadeba erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul personaJTa
brZolaSi gmiris gamarjvebis motivirebisaTvis sWirdeba mezRapres.
zRapris mTavari gmiris fizikuri Zalis gazviadeba wina pirobaa gmiris
fantastikur arsebasTan brZolaSi gamarjvebisa. zRaparSi `faskunji~ vkiT-
xulobT: ymawvili kaci miuaxlovda cecxls da dainaxa, rom `cecxlze saxlis
odena saarye qvabi dgas, xorci ixarSeba da garSemo zogi eqvsTaviani, zogi
TormetTaviani devebi usxedan...~ ymawvilma sTxova devebs, xorci maWameTo.
`wamodga ori devi da daebRauWa qafqirs xorcis amosaRebad. ymawvili mi-
varda, waglija xelidan qafqiri, amouria qvabs, amoiRo xorcebi, TiTo naWeri
devebs gadaugdo, erTi naWeri TviTon gasvlipa, gaaqana Zvali da romelic di-
di devi iyo, imas TavSi TxlaSa gaadina. devebi Zalian gahkvirdnen am ymawvilis
Ronesa da siyoCaRes~. es nawyveti Cven sagangebod davasruleT mTqmelis ko-
mentariT, romelSic gamJRavnebulia epizodis mniSvneloba sazRapro siuJe-
tisaTvis: ymawvilma Tavisi ZaliTa da moxerxebiT unda SeaSinos devebi da
miaRwios sawadels. epizodSi sagangebodaa xazgasmuli devebis ragvaroba
(zogi eqvsTaviania, zogi _ TormetTaviani). tradiciis Tanaxmad, Tavebis ra-
odenoba gansazRvravs devTa Zlierebas. xelmwifis vaJi ki Cveulebrivi umc-
rosi Zea (tradicia masac miawers garkveul upiratesobas ufros ZmebTan Se-
darebiT). swored amitom sWirdeba mezRapres hiperbolisa da litotesis ga-
moyeneba, amcirebs mravalTaviani devebis SesaZleblobebs da azviadebs gmi-
risas. misi moqmedebis daxasiaTebisas mezRapre sagangebod arCevs zmnebs _
mivarda, waglija, gasvlipa, gaaqana, TxlaSa gaadina _ da epizods ise gaaw-
yobs, rom gaiadvilos msmenelis darwmuneba vaJis gansakuTrebulobaSi.
zRaparSi `yarab-oRli da aleqsandre~ vaJi ise Zlierad esvris isars
haerSi mfrinav gveleSaps, rom Suaze gaapobs. mezRapre aucileblad gaxazavs
148


xolme gansacvifrebel Sedegs: gveleSapis sisxli zRvsaviT dgas, xolo xor-
cisagan didi mTebi aRimarTeba.
ara marto adamianebis sabrZolo Tvisebebia zRaparSi hiperbolizebuli,
aramed cxovelebis, konkretulad, raSisa. zRaparSi `xelmwifis Svili da misi
raSi~ mezRapre aRwers zRvis raSis brZoliT damorCilebis suraTs. orive ra-
Sis SesaZleblobebi gazviadebulia brZolis procesSi, finalSi ki, siuJetis
ganviTarebis logikidan gamomdinare, mezRapre amcirebs zRvis raSis Zalas
da gamarjvebas xmeleTis raSs akuTvnebs.
litotesis saSualebiT gmiris daxasiaTebis magaliTad gamodgebian qar-
Tuli zRapris cnobili gmirebi: cera, xuTkunWula, cerodena. maTi tanadoba
gangebaa damcirebuli, raTa ufro amaRldes maTi sagmiro saqmeebis mniSvne-
loba. cera, marTalia, adamianis ceris odenaa da cocxSi gaeCxireba, qaTmis
kuWSi eteva, jorze ver Sejdeba da mis yurSi moikalaTebs, magram mamasTan
mindorSi mimavali gzad gadaylapavs mgzavrs Tavisi cxvrebianad, cxenosans...
ceras am gazviadebul saqmianobas zRaparSi isev litotesi cvlis: kacebma
`gaiges ceras eSmakoba, misdgnen da mibertyes, scemes da gamoagdes~. amis mere
cera mgelma gadaylapa.
mezRapreebi hiperbolasa da litotess erTdroulad iyeneben xolme mTa-
vari gmirisa da misi mowinaaRmdegis Serkinebis kulminaciur epizodebSi. am
dros mezRapre kargad axerxebs dapirispirebuli personaJebis Zalis gazvia-
deba-damcirebas: `Camoxta biWi, staca xeli devs, aitaca maRla, dasca dedami-
waze da kisramdis Caaso miwaSi~; vaJi `waavlebs erT devs xels, waawyvets ki-
sers da gadaagdebs. axla meores ecema, imasac waawyvets kisers da gadaagdebs,
axla mesames, mere meoTxes. miyva da amowyvita devebi~; `gamoarTva gora uxei-
rom devs, moiqnia da sami mTis iqiT gadaisrola~; `staca orive devs xeli,
amoiCara iRliaSi~ da sxv.
personaJTa dapirispirebaze aris agebuli T. razikaSvilis Cawerili zRa-
pari `muxa-glejia sidedrisa da simamrisa~. mezRapre personaJTa dasaxasia-
Teblad hiperbola-litotess zRapris dasawyisidan dasasrulamde saocari
ostatobiT iyenebs. zRapris mixedviT, erT glexkacs bedi Sekruli aRmoaCnda
da vera da ver ipova sacole. marCielma aswavla: muxis ZirSi wyaroze piri dai-
bane, zemoT aixede da qals rom dainaxav, is iqneba Seni bedio. Zneladmosapo-
vebeli qali sakvirveli madisa gamodga: `TiTo jerze sam Tone pursa Wamda~.
es cnoba da siZis mier gamoTqmuli survili amisTana qalis mamis gacnobis
Taobaze, dasabams aZlevs siuJetis ganviTarebas. Tavisi colis madis mnaxveli
kaci sagangebod moemzada simamrTan Sesaxvedrad. arc meti, arc naklebi `ga-
moacxo eqvsi Tone puri, dakla saklavi, qaTam-indaurebi, Caalaga xurjinSi,
Sejda cxenze da wavida~.
mezRapre mignebul tons ufro amZafrebs da amisaTvis simamrs hiperboli-
zebulad xatavs, Sesabamisad, akninebs glexkacis SesaZleblobebs: simamrTan
rom mivida `is yanas rwyavda, xnulSi wyali udioda. siZes undoda im wyalSi
gasvla, magram moitaca wyalma Tavis cxenianad da Caitana boloSi. farTxa-
lebs es kaci, cdilobs gamovides, magram lamis daixrCos. Seecoda simamrs,
mosdo bari da gadmoagdo Tavis cxen-xurjinianad mSralze~. gacnobis Semdeg
siZem motanili sagzali amoalaga. simamrma `miusv-mousva, miWam-moWama yvela-
feri, lukma aRaraferi gadarCa, mere ulvaSebze gadiso xeli. Sescqeris siZe
kaci, SiSiT suli scviva: mec ar Camylaposo~.
siZe amas ki gadarCa, magram sidedrma mTlad gaaoca: `arc is iyo patara
tanisa. Tavze erTi xaxali edga, zed eqvsi Tonis namcxvari ewyo, xelSi erTi
qila SeWamandi eWira, iqneboda ese sami kokistola~. simamrma cols SesCivla:
rad daigviane, lamis SimSiliT movkvdeo, da Wama daiwyo, TiTo purs TiTo
149


lukmad idebda. simamri ekiTxeba siZes, ratom ar Wamo? `rasa Wams, SiSiT
muStistola gamxdara, mec ar Semayoloso~.
saRamos siZe Sin gaipatiJes. `sidedri da simamri fexiT arian, siZe cxeniT
mobrZandeba, magaram ver eweva, miaWenebs cxens, magram mainc ver eweva~. si-
dedris gazviadebulad xatvas mezRapre isev litotess unacvlebs, roca
gviyveba wkeplis mosatexad mowvdil tots, rogor SerCeba zed siZe. isev
hiperbolas imarjvebs mezRapre, roca gvauwyebs: `moglija muxa Zirianad si-
dedrma da daidva isic xaxalze~.
goliaTi sidedr-simamrisagan glexkaci Tavs moxerxebiT ixsnis _ gulga-
xeTqili gaiqceva Sinisaken.
qarTul sazRapro eposSi mTeli zRapris hiperbola-litotesis monacv-
leobiT agebisa da Tan ambis aseTi iumoriT Sezavebis SemTxvevebi xSiri ar
aris.
fantastikuri samyarosa Tu dapirispirebul gmirTa poetizirebuli
brZolis asaxvisas Zalisa da sxva monacemis situaciis Sesabamisad gazviadeba-
damcireba jadosnuri zRapris mxatvruli specifikis organuli nawilia,
sisxlxorceulia misi poeturi stilisaTvis.



damowmebani:

anikini 1981: ..
. , 1981.
bogatiriovi 1971: .. . . .
, 1971.
veselovski 1940: .. . ., , 1940.
virsalaZe 1949: rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. el virsalaZis Sedgenili.
Tb.: saxelgami, 1949.
virsalaZe 1958: rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. el virsalaZis Sedgenili.
Tb.: saxelgami, 1958.
koCetovi 1981: .. -
. , 1981.
lixaCovi 1967: .. . .: . , 1967.
razikaSvili 1909: xalxuri zRaprebi. Sekrebili Tedo razikaSvilis mier
qarTlSi ( I w.), kaxeTsa da fSavSi (II w.), tf.: `amxanagoba~, 1909.
tomaSevski 1931: .. . . .-., ., 1931.
umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. III, Tb.: `literatura da
xelovneba~, 1964.
Rlonti 1966: Rlonti a. qarTuli xalxuri novela. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1966.


150


Teimuraz Kurdovanidze

Artistic Speech of a Narrator

Summary

In Georgian fairy-tale the simile is fulfiled by means of comparison of one thing with
another and it is simple simile. With this purpose conjunctions, particles and words in
adverbial (instrumental) declination are used.
For the creation of simile tale-teller group words on the basis of association (for
example: gold sun, cold winter) and so form a sentence.
As to complex simile, for the intensification of impression one simile is accompanied
by another one; sometimes a comparison is expressed by mens of antonimes.
In some similes only one word to be compared is givon, but another is missed.
Frequent use of personification by tale-tellers is caused by the ganre-specificity of fairy-
tale.
In Georgian fairy-tales different examples of transfor of properties are found: from
animate object to another animated one, from inanimated object to animated one, from
inanimated object to anothe inanimated one, and from animated object to inanimated one.
The personification on objects in tale is unlimited.
In Georgian fairy-tale almost all objects and phenomenons may be hyperbolized. The
same features may be attributed to main hero as well as to his enemy. Thougt there are
hiperboles, which are specific only for one personage.
In Georgian fairy-tale there are hyperbolized beauty, age, riches, possibilities, size and
physical energy of personages.
Use of litotes in fairy-tale in comparison with hyperbole is limited, becous of specific
features of fairy-tale as a fantastical story.

151


qeTevan nadareiSvili

qali da sazogadoeba evripides SemoqmedebaSi
(`ifigenia avlisSi~)

evripides ifigenia berZnuli tragediis erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi
gmiria. misi mxatruli saxis Sesaxeb msjeloba da kamaTi ukve aristoteles
`poetikidan iwyeba _ qalwuli, romelsac kategoriulad ar surs msxverp-
lad Seewiros troas omis warmarTvas, uecrad gardaiqmneba martvilad, ro-
melic sakuTari nebiT da sruli gacnobierebiT Segnebulad debs Tavs samsx-
verploze (aristotele 1965: 1454a30). bunebrivia, personaJSi momxdari ueca-
ri gardatexa mkvlevarebs gansjisken warmarTavda _ maT an aristoteles
kvaldakval ifigenias xasiaTis araTanamimdevruloba unda eRiarebinaT anda
qalwulis gadawyvetilebis Secvlis motivi unda aexsnaT. asea Tu ise, ifige-
nias saxis Seswavlas araerTi naSromi mieZRvna.

Tumc, Cven amjerad es perso-

naJi sxva kuTxiT gvainteresebs.
arqaikis periodidan moyolebuli berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi gamoik-
veTa da amasTan, mkveTrad gaimijna ori sivrce _ sazogado da privatuli
sivrceebi. mamakaci Tavisi socio-kulturuli roliT polisma sazogado
sivrces, qali ki saojaxo sivrces miakuTvna. Tumc realur cxovrebaSi am
sivrceTa Soris rTuli dialeqtikuri urTierToba arsebobda _ isini erTsa
da imave dros iyvnen urTierTSemavsebeli da erTmaneTs dapirispirebuli
institutebi TavianTi interesebiT. es rTuli urTierTmimarTeba bunebrivad
aisaxa qalisa da mamakacis genderul rolebzec, rogorc am sivrceTaTvis
mikuTvnebul subieqtebze. orives, qalsac da mamakacsac, uWirda Tavisi kul-
turuli normis farglebSi darCena. am socialur daZabulobaTa arekvla
xdeboda im periodis erT-erT mTavar mxatvrul konteqstSi _ berZnul tra-
gediaSi. da marTlac, aq qali personaJi arcTu iSviaTad arRvevs Tavis gen-
derul rols, privatuli sivrcidan Sedis/ iWreba sazogado sivrceSi. sainte-
resoa, rom im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca mas miznad maRali idealebis msaxureba
aqvs, sazogado sivrceSi mis Sesvlas/SeWras, rogorc wesi, Tan uaryofiTi Se-
degi sdevs, iRupeba Tavad personaJi anda mas ubedureba moaqvs sxvebisaTvis.
Tumc berZnul tragediaSi arseboben gamonaklisebi _ sazogado sivrceSi
moqmedi qali personaJebi, romlebic warmatebiT emsaxurebian sazogadoebas.
amgvari saxea evripides gmiri _ qalwuli ifigenia da is Cven swored misi so-
cio-kulturuli rolis gamo gvainteresebs. evripides es personaJi naTeli
magaliTia imisa, Tu raoden SezRudulia is kulturuli norma, romelic sa-
zogadoebam qals daudgina da rac saojaxo sivrciT qalis mkacr Semofargv-
laSi gamoixata. ifigenias personaJi novatoruli saxea berZnuli tragediis
gmir qalTa Soris, rameTu igi cxadad gviCvenebs qalSi arsebul potencials,
romlis ganxorcielebac erTob sasargeblo SeiZleba aRmoCndes sazogadoe-
bis interesebisTvis. am werilSi Cven SevecdebiT, warmovadginoT is mizezebi,
romlebiTac berZnuli tragediis konteqstSi SeiZleba axsna movuZebnoT
qalis keTilismyofel moRvaweobas sazogado sarbielze.
oRond sanam am kuTxiT ifigenias saxes ganvixilavdeT, evripides trage-
diis Sinaarss SegaxsenebT. troas dasalaSqrad wasuli aqavelTa jari karga
xania avlisSia Seyovnebuli. amisi mizezi qalRmerTis artemisis, risxvaa, ro-
melmac aqavelebs piroba wauyena _ Tu maT troasken gacurva surdaT, maT

maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdiT: Lesky 1983: 363-4; Foley 1985: 77; Knox 1979: 243-244.
152


mxedarTmTavars, agamemnons Tavisi qaliSvili _ ifigenia unda Seewira
msxverplad. sastiki arCevanis winaSe mdgarma agamemnonma yoymanis Semdeg,
rogorc Cans, ifigenias msxverplSewirvis gadawyvetileba miiRo da werili
gaugzavna cols, klitemnestras, raTa mas avlisSi gamoegzavna ifigenia,
viTomcda aqilevsTan dasaqorwineblad. amas adgili piesis gaTamaSebamde
hqonda, tragedia ki imiT iwyeba, rom aforiaqebuli agamemnoni kvlav cvlis
Tavis gadawyvetilebas da msaxurs klitemnestrasTan atans werils, raTa am
ukanasknelma ifigenia avlisSi aRar gamogzavnos. agamemnoni nanobs Tavis
arCevans da is arakeTilSobilurad miaCnia, Tumc mis am axal, keTilSobilur
ganzraxvas asruleba ar uweria. menelaosi xelSi Caigdebs werils, Seityobs
Zmis Canafiqrs da agamemnons eladis interesebis ugulebelyofaSi
adanaSaulebs. Tavis mxriv, arc aqavelTa mTavarsardali aklebs Zmas
gakicxvas. agamemnons miaCnia, rom menelaoss eladis keTildReoba ki ara,
piradi interesebi _ elenes dabruneba _ amoZravebs. mTavarsardlis
sityvebidan gamomdinareobs is, rom omi, romelsac isini warmarTaven, uazroa
Tavisi arsiT. menelaosis pasuxebidan ki vigebT, rom agamemnons omi Tavisi
karieris, piradi ambiciebis da uzomo pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebis gamo
surs. Tumca male Zmebis poziciebi radikalurad icvleba _ macne avlisSi
klitemnestrasa da ifigenias Camosvlis Sesaxeb gvatyobinebs. agamemnoni
uecrad cvlis Tavis gadawyvetilebas _ igi qaliSvilis msxverplad Sewirvas
ukve gardauvlad miiCnevs, rameTu Tvlis, rom aravin _ arc jari, arc misani
kalqasi, arc qurumTa kasta da arc odisevsi _ ar dauSvebs, rom qalwulis
gamo troas eqspedicia CaiSalos. gansxvavebulad afasebs ifigenias
msxverplad Sewirvas menelaosic, romelic wuTis win Zmas eladis RalatSi
adanaSaulebda. atrevsis Ze exveweba aqavelTa mTavarsardals, uari Tqvas
qaliSvilis msxverplad Sewirvaze, radgan man mxolod axla gaiazra, rom
ifigenias msxverplSewirva ar iyo samarTliani gadawyvetileba. sjobs, rom
agamemnonma gauSvas jari da saerTod xeli aiRos troas dalaSqvraze. Zmebis
dialogi uTanxmoebis notaze wydeba da vidre scenaze klitemnestra da
ifigenia Semovidodnen, qalkisel qalTa qoro I stasimons mReris. qoros es
simRera Zalze sayuradReboa qalisa da mamakacis genderuli rolebis
analizis kuTxiT, rameTu masSi erTob sainteresodaa moazrebuli orive
sqesis siqveleebi da am siqveleTa mimarTeba privatul da sazogado
sivrceebTan. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo Semdegi pasaJia: `misdevde siqveles
didi ram aris. qalisTvis siqvele kiprisis frTis qveSaa damaluli. ma-
makacisTvis ki [siqvele] aris pirovnuli wesrigis saxeoba da rac ufro metia
siqvele, miT ufro diadia qalaqi (evripide 1980: 568-72).
rogorc vxedavT, am pasaJSi mamakacisa da qalis siqveleebi erTmaneTisgan
aris gamijnuli. qalis siqvele privatul sivrceSi moiazreba, kacisa ki saja-
ro sivrciT aris gansazRvruli. qalkisel qalTa qoros mier TiToeuli sqe-
sis siqvelis es gansazRvreba klasikuri epoqis CvenTvis kargad cnobil kul-
turul normas warmoadgens.
imas, Tu ramdenad aqvT TavianTi sqesis Sesaferisi siqveleebi tragediis
protagonistebs _ agamemnonsa da ifigenias, werilis bolos SevajamebT, axla
ki kvlav moqmedebis msvlelobas davubrundebiT. ifigenias scenaze Semosv-
lis momentisaTvis piesis 1/3 ukve gaTamaSebulia da mainc swored am per-
sonaJs akisria centraluri roli piesis ideur gaazrebaSi. mama-Svilis gul-
Tbili Sexvedris Semdeg klitemnestra uecrad Tavis sasiZos _ aqilevss ga-
daawydeba, romelmac, rogorc maTi gasaubrebisas aRmoCndeba, saerTod ara-
feri icis ifigeniasTan Tavisi mosalodneli qorwinebis Sesaxeb. klitemnest-
ra TandaTanobiT Seityobs agamemnonis sastiki ganzraxvis Taobaze da mux-
lebSi Cauvardeba aqilevss, raTa man ifigenia daicvas. aqilevsi hpirdeba dax-
153


marebas, Tumca urCevs qals, sityviT Seecados agamemnonis gadarwmunebas.
magram aqavelTa mTavarsardals verc klitemnestras Txovna, verc misi muqa-
ra, verc qaliSvilis vedreba gadawyvetilebas ver acvlevinebs. maT pasuxad
agamemnoni vrcel sityvas warmosTqvams, romelic troas omis mis adrindel
Sefasebas Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba. mudmivad cvalebadi agamemnoni uecrad
omis axal mizezs warmogvidgens: troas omi aris erovnuli saqme, erovnuli
Rirseba da usafrTxoeba (evripide 1980: 1269-73). amgvari saqmis warmmarTveli
agamemnoni ki keTilSobiluri saqmis Rirseul damcvelad da saerTo nacio-
naluri interesebis gamtarebel mTavarsardlad warmoCindeba.
agamemnonis STambeWdavi sityvis Semdeg scenaze Semosuli aqilevsi atyo-
binebs deda-Svils, rom jari daJinebiT moiTxovs ifigenias msxverplad Se-
wirvas. igi mzadaa, SeebrZolos meomrebs, magram, rogorc misive sityvebidan
gamomdinareobs, es mxolod uazro winaaRmdegoba iqneba. da ai, maSin gamou-
vali mdgomareobidan gamosavals ifigenia gvTavazobs. is sityvas iRebs da
gamoTqvams mzadyofnas, rom Tavisi nebiT Seewiros msxverplad eladas. yvela
aRrfTovanebulia samSoblos samsxverploze Tavis damdebi qalwulis gmiru-
li suliT. tragedia ifigenias msxverplSewirvisas momxdari saswaulis gad-
mocemiT mTavrdeba. macnes sityviT, swored maSin, rodesac danas ifigenia
sicocxles unda gamoesalmebina, saswauli moxda _ ifigenia gaqra, mis nacv-
lad ki samsxverploze sulTmobrZavi iremi gaCnda. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,
artemisma ar gawira qalwuli da, SesaZloa, Tavis sameufoSi gadaiyvana. aga-
memnoni, jari da qoro aRtacebuli arian msxverplSewirvis amgvari dasasru-
liT. mxolod klitemnestra eWvobs, rom Sikrikis mTeli monaTxrobi saswau-
lis Sesaxeb tyuili da gamogonilia (evripide 1980: 1615_18).
miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar dasasruls mecnierebi sxvadasxvanairad afa-
seben, faqti erTia, ifigenia Tavisi saqcieliT ganmuxtavs tragikul konf-
liqts, misi qmedeba eladas fasdaudebel samsaxurs uwevs _ qalwulis saqci-
eli keTilismyofelia sazogadoebisTvis.
bunebrivia, radgan Cven qalisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebas vikv-
levT, CvenTvis upirvelesad saintereso sajaro sivrcesTan qalwulis damo-
kidebuleba unda iyos. amasTan yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT ifigenias Rire-
bulebaTa ganxilvasa da im motivTa garkvevaze, romlebic erT SemTxvevaSi
safuZvlad edo mis uars msxverplad yofiliyo Sewiruli, meore SemTxvevaSi
ki ganapirobebda qalwulis mier msxverplSewirvis nebayoflobiT miRebas.
amis Semdeg vfiqrobT, SesaZloa, vimsjeloT im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebi-
Tac SeiZleba aixsnas sazogadoebisTvis ifigenias, ufro zogadad ki qalis,
warmatebuli samsaxuri.
ifigenias scenaze sul sam epizodSi vxedavT. I scenaSi _ mamasTan Sexved-
ris scenaSi _ evripide mas morcxv, miamit da mosiyvarule gogonad gvixa-
tavs, romelic bavSvobidan qalwulobaSi gardamaval zRurblze dgas. mamas-
Tan Sexvedrisas igi uaRresad mosiyvarule da Tbil arsebad warmogvidgeba.
rac Seexeba agamemnons, am epizodSi igi naklebad gamoxatavs emociebs. mTa-
varsardali sajaro sivrcis gankargulebaSi imyofeba. amaod cdilobs ifi-
genia, mamamisi samefo sazrunavT mowyvitos. `nu fiqrob am saqmeze (evripide
1980: 646). `wamodi CvenTan, Sens SvilebTan, Sens ojaxSi~ (evripide 1980: 656),
`ra xania avlisSi xar (evripide 1980: 666), _ emudareba mamas qaliSvili. Tavis
mxriv, ifigeniasTvis, romelsac saojaxo, misTvis axlobeli urTierTobebi
aRelvebs, troas eqspedicia arafers niSnavs. igi mTlianad aris mowyvetili
sajaro sazrunavs, rasac is kiTxvebic cxadyofs, romelsac igi troas Sesaxeb
mamas usvams. erTaderTi, rac man icis, aris is, rom es ambavi menelaoss ukav-
Sirdeba. mas, misive TqmiT, mxolod is surs, rom menelaosis gasaWirTan erTad
yvela omi daviwyebas mieces. ifigenias eqspoziciidan yvelaze metad gvamax-
154


sovrdeba qalwulis vitaluroba, sixalise, sicocxlis siyvaruli, rac ifige-
nias erT-erT umTavres Tvisebad SeiZleba moviazroT.
meore scenaSi, rodesac ifigenia mamas vedrebiT mimarTavs da sicocxlis
SenarCunebas sTxovs, igi isev miamit gogonad gvevlineba, romelsac misi da-
maxasiaTebeli saocari vitaluroba warmarTavs, Tumca Tavisi xasiaTiTa da
ganwyobiT es scena wina epizodisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba.
ifigenias grZeli sityva, faqtobrivad, sam Temas warmogvidgens (evripide
1980: 1210-1250). pirveli _ sicocxlis survili da siyvarulia. ifigenia
evedreba mamas, ar daRupos igi droze adre. bedniereba is aris, mzis sxivebs
ucqerde, radgan, qvemoT, miwisqveSeTSi araferi araa. naZraxi sicocxle
sjobs saxelovan sikvdils, _ ambobs ifigenia da am ganacxadiT, faqtobrivad,
mamris aristokratiuli qcevis kodeqsis winaaRmdeg gamodis.
amis Semdeg Cven mowmeni vxdebiT imisa, Tu ramdenad dacilebulia
ifigenia Tavisi interesebiT sajaro sivrces. _ ra mesaqmeba me parisisa da
elenes qorwinebasTan? _ kiTxulobs ifigenia, romelsac, cxadia, ar esmis, Tu
ratom aris saWiro omis warsamarTavad misi sikvdili. qaliSvili oms saerTo
nacionaluri interesebis dasacavad ar moiazrebs, igi sxvebis msgavsad
Tvlis, rom troas oms safuZvlad piraduli da egoisturi motivebi uZevs.
da bolos, ifigenia mamas Tbil urTierTobas axsenebs, igonebs ojaxSi
gatarebul bednier wuTebs. igi xom agamemnonis pirveli Svili iyo, romelsac
`Svilo agamemnonma pirvels dauZaxa. ifigenia axsenebs imasac, Tu rogor
natrobda mamamisi mis iRblian qorwinebas. Tavad igi ki ocnebobda moxuci ma-
misTvis Rirseuli maspinZloba gaewia da amgvarad gadaexada samagiero ga-
weuli jafisTvis. ifigenia cdilobs, rom am mogonebebiT agamemnoni ojaxs,
privatul sivrces daubrunos.
rogorc vxedavT tragediis pirvel etapze ifigenia warmodgenilia gogo-
nad, romelic mocilebulia sazogado sazrunavs da Tavisi bunebrivi garemos
Sesabamisad cxovrobs.
bolo, mesame scenaSi ifigenia gansxvavebul pirovnebad warmoCindeba, ro-
melic ukve sruliad sxvagvarad moiazrebs sakuTar msxverplSewirvas. am tra-
gediis cvalebad samyaroSi personaJebi, rogorc vnaxeT, gamudmebiT icvlian
gadawyvetilebas, akeTeben sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul arCevans,
Tvisobrivad sxva Sefasebas aZleven troas omis mizezebsa Tu omis gamomwvev
motivebs. magram ifigeniaSi momxdari cvlileba yvelaze STambeWdavia, radgan
qaliSvili sajaro sivrcisadmi, sazogado saqmisadmi radikalurad gansxvave-
bul damokidebulebas warmoaCens.
klitemnestrasa da aqilevsis xanmokle dialogis Semdeg ifigenia scenaze
sityviT gamodis. es Zalze mniSvnelovani sityvaa ara marto piesis ideis gan-
viTarebis TvalsazrisiT, ara marto konfliqtis mosagvareblad, aramed sa-
kuTriv ifigenias Rirebulebebis warmoCenis, qalisa da sazogadoebis urTi-
erTmimarTebis Cvenebis kuTxiTac. qalwuli, romelic madlobas aRuvlens
aqilevss, acxadebs mzadyofnas, msxverplSewirva nebiT miiRos: `CemTvis dad-
genilia sikvdili. da es me msurs saxelovnad miviRo da uari ganvacxado qme-
debaze, romelic ar aris keTilSobiluri. kat qanei`n mevn moi devdokt ai. t ou`t o d j
aujt o; bouvl omai, / eujkl ew`~pra`xai , pareu`savg j ejkpodw;n t o; dusgenev~(evripide 1980:
1375-6).
evripide pirveli avtoria, romelmac ifigenia martvili Tavisi nebiT ga-
xada. esqiles ifigeniasgan gansxvavebiT, evripides ifigenia aucileblobas
pirovnul survilad gardaqmnis, roca imas, rac unda moxdes, Tavis nebad
acxadebs.
Tavis sikvdils ifigenia axla sruliad gansxvavebulad moiazrebs. misT-
vis es omi parisisa da elenes kerZo ojaxuri saqme ki aRar aris, aramed elinTa
155


interesebisTvis warmarTuli omia, brZolaa imisTvis, rom barbarosebma ve-
Rar gabedon elinTa qalebis motaceba. rac imas niSnavs, rom veRar gabedon
kiTxvis qveS daayenon berZenTa Tavisufleba. axla yvelaferi maszea damoki-
debuli. mTeli elada mas Sescqeris (evripide 1980: 1378). ifigenia imedovnebs,
rom Tavisi sikvdiliT gadaWris problemas, ris Semdegac ukvdav saxels moi-
povebs ... mou kl evo~/ JEl l avd j wJ~hjl euqevrwsa, makavrion genhvset ai (evripide 1980:
1383-84).
ifigenia asaxelebs im Rirebulebebs, romelTac umTavres Rirebulebebad
Tvlis: a) moqalaqeTa erToba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre individualuri
sicocxle. _ sicocxlis siyvaruli didad ar mmarTebs, radgan Sen, dedav,
mTeli eladisTvis gamaCine da ara mxolod Seni TavisTvis, _ acxadebs
ifigenia (evripide 1980: 1386). b) mamakacebis sicocxle ufro Rirebulia qal-
Ta sicocxleze. ifigenia miiCnevs, rom aqilevsi misi gulisTvis ar unda dai-
Rupos, radgan erTi kacis sicocxle aTasi qalis sicocxleze umjobesia (ev-
ripide 1980:1394). g) RmerTebis neba upiratesia adamianTa survilze. Tu qal-
RmerTs misi sxeuli surs, man is unda miiRos. amitomac uZRvnis igi Tavis
sxeuls eladas (evripide 1980: 1396-97). d) ar egebis, rom barbarosebma eli-
nebi marTon. piriqiT, elinebma barbarosebze unda ibatonon, radgan barbaro-
sebi monebi arian, elinebi ki _ Tavisufali adamianebi (evripide 1980: 1400).
dasasrul, ifigenia isev Tavis ukvdav saxels ubrundeba: `SemwireT
msxverplad. daangrieT troa. es iqneba Cemi Zegli samaradJamod. es iqneba Cemi
Svilebi, Cemi qorwineba, Cemi saxeli (evripide 1980: 1398-99).
ifigenias ganacxadis Tanaxmad, is siqvele, romelsac man Tavisi msxverpl-
SewirviT unda miaRwios, orive sqesis siqveles moicavs _ mamakacis (sikvdi-
lis Semdgomi saxeli) da qalis (qorwineba, Svilebi).
ifigenias es sityva Sinaarsis garda sxva mxrivac aRar aris bavSvis mier
warmoTqmuli. igi argumentirebulia, mwyobria, gaazrebulia, anu aris iseTi,
rogoric mozrdil adamians Seefereba. masSi CamoTvlili Rirebulebebi ki
zrdasruli mamakacis faseulobebs warmoadgens: erToba, elada, sxvebze
zrunva.
ifigenias saqciels aqilevsi aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavs. qalwulis qmedebas
igi jer saWiros _ crhst ov~-s da aucilebels _ ajgagkaivo~-s uwodebs (evri-
pide 1980: 1409), mogvianebiT ki ifigenias keTilSobilad _ gennai va (evripide
1980: 1411) da saukeTeso sulis mqoned Tvlis _ w\l h`mj a[rist on (evripide 1980:
1421).
amis Semdeg scenaze Semosuli Sikriki ukve msxverplSewirvis ritualis
mimdinareobas gadmogvcems. kvlav gaismis ifigenias ganacxadi, rom Tavs igi
nebiT swiravs. ifigenias saqciels afaseben ise, rogorc qalwulma iwinaswar-
metyvela. yvela gaocebuli iyo ifigenias simamaciTa da siqveliT _ eujyucivan
t e kajret h;n t h`~parqevnou(evripide 1980: 1562).
axla ki vfiqrobT, SeiZleba gavceT pasuxi kiTxvas, romelic I stasimonis
gadmocemis Semdeg davsviT _ ramdenad aqvT piesis protagonistebs TavianTi
genderuli roliT gansazRvruli siqveleebi. mamakacisTvis savaldebulo
siqvele _ sulSi pirovnuli wesrigi, harmonia ar hqonda agamemnonis perso-
naJs _ arCevanis gamudmebuli cvlileba, omis motivTa sxvadasxvagvari Sefa-
seba, pativmoyvareoba, rogorc misi moqmedebis safuZveli, namdvilad ar
metyvelebs agamemnonis sulSi harmoniis arsebobaze. Sesabamisad, amgvari ada-
miani Znelad Tu SeZlebs WeSmaritad emsaxuros sajaro sivrces _ ver gaxdis
qalaqs diads, rac am samsaxuris saboloo mizania. rac Seexeba qalur siqveles
_ anu ojaxis marTebul gaZRolas, ifigenias ar dascalda Tavi am sferoSi
warmoeCina. magram mamakacuri siqvele _ sulSi harmonia piesis personaJ-
156


Tagan mxolod mas, qals aRmoaCnda. misi bolo sityva erTmniSvnelovnad cxad-
yofs, rom mis sulSi harmonia sufevs.
Tavisi saqcieliT da gadawyvetilebiT ifigenia mamakacur rols iRebs da
heroikuli mamakacuri kodeqsis Sesabamisad moqmedebs. amaze metyvelebs
ifigenias mier saxelis mopovebaze yuradRebis aqcentireba. gemelis azriT,
ifigenias mamakacuri niri gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans mamrobiT perso-
naJebTan misi Sedarebis dros.

mecnieris mixedviT, mTeli piesis manZilze

ifigenia, faqtobrivad, iniciaciis rituals gadis, oRond mis personaJSi xde-
ba ara parTenosis gineSi, aramed qalis mamakacSi gadasvla.

ifigenias SemTx-
vevaSi marTlac aqvs adgili genderul rolTa inversias, razedac mamakacuri
kodeqsis Sesabamisad moqcevis da mamrobiTi sqesis Tvisebebis garda,
upirvelesad is metyvelebs, rom ifigenia mamrobiTi Rirebulebebis dasaca-
vad moqmedebs.
da bolos, rogor da riTi SeZlo qalma sazogado sivrcis samsaxuri, am
sivrcisTvis sikeTis momtani moRvaweoba? erTi axsna, SesaZloa, is iyos, rom
mas sulSi aqvs harmonia. amasTan, ifigenia mamrobiT faseulobebs icavs, rom-
lebic sazogado sivrcis faseulobebs warmoadgenen. piesis bolos aRdgeni-
lia nacnobi, tradiciuli Rirebulebebi. marTalia, amaSi lomis wili qals
miuZRvis, magram es qali, gavimeorebT, mamakacis heroikuli kodeqsis Sesaba-
misad moqmedebs.
Tumc arsebobs meorenairi axsnac. ifigenias SeiZleba idealuri qalic
vuwodoT, rameTu ifigenia gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa.
is aris qali, romelic sazogado sivrceSi religiuri institutis meSveo-
biT moqmedebs. religiuri sfero ki is erTaderTi sazogado sivrcea, romel-
Sic aTenis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad qalisTvis nebadarTuli iyo moRvaweoba.
qali Cveuli iyo am sivrceSi moqmedebas. Sesabamisad, Tu tragediaSi qali sa-
zogado sivrceSi religiuri kuTxiT iRvwis, misi qmedeba sazogadoebisTvis
SeiZleba keTilismyofeli iyos. swored ase iqceva ifigenia da amitomac aris
misi qmedeba sazogadoebis sakeTildReod mimarTuli qmedeba. folis TqmiT,
Tavisi qaluri `siyvarulis politikiT ifigenia Tavidan afuZvnebs marTe-
bul kavSirs RmerTebTan (Foley 1985: 91, 102).


damowmebani:

aristotele 1965: Aristotles. Poetica. Kassel, R. (editor). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.
evripide 1980: Euripides. Tragdien. (Griechisch und Deutsch von Ebener, D.). Berlin:
Akademie-Verlag, VI Teil, 1980.
gemeli 1999: Gamel, M. K. Intruduction to Iphigenia at Aulis in: Women on the Edge, Four
Plays by Euripides. Blondell R., Gamel M. K., Rabinowitz N. S., and Zweig B. (editors). New York,
London, Routledge, 1999.
leski 1983: Lesky, A. Greek Tragic Poetry. New Heaven, 1983.
lora 1987: Loraux, N. Tragic Ways of Killing a Woman. (trans. Forster, A.) Cambridge MA:
Harvard University Press, 1987.
noqsi 1979: Knox, B. World and Action: Essays on the Ancient Theater. Baltimore and London,
1979.
foli 1985: Foley, H. P. Ritual Irony: Poetry and Sacrifice in Euripides. Ithaca, 1985.

ifigenia iqceva ufro mamakacurad, vidre aqilevsi, msjelobs aqilevsze ufro damaje-
reblad da am ukanasknelze metad aris ganwyobili sajaro sivrcis mimarT (Gamel 1999:316).

(Gamel 1999:316). ifigenias da medeas msgavsebis Taobaze mamrobiTi sqesis heroikul

gmirebTan ixile (Loraux 1987:31-48)
157


Keteven Nadareishvili

Women and Society in Euripides Tragedies (Iphigenia in Aulis)

Summary

The article studies the relationship between women and society in Euripidean tragedy
on the basis of the investigation of Iphigenias artistic image. Iphigenia, one of the most
important woman characters of Greek tragic corpus, gives life for her motherland acting
from her own will. She transforms the necessity (her sacrifice for the success of the war)
into the private wish. In her last speech Iphigenia mentions the values that she considers the
most important, and she is ready to give her life for them. As these are the values of social
space, some scientists suggest, that by her speech and action Iphigenia assumes the male
role. They suppose that Iphigenias concentration on her future fame can serve as the
confirmation for this opinion. Still, it seems to us, that Iphigenia could be discussed from the
different point of view and considered to be an ideal woman. This is a woman who acts
within the frames of social space, but unlike other women she does not do any harm to that
space, on the contrary, she appears to be the rescuer of the space. Her action is benevolent
for her motherland because she serves to the social space from the religious sphere, the only
sphere where women were permitted to participate.
Thus Iphigenia is an exceptional woman figure in Greek tragedy. Her activity in the
social sphere serves the society and dismines the conflict of the tragedy.

158


gaga SurRaia

wminda basilevsi

konstantine didi ierusalimur saRvTismsaxurebo
tradiciaSi

mama migel arancs, i. s.

romis imperatori, konstantine didi (306-337), romelsac ukve IV s.-is
pirvel ocwleulSi (307-321) laTinuri panegirikebi asxamda xotbas da legen-
daruli pirovneba iyo laqtanciusis (245-323), evsevi kesarielisa (260/5-
339/40) da avrelius viqtoris (IV s.)
1
dros, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi erT-
erT yvelaze mimzidvel literaturul personaJad iqca (van esbroki 1982: 79-
101; aielo 1992: 17-58; kalu 1992: 253-282; fusko 1992: 436
2
). miuxedavad imisa,
rom misTvis ar miuZRvniaT aleqsandrianis (stounmani 1995: 99-114; boitani
1997) msgavsi nawarmoebi, istoriul-literaturul wyaroebsa Tu xalxur le-
gendebze, anda istoriul Tu antikur da Sua saukuneebis miTologiur perso-
naJTa Sesaxeb arsebul literaturaze dayrdnobiT, Sua saukuneebis mravalma
mweralma STamomavlobas Semounaxa didi basilevsis cxovrebis zogierTi epi-
zodi da misgan zebunebrivi arseba, RmerT-kaci Seqmna, rogorc es moimoqmeda,
magaliTad, konstantines cxovrebis (4:65-73 = vinkelmani 1991: 147-150) av-
torma, rodesac qalaq nikomediis maxloblad, ankironSi, 337 wlis aRvsebis
zatikze gardacvlili imperatoris dakrZalva aRwera.
es, Tavdapirvelad istoriul-kulturuli da Semdgom religiur-saRv-
Tismosao interesi pirveli qristianuli imperiis damaarseblis mimarT saek-
lesio-iuridiul doneze nel-nela kodificirebul iqna liturgikul kul-
tSi. winamdebare naSromis mizania, gamoikvlios am dResaswaulis istoria ie-
rusalimur tradiciaSi, romelic, rogorc viciT, yvela aRmosavluri da da-
savluri qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis safuZvelia.
rogorc cnobilia, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia wminda qalaqis uZveles lite-
raturul wyaroTa berZnul originalebs, Tumca, isini Semonaxulia laTinur,
somxur da qarTul wyaroebSi da, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva epoqisa da
warmomavlobis liturgikul fenebsa da elementebs Seicavs, saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, Tvali gavadevnoT ierusalimuri saRvTismsaxurebo tradiciis ganvi-
Tarebas IV s.-dan X s.-mde. ase, magaliTad, iberieli piligrimis, egerias, mier
egvipteSi, galileaSi, samariaSi, iudeaSi, sinas mTaze, arabeTSi, iordaniasa da
libiaSi, mesopotamiasa da konstantinopolSi 381-384 wlebSi mogzaurobis
dRiurebi uZvirfases cnobebs Seicavs 383 wlis wminda qalaqis arqiteqturisa
da RvTismsaxurebis Sesaxeb (devo 1967
1
: 165-194; devo 1967
2
: 381-400; devo 1968:
87-108; kamposi 1967: 273-285). somxuri leqcionarebi _ Hier. arm. 121, Par. arm.
44, Er. arm. 985 _ V s.-is pirveli naxevris (417-439) viTarebas gvisuraTxatebs
(LA: 169-181), qarTuli xanmeti leqcionari (SaniZe 1927: 080-159) ki, romelic
fragmentis saxiT aris Semonaxuli ori palimfsesti kodeqsis qveda fenebSi,

naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi moxsenebis saxiT wakiTxul iqna 2001 wlis 5-8 aprils
italiis qalaq ravenaSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso simpoziumze konstantine didi bizantiur
epoqaSi, Semdeg ki gamokvlevis saxiT daibeWda am simpoziumis masalebSi (SurRaia 2003). ita-
liuri redaqciisagan gansxvavebiT, winamdebare gamokvlevaSi amoRebulia qarTveli mkiTx-
velisaTvis zedmetad miCneuli ganmartebebi, damatebulia calkeuli bibliografiuli mo-
nacemebi, bibliuri teqstebis perifrazebSi SeZlebisdagvarad daculia wminda wignTa Zveli
qarTuli Targmanebis ena da stili. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac es Targmanebi gansxvavdeba
Zveli berZnulisagan, sqolioSi miTiTebulia berZnuli originalebis mniSvneloba.
159


warmodgenas gviqmnis V s.-is meore naxevris, an VI s.-is pirveli naxevris
ierusalimur RvTismsaxurebaze (metreveli ... 1980: 684). xanmeti leqcionaris
pirveli palimfsesturi nusxa, gracis (avstria) universitetis biblioTekis
Geo. 3 xelnaweri, Seicavs vnebis SabaTis mwuxris, aRvsebis ciskrisa da mwux-
ris, aRvsebis zatikisa da, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, agreTve, aRvsebis Semdeg
meore kviris mwuxris gangebebs (metreveli ... 1980: 667-668; Sdr. mgalobliS-
vili 1991: 155-157), xolo meore nusxaSi, H-999-Si, daculia vnebis samSabaTisa
da oTxSabaTis sakiTxavebi (utie 1975: 110-118; utie 1976: 97-101). qarTuli hae-
meti saxarebani _ palimfsesti kodeqsebis H-1329 da Q-333 qveda fenebi (Sani-
Ze 1923: 354-388) _ romelic VI-VII ss.-is RvTismsaxurebis matianea, ierusali-
muri tipikonis qarTuli redaqciidan gamokrefili da misi kalendris mixed-
viT dalagebuli saxarebis sakiTxavTa repertuaria (metreveli ... 1980: 683).
qarTuli tipikonebi _ K, L, Sin. geo. 37, Par. geo. 3, romelTa Soris K da Sin.
geo. 37 ar Seicavs sakvlev dResaswaulTa gangebebs da, amdenad, amjerad Cveni
interesis miRma rCeba _ VII-VIII ss.-is RvTismsaxurebas asaxavs (LG)
3
. da bolos,
qarTuli uZvelesi iadgari _ H-2123, Sin. geo. 18, Sin. geo. 4 da Sin. geo. 34 nusxebi
_ VII-IX ss.-is liturgikuli poeziis korpusia (metreveli ... 1980: 684-691),
ierusalimis aRdgomis eklesiis tropologionSi ki (Hier. gr. 43) dafiqsirebu-
lia mxolod X s.-is vnebis kviris gangeba (papadopulos-keramevsi 1894: 1-254)
4
da, amdenad, winamdebare naSromSi arc misi monacemebi iqneba gaanalizebuli.
zemoaRniSnuli literaturuli wyaroebis Seswavla TvalnaTliv mowmobs,
rom ierusalimur saRvTismsaxurebo praqtikaSi konstantinesadmi miZRvnil
saeklesio kults ukve miRebuli hqonda ori forma: pirveli tipis saRvTis-
msaxurebo dResaswaulebi sakuTriv pirvel qristian basilevss eZRvneboda,
meore tipisa ki _ patiosan jvars da, amdenad, Tumca, iribad, magram mainc
konstantines miemarTeboda.

1. basilevs konstantinesadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulebi

egeria Tavis dRiurebSi arsad mianiSnebs sakuTriv konstantine imperato-
ris dResaswaulze, rac, sakuTriv mogzaurobis Janrobrivi specifikis ga-
TvaliswinebiT, ar gamodgeba IV s.-is bolos aseTi dResaswaulis ararsebobis
damadasturebel sabuTad. am varauds mxars uWers, amave dros, egerias Txzu-
lebaze sul ramdenime aTwleuliT gviandeli somxuri leqcionarebi (LA:
56), romlebic 22 maiss konstantines xsenebas golgoTas eklesiaSi anu,
martiriumSi (maravali 1982: 65-66) JamiswirviT aRniSnavs. leqcionarebSi mo-
tanili saritualo teqstebi _ fsalm. 131 responsoriumiTurT
5
, anu misamRe-
riTurT fsalm. 131:1
6
, 1 tim. 2:1-7, aliluia-fsalm. 20
7
, luk. 7:1-10 _ moix-
mobs keTili, qristianobis mfarveli monarqis xats (Zaneti 1992: 895). am praq-
tikas erTgvarad ewinaaRmdegeba berZnuli literaturuli wyaroebi, romle-
bic konstantine didisa da dedamisis, elenes gangebas 21 maiss afiqsirebs
8
.
marTlac, fsalm. 131, romelsac albaT mTlianad galobdnen, moixsenebs
iahves mier sionis gamorCevasa da sakuTar samkvidreblad saTno-yofas, ase-
ve, daviTis STamomavlobisadmi meufebis miniWebas, rogorc Sedegs yovlad-
mpyroblisadmi micemuli ficis erTgulebisa, fsalm. 131:1 muxli ki xazs us-
vams daviTis simSvidesa da RmerTismier dapirebas Soris kavSirs. pavle moci-
qulis epistolidan sakiTxavi (1 tim. 2:1-7) mouwodebs sayovelTao, RvTisaT-
vis saTno locvisaken mefeTaTs, da yovelTa mTavarTa, yvela adamianis
xsnisaTvis. aliluia-fsalm. 20 madlobas aRuvlens maRals meufis kurTxevisa
da cxonebisaTvis, agreTve, momavali gamarjvebebis winaswarmetyvelebisaT-
vis. lukas saxarebidan 7:1-10 sakiTxavi mogviTxrobs xelisuflebis warmomad-
genlis, kapernaumeli asisTavis ubadlo rwmenaze, romelmac iesoSi ufali Se-
160


icno da romelsac ufalma am rwmenis jildod ganukurna sneuli mona, rome-
li iyo misa patiosan.
SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom es yvelaferi gvixatavs im basilevsis sa-
xes, romelmac daurRveveli aRTqma dado RmerTTan, romelmac mas meufeba
ukurTxa da mis wiaRSi airCia sakuTari gansasvenebeli. agreTve, mianiSnebs ba-
silevsze, romelmac Seqmna materialuri da sulieri pirobebi imisaTvis, raTa
eklesias uflis winaSe aRevlina locva mTeli kacobriobis xsnisaTvis; im
maRliT kurTxeul basilevsze, romelsac RmerTma uboZa mravali gamarjveba,
romelTagan mravali jer kidev win elis; ubadlo rwmenis basilevsze. sxvag-
varad rom vTqvaT, saritualo teqstebi warmogvisaxavs xats unaklo xelmwifisa,
romelic uzadod epyroba RmerTs, visi rCeulic xdeba. Er. arm. 985 kodeqsSi da-
culi erTi tipikonuri SeniSvnis mixedviT, romelsac saRvTismsaxurebo praq-
tikac uWers mxars (ix. sqema 1, II msaxureba), sakvlevi kanoni, anu Jamiswirvis
saritualo teqstTa erToblioba, emTxveva 19 ianvars imperator Teodosius
I-is (379-395) xsenebis kanons. es faqti gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom kidev erTi didi
imperatoris, Teodosiusis xsenebis dawesebis dros _ rogorc Cans, 399 wlis
Semdeg, rogorc es konstantinopolSi moxda (gariti 1958: 135) _ romis impe-
riaSi qristianobis saxelmwifo da erTaderT kanonier religiad gamocxadebi-
saTvis (uspenski 1996: 96-104; ostrogorski 1993: 47), agreTve, wminda qalaqisa
da marTlmadideblobis mimarT gamoCenili mzrunvelobisaTvis, iyenebs isev im
teqstebs, romlebic saeklesio praqtikaSi samagaliTo xelmwifeze misadage-
bulad iyo miCneuli. bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom somxuri leqcionare-
bis meore, anu VIII s.-mdeli somxeTis saRvTismsaxurebo praqtikaSi gamosaye-
neblad SemuSavebul redaqciaSi (renu 1999: 158, 211) imave dReebSi gaTvalis-
winebuli imave dResaswaulebisaTvis igive saritualo teqstebia dafiqsirebuli.
qvemoT moyvanili sqema TvalnaTliv warmoaCens sakvlev dResaswaulTa
struqturas somxuri leqcionarebis mixedviT:

sqema 1

Teodosius da konstantine basilevsebis dResaswaulTa struqtura
somxur leqcionarTa mixedviT

I (LA: 56; renu 1999: 211)
konstantines xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba
r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
p i r v e l i meore
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm. 985 Hier. arm. 121 Par. arm. 44
9

gansazRvreba konstantines xseneba + + +
dRe 22 maisi + + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili martiriumi + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 131 + + +
resp. fsalm. 131:1 + + +
1 tim. 2:1-7 + + +
aliluia + + +
fsalm. 20 + + +
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 + + +
tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
kanoni identuria Te-
odosiusis xsenebis
kanonisa
+ +
161


II (LA: 12; renu 1999: 158)
Teodosiusis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba

r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
p i r v e l i meore
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm. 985 Hier. arm. 121 Par. arm. 44
gansazRvreba Teodosiusis xseneba + + + +
dRe 19 ianvari + + + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili aRdgomis eklesia + + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 131 + + + +
resp. fsalm. 131:1
10
+ + +
11
+
1 tim. 2:1-7 + + + +
aliluia + + +
fsalm. 20 + + +
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 + + + +
tipik. SeniSvn. ar aris miTiTebuli

marTalia, xanmeti leqcionarisa da haemeti saxarebanis xarvezebi saSua-
lebas ar gvaZlevs, davadginoT, Tu ra saxe hqonda sakvlev gangebas im period-
Si, romelsac isini asaxavs, magram, SedarebiT gviandeli literaturuli wya-
roebi _ e. i. latalisa (L) da parizuli (Par. geo. 3) tipikonebi (LG: 986), ag-
reTve, ioane-zosimes mier X s.-Si Sedgenili wminda saflavis kalendari (Sin.
geo. 34; gariti 1958: 67, 230-231) _ agrZelebs Zvel ierusalimur tradicias da
imave dRes, anu 22 maiss, kaToliks, anu martiriumSi afiqsirebs dResaswa-
uls saTauriT: seneba kostantine mefisa didisa, Tumca, somxur leqcio-
narebTan SedarebiT, es msaxureba aq gansazRvruli ar aris, rogorc Jamiswirva.
tipikonebSi dResaswaulis saritualo teqstebis motanis nacvlad rub-
rikuli SeniSvnaa dafiqsirebuli. ase, am teqstTa dasadgenad SeniSvniT hpoo
ianvarsa 19 latalis tipikoni Teodosiusis xsenebaze miuTiTebs, parizis ti-
pikoni ki SeniSvniT yoveli mefeTa _ mefeTaTvis gankuTvnil specifikur
gangebaze, anu, liturgikuli eniT rom vTqvaT, komuneze. marTlac, am ko-
deqsis bolos daculia ramdenime specifikuri gangeba, romelTa Soris da-
fiqsirebulia, agreTve, mefeTaTs (LG: 1523-1527), romelic, sxvaTa Soris,
ar aris latalis tipikonSi da romelsac Semdegi saritualo elementebi Se-
moaqvs: responsoriuli galoba _ fsalmun-dasdebeli
12
fsalm. 131:2-[18]-
fsalm. 131:1 meore gverdiT xmaSi, fsalmun-dasdebeli fsalm. 17:47-[51]-
fsalm. 17:50 pirvel xmaSi, fsalmun-dasdebeli fsalm. 67:36-fsalm. 67:33
meoTxe xmaSi _, pavlenis ori sakiTxavi _ rom. 12:16-13:6 da 1 tim. 2:1-7 _,
alelua, romelsac amjerad erTvis ara mTliani fsalmuni, aramed _ mesame
xmaSi sagalobeli muxli fsalm. 20:2 da saxarebis ori sakiTxavi: luk. 7:1-10 da
ioan. 4:43-54. es gangeba moicavs somxur leqcionarebSi absoluturad identu-
rad dafiqsirebul (ix. sqema 1) konstantinesa da Teodosiusis dResaswaulTa
specifikuri gangebebiT gaTvaliswinebul yvela elements, Tumca, masSi
zogierTi axali elementic SeiniSneba: fsalm. 17:47-[51]-fsalm. 17:50 da fsalm.
67:36-fsalm. 67:33 fsalmun-dasdeblebi da rom. 12:16-13:6 da ioan. 4:43-54 sa-
kiTxavebi. rogorc cnobilia, fsalm. 17 mefis mier aRvlenili samadlobelo
sagalobelia, romelic sam nawilad iyofa: 2-31 muxlebi aRwers, Tu rogor
SeZra RmerTma ca da qveyana mterTagan mefis saxsnelad, 32-46 muxlebi _ Tu
162


rogorc Semoartya man mefes Zali maT mosasrvelad, 47-51 muxlebSi ki mefe
RmerTs madlobas swiravs cxebisaTvis da misi naTesavisa (anu STamomav-
lobis) mimarT boZebuli gadarCenisaTvis (brauni ... 1990: 529), fsalm. 17:50
refreni xazs usvams mefis madlierebas da RmrTisadmi mis maradiul RvTiv-
mosilebas. 67-e fsalmunis 36-e da 33-e muxlebi, romelzedac mogvianebiT
SevCerdebi, gansakuTrebulad warmoaCens israelis RmerTis Zlierebasa da
sayovelTaobas. romaelTa mimarT epistolidan sakiTxavSi pavle ganmartavs,
rom WeSmaritad qristianuli cxovrebis arsi mtrebis mimarT kacTmoyvareo-
basa da RvTisa mier ganwesebul xelmwifebaTadmi damorCilebaSia. meore anu
alternatiuli, ioanes saxarebis sakiTxavi ki ubrundeba lukas saxarebis ci-
tirebuli sakiTxavis Temas im azriT, rom yuradRebas miapyrobs galilevel-
Ta da kanad [...] vinme sameufoT mosruli kacis
13
rwmenas, romelsac iesom
sneuli Ze ganukurna. da bolos, aliluiasTan erTad sagaloblad SerCeuli
fsalm. 20:2 muxlis mixedviT, meufe iSuebs ufals, rogorc Zalisa da macxo-
varebis WeSmarit wyaros.
es, xelmwifisadmi misadagebuli saerTo, erTgvar SerCevas eqvemdebareba.
magaliTad, rogorc Cans, mxolod erTi misamReriani fsalmuni, erTi saxareba
da a. S. unda SeirCes. marTlac, aseTi suraTia daculi latalis tipikonSi (LG:
158-160), romelsac 19 ianvars Teodosiusis dResaswaulisaTvis somxur
leqcionarebSi ukve miTiTebuli (sqema 1, II msaxureba) teqstebi mohyavs, erTa-
derTi gamonaklisi pirveli fsalmuni da Sesabamisi refrenia: fsalm. 131:1
refreniani fsalm. 131-is nacvlad aq fsalm. 67:33 refreniani fsalm. 67:2-[36]
igalobeba. 67-e fsalmuni daviTnis erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli nawarmoebia,
romelsac zogierTi mecnieri tipur mesopotamiur poetur katalogad miiC-
nevs, romlis strofebis dasawyisi muxlebi ocdaaTiode antikuri himnis da-
sawyis frazebs unda warmoadgendes (olbraiTi 1950-51: 1-39). sxva mkvlevarTa
azriT, ki igi triumfaluri himnia (dahudi 1968: 133), romelic ixsenebs rCeu-
li eris mTel istorias, sadac ufali mudmivad da ganuwyvetliv ereva. ro-
gorc Cans, 131-e fsalmunis fsalm. 67-iT Canacvlebas aqcenti gadaaqvs mesia-
nisturi aRTqma-RvTismosaobidan sidiadeze RmrTisa, romelsac Tavisi eri,
Teodosiusis an/da konstantines winamZRolobiT, gamarjvebisken mihyavs,
refreni ki mTeli samyaros mefeebs RmerTis qebisaken da misi didebis galo-
bisaken mouwodebs
14
.
amdenad, konstantines somxur leqcionarebSi daxatuli da Semdeg qar-
Tul tipikonebSi ufro metad gamdidrebuli figura xdeba magaliTi Zlieri,
magram mowyale basilevsisa, ficis erTgulisa da RmerTis madlierisa, ro-
melsac, Tavis mxriv, RmerTi irCevs da icavs, basilevsisa, romelic zrunavs
Tavisi xalxis RvTismosaobaze im RmerTis mimarT, romelsac mTeli samyaros
mefeni didebas miageben; erTi sityviT, qristiani basilevsisa, romelic zeci-
eri basilevsis saxea miwaze. bolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom arc tipikonebSia dafiq-
sirebuli konstantinesa da Teodosiusisadmi miZRvnil poetur kompozicia-
Ta dasawyisebi da arc uZvelesi iadgari iTvaliswinebs maT liturgikul dRe-
saswaulebs. es faqti TavisTavad gvafiqrebinebs, rom VIII s.-mde zemoaRniSnu-
li Temebi jer kidev ar iyo gardaqmnili himnografiul saxeebad.
qvemoT moyvanili sqemis pirvel msaxurebaSi, romelic qarTul wyaroTa
rekonstruqcias emyareba Sesabamis tipikonur SeniSvnebze dayrdnobiT, la-
talis kodeqsis saritualo elementebi aRebulia Teodosiusis xsenebidan,
xolo parizis kodeqsisa _ mefeTa saerTodan. sqemis meore msaxureba ki Teo-
dosiusis xsenebaa, romelic identurad aris warmodgenili latalisa da
parizis kodeqsebSi.

163


sqema 2

Teodosius da konstantine basilevsebis dResaswaulTa struqtura qarTul
tipikonTa da uZvelesi iadgaris mixedviT

I (LG: 986. LG: 158-160. LG: 1523-1527. kekeliZe 1912: 114, 51)

konstantines xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba

w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3
gansazRvreba sen. kostantine mefisa di-
disa
+ +
dRe 22 maisi + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili kaTolike +
forma ar aris miTiTebuli
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 2 gv. refr. fsalm. 131:1 [+]
fsalm. 131:2-[18] [+]
xma 1 refr. fsalm. 17:50 [+]
fsalm. 17:47-[51] [+]
xma 4 refr. fsalm. 67:33 [+] [+]
fsalm. 67:36
[f. 67:2-36] [+]
rom. 12:16-13:6 [+]
1 tim. 2:1-7 [+] [+]
xma 3 alelua [+(xma 4)] [+]
fsalm. 20:2a-b [f. 20:2a]
[+]
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 [+] [+]
saxareba: ioan. 4:43-54 [+]
hpoo ianvarsa 19 + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
yoveli mefeTa +
1 sakiTx. pavle rom.: hpoo
marxvaTa dResa kriakesa 4
[+]
2 sakiTx. pavle tim.: hpoo
ianvarsa 19
[+]
saxar. luk.: hpoo ianvarsa 19 [+]
saxar. ioan.: hpoo zatikTa 4
orSabaTsa
[+]

164


II (LG: 158-160. kekeliZe 1912: 51)

Teodosiusis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba

w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3
gansazRvreba sen. Tevdosi mefisa di-
disa
+ +
dRe 19 ianvari + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili ar aris miTiTebuli
forma ar aris miTiTebuli
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 4 refr. fsalm. 67:33 + +
fsalm. 67:2-[36] + +
1 tim. 2:1-7 + +
xma 3 alelua +(xma 4) +

fsalm. 20:2a-b fsalm. 20:2a +
saxareba: luk. 7:1-10 + +
tipik. SeniSvn. ar aris miTiTebuli


2. patiosani jvrisadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulebi

egeria ar icnobs sakuTriv jvrisadmi miZRvnil raime dResaswauls, Tum-
ca, martiriumis satfurebis, anu kurTxebis aRwerisas jvris Tayvaniscemisa
da satfurebis erT dResaswaulad Serwymis faqts afiqsirebs, rodesac am-
bobs: amrigad, eklesiaTa satfureba didi zeimiT aRiniSneba, radganac uf-
lis jvari swored am dRes gamoCnda. marTlac, dadginda, rom is dRe, rodesac
zemoaRniSnuli eklesiebi pirvelad akurTxes, swored is dRe iyo, rodesac
uflis jvari gamoCnda, ase rom, ori ram erTad idResaswauleba, erTsa da
imave dRes, didi zeimiT (48:1-2 = maravali 1982: 316).
dResaswauli rva dRis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. igi, rogorc Cans, iwye-
boda 13 seqtembers, radganac zustad elias kapitoliumis adgilas konstan-
tinem 335 wels am dRes gaaxsnevina sazeimod martiriumi da misi kurTxeva
kapitoliumis iupiteris taZris gaxsnis dRes daamTxvia (baumStarki 1953:
203). egerias mxedvelobidan ar epareba dResaswaulis xazgasmulad sazeimo
xasiaTi, Tumca, mogzaurobis teqstSi arsebuli xarvezis gamo mxolod is
viciT, rom ritualebi pirvelsa da meore dRes martiriumSi, mesame dRes ki _
eleonaSi imarTeboda.
somxuri leqcionarebi, piriqiT, or sxvadasxva dResaswauls afiqsirebs:
jvris gamoCinebas 7 maiss golgoTaze (LA: 54) da martiriumis satfurebas,
rogorc 13 da 14 seqtembrisaTvis gansazRvruli ierusalimis wminda adgile-
bis kurTxevis dResaswaulis (LA: 67-68) meore dRes.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba kirile ierusalimelis mier moTxrobil
351 wlis 7 maiss zeda wmidasa golgoTasa vidre wmidad mTadmde [zeTis xil-
Ta] gardarTxmuli, naTliTa Semkobili jvris gamoCinebis saswaulis mosax-
165


senebel Jamiswirvas, romlis saritualo elementebi am saswaulis sxvadasxva
mxares warmoaCens. magaliTad, fsalm. 96:6 refreniani fsalm. 96 xotbas asxams
miwasa da zecaSi RmerTis absolutur meufebas, agreTve, mis simarTles yo-
vel erze da kerpebis damxobas. samociqulo sakiTxaviT (gal. 6:14-18) pavle
galatelebs uxsnis, rom jvari, romlisaTs sofeli [...] juarcmul ars, axal
Sesaqmes axorcielebs da qristes mosvliT amkvidrebs gamarTlebas, xsnas, Se-
rigebas, gaTavisuflebas, gamosyidvas, Tavisuflebas, ganwmendas, fericvale-
bas, axal Sesaqmesa da gandidebas (brauni ... 1990: 1397-1402). epistoleSi kon-
stancius imperatoris mimarT (CPG 3587) kirile ierusalimeli konstancius
II-s (337-361)
15
mianiSnebs mamamisis mefobis dros an mis mier (arsebobs aseTi
versiac; ix. frolovi 1961: 156) jvris povnis faqtze da mouTxrobs 7 maiss
golgoTaze mis gamoCinebaze. aliluia da samisionero fsalm. 95 RvTis
xalxs mouwodebs, mTels Sesaqmes mohfinos misi dideba, yovel ers _ adidos
igi, samyaros ki _ icnos misi samarTali da WeSmariteba. ase Semodis saxarebis
sakiTxavi maT. 24:30-35, sadac saswauli
16
Zisa kacisa caTa Sina _ romelSic
saeklesio mamebi jvars xedavdnen (tute 1857: 900 = 15:22)
17
_ miwaze axlos,
karTa zeda myofi WeSmariti RmerTis gamocxadebis WeSmarit niSnad aris
miCneuli. amdenad, saritualo teqstebis funqciaa, gamoavlinos, rom jvari
qristesi da misi didebis WeSmariti xatia da rom misi gamoCineba, rac
RvTismieri gangebiT winaswarmetyvelurad exara konstantines, mesianisturi
drois moaxloebas amcnobs.
meore SemTxvevaSi, ierusalimis wminda adgilebis kurTxevis dResaswau-
lis orive dRisaTvis erTi da igive bibliuri teqstebia dafiqsirebuli,
romelTagan fsalm. 64:2 refreniani fsalm. 64 ufals ugalobs madlobiTa da
didebiT uxvi cvrisaTvis, nayofierebis upirvelesi simbolosaTvis, rac
mTesvaris Sesaxeb igavis fonzec (maT. 13:3-9 da paralelebi) metaforul mniS-
vnelobasac iZens; pavlenidan sakiTxavi (1 tim. 3:14-16) RvTismosaobis saidum-
los hfens naTels; aliluia da fsalm. 147 adidebs RmerTs, radganac man isra-
eli Rirsi gaxada, xiluli samyaros miRma Sesaqme ganeWvrita _ da am saxeSi
saeklesio mamebi axal ierusalims xedavdnen (e. g. pitra 1883: 359); saxarebis
sakiTxavi ioan. 10:22-42 ki ixsenebs, Tu rogor moiqca iesos ierusalimSi sat-
furebisas da rogor gamoacxada Tavisi Tavi uflis Zed. saritualo teqstebi
gvikarnaxebs, rom RmrTis yvelaze did dalocvas moaqvs Semecneba RvTismo-
saobis saidumlosi, romelic mis saxlSi, martiriumSi idResaswauleba. rac ar
unda iyos, aSkaraa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom isini aranairad
ar mianiSnebs jvarze. igi mxolod meore dRes, martiriumis satfurebisas
moixsenieba: erT-erTi tipikonuri SeniSvna morwmuneTa krebulisaTvis mis
Cvenebas iTvaliswinebs.
interesmoklebuli ar aris, SevniSnoT, rom aRmosavlel sirielTa Soris
severus antioqielisa (465-538) da iakob baradais (542/3-578) epoqamdel (bar-
kiti 1921-23: 302) saeklesio praqtikaSi gamoyenebul leqcionars, romlis
mraval pasaJSi SeiniSneba ierusalimuri liturgikuli tradiciis gavlena
18
,
somxur leqcionarebTan saerTo aqvs mxolod aliluias Tanmxlebi fsalmuni
da saxareba. kerZod, satfurebisaTvis masSi gaTvaliswinebulia fsalm. 83 da
refreni fsalm. 83:4b-5a
19
, ebr. 9:1-28, aliluia, fsalm. 146 da refreni fsalm.
146:12a (citirebulia rogorc _ Ps 147, resp. vers. 12a; ix. barkiti 1921-23: 313)
da saxarebis sakiTxavi ioan. 10:22-42 (barkiti 1921-23: 313).
somxur leqcionarTa meore redaqciis analizi saintereso daskvnebis ga-
keTebis saSualebas iZleva. imTaviTve SeiniSneba kodeqsebs Soris gansxvaveba:
F pirvel redaqcias misdevs, B da D
20
mniSvnelovanwilad amdidrebs am redaq-
ciis repertuars, D-ve kodeqsi mareris Tvis 10 ricxvSi, romelic 17 maiss, an
17 ivniss Seesatyviseba, damatebiT afiqsirebs jvris gamoCinebis dResaswa-
166


uls, rac calkeuli da gviandeli faqtia: Tavad is garemoebac, rom jvris
gamoCineba masSi moTavsebulia ara mareris Tvis dResaswaulebs Soris, aramed
_ 14 seqtembris Semdeg, aSkarad mowmobs, rom igi jer kidev ar iyo mkvidrad
integrirebuli CaSocis kalendarSi (renu 1999: 221-223). amjerad Tavs vikaveb
im saritualo teqstebis analizisagan, romlebic qvemoT qarTul tipikonebSi
Segvxvdeba da iqve iqneba gaanalizebuli, imas ki aRvniSnav, rom pirveli re-
daqciis mixedviT fsalm. 64 da fsalm. 64:2 refreniT gamoxatuli madlobismi-
geba axla gamoixateba fsalm. 4 da fsalm. 4:7 refreniT, rac umTavresad Rmer-
Tis siyvarulze akeTebs aqcents (brauni ... 1990: 527-528); aseve, fsalm. 59:3-
[13], romelic kodeqsSi Tan axlavs aliluias, ratomRac ubrundeba damarcxe-
buli eris vedrebas da masze RmerTis pasuxs. aRsaniSnavia, rom am fsalmuns D
kodeqsSi arabibliuri muxli enacvleba, rac iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiT-
qos amiT fsalmodiaSi mTliani fsalmunis galobidan mokle sagalobelze
gadasvlis faqti iyos dafiqsirebuli. bolos, ioanes saxarebis fragmenti
ioan. 3:13-21, romelsac wminda qalaqis RvTismsaxurebaSi 25 oqtombers sat-
furebisas kiTxulobdnen (L kodeqsi: LG: 1324), _ Z kacisas zecad a-
domasa da amaRlebaSi (igulisxme: jvarcmaSi) qristes RvTiurobisa da mis mi-
er mTeli kacobriobisaTvis ganxorcielebuli xsnis utyuar sabuTs xedavs.
maSasadame, misi arseboba sakvlev gangebaSi mowmobs imas, rom somxuri leqci-
onaris da nusxebi 14 seqtembers satfurebas dResaswaulobda.
qvemoT motanili sqema TvalnaTliv avlens somxur literaturul wyaro-
ebSi jvrisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulTa Soris identurobasa da gansxvavebas:

sqema 3

jvris dResaswaulTa struqtura somxur leqcionarTa mixedviT

I (LA: 54; renu 1999: 209-210)

351 wlis 7 maiss golgoTaze jvris gamoCinebis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacion. msaxureba

r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
pirveli meore
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm.
985
Hier. arm.
121
Par. arm.
44

gansazRvreba jvris gamoCineba caze + + + +
dRe 7 maisi + + + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili golgoTa + + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 96 + fsal. 90
21
+ +
refr. fsalm. 96:6 + + + +
gal. 6:14-18
22
+ + ep. CPG 3587 +
kirile ierusal. epist.
konstancius imperat.
mimarT (CPG 3587)
+ + gal. 6:14-18 +
aliluia + + + +
fsalm. 95 + + + +
saxareba: maT. 24:30-35 + + + +
tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
ar aris miTiTebuli

167


II (LA: 68; renu 1999: 221-223)

martiriumis satfureba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba

r e d a q c i a T a C v e n e b a n i
pirveli m e o r e

liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
Er. arm. 985
Hier. arm. 121
Par. arm. 44
F B D
gansazRvreba ar aris miTiTebuli + + + +
dRe meore dRe [=14 seqtemberi] +
23
+ 14 seqtemberi
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili martiriumi + + +
forma Jamiswirva + + + +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi fsalm. 64 [+] [+] fsalm. 4 fsal. 4
refr. fsalm. 64:2 [+] [+] fsal. 4:7 fsal. 4:7
sibr.
14:1-7
24

sibr.
14:1-7
ezek. 9:2-6
1 tim. 3:14-16 [+] [+] 1 kor. 1:18-24
aliluia [+] [+] + +
fsalm. 147 [+] [+] f. 59:3-
[13]
imavna
irad
25

saxareba: ioan. 10:22-42 [+] [+] ioan. 3:13-21
morwmuneebs jvars
aCveneben
+ + + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
igive kanoni
[13 seqtembrisa]
+ +

xanmeti leqcionaris Cvenamde moRweul fragmentebSi aRvsebisa da aRvse-
bis zatikis mwuxrTa gangebebis Semdeg SemorCenilia ramdenime sakiTxavi,
romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT tipikonuri SeniSvna ar uZRviT win, ro-
melime sxva dRisaTvis gankuTvnili Cans. Tumca, sakvlev pasaJSi leqcionaris
struqturis specifikis, e. i. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRvsebas Semdegi kvi-
radRe, aRvsebis zatiki mosdevs, sakvlevi dRe aRvsebis zatikis Semdegi kvi-
radRe, e. i. aRvsebis Semdeg meore kviradRe unda iyos, romelic, sakiTxavTa
mixedviT, jvris gamoCinebas dResaswaulobda. tipikonuri miTiTebis arqona
dResaswaulze Tavad leqcionaris arqaulobiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, ro-
gorc es erT SemTxvevaSi latalis tipikonSi daculi pasaJis mimarT fiqsir-
deba (metreveli ... 1980: 781).
xanmet leqcionarSi zemoaRniSnuli dResaswaulisTvis gankuTvnili sa-
kiTxavebia: gal. 6:14-18 da maT. 24:29-35 (SaniZe 1927: 062-063)
26
, romlebsac _
rogorc ukve vnaxeT _ somxuri leqcionarebi 7 maisis gangebaSi moixmobda da
_ rogorc vnaxavT _ aseve iqneba dafiqsirebuli qarTul tipikonebSic (Sdr.
sqema 4, I-II msaxurebebi). somxur leqcionarebTan SedarebiT, xanmeti leqcio-
nari damatebiT mxolod erT muxls maT. 24:29 Seicavs, romelic jvris gamo-
Cinebis winare momaswavebel kosmosur niSnebs aRwers. amdenad, xanmeti leqci-
onari kosmosur WrilSi ganixilavs jvris, rogorc qristes upirvelesi iara-
168


Ris, Temas da, amas garda, dResaswauls axal elfers aniWebs: imave dRes afiq-
sirebs episkoposebis xsenebas saritualo teqstebiT rom. 15:25-29 da luk.
12:32-35. es faqti analogs ver poulobs verc somxur leqcionarebSi da verc
_ qarTul tipikonebSi, Tumca, dasturdeba ioane-zosimes kalendarSi,
romelic aRdgomis zatikis Semdeg meore kviras mcxeTis jvars da ieso qris-
tes mociqulebs, ioseb arimaTielsa da nikodemoss, ixsenebs (gariti 1958: 117,
428-429)
27
. rogorc Cans, es saRvTismsaxurebo praqtikac uZveles tradicias
asaxavs (TarxniSvili 1960: 270).
somxur leqcionarTa msgavsad, qarTuli tipikonebi jvris gamoCinebas 7
maisis Jamiswirvas uZRvnis (LG: 957-963). dResaswauli (sqema 4, I msaxureba)
figurirebs uZveles iadgarSic (metreveli... 1980: 235-237) da ioane-zosimes
kalendarSic (gariti 1958: 65, 218). tipikonebis mixedviT, igi ixsneba meoTxe
gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli oxiTaT
28
RmrTis msaxursa mefesa, romelsac ar
icnobs latalis tipikoni, da mesame xmaSi sagalobeli fsalm. 96:6 refreniani
fsalm. 96-iT (ix. qvemoT, sq. 55); iadgaris H-2123 nusxaSi es responsoriuli
galoba warmodgenilia fsalm. 85:17a refreniani fsalm. 85:17b-iT. Semdeg ele-
mentebad dafiqsirebulia: kirile ierusalimelis epistole konstancius
imperatoris mimarT (CPG 3587), sakiTxavi saqme mociqulTagan saqme 2:22-
[28], romlis dasasrulis gansasazRvravad parizis tipikoni zatikTa pirvel
orSabaTze miuTiTebs, xolo latalis tipikoni saerTod ar Seicavs mas, da
sakiTxavi pavlenidan, romlis gansasazRvravad latalisa da parizuli ti-
pikonebi erTxmad mianiSnebs did paraskevze, Tumca, sxvadasxva sakiTxavi moh-
yavs: pirvelSi, somxuri da xanmeti leqcionarebis msgavsad, dafiqsirebulia
gal. 6:14-[18], meoreSi ki _ 1 kor. 1:18-25. saxarebis sakiTxavad orive tipikon-
Si moTavsebulia maT. 24:27-35
29
, romelsac win uZRvis alelua juarisa, ra-
sac uZveles iadgarSi enacvleba alelua da fsalm. 45:11 (H-2123), an ale-
lua da fsalm. 44:7-8 (Sin. geo. 18). sakvlevi gangebis bolo nawilSi kodeqsebi
arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. pirvel xmaSi sagalobeli elTabani-
sa latalis tipikonSi aris RmrTis moyuaresa (meoTxe gverdiT xmaSi), pari-
zis tipikonSi _ sibrZneman dausabamoman, Wil-etratis iadgarSi (H-2123) _
uTxres caTa dideba Seni, Sin. geo. 18 nusxaSi ki _ ganwyobili simravle an-
gelozTa. tipikonebi ar icnobs sakvlevi dResaswaulis siwmidisas, Tumca,
igi uZveles iadgarSi ori variantis saxiTaa SemorCenili: erni garemos dga-
nan (H-2123) da orci uflisa, sisxli macxovrisa (Sin. geo. 18).
qarTul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli gangeba naTelyofs, Tu ramdenad
gamdidrda eklesiis cnobierebaSi sakvlevi liturgikuli dResaswaulis Sina-
arsi. winare literaturul wyaroebTan SedarebiT, upirveles yovlisa, aq
pirvelad Cndeba oxiTa RmrTis msaxursa mefesa, romelic mogviTxrobs, Tu
rogor eCvena jvari RmrTis msaxur mefes (lege konstantines) da gvaocebs im
sizustiT, romliTac Tavs uyris am gamocxadebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva litera-
turul wyaroSi dafiqsirebul cnobebs (ix. renu 2000
2
: 100-101). winare li-
turgikul wyaroebSi ukve mkvidrad damkvidrebul fsalmodias _ fsalm. 96:6
refreniani fsalm. 96
30
_ iadgarSi enacvleba fsalm. 85, mterTagan Seviwroe-
buli mefis vedreba, romlis bolo, am dRis RvTismsaxurebaSi gamoyenebuli,
me-17 muxli Seicavs intimur vedrebas _ gansakuTrebiT, refrenis funqciis
mqone 17a nawilSi _ yos mefis Tana saswaul keTil. es elementi Tavis droze
7 maisis gangebaSi iadgaris mier Semotanili axali elementi unda iyos, rome-
lic mogvianebiT tipikonebSi 29 ianvris gangebaSia CarTuli (ix. sqema 4, II msa-
xureba). axalia, agreTve, parizis tipikonis mier Semotanili ori sakiTxavi:
pirvel maTganSi (saqme 2:22-[28]) martviliis dRes petre cxadyofs, rom ieso
evno da mkvdreTiT aRsdga Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad
169


(ix. brauni... 1990: 732-733); meoreSi (1 kor. 1:18-25) ki pavle ganmartavs, rom
jvari cxovrebulTa amaT-Ts Zal RvTisa ars.
aseve axalia aliluias Tanmxlebi fsalmunuri elementi. Tumca, Zneli
gasarkvevia, konkretulad ras aRniSnavs tipikonebSi gamoyenebuli gamoTqma
alelua juarisa, romlis nacvladac iadgaris nusxebi aliluiasTan er-
Tad or sxvadasxva fsalmunur muxls gvTavazobs. pirveli fsalm. 45:11-ia, ro-
melic qaosis Sewyvetis, RmrTis qalaqis aSenebisa da omis damTavrebis Semdeg,
aRiarebs da ugalobs RmerTs, romelic amaRlebulia warmarTTa Soris [...]
queyanasa Sina; meore ki aris fsalm. 44:7-8, sadac saubaria mefis
31
maradiu-
lobasa da RmrTis mier mis cxebaze. elTabanisas variantebic axali elemen-
tebia, magram, samwuxarod, mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba maT Sesaxeb msjelo-
ba, radganac iadgari yvela maTgans ar Seicavs
32
. elTabanisa uTxres caTa
dideba Seni SemorCenilia mxolod dasawyisi fraziT (metreveli ... 1980: 86,
237, 621) da fsalm. 18:2-Tan misi teqstobrivi siaxlovis gamo arqauli, wminda
qalaqis uZvelesi liturgikis naSTi unda iyos; gamoricxuli ar aris, rom me-
18 fsalmunis darad gamoxatavdes Sesxmas RmrTis sibrZnisa, romelic Sesaq-
mesa da uflis samarTalSi gamosWvivis. meore elTabanisa ki, ganwyobili
simravle angelozTa, romelic, sabednierod, mTlianad aris daculi uZve-
les iadgarSi, ugalobs angelozTa simravlesa da morwmuneTa krebulis mier
jvris RmrTiv-brwyinvalebis gandidebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, saxa-
rebis sakiTxavSi momxdari cvlilebebi, kerZod, misi gavrcoba maT. 24:27-29
muxlebiT, sadac elvis gamobrwyineba mesiis mosvlas RvTis samsjavros Sina-
arss aZlevs. da, bolos, siwmidisa erni garemos dganan mogviTxrobs ereb-
ze, romlebic aqeben da ugaloben RmrTis saydars, misi alternatiuli va-
rianti orci uflisa, sisxli macxovrisa ugalobs wminda nawilebs, rom-
lebsac zecisa Zalni [...] msaxureben.
jvris did mniSvnelobas sakmarisad hqonda xazi gasmuli somxur leqci-
onarebSi, magram qarTuli wyaroebi liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT afiqsirebs
am rolis kidev ufro gaRrmavebul Secnobas, amis gamo msaxureba ixsneba
jvris gamoCinebis Sesaxeb oxiTaT, fsalm. 95-sa da aliluias ki enacvleba
alelua juarisa. dasawyisi fsalmodia mowmobs, rom jvari RmrTis siy-
varulis WeSmariti saswaulia, romelic xelmwifes agrerigad surs da iTxovs.
saqme mociqulTas da pavlenis sakiTxavebSi ki parizis tipikonis mier dafiq-
sirebuli siaxleebi ganpirobebulia iesos vnebisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis, e.
i. jvris soteorologiur mniSvnelobaze xazgasmis surviliT, xolo saxare-
bis sakiTxavis gafarToebiT warmoCenilia misi esqatologiuri mniSvneloba.
bolos, uZveles iadgars Semoaqvs RmrTis mier damyarebuli wesrigis, mis mier
cxebuli mefis maradiulobis, jvris Tayvaniscemis, RmrTis saydris gandi-
debisa da sxva Temebi. amgvarad warmoCindeba jvari RmrTis didebis WeSmari-
ti xatad, magram, amave dros, qristes vnebisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis maniS-
neblad, RmrTis Zlevamosili meufebisa da Zalis simbolod, qristianTa xsnis
iaraRad. amis gamo, misi gamoCineba da Tayvaniscema Jamiswirvis, agreTve, mwux-
risa da ciskris himnebis (ix. renu 2000
2
: 93-102) laitmotivi xdeba, rac uZve-
les iadgars Zalze specifikur iers aniWebs.
kerZod, ciskris bolo nawilSi, aqebdiTnis, e. i. 148-e, 149-e da 150-e fsal-
munebis Tanmxlebi mesame da mexuTe stiqaronebi ubrundeba elene dedoflis
mier jvris povnis Temas (metreveli ... 1980: 235-236), rac, farTo mniSvnelo-
biT, TavisTavad gamoCinebaa. amgvarad, kavSiri jvris povnasa da mis xilvas
Soris, romelic mxolod miniSnebulia V s.-Si somxur leqcionarebSi kirile
ierusalimelis epistolis meSveobiT, ufro metad mtkicdeba VII s.-Si. sinq-
ronuli da diaqronuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania is, rom aseT midgomas
ar SeiTvisebs bizantiuri tradicia, romlis mixedviTac 7 maisis dResaswauli
170


_ | `A.c.jc., u .. u,c.. c.., cj..u u ccu,u (menaia 1899: 34-39), anu
xseneba saswaulisa zecad jvris gamoCinebisa _ aranairad ar mianiSnebs mis
povnaze. sxvagvari viTarebaa romaul-kaTolikur da mozarabikul tradici-
ebSi, sadac povnis Temam gaimarjva gamoCinebis Temaze da met-naklebad 7
maisis dResaswaulisadmi Sesatyvisi dResaswauli 3 maiss Inventio crucis (misale
1905: 416-418; lesleo 1862: 1119-1123)
33
, anu jvris povna xdeba.
ierusalimuri warmoSobis qarTuli literaturuli wyaroebi eswrafvis,
formalurad, saRvTismsaxurebo doneze, daamkvidros kidev erTi, albaT,
qristianuli religiis istoriaSi yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmuli gamoCineba:
imperator konstantinesaTvis jvris gamocxadeba, saqsa rubraSi, romelmac
312 wlis oqtombris miwuruls milvios xidTan maqsenciusis winaaRmdeg ga-
marTul brZolaSi mas gadamwyveti gamarjveba moapovebina. Tumca, igi oqtom-
bris TveSi ki ara, aramed _ 29 ianvars aRiniSneba (sqema 4, II msaxureba). lata-
lisa da parizuli tipikonebi
34
mas ase asaTaurebs: patiosnisa juarisa ro-
meli kostantine mefesa gamouCnda (LG: 182-186), xolo ioane-zosimes ka-
lendari mas damatebiT gansazRvravs, rogorc: j(ua)ris(a) r(omel)i eCuena
zeciT kost(a)nt(i)ne mefesa danobsa z(ed)a (gariti 1958: 47, 144). konstanti-
nes xsenebiT, ra Tqma unda, zemoaRniSnuli wyaroebi milvios xidTan momxdar
movlenaze mianiSnebs, magram, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sinamdvileSi lapara-
kia jvarze, romlic imperator konstancius II-s 351 wlis 28 seqtembers uzur-
pator magnenciusis winaaRmdeg brZolis win gamoecxada (Sdr. van esbroki
2000: 113), rogorc amas filostorgiosi saeklesio istoriaSi (CPG 6032) mo-
gviTxrobs (bide 1981: 200-201).
dResaswauli, romelsac, rogorc Cans, ar icnobs bizantiuri liturgiku-
li kalendari (maTeosi 1962-63: I, 214-216; aranci 1969: 29; deleie 1902: 429-432;
orologioni 1973: 249-250), dafiqsirebulia uZveles iadgarsa (metreveli ...
1980: 85-86) da 864 wlis sinur mravalTavSi (SaniZe 1959: 237-243), romelic Sei-
cavs kirile ierusalimelisaTvis mikuTvnebul sakiTxavs gamoCineba juari-
sa, romeli gamouCnda kostantine mefesa mdinaresa zeda danubsa, romlisa
mierca moiZia patiosani Zeli juarisa wmidasa qalaqsa ierusalems
(CPG 3607); masSi dunais napirze jvris gamocxadebis Sesaxeb Tavdapirveli
Txrobis Semdeg CarTulia detaluri moTxroba imaze, Tu rogor ipova elene
dedofalma jvari. X s.-iT daTariRebuli klarjuli mravalTavis (A-144)
mixedviT, es homilia 7 maiss ikiTxeba (mgalobliSvili 1991: 347), riTac kidev
erTxel xazgasmulia ukve ganmtkicebuli kavSiri jvris povnasa da mis gamo-
Cinebas Soris.
miuxedavad imisa, rom msaxurebis forma tipikonuri SeniSvniT gansaz-
Rvruli ar aris, saritualo elementebis mixedviT, 29 ianvars Jami Seiwirvis.
msaxureba ixsneba oxiTaT RmrTis msaxursa mefesa, romelic meoTxe gver-
diT xmaSi igalobeba da romelsac mosdevs fsalm. 85:17a refreniani fsalm.
85:17b. Semdegi elementis, sawinaswarmetyvelos, sakiTxavad motanilia mxo-
lod dasawyisi: zaq. 14:13 da sruli sakiTxavisaTvis miTiTebulia 6 agvistos,
fericvalebis, gangeba, sadac dafiqsirebulia zaq. 14:16-21. aseTi miniSnebis
Tanaxmad, sakiTxavis dasasruli zaq. 14:21 muxli unda iyos. mas mosdevs pavle-
nidan gal. 6:14-18 sakiTxavi, galoben aliluias, romelic Tan axlavs fsalm.
44:7-s, da kiTxuloben saxarebis fragments maT. 24:27-35
35
. elTabanisa ori
variantiTaa warmodgenili: pirveli uTxres caTa dideba Seni dafiqsire-
bulia latalis tipikonSi, meore ufalo, moses ze odesme ki _ parizis
tipikonSi.
iadgaris nusxebSi jvris gamoCinebis dResaswauli sxvadasxvagvarad aris
warmodgenili. magaliTad, Sin. geo. 40 ar icnobs mas, Sin. geo. 18 ki specialuri
171


tipikonuri SeniSvniT miuTiTebs: ds
~
blni juarisani hpovne maissa z-sa,
romlis gangebac ukve ganvixileT, xolo H-2123 nusxaSi Semonaxulia specifi-
kuri himnografiuli masala, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad ewinaaRmdegeba ti-
pikonTa analogiur struqturas: upirveles yovlisa, xmis miuTiTeblad aris
Setanili oxiTa ufalo, moses ze odesme, romelic parizis tipikonSi el-
Tabanisas troparia; meore, aliluias Tan axlavs fsalm. 1:3; mesame, elTaba-
nisasTvis moyvanilia latalis tipikonTan Tanmxvedri da parizis tipikoni-
sagan gansxvavebuli teqsti; bolos, Seicavs siwmidisas vin ars viTar ufa-
li, romelsac tipikonebi ar icnobs.
SeuZlebelia, ar SevniSnoT, rom 29 ianvris dResaswauli 7 maisis gangebas
mraval saritualo elements esesxeba: tipikonebi amjeradac ugalobs jvris
gamoCinebas (RmrTis msaxursa mefesa), da RmerTs misi siyvarulis saswaulis
gardamovlenas evedreba (fsalm. 85:17b, resp. fsalm. 85:17a). es vedreba, ro-
gorc Cans, Sesmenilia zaq. 14:13-[21] sakiTxavis esqatologiuri perspeqtiviT,
romelSic RmerTi mtrebs sZlevs. sakvlevi gangebis erTaderTi axali sari-
tualo teqsti zaqaria winaswarmetyvelis wignis sakiTxavia, romelsac maSin-
ve mosdevs 7 maisis teqstebis Temebi: jvrisa da qristes identuroba (gal.
6:14-18), mefis cxeba ukuniTi ukunisamde (fsalm. 44:7), saswauli Zisa kacisa
(maT. 24:27-35), RmrTis sibrZne (uTxres caTa dideba Seni). parizis tipikon-
Si elTabanisas gviandeli Senacvleba variantiT: ufalo, moses ze odesme
aZlierebs mefis Temas, RmerTs SesTxovs eklesiis damtkicebas da meufi-
saTvis mravali wyalobis miniWeba, viTarca kostantines saxed (metreveli...
1980: 85), imave jvris ZaliT, romliTac mose sZlevda mterTa mimarT.
es Tematika imdenad mniSvnelovnadaa miCneuli, rom uZveles iadgarSi (H-
2123) oxiTa ufalo, moses ze odesme Jamiswirvas xsnis, Tumca, liturgiku-
li praqtikis SecnobisaTvis ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs tipikonebis monace-
mebs. aliluiasTan erTad fsalm. 1:3-iT uZvelesi iadgari moixmobs Tana-war-
sadinelsa wyalTasa dargul xesTan marTali kacis msgavsebas: uflis Sjuli
wyalia, romelic marTals sicocxles aniWebs. bolos, siwmidisa vin ars vi-
Tar ufali Sesawirvis Semotanisas jvarcmis Temas ubrundeba. am cvlilebebs
ewinaaRmdegeba uZvelesi iadgaris sxva nusxebi: Sin. geo. 40, romelic ar Seicavs
konstantinesaTvis jvris gamocxadebis dResaswauls da Sin. geo. 18, romelic
liturgikuli TvalsazrisiT mTlianad aigivebs mas golgoTaze jvris gamo-
cxadebis dResaswaulTan.
vfiqrob, yovelive es uflebas gvaZlevs, vivaraudo, rom droTa ganmav-
lobaSi ierusalimis eklesiam saWirod CaTvala, daewesebina specifikuri
dResaswauli, romelic gamoavlenda jvris bunebas, rogorc Zlevamosili sas-
waulisa, romliTac RmerTi mefes ajildoebs. Cemi azriT, swored esaa pari-
zuli tipikonis mier sakvlev gangebaSi Semotanil im siaxleTa logika, rom-
lebic sxvadasxvanairi avTenturobiT aris dadasturebuli latalis tipi-
konsa da uZveles iadgarSi. amgvarad, 29 ianvris gangeba mowmobs, rom kons-
tantines, anda konstancius II-is mimarT jvris gamoCineba aris uflis pasuxi
vedrebaze mterTagan Seviwroebuli mefis mier aRvlenili Sewevnisa da igi win
uswrebs esqatologiur scenas, romelSic jvris meSveobiT, sibrZnismierad,
ganxorcieldeba axali wesrigi, axali Sesaqme, sadac mesia ukuniTi ukunisamde
RmerTis mier cxebuli iqneba; es jvari, romelic ukve arsebobda moses dros
da romelic konstantines dros gamoCnda, mesiisa da mefis upirvelesi
niSania.
ierusalimis wminda adgilebis kurTxevis dResaswauli mniSvnelovanwi-
ladaa gamdidrebuli latalisa da parizis tipikonebSi (LG: 1234-1260). misi
xangrZlivobis rva dRiT gansazRvraSi tipikonebi exmianeba egerias da ewina-
172


aRmdegeba somxur leqcionarebs. wina literaturul wyaroebis msgavsad,
dResaswauli iwyeba 13 seqtembers (an, ufro zustad, bizantiuri Cveulebis
Tanaxmad, satfurebis Tematika ukve winadRes, saRamos mwuxris locvebis
dros Semodis), magram, Semdgomi dReebi moxmobilia ara rogorc 14, 15, da a. S.
20 seqtemberi, aramed _ rogorc [meore]
36
, mesame, da a. S. merve dRe. am
cikls icnobs ioane-zosimes kalendaric, sadac 13 seqtembers dafiqsirebu-
lia: satfuri w(mida)Ta eklesiaTa, r(ome)lsa hrqan enkenia, Semdegi dRee-
bisaTvis ki, e. i. 14, 15 da a. S. 20 seqtembramde, sxva dResaswaulebi, romlebic
mxedvelobidan ar uSvebs satfurebis Temas (gariti 1958: 90-91, 328-335).
Sin. geo. 34 kodeqsze Jerar garitis paleografiuli SeniSvna
37
naTelyofs, rom
X s.-Si 14 seqtembris dResaswaulSi jvris Tematikam gaimarjva satfurebis
Temaze, albaT, imis gamoc, rom imperatorma ereklem (610-641) daibruna pati-
osani jvari da 631 wlis 21 marts apameadan ierusalimSi gadmoasvena (fro-
lovi 1953: 88-105; grumeli 1966: 139-149). ioane-zosime jvarTa apyrobis dRe-
saswauls miuZRvnis kreba-s (gariti 1958: 90), romlis SesaZlebeli teqste-
bi, iseve, rogorc ciskris kanoni, uZveles iadgarSia Semonaxuli (metreveli...
1980: 298-313).
latalis tipikonSi 14 seqtembers dadebulia juarTa apyroba da moce-
mulia misi sakmarisad srulyofili gangeba, romelsac defeqturi saxiT Se-
icavs parizis tipikoni, sadac satfurebis pirveli da meore dRis dResas-
waulebi erTmaneTTan isea Serwymuli, rom maT Soris sazRvari waSlilia.
magaliTad, satfurebis pirveli dRis dasaTaurebas TTuesa sekdenbersa 13,
anastasias, satfuri romel ars enkenia (LG: 1234) mosdevs saritualo
teqstebi, romelTa Semdeg CarTulia mesame dRis dasaTaureba: me 3 dResa,
kreba sions (LG: 1247) da misi Sesabamisi saritualo teqstebi. amdenad,
sakvlevi fragmenti (LG: 1234-1246) Seicavs satfurebis pirveli dRis Jamis-
wirvis dasawyissa da meore dRis Jamiswirvis dasasrul nawilebs.
latalis tipikonis mixedviT (LG: 1240), sam Jams dahrekon Jamsa da Se-
viden sadiakonod. miTiTebuli ar aris, Tu romeli eklesiis sadiakonozea
saubari, Tumca, masSi martiriumi unda igulisxmebodes, radganac swored es
taZaria analogiuri dResaswaulis saritualo adgili egerias, somxuri leq-
cionarebisa da ioane-zosimes kalendris mixedviT. ar aris miTiTebuli arc
msaxurebis forma, magram saritualo elementebis mixedviT, saqme Jamiswirvas
unda exebodes.
Seimosos Jamis mwirveli, ahkazmnes juarni 3 gina 1 da sakurTxevelsa
zeda daasvenes, mis win yon kuereqsi da locva
38
da mamao Cueno. Semdegi
saritualo elementi sami wardgoma-dasdebelia, romelTagan TiToeuls mo-
sdevs ibako da Segwyalen. kerZod, meore xmaSi sagalobel pirvel wardgo-
mas Tayuanis-vscemT, qriste, laxuarsa ganmRebelsa, romelic mxolod da-
sawyisiT aris dafiqsirebuli uZvelesi iadgaris saaRdgomo wardgomebSi
(metreveli ... 1980: 355), Tan axlavs dasdebeli mogicemies moSiSTa Sen sas-
wa..., romelsac ar icnobs uZvelesi iadgari. maT mosdevs ibako juarisa da
diakonman Tquas Segwyaleni da aipyras juari mRdelman, 50-e krie ele-
son-ze moaqcios juari erisaken da Tquas zegardamo locva, romelsac
miqel TarxniSvili laTinurad Targmnis rogorc Superna.
interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, sagangebod mokled SevCerdeT am elemen-
tze. k. kekeliZe termins zegardamo locva gansazRvravs rogorc
da mas ganasxvavebs berZnuli ..,j..-c-sagan da paleoslavuri -
-sagan (kekeliZe 1912: 328, 331). amdenad, mecnieri mas bizantiuri .-..j,-
is, anu pirveli litaniis, anda intensiuri vedrebis (maTeosi 1971: 155) Sesa-
tyvisad miiCnevs, romelic xSirad gvxvdeba marTlmadideblur evqaristiul
173


formularebSi: basili kesarielisa
39
, ioane oqropirisa
40
, siwmidis-ganaxlebi-
sa (aranci 1981: 359; aranci 1996: 515, Sdr. gv. 579; hieratikoni 1995: 210) da me-
same-meeqvsesi (aranci 1977: 77, 344-345). esaa vrceli vedreba _ |.v... vc ..,
. `j, j, 1uj,, -c. . `j, j, :.c..c, [...] vTquaT yovelTa yovliTa suli-
Ta da yovliTa gonebiTa [...]
41
, romelsac diakoni saxarebis sakiTxavis Semdeg
aRavlens da romelsac mosdevs locva: |u,.. -., j.., j. .-..j cuj. .-.c.-
c. v,c:.c. [...] ufalo RmerTo Cueno, aRpyrobili ese vedreba Seiwire
[...]
42
. rogorc Cans, stefano parentic mas .-..j,-is ekvivalenturad
miiCnevs (parenti 1993: 311).
Tumca, sinamdvileSi, zegardamo locva ar SeiZleba, iyos raime sxva,
Tu ara _ locva, romelic iwyeba sityviT zegardamo. igi, marTlac, gvxvde-
ba qarTul evqaristiul formularebSi da zustad Seesabameba bizantiur cu-
.cvj .,c`j-s, romelic sxvagvarad cnobilia, rogorc _ c ..,j..-c (maTeo-
si 1971: 28-31; Stritmateri 1954: 51-108): :v., j, c..-.. ..,j.j,, -c. j, c.j,.-
c, .. 1u.. j.. [...] (aranci 1996: 466 = basili kesarieli); hieratikoni 1995:
158 = basili kesarieli, 106 = ioane oqropiri, 203 = siwmidis-ganaxleba), anu
zegardamo mSdobisa da cxorebisaTs sulTa CuenTasa, uflisa [...]
43
, ro-
melsac slavebi moixmoben sityviT (kekeliZe 1912: 131). rogorc
cnobilia, uZveles RvTismsaxurebaSi mas diakoni .-..j,-is Semdeg warmo-
Tqvamda, mogvianebiT _ samwmida arsobisa galobas Semdeg, xolo dRes
warmoiTqmeba Jamiswirvis dasawyisSi, rodesac qoroebi alternatiulad ga-
loben: |u,.., .`.jc. (aranci 1978: 105-117)
44
. marTlac, zogierT qarTul
formularSi igi msaxurebis dasawyisSi gvxvdeba, Semdeg ki namdvili .-..j,-
is aRvlenis Semdeg meordeba. asea, magaliTad, basili kesarielisa
45
da ioane
oqropiris JamiswirvebSi
46
, sxva wyaroebSi ki igi dafiqsirebulia samwmida
arsobisa galobas locvis win da morwmuneTa meore locvis win rogorc basi-
li kesarielis
47
, aseve ioane oqropiris JamiswirvebSi (Sin. geo. 93; ix. Jakobi
1964: 81, 93, 99). rac Seexeba zegardamo locva-is slavur -sTan Se-
cdomiT identifikacias, es savsebiT gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imas, rom slavur sinamdvileSi arsebiT saxelad gaazrebuli Tavdapirveli
berZnuli zedsarTavi saxeli .-..j, [sc. . -.c. c] nebismieri saxis litaniur
locvas aRniSnavda (maTeosi 1971: 28, 150).
sayovelTao mSvidobisaTvis locvas meore gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli
meore wardgoma ganguanaTlna Cuen juarad aRslvaman da fsalm. 96:6 mo-
sdevs; aRsaniSnavia, rom es wardgoma uZveles iadgarSi gansazRvrulia ro-
gorc vnebis paraskevis gamoavline (metreveli ... 1980: 198), anu .cvc..`c,.-
.. Semdegi elementia meore gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli ibako movediT mor-
wmuneno da viswaoT, romelsac uZvelesi iadgari vnebis paraskevis mwuxrSi
aTavsebs (metreveli ... 1980: 205), da ramdenimejer iTqmeba Segwyalen. meore
xmaSi sagalobel mesame wardgomas juarsa Sensa, qriste, Tayuanis-vscemT,
romelsac uZvelesi iadgari adgomis wardgomansa da ibakoebs Soris aTavsebs
(metreveli... 1980: 357)
48
, Tan axlavs fsalm. 85:17. ukanaskneli elementia Se-
gwyalen, romlis Semdeg jvari ganbanon, sulneliTa Semuron da juarisa
ibakoTa ityodin. eri jvars emTxveva da mas sakurTxevelze daasveneben. zia-
rebis Semdeg morwmuneebs ganuyofen naban wyals.
es sami wardgoma, Cemi azriT, sxva araferia, Tu ara _ sami antifona, ro-
melic uZvelesi antioqiuri da kapadokiuri tradiciebis mixedviT, Jamiswir-
vis dasawyis nawils warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini konstantinopo-
lur tradiciaSi ukve VIII s.-Si damkvidrda, isini X s.-is SuaxanebSic ki ar
aRiqmeboda Jamiswirvis organul nawilad (maTeosi 1971: 34, 42). analogiuri
viTareba SeiniSneba latalis tipikonSic, romelic sami wardgomis nawilidan
174


momdevno nawilze Semdegi tipikonuri SeniSvnis meSveobiT gadadis: amisa
Semdgomad iwyon kanonsa Jamis wirvisasa (LG: 1240).
msaxurebis es, specifikuri evqaristiuli nawili ixsneba meore xmaSi saga-
lobeli oxiTaT qristes beWedman, romelic uZveles iadgarSi motanilia
rogorc sxua, ZiriTad, pirvel xmaSi saTqmel oxiTad ki dafiqsirebulia
ganwyobili simravle angelozTa (metreveli ... 1980: 312-313). dasawyisi
fsalmodia Sedgeba meoTxe gverdiT xmaSi sagalobeli fsalm. 27:9 refreniani
fsalm. 27:8-[9]-isagan. mas mosdevs bibliuri sakiTxavebi, romelTa Soris pir-
velia igav. 3:18-23. aq mTavrdeba parizis tipikonis xarvezi da igi, latalis
tipikonTan erTad, Semdeg sakiTxavebs Seicavs: es. 65:22-24, sibrZ. 14:1-7, ezek.
9:2-6, 1 kor. 1:18-25. orive kodeqsSi alelua da fsalm. 45:11 win uswrebs sa-
xarebis sakiTxavs ioan. 19:17-37, ris Semdegac latalis tipikoni Seicavs el-
Tabanisas da siwmidisas, parizis tipikoni ki _ tipikonur SeniSvnas yoveli
juarisa, rac mianiSnebs jvris saerToze, romelic qarTuli tipikonebis
bolo, daskvniT nawilSia moTavsebuli (LG: 1446-1454).
aRsaniSnavia msaxurebis dasasrul troparTa problematuroba. upirve-
les yovlisa, m. TarxniSvilisa (LG: 1245) da k. kekeliZis gamocemebSi sxva-
dasxvagvaradaa dafiqsirebuli elTabanisa: pirvelSi miTiTebulia tropa-
ri ma winaswarmetyuelTa SenTa, meoreSi ki _ (keke-
liZe 1912: 123), rac, albaT, aris rusuli Targmani sityvebisa: ma winaswar-
metyuelisa Senisa. es ori dasawyisi fraza uZveles iadgarSi or gansxva-
vebul tropars Seesabameba: ma winaswarmetyuelTa SenTa 13 seqtembers
satfurebis dResaswaulze igalobeba da eklesiaze mianiSnebs, ma winas-
warmetyuelisa Senisa ki _ 14 seqtembers da jvars ugalobs (metreveli...
1980: 297-298, 313). miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin _ gadamwerma Tu romelma gamomce-
melma _ auria erTmaneTSi es ori tropari, Cemi azriT, sruliad aSkaraa, rom
Seuryvneli teqsti unda iyos ma winaswarmetyuelisa Senisa, rogorc da-
fiqsirebulia kidec uZvelesi iadgaris H-2123 da Sin. geo. 18 nusxebSi. Sin.
geo. 40 nusxaSi mas sxva tropari enacvleba: mcnebisa gardaslviTa eufla si-
kudili, romelic sulTa saerToSi figurirebs (metreveli... 1980: 313, 333).
da, bolos, mxolod H-2123 nusxaSia miTiTebuli sxua elTabanisa, romelic
iwyeba sityviT cxovelsmyofelsa da romelic saaRdgomo wardgomebs Soris
moTavsebul elTabanisas cxovelsmyofelsa juarsa gulisxmobs (metreve-
li... 1980: 511)
49
.
aseve problematuria siwmidisa. latalis tipikonSi es elementia an-
gelozTa erni Senda didebasa, uZveles iadgarSi es teqsti sxva dResaswaule-
bis siwmidisad gvevlineba
50
, jvarTa apyrobis siwmidisad ki ori sxvadasxva
teqstia moxmobili: saSinelisa da uxilavisa, uxilavTa Semoqmedisa (H-2123)
da orci uflisa, sisxli macxovrisa (Sin. geo. 40), romelic ukve gaanali-
zebul iqna 7 maisis gangebasTan dakavSirebiT (sqema 4, I msaxureba).
da, bolos, am dRes gaTvaliswinebulia mwuxric, romlis gangebidan tipi-
konebi mxolod fsalmodias afiqsirebs: fsalm. 97:3 da 97:2.
qarTul liturgikul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli saritualo teqstebi
mowmobs, rom satfurebis meore dRe ukve qceula jvarTa apyrobis
dResaswaulad.
Jamiswirvis dasawyisSi, kerZod, antifonur nawilSi pirveli wardgomisa
da dasdeblis SemorCenili dasawyisebi zogadad moxazavs jvarcmisa da
RmrTis saswaulis Temebs; maT imeorebs meore wardgoma, Sesabamisi dasdebeli
ki mianiSnebs RmrTis samarTlianobasa da mis sayovelTao didebaze; mesame
adgens paralelizms jvarsa da aRdgomas Soris, dasdeblis saSualebiT ki
RmerTs SesTxovs mefisadmi misi siyvarulis niSans. jvarcmis Tematika Tavs
175


iCens vnebis paraskevis gangebidan mravali saritualo teqstis moxmobiTa da
meore wardgomis ibakoTi, romelic, arc meti arc naklebi, iudevelebs ga-
kicxavs. jvris ibakoTa garda, jvris Tema sxva mravali monacemiT aris xazgas-
muli: maSin, rodesac somxur leqcionarTa mixedviT, morwmuneebs jvars aCve-
nebdnen, axla mas ahkazmaven, sakurTxevelze daasveneben da locviT adide-
ben, aRmarTaven, raTa morwmuneebma mas Tayvani scen zegardamo locva-iT,
ganbanen da xelaxla daasveneben sakurTxevelze.
rac Seexeba Jamiswirvis saritualo teqstebs, oxiTa qristes beWedman
himns aRuvlens qristes mier kacobriobis xsnas, oxiTa ganwyobili simrav-
le angelozTa ki jvars mTeli Sesaqmis saxeliT adidebs. dasawyisi fsal-
modia RmerTis winaSe aRvlenili samadlobelia, RmerTisa, romelic Tavisi
xalxis winamZRoli da mxsnelia
51
. Zveli aRTqmis sakiTxavebi, romlebic pir-
velad Cndeba sakvlev dResaswaulTa gangebebSi, gamoavlens jvris arsebobas
adamianTa xsnis mTeli istoriis manZilze. kerZod, sakiTxavi igav. 3:18-23 mas
edemis xeSi xedavs da xazs usvams sibrZnis arsebobas imis Seqmnasa da mdgra-
dobaSi, vinc mas misdevs; es. 65:22-24 gvarwmunebs, rom RvTis xalxi sicocxlis
xesaviT
52
maradiuli iqneba da rom RmerTi manam mova Cven saSvelad, vidre mis
moxmobas movaswrebT; sibrZ. 14:1-7 naTelyofs imas, Tu rogor SeiZleba, yve-
laze ufro saTuTma xemac sZlios zRvis velur talRebs, Tuki mas sibrZne
uZRvis win, ganWvrets xes kacobriobis mTel istoriaSi sayovelTao warRv-
nidan (sibrZ. 14:4b) mewamuli zRvis gadalaxvamde (sibrZ. 14:3) da akurTxebs mas
muxlSi (sibrZ. 14:7), romelSic eklesiis mamebi jvris Zelze miniSnebas xe-
davdnen (e. g. petCengi 1999: 164); bolos, winaswarmetyvelis xilva (ezek. 9:2-6)
aaSkaravebs, rom ufali gadaarCens marTalT, romelTa zeda ars saswauli
(cj..., ebrauli dedani laparakobs : asoze, romelic isev da isev jvris ni-
Sani, anu saswaulia (krafti 1971: 146; ix., agr., danielu 1951: 85, 91-92; danie-
lu 1961: 143-152). am sakiTxebze msjeloba qarTul tipikonebSi gaRrmavebulia
7 maisis specifikuri teqstebis saSualebiT: 1 kor. 1:18-25, romelic amtki-
cebs imas, rac ukve iTqva ezek. 9:2-6-Si da fsalm. 45:11, sadac gandidebulia
RmrTis meufeba.
saxarebis sakiTxavi ioan. 19:17-37, cxadia, axali elementia, romelic
vrclad mogviTxrobs jvarcmis Sesaxeb. jvarcma da aRdgoma, amave dros, aris
elTabanisas ma winaswarmetyuelisa Senisa Tema, magram, agreTve, misi
alternatiuli variantisac cxovelsmyofelsa juarsa, romelic amaRlebs
cxovelmyofel jvars, rogorc qristes mier ganxorcielebuli xsnis iaraRs.
da, bolos, rac Seexeba siwmidisas, mis orive variantSi _ angelozTa erni
Senda didebasa latalis tipikonis mixedviT da saSinelisa da uxilavisa,
uxilavTa Semoqmedisa uZvelesi iadgaris mixedviT _ angelozebi adideben
qristes an mama RmerTs, Tumca, meore tropars gansakuTrebulad sadResaswa-
ulo toni aqvs, rasac xazs usvams Sesabamisi tipikonuri SeniSvnac: didTa
dReTa yolad iTqmis, mesame varianti ki, orci uflisa, sisxli macxovri-
sa, wminda nawilebze mianiSnebs.
zemoTqmulidan sruliad aSkaraa, rom juarTa apyroba Tavdapirvelad
jvris ontologiur _ anda, esqatologiur, _ aspeqts dResaswaulobda: mis
arss, gamarjvebis, Zlevamosili simbolo yofiliyo. aseTi iyo 7 maisis, magram,
amave dros, 14 seqtembris dResaswaulebic qarTul tipikonebamdel litera-
turul wyaroebSi. Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi gaCnda saWiroeba imisa, rom
ufro metad gaesvaT xazi jvris soteriologiuri mniSvnelobisaTvis. sul
ufro da ufro metad gacnobierda is, rom manam, vidre amas Tavad adamianebi
sTxovdnen, sibrZnem ukve gardaqmna jvari saTuTi xidan Zlevamosil iaraRad,
romelmac adamians umegzura xsnis mTeli istoriis saval gzaze; RmerTis
siyvarulis mtkiceba Tav-yofil iqna jvarcmaSi da, amdenad _ aRdgomaSi.
176


kidev ufro mogvianebiT, teqstebi, Tumca, ar iviwyebs xsnis movlenas, magram
mainc jvris ontologias, esqatologiur Sinaarss ubrundeba; am tendenciis
arsebobaze mowmobs latalis tipikonTan SedarebiT uZveles iadgarSi da-
culi siaxleebi, kerZod, Jamiswirvis oxiTas Senacvleba da siwmidisas arCe-
va Tavad 14 seqtembris dResaswaulis mniSvnelobis gaRrmavebul gacnobie-
rebas adasturebs (SurRaia 2004: 137-188).
bolos, interesmoklebuli ar aris jvris saerTos gaanalizeba, romelic,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, parizis tipikonis dasasrul nawilSia (LG: 1446-1454)
moTavsebuli, magram ar aris latalis kodeqsSi, romelic tipikonuri SeniSv-
niT kmayofildeba: juarsa Tu Seswirvide yoveli hpoo maissa 7. msaxureba
gansazRvrulia, rogorc senebasa juarisasa da warmoadgens saritualo
elementTa repertuars, romlebic SeiZleba, SeirCes da gamoyenebul iqnes
jvris sxvadasxva dResaswaulze. miuxedavad amisa, sinamdvileSi igi arc 7 mai-
sis gangebas emTxveva _ latalis tipikonSi daculi tipikonuri SeniSvnis
sapirispirod _ da arc Seicavs jvris dResaswaulebisaTvis ukve gansazRv-
rul yvela elements (Sdr. sqema 4, I da IV msaxurebebi). magaliTad, sxvadasxva
oxiTasagan, romlebic ukve Segvxvda, masSi dafiqsirebulia erTaderTi
qristes beWedman, romelsac amboben ara meore xmaSi, rogorc es 14 seqtem-
bris dResaswaulisaTvis iyo gansazRvruli, aramed _ pirvelSi. bibliur sa-
kiTxavebamde gaTvaliswinebuli fsalmodia Seicavs fsalm. 96:6 refrenian
fsalm. 96:1-s, fsalm. 85:17a refrenian fsalm. 85:17b-s (mesame xma) da tropars
mogicemies moSiSTa Sen saswauli fsalm. 85:5-[17]-iT
53
(mesame xma); es elemen-
tebi sxvadasxvagvarad Cndeba jvris gangebebSi. bibliuri sakiTxavebidan
SerCeulia igav. 3:18-23, 1 kor. 1:18-25, gal. 6:14-18 da filip. 2:5-11. aliluias,
SeiZleba, Tan axldes Semdegi fsalmunuri muxlebi: fsalm. 45:11, fsalm. 95:1
(pirveli xma), fsalm. 109:2 (pirveli xma) an fsalm. 44:7 (mesame xma). dafiqsire-
bulia saxarebis sami sakiTxavi _ maT. 24:27-35, luk. 21:20-36, ioan. 19:17-37 _
da erTaderTi elTabanisa: sibrZneman dausabamoman. gangeba mTavrdeba,
Cemi azriT, rTulad gasaazrebeli tipikonuri SeniSvniT: sxua yoveli ju-
arisa. uZvelesi iadgari ar Seicavs jvris saerTos, magram afiqsirebs
jvrisa da misi gamoCinebis (metreveli ... 1980: 352, 343) kidev gansxvavebul
wardgomans.
sqema 4 (IV msaxureba) TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, rom sakvlevi saerTo ara mar-
to Seicavs ukve cnobil saritualo elementebs, aramed maT repertuarSi axa-
li elementebic Semoaqvs. magaliTad, fsalmodia RmrTis absoluturi Za-
lauflebisa da samarTlianobisaTvis xotbis SesxmiT (fsalm. 96) moixmobs ara
mxolod mis siyvaruls (fsalm. 85:17), aramed _ mowyalebasac (fsalm. 85:5).
bibliur sakiTxavebSi wamoWrilia edemis xis, SesaqmeSi sibrZnis monawileo-
bis, morwmunis Seumcdarobis (igav. 3:18-23), xis rogorc RmrTis Zalis (1 kor.
1:18-25) anda rogorc axali Sesaqmis iaraRis (gal. 6:14-18) Temebi da aRavlens
qristes sadidebels (filip. 2:5-11), romelic xsnis gegmaSi qristes pirovne-
bis misterias dastrialebs Tavs: mis Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas, damdable-
bas, amaRlebasa da jildos (ix. brauni... 1990: 794-795). alelua, garda imisa,
rom RmrTis samudamo mSvidobas (fsalm. 45:11) da mefis maradiulobas (fsalm.
44:7-8) adidebs da somxuri leqcionarebiviT (sqema 3, I msaxureba) yovel
qveyanas misi didebisaken (fsalm. 95:1) mouwodebs, xotbas asxams kidec mesiis
zeciT momaval mRvdelobas (fsalm. 109:2). bolos, saxarebis sakiTxavebi,
caTa Sina gamoCenil Zisa kacisas saswaulTan (maT. 24:30-35) da jvarcmis
Sesaxeb moTxrobasTan (ioan. 19:17-37) erTad, moicavs iesos esqatologiur si-
tyvas (luk. 21:20-36), romelic drois dasasrulis saSineli niSnebs winaswar
acxadebs _ ierusalimis moorebas da ZalTa caTa SeZvras _ da mouwo-
debs mociqulebs, ifxizlon da ilocon.
177


zemoaRniSnul gangebaTa kompleqsuroba sqematurad Semdegnairad
warmoCndeba:


sqema 4

jvris dResaswaulTa gangebebis struqtura qarTul tipikonTa da
uZvelesi iadgaris mixedviT

I (LG: 957-963. kekeliZe 1912: 112-113. metreveli ... 1980: 235-237)

351 wlis 7 maiss golgoTaze jvris gamoCinebis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacion. msaxureba

w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo. 18
gansazRvreba gamoCin. zeciT patiosn. jua-
risa
+ +
dRe 7 maisi + +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili golgoTa + +
forma Jamiswirva +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 4 gv. oxiT. RmrTis msa-
xursa mefesa
+ + +
xma 3 refr. fsalm. 96:6 + (xma1) + 85:17a +
fsalm. 96:1
54
+ 92:1 85:17b +
[1] sakiTx.: epist. konstanci-
us imper. mimarT (CPG 3587)
+ +
2 sakiTxavi: saqme 2:22-[28] +
3 sakiTxavi: 1 kor. 1:18-25 gal. 6:14-[18] +
alelua juarisa + + alel.
f. 45:11
alel.
f. 44:7-8
saxareba: maT. 24:27-35 + +
xma 1 elTabanisa sibrZne-
man dausabamoman
RmrTis
moy.-sa
(xm. 4 gv.)
+ uTxres
caTa
did.Seni
ganwyob.
simravl.
angel.
siwmidisa erni garemos
dganan
+

orci uf-
lis., sisx.
macxovr.
2 sakiTx. saqme: hpoo zatikTa
1 orSabaTsa
+ tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
3 sakiTx. pavle kor.: hpoo
didsa paraskevsa
+
(pavle)
+
saxareba maT.: hpoo qanqarsa
Sina
+ +

178


II (LG: 182-186. metreveli ... 1980: 85-86)

konstantinesaTvis jvris gamoCinebis xseneba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba

w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo. 18
gansazRvreba patiosnisa juarisa rome-
li kostant. mef. gamouCn.
+
dRe 29 ianvari +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili ar aris miTiTebuli
forma [Jamiswirva]
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma 4 gv. oxiT. RmrTis msa-
xursa mefesa
+ ufalo,
moses
ze odes.
[+]

xma 3 refr. fsalm. 85:17a
+ + [96:6]

fsalm. 85:17b
+ + [96:1]
1 sakiTxavi: zaq. 14:13-[21] +
55
+
2 sakiTxavi: gal. 6:14-18 + +
xma 4 alelua + + + (xma 2) [+]
fsalm. 44:7 + + fsalm. 1:3 [44:7-8]
saxareba: maT. 24:27-35 maT.
24:29-35
+
elTabanisa uTxres caTa
dideba Seni
+ ufalo,
moses
ze od.
+ [ganwy.
simr.
angel.]
siwmidisa vin ars viTar
ufali
+ [orci
ufl., si-
sx. macx.]
1 sakiTxavi zaq.: hpoo agvis-
tosa 6
+ + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
2 sakiTx. pavle gal.: hpoo
didsa paraskevsa
+ +
saxareba maT.: hpoo qanqar-
sa Sina
+ +

ds
~
blni juarisani: hpovn.
maissa 7
+

179


III (LG: 1240-1247. kekeliZe 1912: 130-132. metreveli ... 1980: 312-313)
juarTa apyroba Jamiswirva, stacionaruli msaxureba

w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo.
18
Sin. geo.
40
gansazRvreba dResa juarTa apyrobasa +
dRe [14 seqtemberi]
dro mesame Jami +
adgili [martiriumi]
forma Jamiswirva +
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi kuereqsi da locva +
mamao Cueno +
xma 2 [1] wardg.: Tayuanis-vscemT,
qriste, laxuarsa ganmRebel.
+
dasd.: mogicemies moSiSTa
Sen saswa...
+
ibako juarisa +
Segwyaleni +
ufalo, Segwyalen (50-jer) +
zegardamo locva +
xma 2 gv. [2] wardg.: ganguanaT-
lna Cuen juarad aRslvaman
+
dasd.: fsalm. 96:6 +
xma 2 gv. ibako: movediT mo-
rwmuneno da viswaoT
+
Segwyaleni +
xma 2. 3 wardg.: juarsa Sensa,
qriste, Tayuanis-vscemT
+
dasd.: fsalm. 85:17 +
Segwyaleni +
jvris ibakoni +
xma 2 oxiTa qristes beWed-
man
+
56
ganwyobili simravle
angelozTa (xma1)
57
;
sx. qristes beWedman
xma 4 gv. refr. fsalm. 27:9 + + + +
fsalm. 27:8-[9] + + + +
[1] sakiTxavi: igav. 3:18-23 +
[2] sakiTxavi: es. 65:22-24 + es. 65:24
58

3 sakiTxavi: sibrZ. 14:1-7 + +
4 sakiTxavi: ezek. 9:2-6 + +
5 sakiTxavi: 1 kor. 1:18-25 + +
alelua + + + + +
fsalm. 45:11 + + + + +
saxareba: ioan. 19:17-37 + +
xma 4 gv. elTabanisa ma wi-
naswarmetyuelisa Senisa
+ yoveli
juarisa
+
sx.cxo-
vels
myof.
juarsa
+ mcneb.
garda-
slviTa
eufla
sikud.
180


w y a r o T a C v e n e b a n i
qarTuli
tipikonebi
uZvelesi
iadgari
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e l n a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 H-2123 Sin. geo.
18
Sin. geo.
40
xma 4 gv. siwmidisa angeloz-
Ta erni Senda didebasa
+ xma1
saSin. da
uxilav.,
uxil.
Semoqm.
orci
ufl.,
sisxli
macx.
sxva 1 an 3 jvris ahkazmva da sa-
kurTxevelze dasveneba
(msaxur. dasawy.)
+
jvris apyroba (I Segwyale-
nis Smd.)
+
jvris II ibakos win jvris gan-
banva, sulneliT Semurva,
amborisyofa da sakurTxe-
velze dasveneba
+
morwmuneTa Soris jvris na-
bani wylis ganyofa (ziare-
bis Smd.)
+
2 sakiTx. da saxareba ioan.:
hpoo didsa paraskevsa
+ + tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
es siwmidisa didTa dReTa
yolad iTqmis
+


IV (LG: 1446-1454)
jvris xseneba stacionaruli msaxureba

w y a r o T a
C v e n e b a n i
monacemebi
dResaswaulTa
gangebebSi xelnawerTa
mixedviT
qarT. tipikonebi d R e s a s w a u le b i
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e ln a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 7.V 29.I 14.IX
gansazRvreba senebasa juarisasa [] +
dRe ar aris miTiTebuli [7 maisi] +
dro ar aris miTiTebuli
adgili ar aris miTiTebuli [golgoTa] +
forma Jamiswirva []
saritualo elementebi
teqstebi xma1 oxiTa qristes
beWedman
[] + L,
iadg.
(sx.)
refr. fsalm. 96:6 [+ (xma1)] + L,
Par. geo.3,
Sin. geo.18
Sin. geo. 18 L
fsalm. 96:1 [+] + L,
Par. geo.3,
Sin. geo. 18
Sin. geo. 18
xma 3 xs. refr. fsalm.
85:17a
[] + H-2123 Par. geo. 3,
H-2123
L
181


w y a r o T a
C v e n e b a n i
monacemebi
dResaswaulTa
gangebebSi xelnawerTa
mixedviT
qarT. tipikonebi d R e s a s w a u le b i
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e ln a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 7.V 29.I 14.IX
fsalm. 85:17b
[] + H-2123 Par. geo. 3,
H-2123

[xma 3] sx. mogicemies
moSiSTa Sen saswaul.
[] + L
fsalm. 85:5-[17] [] +
1 sakiTxavi: igav. 3:18-
23
[ep. kon-
stanc. imp.
(CPG 3587)]
+ L
2 sakiTxavi: 1 kor.
1:18-25
[] + Par.geo. 3 L,
Par.geo.
3
3 sakiTxavi: gal. 6:14-
18
[+] + L L,
Par.geo.3

4 sakiTxavi: filip.
2:5-11
[] +
xma1 alelua [alelua
juarisa]
+ saxarebiswina fsalmo-
diisas yovelTvis
fsalm. 45:11 [] + H-2123 L,
Par. geo. 3,
iadg.
xma1 [sx.] fsalm. 95:1 [] +
xma1 gv. [sx.] fsalm.
109:2
[] +
xma3 [sx.] fsalm. 44:7 [] + Sin. geo. 18
(44:7-8)
L,Par. geo. 3,
Sin. geo. 18
(44:7-8)

1 saxareba:
maT. 24:27-35
[+] + L,
Par.geo.3
Par. geo. 3,
L(24:29-35)

2 saxareba:
luk. 21:20-36
[] +
3 saxareba:
ioan. 19:17-37
[] + L,
Par.geo.3
elTabanisa sibrZne-
man dausabamoman
[RmrT. moy.
(xma 4 gv.)]
+ Par. geo. 3
juarsa Tu Seswirvi-
de yoveli hpoo ma-
issa 7
+ tipikonuri
SeniSvnebi
1 sakiTx. igav.: hpoo
juarTa apyrobasa
[] +
2 sakiTx. pavle kor.:
hpoo didsa parask.
[] +
3 sakiTx. pavle gal.:
hpoo didsa parask.
[+] +
4 sakiTx. pavle fi-
lip.: hpoo didsa
paraskevsa
[] +
1 saxar. maT.: hpoo
qanqarsa Sina
[+] +
182


w y a r o T a
C v e n e b a n i
monacemebi
dResaswaulTa
gangebebSi xelnawerTa
mixedviT
qarT. tipikonebi d R e s a s w a u le b i
liturgikuli
parametrebi
m o n a c e m e b i
x e ln a w e r e b i
L Par. geo. 3 7.V 29.I 14.IX
2 saxar. luk.: hpoo
maissa 17
[] +
3 saxar. ioan.: hpoo
didsa paraskevsa
[] +
sxua yoveli juaris. +

da, bolos, gansaxilvelia somxur da qarTul ierusalimur literatu-
rul wyaroTa dResaswaulebis mimarTeba jvris sxva danarCen bizantiur dRe-
saswaulebTan: didmarxvis mesame kviradRes jvris TayvaniscemasTan, vnebis
paraskevTan da pirveli agvistos procesiasTan. uZvelesi iadgari arc erT
maTgans ar icnobs, somxur leqcionarebSi dafiqsirebulia mxolod meore,
qarTul tipikonebSi ki _ pirveli da meore. vnebis paraskevi, romelic gamo-
wvliliviT gaanaliza sebastia Janerasma (Janerasi 1988), jvrisadmi miZRvnili
dResaswaulia da pirdapir ar miemarTeba imperator konstantines, didmar-
xvis mesame kviradRe ki, studielamde bizantiur wyaroebis msgavsad (aranci
1996: 27; aranci 1984: 43-64)
59
, tipikonebSi kaTakmevelTa mosamzadeblad gamoi-
yeneba da ar mianiSnebs jvarze.

daskvnebi

winamdebare, Tumca, mokle analizi kidev erTxel TvalnaTliv cxadyofs,
rom basilevs konstantine didis kulti, rogorc sazogadod, yvela sxva saR-
vTismsaxurebo kulti, sxva araferia, Tu ara _ saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
gantkicebuli religiuri saRvTismosao cnobierebis saeklesio-iuridiuli
kodifikacia. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, erTi mxriv, konstantines mniSvne-
lobas ierusalimisaTvis, meore mxriv ki _ Tavad wminda qalaqis rols kacob-
riobis xsnis istoriaSi, sulac ar mogveCveneba ucnauri, rom pirveli qristi-
ani imperatoris kultma swored aq hpova nayofieri niadagi, izarda da Semdeg
sxva eklesiis tradiciebSi gadavida.
ierusalimur sinamdvileSi, literaturul wyaroTa _ egerias mogzau-
robis, somxur leqcionarTa, qarTul leqcionarTa da tipikonTa, qarTuli
uZvelesi iadgaris _ mixedviT, wminda basilevsi gandidebulia sakuTriv mi-
sadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulebis, aseve, sxva, patiosani jvrisadmi miZRvnili
dResaswaulebis meSveobiT, romlebic, iribad isev konstantines miemarTeba.
saqme exeba uprocesio, stacionalur msaxurebebs, umeteswilad Jamiswirvebs.
konstantinesadmi miZRvnili Jamiswirvis Sesaxeb uZvelesi cnoba 417 wliT
TariRdeba da daculia somxur leqcionarebSi, romelTa mixedviT, aseTi
msaxureba 22 maiss martiriumSi imarTeba. Sesabamisi saritualo teqstebi,
romlebic Teodosius I-is dResaswaulzec iqneba gamoyenebuli, warmosaxavs
srulyofil xelmwifes, romelsac RmerTTan idealuri urTierToba aqvs da-
myarebuli. xanmet leqcionarsa da haemet saxarebanSi arsebuli xarvezebi am
mxriv naklebad mniSvnelovani faqtebia, radganac qarTuli tipikonebi da io-
ane-zosimes wminda saflavis kalendari eTanxmeba somxur leqcionarebs ro-
gorc msaxurebis dRis, ise _ adgilis mixedviT. Sesabamis saritualo teq-
stebSi, romlebic winare wyaroebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovanwilad aris ga-
183


mdidrebuli, ukeTaa dazustebuli mefisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi:
Zlevamosileba, mowyaleba, RvTismosaoba da RvTivmadliereba, zeciT arCeu-
loba da zecis mier mfarveloba, misi xalxis RvTismosaobis garantad da ze-
cieri meufis miwaze xatad yofna. Zneli asaxsneli Cans, Tu ratom ar gvxvdeba
analogiuri msaxureba uZveles iadgarSi. ierusalimur tradicias erTgvarad
upirispirdeba bizantiuri literaturuli wyaroebi, sadac konstantinesa da
elene dedoflis dResaswauli dawesebulia 21 maiss.
kidev ufro rTulia jvris gangebaTa struqtura. egeria mowmobs jvris
Tayvaniscemisa da satfurebis erT dResaswaulad Serwymis faqts, somxuri
leqcionarebi ki or Jamiswirvas ganarCevs: 7 maiss golgoTaze da 14 seqtem-
bers martiriumSi. pirveli ixseniebs 351 wlis 7 maiss golgoTasa da zeTisxi-
lis mTas Soris jvris gamoCinebas saritualo teqstebiT, romlebic jvarSi
qristes WeSmarit xats amoicnobs, konstantinesadmi nawinaswarmetyvelev mi-
si gamocxadebis faqtSi ki _ mesianisturi drois moaxloebas. meore maTgani
dResaswaulobs martiriumis satfurebas da gvikarnaxebs, rom RvTivmieri
kurTxeva Segvacnobinebs misterias, romelic martiriumSi aRevlineba; jvar-
ze erTaderTi miniSneba moipoveba tipikonur SeniSvnaSi, romelic morwmune-
ebisaTvis mis Cvenebas iTvaliswinebs.
7 maisis Sesatyvisi dResaswauli xanmeti leqcionaris mixedviT aRvsebis
Semdeg meore kviradRes aRiniSneba da jvris kosmosur mniSvnelobas aRmoa-
Cens. am dResaswaulis gangebaSi leqcionarma Semoinaxa arqauli saRvTismsa-
xurebo niuansebi, romlebic dafiqsirebulia ioane-zosimes kalendarSi da
romelTac ar icnobs sxva literaturuli wyaroebi.
tipikonebi da uZvelesi iadgari jvars sam dResaswauls uZRvnis: 7 maisis,
29 ianvrisa da 14 seqtembrisa. pirveli golgoTaze gamoCenil jvarSi elene
dedoflis mier napovn jvars ganWvrets da liturgikulad gardaTqvams ekle-
siis mier jvris arsis gaRrmavebul Secnobas, mis soteriologiur da esqato-
logiur Rirebulebas. ase aRiqmeba igi mxsneli ieso qristes, Zlevamosili
meufebisa da RvTaebrivi Zalis WeSmarit simbolod da amis gamo mas sazeimod
scemen Tayvans.
29 ianvris dResaswauli xelaxla ixsenebs jvris gamoCinebas. mis gangebaSi
meordeba 7 maisis gangebis mravali saritualo elementi, axali elementebi ki
ugalobebs jvars da aZlierebs Zlevamosili RmrTis esqatologiur perspeq-
tivas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, daaxloebiT, VI-VII ss.-Si ufro metad izrdeba in-
teresi mefis Temisadmi, Cndeba konstantines saxeli da oficialuri sanqcia
eZleva misTvis (an konstancius II-isadmi) gamoCenili jvrisa da elene dedof-
lis mier napovni jvris identurobas. dResaswaulis daweseba avlens ierusa-
limur RvTismosaobas, pativi miagos jvars, rogorc Zlevamosil niSans, rom-
liTac RmerTi mefes ajildoebs da moiazros konstantinesadmi misi gamo-
cxadeba, rogorc daxmareba mefis Zaxilze ukanasknel brZolaSi, romelic win
uZRvis ukve mosesaTvis nacnobi jvrisa da sibrZnis saSualebiT axali Sesaqmis
aRsrulebas, sadac mesia RmrTivcxebuli iqneba ukuniTi ukunisamde.
ierusalimis wminda adgilebis kurTxevis ciklis meore dRes, 14 seqtem-
bers dawesebulia juarTa apyroba. Sesabamis gangebaSi miTiTebulia mwuxri,
ciskari da Jamiswirva. Jamiswirva ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirveli antifo-
nuria, romelSic upiratesi adgili eTmoba jvarcmis, RmerTis samarTliano-
bisa da didebis Temebs; specifikur evqaristiul nawilSi ki ugalobeben
qristes mier ganxorcielebul kacobriobis xsnas, cxovelmyofeli jvris gan-
didebas da RmerTis winaSe madlobis aRvleniT gamoCndeba jvris arseboba
kacobriobis xsnis mTel istoriaSi, sadac jvarcmasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomaSi
macxovris upirvelesi iaraRi xdeba.
184


jvris xsenebis saerToSi, anu komuneSi CarTulia Temebi: RmrTis abso-
luturi Zalaufleba, misi samarTlianoba, siyvaruli da mowyaleba, jvris wi-
naswari ganWvreta edemis xeSi, sibrZnis roli SesaqmeSi, jvari, rogorc simbo-
lo RmrTis Zalauflebisa da axali Sesaqmis iaraRi, qristes misteria RmrTis
xsnis gangebaSi, drois dasasrulis niSnebi, RmrTis samudamo mSvidoba, mefis
maradiuloba da mesiis zeciT momavali mRvdloba.
da, bolos, ierusalimuri RvTismsaxureba ar icnobs laTinuri tradi-
ciebis 3 maisis Inventio crucis-is, anu jvris povnis Sesatyvis dResaswauls, mag-
ram am povnas WeSmariti jvris gamosacnob saSualebad ganixilavs. aseve, ar
icnobs didmarxvis mesame kviradRes jvris Tayvaniscemis bizantiur dResas-
wauls da pirveli agvistos litanias, vnebis paraskevs ki sakuTriv jvarcmas
miuZRvnis.
am aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba, vivaraudoT, rom Tavdapirve-
lad ierusalimis eklesia jvris ontologiur, magram, agreTve, esqatologi-
ur aspeqtebsac, mis Zlevamosil da Zlier mxares dResaswaulobda, mogviane-
biT, daaxloebiT, VI s.-is bolodan ki wina planze wamoiwia misma soteriolo-
giurma mniSvnelobam. am aspeqtiT gacnobierda, rom sibrZnem imTaviTve gar-
daqmna jvari saTuTi xidan Zlevamosil iaraRad, romelic gamiznuli iyo mi-
waze adamianis megzurad, romelic adamianebs RmrTis siyvaruls moupovebda
jvarcmasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomaSi. kidev ufro gvian, VIII s.-dan moyolebuli,
ise, rom mxedvelobis aredan ar gamorCeniaT es soteriologiuri aspeqti,
RvTismsaxureba daubrunda jvris ontologiuri aspeqtis Wvretas, romelSic
TavisTavad hqonda kari gaxsnili esqatologiur perspeqtivas.


SeniSvnebi:

1. legendaruli `cxovrebani, laqtanciusis mdevnelTa sikvdilis (CPL 91) Se-
sabamisi nakveTi (44:3), evsevi kesarielis saeklesio istoria (CPG 3495) da
konstantines cxovreba (CPG 3496), agreTve, avrelius vitores Semoklebu-
li istoriebi ganxilulia naSromSi balivi 1992: 59-72.
2. dasaxelebulia: daaxl. 800 wels gadawerili palimfsestis qveda fenaSi Se-
monaxuli konstantines cxovrebis erT-erTi redaqciis fragmenti, f. hal-
kenis mier dafiqsirebuli ocdaxuTi cxovreba (halkeni 1957), euzinis wa-
meba, romis papis, silvestr I-is (314-335) saqme, wminda mitrofanesa da wmin-
da aleqsandres wamebani.
3. am literaturuli wyaros tipikonad moxseniebis Sesaxeb ix. SurRaia 1995-
97: I, 101, sq. 5; SurRaia 1997: 147-148, sq. 3.
4. am literaturuli wyaros triodionad, himnologionad an tropologio-
nad moxseniebis Sesaxeb ix. aranci 1976: 119; SurRaia 1995-97: I, 101, sq. 7; Sur-
Raia 1997: 148, sq. 4.
5. Cemi azriT, umjobesia, gamoviyenoT es termini, vidre _ antifona (antifona),
romelsac egeria xmarobs, anda _ antienne (antifona), rogoradac Sarl renu
sistematurad Targmnis frangulad somxur leqcionarebSi gamoyenebul si-
tyvas kourd. unda aRiniSnos, rom laTinur termins responsorium aqvs igive
liturgikuli Taviseburebani, rac _ sakvlev literaturul wyaroebSi ga-
moyenebul Sesabamis terminebs maSin, rodesac antifona iolad SeiZleba,
aRreul iqnas terminSi c....., romelic, marTalia, Tavdapirvelad aR-
niSnavda bibliur an arabibliur frazas, romelsac or jgufad gayofili
mrevli refrenis saxiT upasuxebda medaviTnes (maTeosi 1962-63: II, 283; mogvi-
anebiT refrens poeturi tropari Caenacvla; ix. leebi 1970: 41), magram bizan-
tiur RvTismsaxurebaSi adreuli periodidanve daiwyo fsalmunis, anda
fsalmunTa jgufis aRniSvna, romlis yoveli muxlis Semdeg erTi da igive
185


refreni igalobeboda da didebiT mTavrdeboda (maTeosi 1971: 13-14; aranci
1996: 20, sq. 1). amis mixedviT, somxur leqcionarTa da qarTul tipikonTa
fsalmodia, SeiZleba, ganvsazRvroT rogorc antifonurisagan gansxvavebu-
li, responsoriuli fsalmodia (fsalmodiiis sxvadasxva saxis Sesaxeb ix.
maTeosi 1971: 7-26).
6. aq da Semdgom, fsalmunTa rigobiTi da maTi muxlebis ricxviTi saxelebi
miTiTebulia septuagintas numeraciis mixedviT.
7. S. renus azriT, V s.-is pirveli naxevris ierusalimur saRvTismsaxurebo
praqtikaSi, rogorc Cans, aliluia mTlian fsalmunTan erTad igalobeboda
da amis gamo sakuTriv fsalmuni miTiTebuli iyo misi raodenobrivi nomriT
an _ fsalmodiisaTvis saWiro dasawyisiT (LA: 176).
8. asea sinaqsarebSi (deleie 1902: 697-698; gariti 1958: 230; luci 1992: 585-644),
studiuri (aranci 1969: 152; pentkovski 2001: 344) da konstantinopoluri
redaqciebis (maTeosi 1962-63: I, 296-297), agreTve, dRes xmarebul tipikonebSi
(orologioni 1973: 285).
9. Par. arm. 44 nusxaSi es nawili defeqturia (LA: 337, sq. 5).
10. S. renus gamocemaSi (LA: 227) am responsoriumis miTiTeba, rogorc Ps. CXXI, 1,
anu fsalm. 121:1, rogorc Cans, koreqturaa.
11. es elementi gansazRvruli ar aris rogorc kourd, anu responsoriumi.
12. sakvlev qarTul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli termini dasdebeli, romelic si-
tyvasityviT niSnavs is, rac dasadebia, winamdebare naSromis italiur re-
daqciaSi yovelTvis gadmoveci sityviT salmo, anu fsalmuni. saqme isaa,
rom dRemde damajereblad araa axsnili terminis Sinaarsi ierusalimuri
warmomavlobis qarTul literaturul wyaroebSi. marTalia, ase Tu ise,
naTelia, rom troparTan mimarTebiT igi fsalmunis teqstis Semdeg saTqmel
poetur kompozicias aRniSnavda (leebi 1970: 41), magram mecnierebi dRemde
ver SeTanxmebulan mis mniSvnelobaze maSin, rodesac igi responsoriul
fsalmodiasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyeneboda. magaliTad, e. metrevelis azriT,
gamoTqmaSi fsalmun-dasdebeli [...] fsalmuni ewodeba fsalmunur refrens,
xolo dasdebeli fsalmunis ZiriTad teqsts (metreveli ... 1980: 797, sq. 375),
S. renus azriT ki, piriqiT, dasdebeli aRniSnavs refrain-s, anu refrens, an
antienne-s, anu antifonas (renu 2000
1
: 14, 76). erT dros gaviziare e. metre-
velis Tvalsazrisi, Tumca, sakvlev terminTa gamoyenebis sapirispiro SemTx-
vevebzec mivuTiTe (SurRaia 1996: 31; SurRaia 1995-97: II, 113, sq. 29), qarTul
literaturul wyaroebze Semdgomma dakvirvebam ki ufro metad damarwmuna
qarTuli dasdeblis berZnul v,-.. ...-Tan TanxvedraSi. diaqronul
WrilSi sakiTxis problematurobis miuxedavad, xuan maTeosma damajereblad
gaarkvia, rom termini v,-..... Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda fsalmunur
muxls, romelic win daedeboda fsalmunis teqsts, romlis refrenic xdebo-
da, mogvianebiT ki aRniSnavda fsalmunsa da refrens orives erTad, im
SemTxvevaTa gamoklebiT, rodesac igi aliluiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (maTe-
osi 1971: 8, 12-13; Tanamedrove praqtikaze ix. maTeosi 1971: 12-13). rogorc
Cans, qarTuli termini berZnuli v,-.....-is pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
saTargmnelad SemuSavda, magram, Cemi azriT, Targmnisas koncefciuri da,
amdenad, funqciuri gadaxra moxda: dadebis cneba gagebuli iqna ara ro-
gorc win, aramed _ bolos dadeba, darTva; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
Tu v,-.. ... niSnavda [fsalmunis] win dadebas, dasdebeli niSnavda
[refrenisaTvis] darTvas. amdenad, Cemi azriT, rubrikul SeniSvnaSi fsal-
mun-dasdebeli anotacia fsalmuni fsalmodiaze miuTiTebda, medaviTne
qoros refrens esroda, romelsac daurTavda dasdebels, e. i. fsalmunis
ZiriTad teqsts. aseTive Cans sakvlevi terminis mniSvneloba stiqologiaSi,
sadac fsalmunis strofebs daurTaven arabibliur kompoziciebs. es ganapi-
robebs v,-.. ...-sa da dasdebels Soris kidev erT principul gansxvave-
bas: pirveli maTgani aRniSnavs xan fsalmunur muxls, xanac _ sagalobels,
186


meore ki sistematurad miemarTeba mTlian poetur kompozicias, rogorc bib-
liurs, ise _ arabibliurs.
13. berZnul originalSia: [...] ., cc.`.-, u [...] anu [...] vinme samefo, romlis
[...]; ix. nestle ... 1979: 258.
14. aseTia fsalmunTa Zveli qarTuli Targmanis fsalm. 67:33 muxlis Sinaarsi
(SaniZe 1960: 172), romelic mefeTaTvis sagangebod gankuTvnili ritualisaT-
vis Sedgenili Cans, ebrauli teqsti (kiteli 1967-75: XI, 63; vulgata 1998: 804)
da septuaginta (ralfsi 1935: 70) ki ara mefeebs, aramed samyaros samefoebs
mouwodebs RmerTis qebisaken.
15. epistolis berZnul nusxaTa umravlesobis mixedviT, kiriles adresati kon-
stancius II-a, Vat. Ottob. gr. 86 nusxis (bihe 1973: 286), siriuli (qoukli 1984: 81,
sq. 27) da qarTuli (LG: App. II A ad num. 959) versiebis mixedviT ki SecdomiT
aris imperatori konstantine. aleqsandre kviprelis (VI s.) jvris gamoCinebis
sakiTxavis (CPG 7398) qarTul TargmanSic, romelSic Semonaxulia zemoaRniS-
nuli epistolis teqstic, kiriles adresati isev konstantinea (mgalob-
liSvili 1978: 75).
16. berZnul originalSia: cj... (nestle ... 1979: 69), anu niSani.
17. amas garda, igive kirile ierusalimeli, am niSans ( cj...) 351 wels 7 maiss
golgoTaze gamoCenil jvarSi xedavs (bihe 1973: 290).
18. swored am mizeziT masSi 7 maiss jvris gamoCineba idResaswauleba (barkiti
1921-23: 323-324).
19. sinamdvileSi, es fsalmuni zemoaRniSnul naSromSi, ebrauli fsalmunis nume-
raciis mixedviT miTiTebulia, rogorc _ Psalm 84, resp. vv. 3b, 4a (barkiti
1921-23: 313).
20. somxur leqcionarTa meore redaqciis nusxaTa misaTiTeblad vsargeblob
S. renus mier gamoyenebuli pirobiTi literebiT, romelTa mixedviT F aRniS-
navs romis papis wm. leonis sax. romis somxuri kolejis 1 (70) kodeqss, B _
veneciaSi wm. lazares kunZulze mxiTaristebis monastris biblioTekis 169
kodeqss, D ki _ tubingenis universitetis biblioTekis MA XIII 21 kodeqss
(renu 1999: 102-103).
21. Hier. arm. 121 xelnawerSi miTiTebulia fsalm. 90, rogorc Cans, SecdomiT,
razec fsalm. 96:6 refrenic mianiSnebs.
22. rac Seexeba pavlesa da kirile ierusalimelis epistoleTa gansxvavebul mim-
devrobas somxur leqcionarebSi, rogorc Cans, Par. arm. 44 nusxaSi Tavdapir-
veli rigi unda iyos daculi, radganac analogiur SemTxvevaSi, 11 ianvris
gangebaSi wmidanis, an wmindanTa (LA: 224, sq. 5) martvilobidan sakiTxavi pir-
dapir uZRvis win saxarebis sakiTxavs da, amas garda, zemoT citirebuli siri-
uli leqcionaric aseTive mimdevrobas uWers mxars 7 maisis gangebaSi (LA: 333,
sq. 3), sadac miTiTebulia Semdegi saritualo teqstebi: fsalm. 97 [=96] _
fsalm. 97:6 [=96:6], epistole konstancius imperatoris mimarT, gal. 6:1-
dasasruli, aliluia, fsalm. 98 [=97] _ fsalm. 98 [=97:1], maT. 24:3-37 (barkiti
1921-23: 313-314, 323).
23. Par. arm. 44 kodeqsSi sakvlevi gangeba ar aris gansazRvruli, rogorc _ meo-
re dRisa.
24. sakiTxavis wyaro miTiTebulia, rogorc _ igavni (ix. renu 1999: 176, sq. 4).
25. Orps frkean. saqme exeba strofis dasawyiss, romelic dRemde igalobeba
somxuri RvTismsaxurebis ciskarsa da mwuxrze (renu 1999: 222, sq. 4).
26. qarTul tipikonebSi aRvsebis Semdeg meore kvirisaTvis gansxvavebuli gange-
ba figurirebs (LG: 797-800).
27. es kviradRe wyaroSi miTiTebulia, rogorc k()r(ia)k(e)sa me-g z(a)t(i)k(Ta).
28. am terminis etimologiisa da saRvTismsaxurebo mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. abu-
laZe 1973: 336; leebi 1970: 41; SurRaia 1996: 30.
187


29. tipikonuri SeniSvna hpoo qanqarsa Sina (LG: 962) miuTiTebs maTes saxare-
bis fragmentze maT. 24:3-26:2, romelsac did samSabaTs kiTxuloben (LG: 615).
30. parizis tipikonSi mis nacvlad miTiTebulia fsalm. 92, rac, Cemi azriT,
gadamweris uyuradRebobis Sedegia (ix. 54-e sq.). Tu me vcdebi da gadamwerma
savsebiT gacnobierebulad daafiqsira fsalm. 92, maSin, SesaZlebelia, es faq-
ti imiT aixsnas, rom esec samefo fsalmunia, radgan ebraul sinamdvileSi
mas iahves aRsaydrebis dResaswaulze axali wlis dasawyisSi galobdnen (mo-
vinkeli 1962: 126), raTa pativi miegoT misi maradiuli meufebisaTvis, rome-
lic samyaroze mis mier gantkicebul rjuls emyareboda da alegoriulad
qristes mianiSnebda.
31. ebrauli originalis gamoTqma :s (kiteli 1967-75: XI, 42; vulgata 1998:
788) septuagintaSi Targmnilia, rogorc -., (ralfsi 1935: 47), riTac Se-
wynarebulia am fsalmunSi dafiqsirebuli koncefcia meufebis RvTiuri war-
momavlobis Sesaxeb (brauni ... 1990: 533).
32. uZvelesi iadgari ar icnobs troparebs RmrTis moyuaresa da sibrZneman
dausabamoman (metreveli ... 1980: 627-628, 617), Tumca es ukanaskneli arc ie-
rusalimur originalur tropars Canacvlebuli gviandeli poeturi kompo-
zicia Cans (folieri 1960-66: I, 100; III, 513 mas ar icnobs). aRdgomis erT-erTi
dasdebeli dausabamo [...] sibrZne miuwdo[...] (metreveli ... 1980: 457), SesaZ-
lebelia, sakvlevi tropari iyos, magram, ramdenadac mxolod dasawyisiT
aris SemorCenili, am sakiTxze gadaWriT msjeloba SeuZlebelia.
33. 3 maisis dResaswaulis dafiqsirebisaTvis laTinur wyaroebSi ix. leklerki
1914: 3132.
34. xarvezis gamo, latalis tipikoni gangebis mxolod meore nawils Seicavs.
35. parizis tipikonis tipikonuri SeniSvna hpoo qanqarsa Sina (LG: 185) miuTi-
Tebs maTes saxarebis fragmentze 24:3-26:2, romelsac vnebis samSabaTs kiTxu-
loben, latalis tipikoni ki maT. 24:29-35 fragmentis dasawyis da dasasrul
frazebs miuTiTebs.
36. sinamdvileSi, arsebuli xarvezis gamo, am nusxebSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris Se-
sabamisi tipikonuri SeniSvna (LG: 1240. kekeliZe 1912: 130).
37. gansazRvrebas, romelic, rogorc Cans, Tavdapirveli unda iyos, j(ua)rTa
aRpyroba, ioane-zosime striqonebs Soris daumatebs: kr(e)b(a) martri-
ons, xilv(a) j(uarisa), da, bolos ki _ kreba sions, satf(u)r(e)b(a), da
s(e)n(e)b(a) evstuqisi mRd(el)Tm(o)ZR(u)r(i)s(a). erTad ki zemoaRniSnul
SeniSvnas Semdegi saxe aqvs: kr(e)b(a) martrions, xilv(a) j(uarisa), j(ua)r-
Ta aRpyroba, kreba sions, satf(u)r(e)b(a), da s(e)n(e)b(a) evstuqisi
mRd(el)Tm(o)ZR(u)r(i)s(a) (gariti 1958: 90).
38. terminis kuereqsi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. kekeliZe 1912: 330-331; SurRaia
1996: 30.
39. asea konstantinopolur (aranci 1996: 470; topkapi sarais muzeumSi daculi
liturgikuli gragnili afiqsirebs .-..j,-is sakuTriv teqsts, sxva nusxe-
bi ki _ locvas, romelic mosdevs da, amdenad, gulisxmobs .-..j,-s) da sam-
xreT italiis evqologionebSi (aranci 1996: 541, figurirebs mxolod .uj j ,
. -..j,, anu . -..j ,-is locva; parenti 1993: 299-300), qarTul kondakebSi
(qajaia 1992: 264, 280, 304), agreTve, dRes xmarebul evqologionebSi (hierati-
koni 1995: 166).
40. samxreT italiaSi: aranci 1996: 565 (dafiqsirebulia mxolod .uj j , . -.-
.j,); qarTulad: LIA: 9; Jakobi 1964: 95; Tanamedrove praqtikaSi: hieratikoni
1995: 114-115.
41. LIA: 9. fraza sxva redaqciaSi Semdegnairad aris dafiqsirebuli: yovliTa
guliTa da yovliTa gonebiTa [...] (Jakobi 1964: 95; qajaia 1992: 264, 280, 304).
42. LIA: 9. sxva redaqciebSi dafiqsirebulia: ufalo RmerTo Cueno, apyrobiTi
vedreba Seiwire [...] (qajaia 1992: 304); ufalo RmerTo Cueno, apyroba ese
elTa vedrebisa Cuenisa Seiwire [...] (Jakobi 1964: 96; qajaia 1992: 265, 281).
188


43. LIA: 3. sxva redaqciebSi dafiqsirebulia: zeciT gardamo mSdobisa da sulTa
[...] (Jakobi 1964: 88, 93, 99 (zegardamo mSdobisa)); zeciT gardamo mSdo-
bisa da cxorebisaTs sulTa [...] (qajaia 1992: 261).
44. mSvidobis litaniis struqturisaTvis ix. aranci 1978: 113; cu.cvj-s gamoye-
nebisaTvis Jamiswirvis sxvadasxva momentSi ix., agreTve, Jakobi 1964: 81.
45. zeciT gardamo mSdobisa [...] H-531 (qajaia 1992: 261); zegardamo mSdobisa
[...] S-4980 (qajaia 1992: 300).
46. zegardamo [...] Geo. 5, gracis universitetis biblioTeka (LIA: 11).
47. samwmida arsobisa galobamde: [zeciT] gardamo mSdob. [...] H-531 (qajaia
1992: 263), zegardamo mSdob. [...] Sin. geo. 93 (qajaia 1992: 279); morwmuneTa
meore locvamde: zeciTgardamo H-531 (qajaia 1992: 267), zegardamo mSdo-
bisa [...] Sin. geo. 93 (qajaia 1992: 283), zegardamo m. S-4980 (qajaia 1992: 305).
48. uZvelesi iadgari afiqsirebs: tropars mxolod dasawyisi fraziT juarsa
Sensa, qriste, Tayu... da sxva tropars, romelic mxolod Sin. geo. 40 nusxaSia
Semonaxuli sruli saxiT: juarsa Sensa, qriste, Tayuanis-vscemT (metreve-
li ... 1980: 355, 357). miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli maTgani meore xmaSi igalo-
beba, meore ki _ mesameSi, uZvelesi iadgaris gamomcemelTagan gansxvavebiT,
romlebic zemoaRniSnul troparebs or sxvadasxva kompoziciad miiCneven
(metreveli ... 1980: 642), Cemi azriT, saqme gvaqvs erTsa da imave troparTan.
49. uZvelesi iadgaris gamomcemlebi ganarCeven 14 seqtembris tropars aRdgomis
dasadebelTa Soris moTavsebuli troparisagan, rac uneblie uzustobis Se-
degi unda iyos, radganac troparTa saZiebelSi 14 seqtembris tropari Sec-
domiT mohyavT rogorc cxovelsmyofelisa, cxovelsmyofelsa-s nacvlad
(metreveli ... 1980: 636). amasTan, aRdgomis dasadeblebs Soris moTavsebulia
ori sxvadasxva tropari, romlebic erTi da imave sityviT iwyeba: cxovels-
myofelsa da urwnelsa da cxovelsmyofelsa juarsa (metreveli ... 1980:
511). maTi Sinaarsis mixedviT, 14 seqtembris gangeba, Cemi azriT, meore maT-
ganze unda miuTiTebdes.
50. saqme exeba iakob mociqulisa da ioane maxareblis dResaswauls, ganrRueulis
meore SabaTs, ioane naTlismcemlis Sobas 25 ivniss, fericvalebas 6 agvistos
da aRdgomis dasadeblebs (metreveli ... 1980: 30, 228, 255, 266, 511).
51. fsalm. 27:8 ixseniebs ersa da cxebuls (,.c ,), romelSic zogierTi xedavs
mefis epiTets (mini 1857: 249C; haikeli 1913: 186-187), sxvebi ki _ miniSnebas
Tavad erze.
52. ebrauli originalis gamoTqma [...] : : : : ::: [...] [...] radgan, rogorc
dReni xeebisani, ise dReni erisa Cemisani (kiteli 1967-75: VII, 777; vulgata
1998: 1102) septuagintaSi gadasulia rogorc _ [...] -cc ,c, c, j.,c, u
u`u j , .j, .c.c. c. j.,c. u `cu u [...] (ralfsi 1935: 653-654) da, mis
Sesabamisad, qarTul TargmanSi, rogorc _ [...] rameTu dRisa misebr xisa
cxorebisa iyvnen dReni erisa Cemisani (bleiki ... 1961-62: I, 504; II, 430).
53. miTiTebulia, rogorc dasdebeli.
54. parizis tipikonSi es fsalmuni miTiTebulia, rogorc _ ufali sufevs, Su-
e[niereba], rac 92 fsalmunis Zveli qarTuli Targmanis pirveli muxlia. amis
miuxedavad, vfiqrob, aq saqme unda gvqondes fsalm. 96:1-Tan uneblie aRre-
vasTan, romelic ase iwyeba: ufali sufevs, ixarebdin queyana da iSuebdes.
55. am fragmentamde latalis tipikoni xarvezs Seicavs.
56. k. kekeliZis gamocemaSi (kekeliZe 1912: 132) dafiqsirebuli ar aris es elementi.
57. es tropari figurirebs 7 maisisa da 29 ianvris dResaswaulTa gangebebSi
Sin. geo. 18 nusxis mixedviT, xolo 14 seqtembers Sin. geo. 18 da Sin. geo. 40 nusxe-
bis mixedviT mwuxrisas igalobeba.
58. esaias sakiTxavis dasasrulamde (65:24) parizis tipikoni xarvezs Seicavs.
59. jvris Tayvaniscemis dResaswaulis dawesebis daTariRebaze ix. aranci 1979:
43-45; frolovi 1953: 88-105; borneri 1963: 99-101; Janerasi 1988: 298-299;
pasareli 1998: 50-51.
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193


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mTa.


Gaga Shurgaia

The Holy Basileus
Constantine the Great in the Jerusalem Liturgical Tradition
Summery
The study analyzes an ecclesiastical and juridical codification of the cult of the Roman
emperor Constantine the Great (306-337) in the Jerusalem liturgical tradition of the eighth
century, according to the Diary of Egeria, the Armenian lectionaries, the Georgian lectiona-
ries and typika, John Zosimis' Calendar of the Holy Sepulchre and the Old Georgian Iadgari.
The basileus is glorified by means of the feasts dedicated him, as well as those of the
Venerable Cross. The Eucharist of the May 22, the matins canon of which is not fixed in the
Old Iadgari, is reserved properly to Constantine.
As for the celebrations of the Cross, Egeria testifies to the fusion of the adoration of the
Cross with the dedication of the Temple, but in the Armenian lectionaries there are
distinguished the two eucharistic celebrations: for the apparition of the Cross between
Golgotha and the Mount of Olives (May 7) and for the dedication of the Martyrium
(September 14). The Georgian typika and the Old Iadgari reserve another, third, celebration
to the Cross, namely, its apparition on the January 29. In the typikon of Paris there is also
fixed the Totum crucis. In the Jerusalem liturgy, there is no trace of any feast corresponding
to the Inventio crucis of May 7 of the Latin tradition, or of the adoration of the Cross on the
third Sunday of Lent of the Byzantine tradition or, again, of the Litany of the August 1;
finally, the Great Friday is entirely dedicated to the Crucifixion.
The analysis of the structures of the celebrations and of the ritual texts allows us to
make an hypothesis that the Jerusalem Church originally celebrated not only ontological, but
also eschatological aspects of the Cross, i.e. its victorious and portentous characters; almost
from the end of the sixth century its soteriological meaning was underlined. In this new
perspective, it was comprehended that Wisdom from the very beginning transformed the
Cross from being a delicate piece of wood into a powerful instrument, which was destined
to be a guide for humanity on earth, as well to bring God's love to the men by means of the
Crucifixion and the Resurrection. Later, from the eighth century, without losing this soterio-
logical aspect, the liturgy returned to contemplate the ontological aspect of the Cross, which
naturally yields the eschatological prospective.

194


Tamar SarabiZe

saukunis niRbebi

sayovelTao WeSmaritebaa, rom literatura sinamdviles asaxavs da saxe-
ebiT gesaubreba. saxes qmnis azrovneba da misi aRqmac imave process gulisx-
mobs. saxe garkveulwilad emsgavseba sityvaTa myar Sexamebas, romelic pir-
dapir ar gveubneba saTqmels, magram misi warmodgena (Tundac fantaziiT)
naTlad migvaniSnebs qveteqstze. `kudi yavarze aqvs gadebuli~, _ aRniSnuli
mdgomareoba ampartavnis araCveulebriv suraTs qmnis. asevea mxatvruli
saxec, oRond mis aRsaqmelad mxolod warmodgena ar kmara. mxatvruli saxis
SeqmnaSi monawileobs: lingvistika (enis SesaZlebloba ama Tu im azris konk-
retuli gamoxatvisa), koleqtiur azrovnebaSi Semonaxuli miTologiuri da
religiuri warmodgenebi, mwerlis msoflmxedveloba da literaturuli az-
rovnebis diapazoni, konkretuli wyaro da a.S. magaliTad, winadadeba _
`mwvervalze videq~ _ SeiZleba mxatvruli saxe iyos da arc iyos. Tu am
sityvebs ityvis alpinisti an adamiani, romelmac marTlac Seasrula es moq-
medeba, maSin mxatvrul saxesTan saqme ara gvaqvs, magram Tu am sityvebs ambobs
poeti da Tanac dasZens _ `Tvalwin mefina mze-mTvare, vlaparakobdi RmerT-
Tana~ (vaJa-fSavela 1961: 85), eWvgareSe mxatvrul saxed unda miviCnioT, ro-
melSic sulieri simaRle mTaze asvliT gamoixateba. am konkretuli saxis
SeqmnaSi monawileobs rogorc miTologiuri, aseve religiuri warmodgenebi,
gamyarebuli lingvisturi azrovnebiT, romlis magaliTicaa _ `amaRleba~,
agreTve, mTqmelis (poetis) msoflmxedveloba, romelic aisaxeba leqsikaSi,
rogorc nimuSi mxatvruli azrovnebisa, da SesaZlebelia, konkretuli SemTx-
vevac, romelmac es sulieri mdgomareoba gamoiwvia. mxatvruli saxe Tavis
leqsikur mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT ganzogadebulia da zedrouli. is aRar
gulisxmobs konkretul faqts, romelic konkretul droSi xdeba. is asaxavs
process. nikoloz baraTaSvilis `merani~ mxatvruli saxea mebrZoli sulisa,
romelic erTi didi miznisken miiswrafvis, magram, leqsis Seqmnis istoriidan
gamomdinare, mernis mxedari iliko orbelians gulisxmobs (` ...amas ambobs
ilia tyveobaSi, da ara me ...~ / baraTaSvili 1968: 177), romelic Samilis tyveo-
bidan ganTavisuflebas cdilobs. visac odnav mainc Sexeba hqonia poeziasTan,
mernis an mernis mxedris mxatvrul saxeSi ilia orbelians veRar warmoidgens,
radgan mxatvruli saxe zedrouli xdeba, mudmivarsebuli. ase magaliTad,
mudmivad migvaqrolebs yvelas Cveni merani `bedis samZRvris~ gadasalaxavad;
`bedis samZRvaric~, ra Tqma unda, mxatvruli saxea da ar gulisxmobs konk-
retul sazRvars da, SeiZleba iTqvas, konkretul mizansac ki.
Cven mivediT im daskvnamde, rom mxatvruli saxe sinamdviles asaxavs ara
pirdapir, aramed niRburad. ra aris niRabi? ras emsaxureba igi _ damalvas Tu
warmoCenas? damoukideblad arsebuli niRabi arafrismTqmelia, is efareba
saxes da masTan mimarTebaSi iZens garkveul funqcias. Tu saxes uWirs ar-
sebulis gamoxatva, niRabs SeuZlia zustad warmoaCinos dafaruli an, piri-
qiT, Tu saxe ver faravs arsebuls, niRabi exmareba mas. ufro metic, niRbis
orive funqcia erTdroulad aisaxeba mxatvrul saxeSi. amitom mxatvruli sa-
xe-niRabi dafarvacaa da masTan erTad mkveTrad warmoCenac. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, saxe igive niRabia, romelic ara pirdapir, magram _ ufro zustad, ara
TvaliT nanaxs, aramed azrovnebiT aRqmul sinamdviles warmoaCens. Tamaz
Cxenkelma Tavis araCveulebriv wigns vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebaze `tragiku-
li niRbebi~ uwoda. mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom vaJas poeziis `pirvelsafuZveli
miTosia~ (Cxenkeli 1971: 6), miTosi, romelic RerZia `kulturis Sinagani ga-
naxlebisa da gamZleobisa~ (Cxenkeli 1971: 12); vaJam `mkvdreTiT aRadgina mi-
195


viwyebuli RmerTebi da gmirebi, TanamedroveTa mtkivneuli gancdiT aRbeWdi-
li niRbebi aafara maT saxeebs da TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa tragikuli xvedris
mqone adamianis maradiuli saxe~ (Cxenkeli 1971: 14).
es azri CvenTvis misaRebia imdenad, ramdenadac `miTis Sinagani Rirebu-
leba imaSia, rom drois garkveul momentSi momxdari es ambebi qmnian mudmiv
struqturas, romelic Sesabamisdroulia rogorc warsulisaTvis, ise awmyo-
sa da momavlisaTvis~ (levi-strosi 1970: 7). mudmivi struqtura axasiaTebs
adamianur gancdebsa da vnebebsac, romelTa ganWvretaSic gvexmareba niRabi,
rogorc zedrouli saxe adamianis Sinagani samyarosi da, piriqiT, samyaros
adamianuri arsisa.
Cveni dakvirvebidan gamomdinare, yvela didi Semoqmedi erT umTavres
saxe-niRabs ifarebs, am niRbidan Wvrets samyaros, am niRbiT gamoxatavs Tavis
simarTlesac da am niRbiT icavs Tavs gare sinamdvilisgan. niRabi aucilebe-
lia sinamdvilis zedroulobad qcevisaTvis, kargi poetis geniosad Camoyali-
bebisTvis. aviRoT qarTuli literaturidan Svidi didi Semoqmedi _ rusTa-
veli, guramiSvili, baraTaSvili, ilia, akaki, vaJa, galaktioni _ anu, rogorc
sadRac amomikiTxavs (mgoni, skolis kedlis gazeTSi), `cisartyelis Svidi
sxvadasxva feri, romlebic srulyofilad warmoaCens erT mTlianobas _ qar-
Tul poezias~. TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli niRabi aqvs: rusTa-
vels _ vefxvis tyavi, guramiSvils _ uSviloba, baraTaSvils _ suliT ob-
loba, ilias _ moZraoba, akakis _ sicili, vaJas _ siRaribe, galaktions _
Rvino da simTvrale. ratom ifareben qarTveli geniosebi niRbebs, ra mizans
isaxavs es gansxvavebuli saxe-niRbebi? mokled SevCerdeT TiToeul maTganze.
Cven ar SevudgebiT `vefxistyaosnis~ prologidan mecnierTaTvis sakama-
To strofebis analizs, warmovaCenT mxolod Tamarisadmi Tayvaniscemas, rac,
vfiqrobT, safuZvelia rusTavelis niRbisa. Tamarisadmi Tayvaniscema mTel
poemaSi Zalze naTeli da TvalSisacemia: `mefisa mzis Tamarisa...~, `Tamars
vaqebdeT mefesa...~, `mibrZanes maTad saqebrad...~ da a.S. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Tamaria rogorc prologis, aseve mTeli `vefxistyaosnis~ mTavari saTqmeli,
mas eZRvneba rusTavelis poeziac, radgan mefe poetis mijnuria. miuxedavad
amgvari pirdapirobisa, prologSive ikveTeba niRabi. rusTaveli gveubneba,
rom poema Tamars eZRvneba, Tamaris qebaa da iqve dasZens, rom poemis siuJeti
sparsuli ambavia, `qarTulad naTargmanebi~. Tanac am ambiT kvlav mas aqebs,
vinc ukve Seaqo, anu Tamars. rusTaveli kidev ufro azustebs Tavis naTqvams:

`misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams, miqia~.
(rusTaveli 1974: 19).

da Tu marTlac `vefxistyaosnis~ TiToeul detals Tamar mefesTan
mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT, maSin gaadvildeba im sinamdvilis danaxva, romlis
gadmocemaca da SeniRbvac erTdroulad iyo avtoris mizani; gaadvildeba
samefo karze momxdari realobis aRqma, personaJTa funqciebisa da avtoris
mizandasaxulobis wvdoma, nawarmoebis arsisa da saxelwodebis siRrmiseulad
gaazreba, romelic mxolod siyvarulisgan velad gaWrisa da, rogorc vaJa-
fSavela ityoda, siyvarulis vefxvobad warmoCenis (vaJa-fSavela 1961: 280),
amgvari grZnobis simboluri aRqma ar unda iyos. gavixsenoT, rom vefxistyao-
sani mxolod tarielia, romelic siyvarulis gamo velad aris gaWrili da
vefvxi ganrisxebuli satrfos saxed `dausaxavs~. velad gaWrilia avTandilic
satrfos gamo, satrfos davalebiT. ucxo moymis saZebnelad wasvlas is velad
gaWras uwodebs da ase mimarTavs misi daxmarebis mosurne Sermadins:

`ra mijnuri velTa rbodes, marto unda gasaWrelad~.
(rusTaveli 1974: 167).
196


avTandilic `mxecqmnilia~ siyvarulisgan, magram is vefxistyaosani ar
aris, radgan satrfo ar `dausaxavs~ vefxvad. aq TiTqos ikargeba ormxrivi
qarga, arabeTisa da indoeTis samefoTa gamaigivebeli, magram es ormxrivoba
TvalsaCinoa avtorTan mimarTebaSi. rusTavelia vefxistyaosani, romelsac
Tamari jiqad, vefxvad dausaxavs:

`igia Cemi sicocxle, uwyalo viTa jiqia!~.
(rusTaveli 1974: 19).

aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom realuri ambavi indoeTis samefo karze
xdeba, Tamaris mxatvruli saxe ki jiqia, romelSiac Serwymulia didebuleba,
silamaze, brwyinvaleba, magram, amave dros, mrisxanebaca da Seubraleblobac;
amitomac `vefxistyaosnis~ mTavari gmiri grZnobebs ayolili avtoria, anu
Tavad tarieli, da ara brZeni avTandili, romelic arasdros ar aZlevs
gonebas modunebis saSualebas. Tamari ki Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT nestania da
ara `morWmuli~ TinaTini. nestania Tavisi emociurobiT, SeupovrobiT, Tun-
dac im daCagrulobiT, romelsac moklebulia TinaTini da agreTve isto-
riuli wyaroebiT warmoCenili Tamari. mefis namdvili adamianuri bunebis
Cveneba mxolod mis Tanamedrovesa da masTan daaxloebul pirs SeeZlo; SeeZ-
lo da Tanac ar SeeZlo ori mizezis gamo: mefis saxe idealuri unda yofili-
yo; WeSmarit moleqsesa da genioss ki ise unda aesaxa sinamdvile, rom daeZlia
konkretuli dro da konkretuli ambavi Tavisi konkretuli pirovnebebiT
(vfiqrobT, garda ormxrivi qargis gmirebisa, `vefxistyaosnis~ yvela perso-
naJis saxe, romelTac moeZebnebaT Tu ar moeZebnebaT analogi istoriul
wyaroebSi, realuri sinamdvilidan unda iyos aRebuli). vefxvis tyavis saxe-
niRabamofarebulma rusTavelma ganumeorebeli saxe-niRbebiT warmoaCina
realoba (Tundac davaris saxe rogori iSviaTia Tavisi mxatvruli siRrmiT da
niuansuri datvirTviT), magram Tavad erTi saxe-niRabi moirgo _ Tamaris,
igive vefxvis, da swored amitomac gaexvia vefxvis tyavSi. am saxiT iTqva da
daimala kidec sinamdvile, iTqva da ganzogadda, Sesabamisdrouli gaxda yve-
la epoqisaTvis. mTeli poemis siuJeti da gmirTa saxeebi swored am war-
moCenas, SeniRbvasa da ganzogadebas emsaxureba. ganzogadebis dakonkreteba
ki prologSi mJRavndeba _ vefxistyaosnobiT, amqveyniuri mijnurobiT, ro-
melic `SoriT wva da SoriT dagvaa~, miiltvis poeti geniosi zeciuri
mijnurobisken, brZennic rom ver swvdebian.
rusTavelisgan sruliad gansxvavebulia guramiSvilis saxe-niRabi. es
niRabi uSvilobaa, romelic realuri satkivaria Semoqmedisa, magram swored
es satkivari qmnis mxatvrul saxes _ Svils _ poetis Semoqmedebas, romelsac
mamis saxeli `daviTiani~ daerqmeva. Tavis leqsTa krebulSi poeti yovelmxriv
xatavs qveynis satkivars _ codvas, romelmac xalxisa da mamulis dacema ga-
moiwvia, Tavis Tavgadasavals, romelic qveynis ubedurebis bralia, da mainc
uSviloba rCeba mis mudmiv gancdad da sazrunavad. ratom? _ am kiTxvis
pasuxs guramiSvili adamianis arsebobis sazrisiT xsnis:

`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao:
vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao;
vinca qmna Tixa WurWelad, ras uZRvnis xelfasadao;
viT rema xnarcvs ar Cavardes, ulagmo da usadao~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 55)

Secnoba imisa, Tu saidan mosula da vin dabada, uflis aRiarebaa, xolo
`xelfasis miZRvna~ sasikeTo saqmea, nayofi am qveynad arsebobis safasurad.
adamianis cxovrebas maSin aqvs fasi, roca qveyanaze Tavis nayofs tovebs. una-
197


yofo xe unda moiWras (luka 13, 9); amitomac iSvila uSvilo guramiSvilma `Svi-
li~, rom Tavisi nayofi daetovebina, am nayofis gazrdas Sealia mTeli si-
cocxle, Relavda, vaiTu, garkveul mizezTa gamo dawyebuli saqme ver
daesrulebina:

`me rac vSobe, Svilad vsjervar, es Tu mzrdelman gamizarda,
vzrdi momRerlad, me Tu Cemi simRera ar gamizarda,
Tumca ena gasareklda, guli misTvis gamizarda,
magram mefeT samsaxuriT es sazrdelad gamizarda~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 566).

amaze ufro xelisSemSleli garemoebac gamoCnda _ codva, romelmac poe-
tic imsxverpla da amiT mis misias _ mSoblobas _ xeli SeuSala:

`Surman me didaT damkoda, xmali Semomkra misrisa,
msxvils Svilebs yeli damiWra, wvrilebi fexiT misrisa;
cecxliT damiwo saxl-kari, vame, javri mklavs mis srisa!
viT alesili laxvari, miT sevda gulsa misrisa~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 580).

`msxvil SvilebSi~ Tu didtanian poetur qmnilebebs gulisxmobs guramiS-
vili, xolo `wvrilebSi~ _ mcire zomis leqsebs, maSin saxl-kari da sasaxle
SesaZlebelia poetur Semoqmedebad an poetur niWadac aRviqvaT da ara rea-
lur sacxovrisad, radgan misi dawva-ganadgureba kidev ufro did tkivils
ayenebs poets da guls useravs alesili maxviliviT. amrigad, guramiSvilma
`uSviloba~, realuri sinamdvile, aifara niRbad, rom Seeqmna mxatvruli si-
namdvile, aralealuri, magram mainc namdvili, rom Seesrulebina Svilis fun-
qcia mamis winaSe, vali moexada da TviTonac daetovebina nayofi. es nayofi ki
misi Semoqmedeba iyo, romelsac `Svilad vervina sjobs~.
guramiSvilTan sxva saxe-niRbebic gvxvdeba. esenia: `uswavleloba~, `cu-
dad moSaireoba~, `saRvTo werilis ucodinroba~ da a.S.

`Cemis ucebiT Sevatyev, briyvTaTvis rac Semityvia:
avi da kargi garCeviT, vxedav, rom axlos miwyvia.
minda da swavlis simokliT cal-calke ver gamiyvia~.
(guramiSvili 1992: 34)

_ wers guramiSvili da swored es `uswavlelobaa~ niRabi misi sibrZnis. poe-
tis `cudad moSairobam~ (`javaxiSvils gamaleqses, moSaires Cemebr cudsa...~ /
guramiSvili 1992: 477) qarTul poezias rusTavelis gavlena daaZlevina, `saR-
vTo werilis arcodnam~ ki (`arc maqvnda saRmrTo werili, codnaca maqvnda me
mcire...~ / guramiSvili 1992: 412) yvelaze metad religiuri Sinaarsis poezia
Seaqmnevina. miuxedavad amisa, guramiSvilis mTavari saxe-niRabi mainc `uSvi-
lobaa~, anu survili nayofis datovebisa, sxva danarCeni mas miemarTeba _
codnac, poeturi niWica da rwmenac poets esaWiroeba erTi miznisTvis _ STa-
momavlobisaTvis anu SvilisaTvis dasatoveblad, Svilis aRsazrdelad, mis
Camosayalibeblad, raTa misi locviT SeZlos poetis sulma `fons gasvla~,
ufalTan miaxleba.
gadis dro da saqarTveloSi ibadeba kidev erTi geniosi, romelic amjerad
`suliT oblobis~ niRabs ifarebs. igi dardiani da uimedo sulac ara Cans.
bavSvobaSi celqia, Semdgom ki imdenad aqtiuri, rom mudam sazogadoebis
centrSia, yvelas icnobs, yvelas uyvars; naTesavebic hyavs, megobrebic, mag-
ram suliT mainc obolia. `suliT obloba~ baraTaSvilisTvis poza ar aris, is
marTlac martosulia da es martosuloba gasaRebia mTeli misi poeziisa. `su-
198


liT obloba~ iwvevs eWvs, tanjvas, mwuxarebas. mis dasaZlevad bunebis wiaRSi
miiswrafvis poeti da iq poulobs droebiT Svebas, magram isev dgeba mZime
wuTebi, `mwuxri~ isadgurebs mis sulSi; siyvarulSi poulobs Zalas, magram
`qreba taZari~ da kvlav `udabno mdumarebs~, amitom igi mzadaa `bedis samZRv-
ris gadasalaxavad~ sicocxlis fasadac ki, ar indobs Tavis merans, magram es
survilic miuRwevelia da mxolod poeturi fantaziiT da mistikuri TviTSe-
mecnebiT aris warmosadgeni. baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mravlad moipoveba
saxe-niRbebi, saxe-simboloebi, Tundac yvelaze cnobili magaliTebi gavixse-
noT: taZari, udabno, merani, Savi yorani, bedis samZRvari, mSvenieri suli da
a.S., mTavari saxe-niRabi ki mainc `suliT oblobaa~. am niRbiT baraTaSvili asa-
xavs rogorc realur sinamdviles, aseve mxatvrulsac, radgan swored misi
meSveobiT xdeba sxva saxe-simboloTa dakavSireba da poetis cxovrebis erT
mTlianobaSi aRqma; cxovrebisa, romlis ganuyofeli nawilia rogorc realo-
ba, aseve mxatvruli sinamdvile _ swrafva `ganTiadisken~, mwuxris ganqarve-
bisken, `mSvenieri sulis~ Zieba siyvaruliT ukvdavebis mosapoveblad, merniT
qrolva cxovrebis gzaze bedis sazRvrisken da a.S. marTalia, `suliT oblo-
bis~ daZlevisaken ltolvaa baraTaSvilis mTeli Semoqmedeba, magram swored
es sulieri obloba qmnis mas; sxvagvarad ver Sedgeboda baraTaSvilis poezia.
niRbis Taviseburebac amaSia _ is warmoaCens dafarul, Sinagan realobas,
romlis damalvasa da uaryofas Tavad unda Seuwyos xeli, magram swored es
uaryofa TavisTavad qmnis mxatvrul sinamdviles, romelic ganuSorebelia
baraTaSvilis pirovnebisgan, radgan igi aRar moiazreba misi Semoqmedebisagan
damoukideblad.
da ai, baraTaSvilis Semdgom, drois sul mcire monakveTSi samwerlo as-
parezze gamodis sami Semoqmedi sami sxvadasxva saxe-niRbiT: gulCaTxrobili
ilia WavWavaZe _ moZraobis deviziT, piradi bednierebis vermxilveli akaki
_ siciliT da marTlac mSier-titveli vaJa, romelsac qveyana Tavisi hgonia
(`mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana, mTaSi _ mTa, barad _ baria~) _ siRaribis
niRbiT.
ilia bavSvobidanve gulCaTxrobili yofila; umoqmedo iyo misi qveyanac
da albaT erTaderTi niRabi, romelic mas Tavisi xasiaTisa da qveynis mdgoma-
reobis daZlevaSi daexmareboda, moZraoba iyo. iliam marTlac aamoZrava
Tavis garSemo myofi sazogadoeba, ra sakiTs ar Seexo, ras ar gadaswvda. am
yvelaferma Tavi iCina ilias SemoqmedebaSi. erTaderTi, rasac ilia faravda,
ris gamomJRavnebasac erideboda, piradi grZnobebi iyo; erideboda, radgan
piraduli ver iqceoda qveynis asamoZravebel Zalad.
TiTqos erTia SemoqmedTa Canafiqri: vefxistyaosani SoTasTvis simarT-
lis Tqmaa, im simarTlisa, romlis ukuRmarTobis wyalobiT mematianem misi
saxelic ki ar Semoinaxa; uSvilZiro, swavlas mowyurebuli guramiSvilisTvis
im sibrZnis nayofis gamoRebaa, romelzedac izrdeba STamomavloba; da umoq-
medo, Rrma ZilSi myofi qveynis SvilisTvis, iliasaTvis _ `kvali naTelis~
datovebaa, romelmac marTlac gamoafxizla eri. erTia maTi saboloo mizanic
_ siyvaruliT, simarTliT, keTili nayofiT, oblobiT, `kvali naTeliT~
RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis Secnoba.
amitomac ise ar unda gavigoT, rom ilias misia mxolod eris gamoRviZeba
iyo. `moZraoba~, pirvel yovlisa, pirovnul gamofxizlebas gulisxmobda:

`yvelas gavuZleb, rogorc klde qvisa,
bedTana brZola viT meSineba?!
xolo Cem Tavis arafrobisa,
ar ZalmiZs, Zmano, verriT gaZleba!~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 69).

199


arafrobis daZleva mxolod moZraobiTaa SesaZlebeli, ara luarsabisa da
darejaniseuli `faca-fuciT~, aramed iseTi SromiT, rogoric kvals tovebs.
`kvali naTeli~ maincdamainc did saqveyno saqmes rodi gulisxmobs, Tumca
arc amas gamoricxavs. es saukeTeso SemTxvevaa. ilia SesTxovs yrmisaTvis
ufals: `rom dReni ise ar daelios, manam tanjvisa cremli Tvis xalxsa co-
taTi mainc man ar moswmindos~ /`g. abxazs~/ (WavWavaZe 1987: 121). es cotac sak-
marisia, didi saqmea qveynisTvis. naTel kvals toveben oTaraanT qvrivi da
giorgi TavianTi patiosani cxovrebiTa da SromiT. `kvali naTeli~ patiosan
cxovrebasTan erTad Sromasac moiTxovs. glaxaca da muqTamWamela wvrilSvi-
liani dedakacic SeiZleba patiosnad cxovrobdnen, magram ilias ideali ve-
rasodes gaxdebian, umoqmedobiT ver datoveben naTel kvals. patiosneba da
Sroma rwmeniT modis adamianSi, uflis valis gadaxdis SegnebiT. amitomac de-
dis movaleoba ara mxolod Svilis gazrda, aramed misi sulieri aRzrdaa,
qristianuli cnebebis STagoneba, `rom sikeTisTvis guli uTrTodes da momav-
lisTvis bedTana brZodes~, xolo poetis misia ki eris gamRviZeblobaa (`da,
velo, Sensa gamRviZebelsa...~ /`Citi~/ (WavWavaZe 1987: 47), im wminda sityvis _
`giyvardes~ _ ZmisaTvis Tqmaa, romelic poets `caT STamosZaxes~, TviT ede-
mic iliasaTvis moZraobad, sifxizled moiazreba, `sadac ise tkbil ar aris
Zili, rogorc tkbilia gamoRviZeba~ /`dakarguli edemi~/ (WavWavaZe 1987: 54).
ilias yvela leqsi mowodebaa mRviZarebisken, Zilis, umoqmedobis, `urwmu-
noebis~ (`odes demoni urwmunoebis~) daZlevisaken. `moZraoba da mxolod
moZraoba aris~ rogorc pirovnebis, aseve qveynis `Zalisa da sicocxlis~ mim-
cemi. Zili, umoqmedoba, urwmunoeba iliasaTvis sinonimebia iseve, rogorc
mRviZareba, moqmedeba da rwmena.
zogadad, adamiani irgebs im niRabs, romelic aucileblad arsebobs masSi,
mis pirovnebaSi, mis sulier samyaroSi. niRabi mas exmareba rogorc am arsebu-
lis dafarvaSi, aseve, piriqiT, arsebulis ganmtkicebaSi, gaZlierebaSi, warmo-
CenaSi da xSirad oriveSi erTdroulad. amis axsna qristianuli msoflmxed-
velobiT martivad SeiZleba. morwmune Tavis Tavze yovelTvis ambobs, rom is
mciredmorwmunea. amiT is faravs Tavis rwmenas rwmenaSi ganmtkicebis mizniT,
xolo, roca safrTxe emuqreba mis rwmenas, is daufaravad ganacxadebs mis
Sesaxeb, Tundac es sicocxlis fasad daujdes, is magaliTi xdeba sxvebisTvis.
baraTaSvilis niRabi `suliT oblobis~ daZlevaa, igivea ilias niRabic _
umoqmedobis, `urwmunoebis~ daTrgunva, oRond sakuTari magaliTiT, sakuTa-
ri Tavganwirvis CvenebiT, romlis dadasturebacaa ilias mkvleloba.
`vefxistyaosnobis~, `uSvilobis~, `suliT oblobisa~ da moZraobis fonze
kontrastulad moCans `sicili~, romliTac akaki bavSvobidan gamoirCeoda
(`vis unaxavs amis tirili? sul icinodao~, /`Cemi Tavgadasavali~/ wereTeli
1989: 9) da mTeli cxovreba es niRabi ar mouSorebia. `Turme sul vicinodi, _
mogviTxrobs akaki `Cems TavgadasavalSi~, _ da am sicils erTi kargi usia-
movnebac mouxdenia~. mis ZiZas Cxubi mosvlia mezoblis gamzrdelTan, romel-
sac momcinar akakize uTqvams, `es bavSvi ise icinis, rom swored suleli
gamovao~ (/`Cemi Tavgadasavali~/ wereTeli 1989: 9). mama ki akakis `xiTxiTa
biWunas~ eZaxda. sicili, rogorc mxatvruli saxe, ar warmoCndeba akakis yvela
leqsSi, iseve rogorc baraTaSvilTan `suliT obloba~, magram yvela leqsSi
igrZnoba is simsubuqe, romelic guliT mocinari adamianisagan momdinareobs.
tirilic ki akakis leqsebSi misi daZlevisa da sicilisaken swrafvis
survilia:

`am dRes velodi, moveswar!...
vicini, aRar vtiri me~
/`Tqveni Wirime~/ (wereTeli 1988: 551).
200


sicili ganuyofelia akakis Sinagani samyarosagan, is misi pozacaa da
mxatvruli sinamdvilec. Tavisi daavadebis _ kisris kunTebis modunebis _
gamo akakis xSirad gaumeorebia Tavisi ZiZis mier Cagonebuli azri da xum-
robiT uTqvams, `me rom zemoT viyurebi, angelozebs vucinio~ da misi es
naTqvami simarTles ar gamoricxavs. rac Seexeba mxatvrul sinamdviles, akaki
mas Semdegnairad warmoaCens:

`ar mSordeba mwuxareba da Wiri,
magram mainc sul vicini, ar vstiri~.
/`muxambazi~/ (wereTeli 1988: 133)

sicili akakisaTvis piraduliT ar ganisazRvreba (`ras miqvian piradi
mwuxareba?~), is misi grZnobebis gamoxatulebaa, warmoCenis aratradiciuli
formaa:

`Wirisufals mxolod cremli Sveniso!
is icinis! rogor ara rcxveniso~.
/`muxambazi~/ (wereTeli 1988: 133)

akaki aRniSnavs, rom sicili `bevrjel cremlzed mwaria!~ da Tavisi `mara-
diuli~ sicilis sam mizezs asaxelebs. es aris warsuli, romlis mogoneba
guls stkens, awmyo, romelic abediviT swvavs da momavali, romelic imediT
aRavsebs, amitomac siciliT samgvarad dascinis poeti beds. akakis sicilSi ar
aisaxeba `piradi vneba~, misi ocneba iliasaviT Zilisgan gamofxizlebaa, `tur-
fa qorwilia~, rac pirovnebisa da eris sulier amaRlebas unda niSnavdes,
rasac mowmobs misi warmosaxviTi Sedegi, rom poetmac svimon winaswarmety-
veliviT Tqvas:

`ganmiteve~ da mRviZari mivirqva!~
/`muxambazi~/ (wereTeli 1988: 134).

poetis ocneba mxolod bednierebis dasawyisis xilvaa, darwmuneba imaSi,
rom ufali Cven Sorisaa da ai maSin, mxolod maSin icinebs guliT, saflavSic
mosvenebiT daiZinebs. Tu baraTaSvili `suliT oblobis~ niRbiT misi daZle-
visaken miiswrafvis, ilia `moZraobiT~ umoqmedobas, `urwmunoebas~, sibneles
(bnel Rames) ebrZvis, akaki siciliT elis ufals, siciliT midis RmerTamde.
sicili da tirili, netareba da tanjva akakisaTvis ar aris mkveTrad gamij-
nuli cnebebi: `sicili bevrjel cremlzed mwaria~ (wereTeli 1988: 134), iseve
rogorc `Cum tanjvaSic aris didi netareba~ (/`rac ar iwvis, ar anaTebs~/,
wereTeli 1988: 460).
sicili akakisaTvis mTavari saxe-niRabia, romelic faravs mis tanjva-wa-
mebas, magram amave dros sicili misi Sinagani `mes~ warmomCenia, romelic msu-
buqi da Rrmaa, imdenad brZnulia, rom ugunuradac moCans. es bunebrivia,
radgan mas RvTiuri niWi warmarTavs:

`nu mkicxav mnaxo ugnurad,
nurc gaikvirveb brZnobasa;
sul sxva hyavs xelisufali
am Cems goneba-grZnobasa~.
(wereTeli 1988: 304).

akakis sicili, zogjer `ugunuradac~ rom moCans, mocartiseuli _ didi
da niWieri adamianis _ sicilia, romelic Tavisi RvTiT momadlebuli talan-
tis wyalobiT axlos dgas ufalTan.
201


amrigad, gasakviri da moulodneli aRar unda iyos, rom bumberaz Semoq-
medTa saTqmels vaJa sruliad gansxvavebulad _ tiriliT _ gamoxatavs. is,
rasac akaki siciliT aRwevs, vaJasTvis tiriliT miiRweva:

`me rom tirili mewados,
Tqven vis ra gindaT netara,
erTi icinis, sxva tiris,
aseTi aris qveyana,
magram mixvdebiT erTxelac,
vin axlos vdgevarT RmerTTana~./
(vaJa-fSavela 1961: 52).

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom vaJas pirvel krebuls `cremlebi~ hqvia. es is
cremlebia, romlebic adamians guls ulbobs da sxvis tkivils aCvenebs, magram
vaJas umTavresi saxe-niRabi mainc `siRaribea~ da ara tirili. tirili Tan
axlavs mas. vaJa realuradac Raribia, mSier-titveli; Wraqis Suqze wers leq-
sebs, Svils ki eubneba, qvaze dawereo; mis colsa da Svilebs `Rilebic ki ar
akeriaT kabaze~. siRaribe vaJas poza ar aris, es misi Cveuli mdgomareobaa,
rac poets tkivilTan erTad siamayes aniWebs:

`arc-ra tanT mcvia, arc fexTa,
davdivar dedi-Sobila,
mec imaT jogidama var,
vinc siRaribiT cnobila~.
(vaJa-fSavela 1961: 146).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom siRaribe vaJas sulieri mdgomareobacaa, romelic
mxatvrul saxe-niRbad yalibdeba da romelmac ara realuri, aramed mxatv-
ruli sinamdvile unda warmoaCinos. siRaribe xdeba vaJas usazRvro, ukide-
gano, fasdaudebeli simdidris warmomCeni, iseTi simdidris, rogoric `jer
arvis gaugonia~. da marTlac,

`mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana:
mTaSi _ mTa, barad _ baria,
zRva da xleleTi erTian,
cas _ varskvlavebis jaria ...~.
(vaJa-fSavela 1961: 146)

da gana damTavrda CamonaTvali? ara, poets ekuTvnis adamianTa grZnobe-
bic _ mdidarTa RiRini, beCavTa qviTini, bunebis movlenebi _ `avdari, JinJ-
li, cis qceva, ca mowmendili, daria~, TviT samoTxeca da jojoxeTic erT-
droulad, samyaros srulyofilebisa da ganuzomlobis Sesacnobad. vaJa su-
lieri simdidriT eziareba Semoqmeds, romlis SecnobaSi siRaribe (`sawylo-
ba~) exmareba, amitomac es saxe-niRabi ganuSorebelia misgan. siRaribis Semec-
neba iseTive aucilebelia sulieri simdidris (uflis) mosapoveblad, ro-
gorc sulieri oblobisa _ mis dasaZlevad, `arafrobisa~ _ `kavali naTelis~
dasatoveblad; uSvilobis da unayofobis _ nayofis dasatoveblad, da Tun-
dac `vefxistyaosnobis~ _ saRmrTo siyvarulis mosapoveblad. vaJas mTeli
Semoqmedeba RaribTa, beCavTa, sawyalTa, obolTa, glaxakTa, uRonoTa, sust-
Ta, daWrilTa (arwivi, luxumi), gamxmarTa (xmeli wifeli) gamoqomagebaa, tanj-
vis safasurad bednierebis mopovebis imedis Cvenebaa, mxneobis gaRviZebaa. es
aris vaJasTvis RvTaebriv siyvarulTan ziareba (rusTaveli), nayofiereba (gu-
ramiSvili), sulieri oblobis daZleva da bedis sazRvris gadalaxva (bara-
TaSvili), naTeli kvalis datoveba(ilia), uflis nebis gamosaxatavad erTdro-
ulad sicilica da tirilic (akaki).
202


am eqvseuls avsebs kidev erTi geniosi (iseTive erTi, rogorc qveyana / `we-
liwadebi wavlian Zvelni~, tabiZe 1973: 106) _ galaktioni da raoden banalu-
radac ar unda JRerdes, ikvreba cisartyela. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom galak-
tioni im samyaroSi cxovrobs, romliskenac sxvebi miiswrafvian. mas sjera
Tavisi `bodvis~, Tavis mier warmosaxuli samyarosi, romelic `siyvarulis
dResaswaulia~ (`rac ufro Sors xar~ / tabiZe 1973: 11), `maRali koSkia~, ro-
melSic poetebma landebi daasaxles (`maRali koSki~ / tabiZe 1973: 128). `yrma
meocnebe da geniosi~ (`raa es grZnoba~ / tabiZe 1973: 14) TiTqos gascda bedis
sazRvars, gascda Tavisi SemoqmedebiT. es ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos,
radgan sxvaTagan gansxvavebiT poeti `siSoris siaxloves~ aRiqvams (`siSoriT
SeniT~ / tabiZe 1973: 41). galaktionma icis, rom xalxis azrovneba, romlisTvi-
sac `gulcivobaa~ damaxasiaTebeli, verasodes Seicnobs, `Tu ra Zalaa Semoq-
medisTvis sakuTar Zlier simReris grZnoba!~ `amgvar grZnobebs qmnis mxolod
wameba!~ (`raa es grZnoba~ / tabiZe 1973: 14). wamebam SeaZlebina galaktions
`saRvTo bilikebze~ siarulica da `erTi kvalis~ datovebac (`xelovneba~ /
tabiZe 1973: 16); magram am wamebas, brboSi cxovrebas, sakuTari Tavis cxedrad
aRqmasa da yofas kuboSi (`xalxi ireva, xalxi fusfusebs~ / tabiZe 1973: 15),
suliT oblobas, miusafrobas, umiznobas (`sad~ / tabiZe 1973: 37) SeniRbva esa-
Wiroeboda, ormxrivi SeniRbva: rogorc sinamdvilis, aseve _ mxatvruli si-
namdvilis. es SeniRbva jer saidumlos saxes iRebs, romelic mxolod `TeTrma
Ramem~ icis (`me da Rame~ / tabiZe 1973: 39) da romelic mudam saidumlod dar-
Ceba; magram igi (es saidumlo) mxolod mxatvrul sinamdvileSi arsebobs,
galaktions ki realobac dasaZlevi aqvs. amis saukeTeso saSualeba ki poeti-
saTvis simTvrale aRmoCnda. galaktioni nel-nela mieZala am mdgomareobas.
poeziiT mTvrali daiareboda quCebSi _ `me poeziiT viyavi mTvrali~ (`Semod-
gomis dila~ / tabiZe 1973: 100); Semdeg ki Rvino iqca misi poeziis wyarod:

`Sen, meRvine, Rvino gvasvi,
Tvals nu mieZineba,
fiqrebi gvaqvs asjer asi,
rogorc Rrublis dineba~.
(`es mZinare mTa da veli~ / tabiZe 1973: 115).

Rvino afxizlebs galaktionis poetur samyaros, fiqrTa dinebas iwvevs,
mZinare mTa da veli ki amqveynad rCeba. poeti eZebs niRabs, radgan
SesaZlebelia xalxs daemalos, moSordes, magram Rameebs, Sinagan samyaros
sadRa daemaleba?! da RviniT ivseba Tasebi. simTvrale xdeba galaktionis
pozac da niRabic. am niRabs mxolod maSin ixdis, roca Tavis ocnebasTan rCeba:

`me vixdi niRabs, momgvareT raSi!
SenTan, nugeSTan! o, Cqara, Cqara!~.
(`mwuxareba Senze~ / tabiZe 1973: 124).

is sazogadoeba, romelsac galaktioni gaurbis, taSiT ajildoebs poets,
aniWebs saxelsa da didebas, magram igive sazogadoeba ar ibralebs mas da
emuqreba (`mwuxareba Senze~ / tabiZe 1973: 124). gamosavali erTia _ simTvra-
le, romelic aZinebs realobis SegrZnebas da afxizlebs poetur fantazias;
simTvralis poza ki sazogadoebas galaktionTan arigebs:

`sadac unda Seviaro,
Rvinos damaZaleben,
mwuxareba ver davfaro,
Rvinos daabraleben!~.
(`Rvinos daabraleben~ / tabiZe 1973: 160).

203


simTvrale xdeba poetis sulieri mdgomareoba, Rvino ki sulierebis fers
_ cisfers _ iRebs. galaktioni misken miiswrafvis, radgan is aris misi tanj-
vis poeziaSi `gadmotanis~ saSualeba, misi saxe-niRabi:

`stiroda suli cisfer Rvinoebs,
Rvino eZebda sul sxvas piriqiT
da Semdgom ucnob pianinoebs
atrialebda tanjvis lirikiT~.
(`stiroda suli cisfer Rvinoebs~ / tabiZe 1973: 182).

da kvlav Cndeba kiTxva: ratom ifareben niRabs (Tanac sxvadasxvagvars) ge-
niosi poetebi? erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi albaT ar arsebobs. vfiqrobT, niRa-
bi erTaderTi saSualebaa SemoqmedisaTvis, rom SeZlos amqveynad arseboba,
Tanac misTvis Sesabamisi formiT dro-sivrculi sazRvrebis daZleva, gada-
laxva. swored am sazRvrebis daZleva qmnis genioss, romelic win uswrebs
dros; niRabi ki TiToeul Semoqmeds Tavisi aqvs, Sesabamisi misi piradi cxov-
rebisa, im sinamdvilisa, romlis wyalobiTac is zesinamdviles qmnis.



damowmebani:

baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani 150. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1968.
guramiSvili 1992: guramiSvili d. `daviTiani~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~,
1992.
vaJa-fSavela 1961: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. I, Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.
vaJa-fSavela 1961: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. V, Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.
levi-strosi 1970: levi-strosi k. miTebis struqtura. Jurn. ,
1970, 153.
rusTaveli 1974: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~,
1974.
tabiZe 1973: tabiZe g. rCeuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1973.
Cxenkeli 1971: Cxenkeli T. tragikuli niRbebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~,
1971.
wereTeli 1988: wereTeli a. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. I. Tb.: gamomcem-
loba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988.
wereTeli 1989: wereTeli a. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. I. Tb.: gamomcemlo-
ba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1989.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb.: gamomcem-
loba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.


204


Tamar Sharabidze

Century Masks

Summary

The paper deals with a symbol of the mask but only from a certain aspect a great
creator puts on this mask, he contemplates this world from this mask and also expresses his
truth with this mask, and this mask is a defense mechanism from the immediate reality. The
mask is essential for turning the reality into super time, for transformation of a good poet
into genius. To prove this view seven genii have been taken from Georgian literature:
Rustaveli, Guramishvili, Baratashvili, Ilia, Akaki, Vazha, Galaktion and an opinion is
expressed that each of them had ones own unique mask. Rustaveli uses the symbol of
tigers skin, Guramishvili childlessness, Baratashvili the orphaned soul, Illia
movement, Akaki laughter, Vazha poverty, Galaktion wine and drunkenness. Why do
the poets of genius put on a mask (moreover, different kinds of them)? Perhaps there is no
single answer to this question. In our view, a mask is the only means for a creator to be able
to live in this world; to overcome time-space boundary limits and in the form relevant for
him. It is the overcoming of these difficulties that makes a genius who is ahead of time; as to
the mask each creator has its own one, in accordance with his personal life, the reality
with which he creates super-reality.

205




poetikuri kvlevani


Tamar barbaqaZe

qarTuli leqsmcodneoba XXI saukunis pirveli
aTwleulis presaSi

(2000-2009 w.w.)

XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleuli qarTuli leqsmcodneobisaTvis gansa-
kuTrebuli aRmoCnda: XXI saukunis damdegi _ 2000 weli aRiniSna akaki xinTi-
biZis `versifikaciuli narkvevebis~ gamosvliT, romelmac moicva avtoris mi-
er bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili versifikaciuli gamokvlevebi, isini
an Jurnal-gazeTebSi iyo gabneuli, an gamouqveynebeli hqonda mecniers.
erovnuli leqsis kvlevis orsaukunovani tradicia ki daagvirgvina akaki
xinTibiZis fundamenturma naSromma: `qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria~
(Tsu gamomcemloba, 2009), romelic cnobili leqsmcodnis gardacvalebis
wlisTavze miiRo mkiTxvelma. 2002 wels realobad iqca galaktionis ocneba
`galaktionologiaze~ da SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis insti-
tutSi, Teimuraz doiaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Seiqmna galaktionis kvlevis
centri, daistamba `galaktionologiis~ oTxi samecniero-literaturuli
krebuli, 2003 wels daistamba ak. xinTibiZis naSromi. `galaktioni: 15 leqsi da
erTi poema~, romelSic ganxilulia g. tabiZis 15 leqsi da poema `mSvidobis
wigni~, 2003 welsve gamovida ak. xinTibiZis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo `qarTu-
li leqsi~.
2004 wels `logos presma~ dastamba zaza SaTiriSvilis wigni ` galaktio-
nis poetika da ritorika~, romelic 1997-2002 wlebSi dawera avtorma. z. SaTi-
riSvili sruliad axleburad gaiazrebs, Tu ram ganapiroba galaktionis ga-
daqceva akakis epigonidan `Zlier poetad~ (`saxeli galak(q)tioni~). mecnieri
ikvlevs galaktionis `artistuli yvavilebis~ (1919) invariantul motivebs da
1927 wlis krebulis Seqmnis procesSi galaktionis poetur ideologias.
2007 wlis 27 maiss SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutSi
Catarda leqsmcodneobis pirveli sesia; meore sesia, 2008 wlis 28 maiss rom
gaimarTa, ana kalandaZes mieZRvna, xolo mesame _ 2009 wlis 27 maiss moewyo da
lado asaTianis leqsis mkvlevarebs daeTmoT.
`es samecniero sesiebi agrZelebs leqsmcodneobis aqtualuri sakiTxebis
kvlevis im tradiciebs, romlebsac safuZveli Caeyara ramdenime aTeuli wlis
win: qarTuli leqsis cnobili mkvlevris, akaki xinTibiZis, TaosnobiT, siste-
maturad tardeboda samecniero seminarebi, romlebSic monawileobdnen
leqsmcodneobis rogorc qarTveli, aseve rusi specialistebi~ (qronika 2009:
363).
2008 wlidan literaturis institutis gamomcemlobaSi daiwyo yovelwli-
uri krebulis `leqsmcodneobis~ gamoSveba. am krebulma gaaerTiana leqs-
mcodneobis samecniero sesiaze warmodgenili masalebi, romlebic erTi qar-
Tveli poetisadmi iyo miZRvnili. pirveli krebuli ana kalandaZes mieZRvna
(2008), meore _ lado asaTians daeTmo (2009), mesame paolo iaSvils (2010)
daeTmoba da a. S. 2008 wels daistamba Tamar barbaqaZis 500-gverdiani monog-
206


rafia `soneti saqarTveloSi~, romelsac recenziebiT gamoexmaurnen: nino
xoferia, giorgi lobJaniZe da nino sadRobelaSvili (xoferia 2008; lobJaniZe
2009; sadRobelaSvili 2008). 2000 wels literaturis institutSi daarsda
yovelwliuri literaturul-Teoriuli krebuli `sjani~ (redaqtori: Temur
doiaSvili; 2006 wlidan: irma ratiani), romelSic leqsmcodneobas sagangebo
rubrika daeTmo da 2000-2009 wlebSi masSi TiTqmis sami aTeuli werili dai-
beWda qarTuli leqsis problemebze; tradiciad iqca presaSi gamoqveyneba
qarTuli literaturis institutSi gamarTuli samecniero sxdomis dros
wakiTxuli mimoxilvebisa, romlebic qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebisad-
mi miZRvnil werilebs exeba: l. bregaZem weriliT `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba _
2000~ safuZveli Cauyara amgvari mimoxilvebis presaSi gamoqveynebis tradi-
cias (bregaZe 2001-2002), rac ganamtkica T. barbaqaZis werilebma: `qarTuli
leqsmcodneoba 2002~, `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba 2003~ da a. S. (barbaqaZe
2006). 2000-2009 wlebSi `literaturul ZiebanSi~ (kr. XXI-XXIX) gamoqveynda T.
barbaqaZis werilebis seria qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebis Taobaze XX
s. 30-40-iani, 50-60-70, 80-90-iani wlebis presaSi. erovnuli versifikaciis sa-
kiTxebis mimoxilva, periodikis mixedviT, dasruldeba winamdebare weriliT,
xolo wigni `qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoria (XIX-XXI s.s. presis mixedviT)~
2010 wels daistambeba qarTuli literaturis institutis gamomcemlobaSi.
2000 wels T. doiaSvilma gamosca monografia `Enjambement~, romelSic mo-
nografiulad aris Seswavlili saleqso struqturis specifikuri elementi
anJambemani (enjambement) anu gadatana. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia av-
torma anJambemanis, rogorc sagangebo poeturi xerxis, polifunqciuri bu-
nebis warmoCenas. `es aris pirveli monografia, romelic erT calke aRebul
versifikaciul figuras mieZRvna~ (bregaZe 2001-2002).
2006 wels Tamar lomiZem daicva sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mec-
nierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad: `qarTvel romanti-
kosTa mxatvruli azrovneba~. mkvlevarma sagangebo adgili dauTmo nikoloz
baraTaSvilis riTmas.
2006 welsve axalgazrda mkvlevarma qeTevan enuqiZem gamosca naSromi
paolo iaSvilis mistifikaciis _ `elene darianis~ dRiurebis avtorisa da
lirikuli gmiris Taobaze.
qarTuli literaturis institutis mier gamocemul krebulebSi, romle-
bic, Sesabamisad, giorgi leoniZes (2000), grigol robaqiZes (2003), konstanti-
ne gamsaxurdias (2005) mieZRvna, saTanadod aisaxa am avtorTa poeturi Se-
moqmedeba, maTi leqswyoba. 2001 wels `saarma~ gamosca giorgi leoniZis rCe-
uli leqsebisa da poetisadmi miZRvnili werilebis krebuli `ole da olo-
lebi~ (redaqtori T. barbaqaZe), romelSic ramdenime statia daeTmo giorgi
leoniZis leqswyobas.
2007 wels qarTuli literaturis institutSi safuZveli Caeyara saerTa-
Soriso simpoziumebs: `literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi~.
Catarda I-II simpoziumebi da daibeWda masalaTa krebulebi, romelSic saTa-
nado adgili daeTmo qarTuli leqsis problemebs. 2007 wlis 6-7 noembers ki,
ilias 170-e wlisTavis saiubileod, Catarda saerTaSoriso samecniero konfe-
rencia: `ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~, gamoica masalaTa krebuli, romelSic
Setanilia: ap. silagaZis, T. doiaSvilisa da T. barbaqaZis werilebi ilias
strofikis Taobaze.; `bednieri eris struqturasa da sazrisze da ilias
dramatuli poemebis poetikis Sesaxeb.
XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleulis monagars qarTuli leqsmcodneobis
sakiTxebze, Cveulebisamebr, Tematurad davajgufebT da qveTavebad
warmovadgenT:

207


a) qarTuli leqsis bunebisa da terminologiis sakiTxebi;
b) ZvelqarTuli leqsi da `vefxistyaosnis~ leqswyoba;
g) galaktionis leqsi;
d) XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTveli poetebis leqswyoba.


a) qarTuli leqsis bunebisa da terminologiis sakiTxebi

qarTuli leqsis bunebis sakiTxi, misi mikuTvneba silaburi Tu silabur-
tonuri sistemisaTvis erovnuli versifikaciis orsaukunovan istoriaSi,
kardinaluria. mis gadaWras ramdenime mwvave diskusia mieZRvna da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, igi XXI saukuneSic rCeba qarTuli leqsis Teoriis sadavo problemad.
apolon silagaZis gamokvleva `qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi~ am
sirTulis daZlevas isaxavs miznad. mecnieri ar gamoricxavs Teoriul SesaZ-
leblobas, rom leqswyobis romelime konkretuli sistema (silaburi, sila-
bur-tonuri, metrikuli, tonuri) `ar Tavsdeba arcerT tipologiur jgufSi,
an Tavsdeba imdenad pirobiTad, rom am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi
apriorulad mas ar SeiZleba mieyenos~ (silagaZe 2008: 90). avtors miaCnia, rom
qarTuli leqsis bunebis gansazRvris tradiciuli gza, negatiuri argumen-
tebiT mocemuli leqswyobis sistemisaTvis mikuTvnebis uaryofisa, meTodo-
logiurad ar aris swori. ap. silagaZis azriT, `qarTuli leqsi SeiZleba ori-
ginaluri bunebisa iyos da emyarebodes enis fonologiuri sistemis iseT
zesegmentur elements, romelsac ar emyareba oTxi sistemidan arcerTi~
(silagaZe 2008: 91).
apolon silagaZe, rogorc cnobilia, sagangebod ikvlevs saleqso ritmis
Semqmnel faqtorTagan erT-erT mniSvnelovans _ gamijvnas, anu pauzas _ saz-
Rvris, gasayaris movlenas sityvebsa da, aseve, Sesityvebebs Soris. sityvaTa
gasayari, reprezentirebuli saleqso sistemaSi, aqtualizebulia iseTi
ZaliT, rogorc maxvili aqcentur leqsSi da aqvs regulirebis, Seqmnis Tvi-
seba. e. i. warmoadgens mudmiv ritmul gasayars saleqso-ritmuli funqciiT.
mkvlevari eyrdnoba Tavis adrindel Tvalsazriss, rom qarTuli leqsis
kvalificireba silabur leqsad mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba: saleqso erTe-
ulSi (striqoni da sxv.) mudmivi saleqso gasayaris arsebobis, metris agebisas
orwevredTa (5+2 da 4+3) ganlagebis gansakuTrebulobis, orwevredTa (5+2 da
4+3) mezoblobisa da SeTavsebadobis kanonzomierebis gamo.
ap. silagaZe eyrdnoba leqswyobis sistemaTa SedarebiT axal klasifikaci-
as (loTsi 1966: 140-141) da gamoricxavs qarTuli leqsis metris gansazRvras
marcvalTa raodenobis mixedviT, mag.: 10-marcvliani leqsi, 16-marcvliani
Sairi, 8-marcvliani leqsi da a. S. mecniers miaCnia, `qarTulSi Cven gvaqvs ara
8-marcvliani striqoni da, Sesabamisad, 8-marcvliani metri (8-marcvliani
leqsi), aramed Semdegi sxvadasxva, sruliad avtonomiuri, striqonebi da
metrebi: 5+3, 4+4 (3+0) + (3+2)...~ (silagaZe 2008: 98).
ganviTarebis wina safexurze amosavlad silaburi stadia aris nagulisx-
mevi mecnieris mier, romelic SesaZleblad miiCnevs rekonstruirebas CvenT-
vis cnobili safexurebis wina, pirveli safuxurebisas, rodesac qarTuli
leqsis ritmul erTeulebSi moqmedebda ritmuli gasayariT or tol Semad-
genlad (n=k) gayofis principi.
rogorc cnobilia, a. meies cnobili naSromis Semdeg (meie 1923) silaburi
sistema postulirebulia saerTo indoevropuli leqsisaTvis, xolo m. gaspa-
rovis mier Camoyalibebulia Teoria hipoTeturi indoevropuli leqsisa (gas-
parovi 2003: 12-15). ap. silagaZe eTanxmeba azrs, rom `miviRoT Semdegi zogadi
debuleba: silaburi mdgomareobidan SeiZleba miRebul iqnas yvelanairi
208


mdgomareoba... leqsis silaburi tipi (an principulad misi msgavsi) aris er-
TaderTi tipi, romelic SeiZleba warmovidginoT yvelanairi SemTxvevisaTvis
rogorc amosavali hipoTeturi sistema, romlidanac, rogorc derivati, mii-
Reba dRes cnobili nebismieri sistema~ (silagaZe 2008: 99-100).
apolon silagaZes qarTuli leqswyobis silaburobis Teoriis damcvelad
miiCnevs akaki xinTibiZe Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `qarTuli leqsis isto-
ria da Teoria~: `avtori qarTuli leqswyobis silaburobis poziciaze dgas,
radgan saleqso muxlebs cifrebiT gamoxatavs, arsad ar axsenebs terfebs da
qarTuli maxvilis uZraobas uWers mxars~ (xinTibiZe 2009: 370).
ak. xinTibiZe zemoxsenebuli wignis VI TavSi `qarTuli leqswyobis silabu-
robisa da silaburtonurobis Teoriebi~ dawvrilebiT gvacnobs am Teoriebis
damcvelTa Sexedulebebs qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT. silaburobis Teo-
rias emxrobodnen: mamuka baraTaSvili, ioane batoniSvili, anonimi avtori,
Teimuraz bagrationi, platon ioseliani, daviT CubinaSvili, daviT reqtori,
luka isarliSvili, grigol yifSiZe, iona meunargia, mose janaSvili, niko
mari, silovan xundaZe, grigol robaqiZe, pavle ingoroyva, andrei fedorovi,
givi gaCeCilaZe, daviT werediani, giorgi wereTeli, togo gudava, mixeil
gasparovi, apolon silagaZe, qeTrin viviani. mecnieri aqve warmogvidgens
qarTuli leqsis silaburtonurobis Teoriis damcvelebs: evgeni bolxoviti-
novi, lavrenti ardaziani, nikoloz gulaki, kote dodaSvili, meliton kelen-
jeriZe, Sio daviTaSvili, ioseb yifSiZe, sergi gorgaZe, akaki gawerelia, pan-
teleimon beraZe, roland beriZe; aqve CamoTvlilia: mari broses, aleqsandre
xaxanaSvilis, galaktion tabiZis, ipolite varTagavas, konstantine WiWinaZis,
sargis kakabaZis, vukol beriZis, Salva dolaqiZis, daviT kobiZis, hans fog-
tis, viktor nozaZis, givi miqaZis, akaki uruSaZis, nodar naTaZis, guram Tev-
zaZis calkeuli dakvirvebani qarTuli leqsis bunebis Taobaze.
TviTon ak. xinTibiZis daskvna ki qarTuli leqsis bunebaze, misi ukanask-
neli monografiis mixedviT, amgvaria: `marTebuli ar iqneba gancxadeba, rom
yvela droisa da epoqis qarTul leqsSi, mis yvela monakveTSi, silaburoba
sufTa saxiT iyos SenarCunebuli. danamdvilebiT mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba,
rom qarTuli leqswyoba silabur-tonuri ar aris da leqswyobis sistemebs
Soris yvelaze met siaxloves silabur sistemasTan amJRavnebs~ (xinTibiZe
2009: 418).
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom 2003 wels `saskolo biblioTekis~ seriiT gamoq-
veynda akaki xinTibiZis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo `qarTuli leqsi~, romelsac
sagangebo recenziac mieZRvna (barbaqaZe 2003: 12). es wigni mxolod mas Semdeg
Seiqmna, rac dros, TiTqmis 30-wlian gamocdas, gauZlo akaki xinTibiZis mier
studentebisaTvis dawerilma saxelmZRvanelom `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba
(leqciebis Semoklebuli kursi)~.
qarTuli leqsis Teoriis umniSvnelovanesi problema qarTuli leqsis
buneba _ TiTqos, unda moeridebina avtors norCi mkiTxvelisaTvis, magram
akaki xinTibiZe marTebulad iqceva, rodesac qarTuli leqsis istoriis gac-
nobamde am dilemis gadasaWrelad yvela arguments keTilsindisierad acnobs
moswavleebs, rogorc qarTuli leqsis silaburobis, aseve silaburtonuro-
bis damcvelTa Teoriebidan da daaskvnis. `...aqcenturi enebis moZaleba (ru-
suli, germanuli, inglisuri) gavlenas axdens enis maxvilze, aZlierebs mis
dinamikurobasa da, amis Sesabamisad, leqsSic tonurobis elementebs zrdis.
magram am Zaladobas enisa da leqsis bunebaze jerjerobiT kargad umklavdeba
qarTuli enaca da leqsic, romelic ZiriTadad silaburi sistemis farglebSi
rCeba~ (xinTibiZe 2003: 87).
rogorc ak. xinTibiZis monografiidan Cans, qarTuli leqsis bunebaze
msjelobdnen aramarto qarTveli, aramed ucxoeli mkvlevarebic. axalgazr-
209


da mecnieris TamTa Cadunelis werilis Temac es gamxdara, rodesac mas ga-
nuzraxavs mkiTxvelisaTvis gaecno pirveli ucxoeli avtoris evgeni bolxo-
vitinovis mosazrebani qarTuli leqsis bunebaze. evg. bolxovitinovis wigni
` ,
(1802)~ germanulad gamosca 1804 wels frederik Smidtma. bolxovitinovis
wigns exeba malt-brenis mimoxilva. xolo am mimoxilvas eyrdnoba mari brose
qarTuli leqsis bunebaze saubrisas. qarTuli leqsis bunebas silabur-tonu-
rad miiCnevs ucxoeli n. gulaki, silaburad Tvlian: hans fogti, mixeil gaspa-
rovi da dimitri slivniaki, qeTrien viviani; TamTa Caduneli imowmebs donald
reifildis azrs qarTuli leqsis Taobaze, kerZod, dabali da maRali Sairis
Taobaze (reifildi 1997). d. reifildi qarTuli leqsis sisusted miiCnevs
`bgerebiTa da sityvebiT hiperbolizebas~, rasac qarTuli enis musikaluro-
ba, sonorTa simdidre da polisilaburi nakadi warmoSobs (reifildi 1997).
TamTa Caduneli gamoTqvams savsebiT marTebul azrs qarTuli leqsis bunebiT
ucxoeli avtorebis dainteresebis Taobaze: `ucxoeli avtorebi arcTu iSvia-
Tad interesdebian qarTuli leqsiT; rac ufro intensiuri iqneboda, ucxour
enebze meti informacia rom arsebobdes qarTuli leqsmcodneobis Sesaxeb~
(Caduneli 2004: 143).
g. wereTlis `metri da riTma vefxistyaosanSi~ (1972), vidre wignad dais-
tambeboda, moxsenebad waikiTxa avtorma, romlis mosazrebam qarTuli leqsis
silaburi bunebis gamo mwvave polemika gamoiwvia. am ambavs gadmogvcems dawv-
rilebiT kaxa daviTuris werili `mweralTa sasaxleSi gamarTuli erTi disku-
siis Sesaxeb~ (daviTuri 2006: 104-112). avtori daaskvnis: `Cven SeZlebisda-
gvarad srulad gadmoveciT 1972 wels mweralTa sasaxleSi gamarTuli metad
saintereso da epoqaluri mniSvnelobis diskusiis masalebi, romlis mixedviT
gaformda da dakanonda qarTuli leqsis silaburobis Teoria, sapirispirod,
manamde, ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze, gabatonebuli silabur-tonuri
Teoriisa~ (daviTuri 2006: 110).
XXI s. pirvel aTwleulSi saTanadod Sefasda apolon silagaZis dakvirve-
bani qarTuli leqsis TeoriaSi. Teimuraz doiaSvilis werilSi `sistema-pro-
cesi-norma~ ganxilulia ap. silagaZis wigni: `qarTuli literaturis istoria,
rogorc sistema da literaturuli normebis sakiTxi~ (silagaZe 2000), xolo
amave mecnieris meore recenzia `hipoTezidan Teoriamde~ eZRvneba ap. silaga-
Zis wigns: `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris
problema~. Teimuraz doiaSvilis es recenziebi saTanadod aris ganxiluli
Cvens naSromebSi: `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba 2002~ da `qarTuli leqsmcod-
neoba 2003~ (barbaqaZe 2006: 215-226; 226-235), amitom amjerad sityvas aRar
gavagrZelebT.
2000-ian wlebSi sagangebo adgili daeTmo leqsmcodneobis zogierTi
terminis definicia-dazustebas.
pirvelad versifikaciis axaldadgenili cnebebis Taobaze visaubrebT:
Tanamedrove riTmis mimarT, sadac arazusti riTmis xvedriTi wili Zalian
didia, zusti riTma ki, Sesabamisad, mcire, ak. xinTibiZes Seufereblad miaCnia
Zveli, Semfasebluri elferis mqone cnebebis gamoyeneba (swori riTma, aras-
wori riTma, nakluli riTma). evropul poetikaSi zusti riTmis sanacvlod ix-
mareba termini: `identuri riTma~. giorgi wereTelmac gamoricxa Semfaseb-
luri pozicia `vefxistyaosnis~ riTmis mimarT da gamoiyena terminebi: `iden-
turi riTma~, `araidenturi riTma~. ak. xinTibiZis daskvna: `...uari unda
vTqvaT SemfaseblobiT terminebze: zusti da arazusti, swori da araswori,
unaklo da nakluli, da maT nacvlad SemoviRoT: identuri riTma, araiden-
turi riTma, romlebic riTmis xarisxze ar migvaniSneben~ (xinTibiZe 2002: 104).
210


ak. xinTibiZes aseve mouxerxeblad miaCnia rusulidan meqanikurad gadmo-
Rebuli terminebi: vaJuri riTma, qaluri riTma, daqtiluri riTma, zedaqti-
luri riTma, radgan qarTuli leqsi terfovani ar aris. terminebi: daqtilu-
ri da zedaqtiluri meqanikurad gauqmda. cnobili qarTveli leqsmcodnis
pozicia misaRebia, rodesac igi ambobs, rom qarTuli riTmis terminologia
erovnul niadagze unda idges; amitomac, vaJuri da qaluri riTmebis nacvlad,
unda damkvidrdes: erTmarcvliani da ormarcvliani, xolo daqtilurisa da
zedaqtiluris nacvlad, _ sammarcvliani da mravalmarcvliani.
levan bregaZem 2006 wels gamoaqveyna Tavisi dakvirvebani riTmis Taobaze,
sadac saubaria omomorful riTmaze, TanxmovangacvliT riTmaze (germanuli
Schttelreim-is qarTul analogze) da Tanamedrove versifikaciis paradoqsze,
rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom klasikuri versifikaciisagan gansxvavebiT, Tana-
medrove versifikaciaSi SesaZloa a eriTmebodes b-s, b eriTmebodes c-s,
magram ar aris savaldebulo a-c eriTmebodes c-s.
amgvar paralelzea agebuli javaxaZis `mxiaruli eqsperimenti: `beRura _
aqlemi~. ocstriqoniani leqsis yoveli taepi gariTmulia momdevno taepTan,
magram pirveli da bolo sariTmo sityvebi _ beRura da aqlemi _ erTmaneTis
riTmebi ar arian (bregaZe 2006: 45).
l. bregaZis werilSi `udetrebi riTmad~ gaanalizebulia XX s. II naxevri-
dan qarTul poeziaSi TavCenili tendencia _ udetrebis (Sorisdebulebis,
nawilakebis, kavSiris formebisa da misT.) gaxSirebuli gamoyeneba sariTmo
sityvebad. am movlenis asaxsnelad riTmis ganaxlebisaken, saamisod gamouye-
nebli leqsikuri rezervis amoqmedebis cnobieri motivis gverdiT, SesaZlo
aracnobieri motivic aris dasaxelebuli: Cveni epoqis damaxasiaTebeli sayo-
velTao demokratizaciis procesisaTvis fexis awyobis idumali survili
(bregaZe 2004: 444-447).
`sjanis~ me-3 krebulSi Teimuraz doiaSvili saeWvod miiCnevs anJambemanis
(enjambement) tradiciul ganmartebas, romelic damkvidrebulia qarTul, ru-
sul da dasavlur leqsmcodneobaSi da, romlis mixedviTac, anJambemani gaiaz-
reba, rogorc mimarTeba ritmulsa da sintaqsur sidideebs Soris. amgvari de-
finiciebiT daamkvidres gadatana erovnul versifikaciaSi akaki gawereliam
da akaki xinTibiZem.
am versifikaciuli movlenis meqanizmis dasadgenad T. doiaSvili auci-
leblad miiCnevs dakvirvebas taepis sazRvarze, sadac uSualod xorcieldeba
gadatana. aqve avtori droulad svams sakiTxs e. w. mikrosintaqsis problemis
Seswavlis aqtualobis Taobaze: sintagmebSi sintaqsuri kavSirebis siZlie-
res... mniSvneloba aqvs anJambemanis aRqmisaTvis: Zlieri kavSiri sintagmis wev-
rebs Soris maTi gaTiSvisas mkveTrad SesamCnevi xdeba. Tanamimdevruli, lo-
gikuri msjelobiT mkvlevari damajereblad uaryofs tradiciul Tvalsaz-
riss: gadatanis ganmsazRvrel struqturul niSnad taepis bolo gramatiku-
li pauzis arqonis aRiarebas; iziarebs v. Jirmunskis mosazrebas anJambemanis
warmoTqmisas aucilebeli Sidapauzis faqtoris Taobaze, Tumca misi absolu-
tizacia saWirod ar miaCnia.
werili mTavrdeba anJambemanis cnebis axleburi ganmartebiT: `anJambemani
anu gadatana ewodeba iseT ritmul-sintaqsur figuras, romelic warmoiqmne-
ba metruli rigisa da sintaqsuri dayofis SeuTavseblobisas. misi realiza-
ciisaTvis, rogorc wesi, aucilebelia gramatikuli pauzis arqona taepebs So-
ris da Sidapauzis arseboba taepis SigniT~ (doiaSvili 2002: 114).
`hiatusi, rogorc lingvisturi da poetikuri termini, Setanili unda iq-
nas literaturaTmcodneobis qarTul leqsikonSi~, _ aseTia daskvna akaki
xinTibiZis werilisa `hiatusi qarTul enasa da leqsSi~ (xinTibiZe 2006), rome-
lic qarTuli leqsmcodneobisa da lingvistikisaTvis aqamde ucnobi termi-
211


nis CvenSi damkvidrebasa da misi ganmartebisas qarTuli leqsis Tavisebure-
bis gaTvaliswinebas iTxovs.
`hiatusi lingvisturi terminia, gavrcelebuli ganmartebiT xmovnebis
Tavmoyra sityvaTa gasayarze, wina sityvis bolo xmovnisa da momdevno sity-
vis sawyisi xmovnis Sexvedra, rac warmoTqmas aZnelebs, magram radgan igi gan-
sakuTrebiT TvalsaCino leqsSia, poetikur terminadaa miCneuli~ (xinTibiZe
2006: 81).
hiatusi ar aris xSiri da Cveulebrivi movlena. literaturaTmcodneobis
terminTa zogierT leqsikonSi igi saerTod ar gvxvdeba. mas ver vipoviT
qarTul leqsikonebSic.
mecnieri sagangebod ikvlevs hiatusis movlenas qarTul prozasa da poe-
ziaSi da askvnis: `prozis sapirispirod, poeziaSi xmovanTa Sexvedrisa da
TanxmovanTa Sexvedras~ Soris sxvaoba didia. xmovanTa Sexvedra aSkarad War-
bobs TanxmovanTa Sexvedras (54:16-ze).
amis mizezi isaa, rom leqsSi sityvidan sityvaze gadasvla harmoniulia,
striqoni musikalurad JRers, rasac xmovanTa Sexvedra uwyobs xels~
(xinTibiZe 2006: 82).
qarTul leqsze dakvirveba mkvlevars aTqmevinebs, rom Tu saerTod
hiatusi sityvaTa gasayarze xmovanTa Tavmoyris simZimes da zogjer erTi
xmovnis amovardnas niSnavs, qarTulSi igi TanxmovanTa Tavmoyris simZimed da
zogjer mis amovardnad unda miviCnioT. es aris, mecnieris azriT, hiatusis
qarTuli saxesxvaoba, Tumca galaktionis poezia ar adasturebs am dakvirve-
bas; igi, rogorc gamonaklisi, hiatusis ganmartebisas nimuSad ar SeiZleba
miviCnioT: `imdenad didia galaktioni, imdenad zebunebrivia misi leqsi, rom
ver Tavsdeba mozomil CarCoebSi... amitom hiatusis ganmartebisas galaktio-
nis poeziis gverdis avliT da qarTuli leqsis Cveulebrivi gagebiT unda
vixelmZRvaneloT~ (xinTibiZe 2006: 85).
Cveulebrivad ki asea: qarTul enasa da leqsSi sityvaTa gasayarze xSiria
bolo Tanxmovnisa da momdevno sityvis sawyisi Tanxmovnis Sexvedra (mkvle-
vars mxedvelobaSi aqvs erTi da igive Tanxmovani) zogjer bolo Tanxmovnis
amovardnas iwvevs, rasac hiatusi unda ewodos.
mecnieri sifrTxiliT ekideba am axali ganmartebis absolutirebas, rad-
gan kvleva-Ziebam mcire masala moicva, Tumca, ar eeWveba, rom salaparako qar-
Tulidan Tu poeziidan vrceli masalis gaanalizeba daadasturebs ak. xinTi-
biZiseul ganmartebas.


damowmebani:

barbaqaZe 2004: barbaqaZe T. `leqss aqvs Tavis kanonebi da Tavisi saidumlo~. gaz.
`wigni~, 1, Tb.: 2004.
barbaqaZe 2006: barbaqaZe T. qarTuli leqsmcodneoba da sxva... Tb.:
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2006.
bregaZe 2001-2002: bregaZe l. leqsmcodneoba 2000. gaz. `Cveni mwerloba~, Tb.:
28.XII.2001-4.I.2002.
bregaZe 2004: bregaZe l. udetrebi riTmad. `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXV, 2004.
bregaZe 2006: bregaZe l. ubis wignakidan (1. zmna aris Tu arsebiTi saxeli; 2.
TanxmovangacvliTi riTma; 3. Tanamedrove versifikaciis paradoqsi). Jurn. `Cveni
mwerloba~, 16.
gasparovi 2003: . . . . .:
2003.
daviTuri 2006: daviTuri k. mweralTa sasaxleSi gamarTuli erTi diskusiis
Sesaxeb. sjani, VII, Tb.: 2006.
212


doiaSvili 2002: doiaSvili T. anJambemanis cnebisaTvis. sjani, III, Tb.: 2002.
loTsi 1966: Lotz J. Metric Typoligy. In. Style in Language. 1966.
lobJaniZe 2009: lobJaniZe g. `eg ukeTesni yvavilni poeziisani~. Jurn. `cxeli
Sokoladi. literatura~. 22, marti, Tb.: 2009.
meie 1923: Meillet A. Les origines indo-europennes des mtres grecs. Paris: 1923.
reifildi 1997: Rayfield D. Strenghts and Weaknesses of Georgian Literature. Georgica
(Amsterdam), 2, 1997.
silagaZe 2008: silagaZe ap. qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi. kr.:
leqsmcodneoba. I, Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.
qronika 2009: qronika: leqsmcodneobis II samecniero sesia. waxnagi. filolo-
giur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. I, Tb.: `memkvidreoba~, 2009.
Caduneli 2004: Caduneli T. ucxoeli avtorebi qarTuli leqsis bunebaze. J.
`kriteriumi~, 10, 2004.
xinTibiZe 2002: xinTibiZe ak. terminebisaTvis. zusti da arazusti, vaJuri da
qaluri riTmebi. sjani, III, Tb.: 2002.
xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe ak. qarTuli leqsi. saskolo saxelmZRvanelo. Tb.:
`logos presi~, 2003.
xinTibiZe 2006: xinTibiZe ak. hiatusi qarTul enasa da leqsSi. sjani, VII, Tb.: 2006.
xinTibiZe 2009: xinTibiZe ak. qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria. Tb.: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 2009.
xoferia 2008: xoferia n. sonetis Tema XXI saukuneSi. gaz. `saqarTvelos
respublika~, 129, 12 ivlisi, 2008.


Tamar Barbakadze

Georgian Versification in the Press of the First Decade
of the 21
st
Century (2000-2009)

Summary

The work will be presented in two parts because of the multiplicity of analytical
material. Currently the first part is being printed which contains: general survey concerning
the state of Georgian versification in the last decade and the first chapter of investigation: a)
Problems of the nature and terminology of Georgian verse. The rest sub-chapters are: b)
Old Georgian verse and versification of the Vepkhistqaosani, c) Galaktions verse; d)
Versification of Georgian poets of the 19th-20th centuries which will be presented in the
second part of the work.
The author surveys as to what accomplishments have been done in Georgian
versification for the first decade of the 21
st
century. They are: the foundation of Galaktions
research center at the Sh.Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature and four scholarly-
literary collections of Galaktionology published during 2002-2008; in the years of 2007-
2009 the sessions of Georgian versification (I, II, III) were held at the mentioned Institute
and, correspondingly, materials of the scientific session were printed in a new, annual
scholarly collection Versification (I, II); I collection was dedicated to the memory of
Anna Kalandadze and II collection to the memory of Lado Asatiani. At the same time, in
2000 the literary and theoretical journal Sjani was founded at the Institute of Georgian
Literature (editor: Teimuraz Doiashvili, and since 2006: Irma Ratiani), with special column
highlighting the versification and during the years 2000-2009 around 30 letters devoted to
the issues of Georgian verse were published.
213


To the one year anniversary of the death of professor Akaki Khintibidze, a well-known
scholar of Georgian verse there was published his fundamental monograph History and
Theory of Georgian Verse (TSU publishing-house, 2009); and in 2003 A.Khintibidzes
school book Georgian Verse appeared.
In 2004, Zaza Shatirishvilis book Galaktions Poetry and Rhetoric was printed. The
scholar investigates the invariant motifs of Galaktions Art Flowers (1919) and
Galaktions poetic ideology in the process of creating a collection of 1927. In 2000
Teimuraz Doiashvili published a monograph Enjambment in which specific element of
verse structure enjambment or run-on-line was studied monographically. In 2008 there
was printed Tamar Barbakadzes 500-page monograph The Sonnet in Georgia.
Georgian versification is widely presented in the materials of I-II-III International
symposium (2007-2009) dedicated to Contemporary Issues of the Theory of Literature.
The first subchapter of the work: a) The nature of Georgian verse and problems of
terminology familiarizes us with the newest principles of the known advocates of the
theory of syllabicity of Georgian verse, Akaki Khintibidze and Apolon Silagadze. It is said
for sure that Georgian versification is not syllabo-tonic and among the systems of
versification it reveals greatest closeness with syllabic system.
In the first decade of the 21
st
century, Apolon Silagadzes observations made in the
theory of Georgian verse were properly evaluated by Teimuraz Doiashvili.
In the 2000s special attention was paid to the more precise definition of some terms of
versification.
A.Khintibidze holds the view that we should get rid of using the evaluation terms:
accurate and inaccurate, correct and incorrect rhythm and, instead of them introduce:
identical, nonidentical rhythms, which do not indicate the quality of the rhythm. In place of
vazhuri (one-syllable) qaluri (two-syllable), dactylic, super-dactylic rhythms there should be
established: one-syllable, two-syllable, three-syllable, polysyllabic rhythms.
The work deals with Levan Bregadzes views on omoformed or consonant change
rhythm and also the scholars letter: Udetrs in rhythm.
T.Barbakadze considers Akaki Khintibidzes letter Hiatus in Georgian language and
verse which as a result of the analysis of an extended material of Georgian poetry and
prose, and spoken language aims to establish the Georgian variety of hiatus.





214


Tengiz kikaCeiSvili

sityvisa da feris harmoniuloba
konstantine gamsaxurdias poetikaSi

xelovnebas, rogorc Semecnebis specifikur formas, sinamdvilis esTe-
tikuri aTvisebis xerxs, erTi uCveulo, gindac ucnauri xifaTi emuqreba po-
tenciurad ararealuri, aramyari obieqtebis gamoxatva. am viTarebas erTg-
varad is uwyobs xels, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmnisas warmodgena-
warmosaxvebs gadamwyveti roli ekisrebaT, yovelTvis daiSveba saTanado oc-
neba, rac ama Tu im Secdomisa Tu gadacdenis sababad SeiZleba iqces, anu
SesaZloa, asaxva gaxdes usagno, uSinaarso.
xelovneba erTgvari Sepyrobilobaa da am grZnobis mowesrigebisaTvis,
kalapotSi CayenebisaTvis igi unda daiZlios maSin xelovneba Sedgeba.
sainteresod askvnida frangi mwerali andre morua: mSvenieri unda gaemij-
nos siSmage-SfoTvas, Tumca aucilebelia, gamoiyenos Sinagani siWarbe da
amis saSualebiT Seuqmnas formas realizebis garkveuli saSualeba, anu, unda
moawesrigos igi (morua 1970: 247-248).
marTlac, Sinagani energiis umisamarTod xarjva usagnoa,mniSvnelobasaa
moklebuli, mxolod realurad arsebuli moiTxovs Zalisxmevis moxmarebas,
maSin produqcia gamorCeul daniSnulebas SeiZens.
xelovneba, arsebiTad, adamianuri samyaros wesrigSi moyvanaa aristo-
teleseuli saazrovno sistemiT vnebaTa ganwmendaa da es grZnoba-gancdebi
qaoss unda avaridoT. es sxvadasxva xerxebiT, sinamdvlis gamosaxvis mraval-
gvari formiTaa SesaZlebeli.

* * *
xelovnebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dargi sityvis xelovnebaa. sityva, mety-
veleba, ena informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemis gansakuTrebuli socialuri
saSualebiTaa aRWurvili. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom flobs ra sinamdvilis gamo-
saxvis ufarToes sazRvrebs da rCeba ra xelovnebis TviTmyofad dargad, igi
itevs sxva xelovnebaTagan momdinare specifikur niSnebs, damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs, maTac aCnevs sakuTari formaluri maragisa da azrobrivi siste-
mis kvals.
amJamad, zogadad vinteresdebiT literaturisa da ferweris urTierT-
damokidebulebiT, ufro konkretulad, sityvisa da feris harmoniulobiT k.
gamsaxurdias poetikaSi. poeziisa (farTo mniSvnelobiT) da ferweris ur-
TierTdamokidebulebaze xSirad warmoebula dava (kamaTi 2000 wels iTvlis).
problemis naTelsayofad erTgvari wiaRsvla gvmarTebs, rac saTanadod
Seuwyobs xels ZiriTadi amocanis saTanado sisruliT gaSuqebas.
jer kidev Zv.w. V saukunis poeti simonide brZanebda poezia molaparake
ferweraao, Semdeg leonardo da vinCic TiTqmis igive SinaarsiT aformebs
saTqmels.
leonardo da vinCis mowafem da anderZis aRmsrulebelma mxatvarma fran-
Cesko melcim Sekriba da gamoaqveyna moZRvris naSromi saxelwodebiT
`traqtati ferweris Sesaxeb~. masSi gatarebuli azris mixedviT xelovnebis
umaRles dargs ferwera warmoadgens, radgan igi yvelaze srulyofilad ba-
Zavs bunebas, emyareba ra am dros adamianis ara mxolod maRal grZnobas
mxedvelobas, aramed gonebis did WvretiT SesaZleblobasac. swored Tvali,
miuTiTebs leonardo, rogorc grZnobaTa mbrZanebeli, aRasrulebs Tavis
movaleobas, roca uqmnis dabrkolebas cru da uTavbolo msjelobebs. zogi
215


Tavisi wignierebiT yoyoCobs, sxvaTa sityvebiT gansjis, gabRenZili bolTasa
scems da sxvaTa SromebiT sargeblobs, me ki Cemiv codnaze meubneba uars,
Tavad saZulvels, me vZulvar..
leonardos filosofiaSi sulieri sawyisi ar upirispirdeba sxeuleb-
rivs, bunebrivi RvTaebrivs. leonardos fiqriT, Semecneba ar unda Semoiz-
Rudos SegrZnebebiTa da eqsperimentiT, praqtikiT, mTliani mecnieruli
Teoriis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinareobs is faqti, rom leonardos naxatebi,
marTalia, nayofia eqsperimentuli Semecnebisa, Tumca es eqsperimentuli
meTodi ar warmoadgens ufxo, SiSvel empirizms, igi Sesamecnebeli obieqtis
SemoqmedebiT aTvisebas, Rrma ganmsjelobas isaxavs miznad.
am ganmsjelobam aiZula leonardo da vinCi eRiarebina, rom erTaderTi
upiratesoba, romliTac poezia metoqeobas uwevs mxatvrobas, adamianis
grZnobaTa ufro Zlierad gadmocemaa. aq leonardos mier xazgasmul `sas-
waul aucileblobaze~ SeiZleba miTiTeba da miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvebi
`bunebriv aucileblobaze~ Tvalis, mxedvelobis Sesaxeb msjelobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, igi epoqis mecnieruli da filosofiuri azris ganviTarebis
ZiriTad tendenciebs exmaureba: `o, saswaulo aucileblobav, Sen udidesi
gonebiT aiZuleb yovelgvar moqmedebas, iyos sakuTar mizezTa Tanamonawile
da diadi da aucilebeli kanonis ZaliT gemorCilebodes Sen~ (gorfunkeli
1980: 109-110).
bunebis mSveniereba, romelsac swvdeba adamianis mzera, warmoadgens
leonardos ara mxolod rogorc mxatvrisa Tu xelovnebis Teoretikosis
samyaros, aramed leonardos, rogorc mecnierisa da filosofosis samyaro-
sac. leonardo da vinCis filosofiaSi samyaro Seicnoba ara ganyenebul sqo-
lastikur kategoriebSi, aramed cocxal da naTel mxatvrul saxeebSi mTeli
Tavisi Tvisobrivi konkretulobiTa da mravalferovnebiT (gorfunkeli
1980: 110-113 ).
didrosTan erTad axal realistur esTetikas qmnida lesingi, romlis
Sromebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia `laokoons~, romelic
axali drois idealebs warmoaCenda savsebiT Tamamad, originaluri azrov-
nebis safuZvelze da miuxedavad imisa, rom erTgvarad ganxeTqilebis vaSlis
roli iTamaSa zogadad esTetikis istoriaSi, darCa Tanamedrove da momavali
Taobebis ukvdav Zeglad.
`laokooni~ literaturasa da saxviT xelovnebas Soris msgavsebisa da
gansxvavebis gamomxatveli wignia. lesingi axleburad xsnis horaciusis de-
bulebas poezia mxatvrobas hgavso: mxatvroba mSvenierebis CarCoSi rCeba,
poeti ki sinamdvilis farTo asparezs moxazavs, mis saCveneblad saTanado
SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebiT aRwers movlenebs, warmogvidgens viTarebas da
amis mixedviT cvlis, anu gviregulirebs STabeWdilebas.
lesingiseuli `esTetikuri azrovnebis siaxleebs~ erTgvari kanoni gan-
sazRvravda: tradiciebis idea, sazogadod, ar efuZneba istoriul analogi-
ebsa da paralelebs (aseTi midgoma umTavresad, masalis ubralo aqtualuro-
bisTvisaa gamosadegi), misi wyaroa `dauRalavi moZraoba win da ufro Sors~.
amgvari gagebisas sinamdvileSi arsebuli paralelebi xels uwyoben winamZRv-
rebis aRmoCenas, romelTa arsebobisas Tanamedrove procesebma SesaZloa
gamoiwvios kulturuli memkvidreobis ganaxleba. amisTvis unda gamovlin-
des ara mxolod axali Sinaarsi kulturisa, aramed misi mopovebis meTodebic
(anu kulturuli memkvidreobis aTvisebis principebi). ganmanaTleblobis
epoqis literaturis Teoria Seicavs mraval impulss, romelic SeiZleba ga-
moiyenebodes da viTardebodes miTiTebuli mimarTulebiT. am TvalsazrisiT
ukve aristoteleseuli esTetikis ZiriTadi cnebis mimesisis irgvliv SeiZ-
leba laparaki. mimesisi, rogorc namdvilisa da SesaZleblis gamomxatveli
216


cneba, imTaviTve gaxldaT tradiciuli realisturi mxatvruli azris ganvi-
Tarebis elementi. msgavs Tvalsazriss misdevda lesingi: `poezia da ferwera,
orive mibaZviTi xelovnebaa.
yovelive zemoTqmuli tradiciulisa da misi ganviTarebis magaliTad
moviSvelieT.
lesingi mignebad Tvlis `berZenTa volteris~ _ simonides antiTezas,
rom mxatvroba munji poeziaa, poezia ki metyveli mxatvroba. mkvlevarTa na-
wili miiCnevs, rom gamonaTqvamis marTali nawili imdenad naTelia,rom lamis
yuradRebas ar vaqcevT mcdarsa da bundovanso, anu raRac nawilSi srul-
yofili msgavsebis miuxedavad, mainc gaesmis xazi, cxadia, imas, rom xelov-
nebis ori dargi gansxvavebulni arian rogorc sagnis, aseve mibaZvis saxeobis
TvalsazrisiTac..
zogierT did mwerals gamaxvilebuli hqonda samyaros mxedvelobiTi
aRqma, maT Soris gamorCeulad goeTes, amitom igi uCveulod interesdeboda
saganTa formebiT da maTi ferebiT, sazogadod bunebis mxatvrul-feradova-
ni movlenebiT.eyrdnoboda ra am sakiTxSi mravalsaukunovan tradiciebs,
goeTem Seqmna sakuTari swavleba feris Sesaxeb, romelsac igi uwodebda qro-
matikas. ferTa mecnierulad Seswavlis survili masSi uceb ar gaCenila, ga-
nuviTarda mxatvrobiT dainteresebis gamo. am gatacebasTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavda, rom sagnebsa da nivTebs erTianad aRiqvamda.. bunebam aRmwer
poetad ar maqcia, aseve uari miTxra detalur mxatvrul niWzeo..
mxatvrebTan urTierTobam goeTe miiyvana daskvnamde, rom yvelaze sus-
tad isini erkveodnen koloritis Teoriul sakiTxebSi. `rogorc ki saqme exe-
boda ferebs werda goeTe yvelaferi eqvemdebareboda SemTxveviTobas,
amasTan igi ganisazRvreboda garkveuli gemovnebiT, gemovneba CveviT, Cveva
crurwmeniT, crurwmena mxatvris, moyvarulis Taviseburebebis mixed-
viT~ (kanaevi1970: 281). SemdegSi goeTe cdilobs safuZvliani codna SeiZinos
aRniSnul dargSi krebs cnobebs ferTa kontrastebis, elferTa Sesaxeb,
cdilobs daadginos bunebis yovelgvar movlenebSi arsebul ferTa `polari-
zacia~, vTqvaT: yviTeli cisferi, Suqi Crdili, naTeli bneli da a.S.
goeTe yofs ferebs or (dadebiT da uaryofiT, igiv Tbil da civ) jgufad da
a.S da msgavsi..
aq gadaxvevis saxiT, goeTes mecnieruli Ziebebis, msoflmxedvelobis,
misi SemoqmedebiTi SemZleblobis,bunebis, rogorc erTiani cocxali mTe-
lis, miseuli Wvretis Tavisebur daxasiaTebad qarTveli klasikosis k. gamsa-
xurdias dakvirvebis warmoCenas movisurvebdiT, radgan masSi maqsimalurad
tevadad aris goeTes mTliani portreti daxatuli:
`bunebaSi goete mxolod polarulobasa da gradacias xedavda, sistoles
da diasetols, aqtiursa da pasiur feradebs, SesunTqvasa da amosunTqvas, na-
Telsa da Crdils, qalursa da vaJurs, simZimes da gavrcelebas. TviTon Ta-
visi buneba mas warmoedgina, rogorc polarulobidan Semdgari arsoba, ro-
melic am erTimeoris mowinaaRmdege stiqiaTa Seguebisa, Sexamebis, harmoniu-
li SeduRebisken miiswrafvis.. goete cdilobs harmoniuli Sexameba daina-
xos, adamiansa da kosmoss Soris harmoniuloba daamyaros.. xarbi iyo goetes
Tvali, mowyurebuli marad bunebis didi da sakvirveli misteriebisaTvis em-
zira. roca misi poeturi afra ukanasknel akordebs iZleoda, goete ganagr-
Zobda bunebis kvlevasa da Wvretas... (gamsaxurdia1985: 344-345).
goeTe Tvlida (da amas danaxva undoda !), rom movlenebSi ixsneba, aSka-
ravdeba movlinebulis arsi. aseTi xedvis gamo, konkretulad ferebTan da-
kavSirebiT, misTvi pirvel adgilze idga ferTa ara abstraqtuli sqema, ara-
med Tavad movlena da masTan erTad adamiani, romelic xedavda fers. es ar
iyo fizikuri aRqmis gza, aramed iyo gza feriTi fenomenis kvlevisaken, anu
217


fsiqofiziologiuri kvlevis gza. ai, swored am mimarTulebis ganmtkiceba-
Sia goeTes didi damsaxureba da igi principulad axleburia (kanaevi 1970: 289
290).
am monakveTSi calkeuli mxatvris (fermweris) imgvar SegrZnebebze gveq-
neba saubari, romlebic scildebian xelovnebis erTi konkretuli dargisT-
vis damaxasiaTebel niSandobliobas. es, arsebiTad, xelovnebis sxvadasxva
dargTa Soris specifikur SemsWvalvas niSnavs, rac mravalferovani varia-
ciebiT warmodgenila xelovnebis wiaRSi. magaliTad, garkveuli dakvirveba
warmoebula zogierT iseT terminze, rac, erTi SexedviT, literaturaT-
mcodneobiT cnebas warmoadgens konkretulad mxatvrul saxes. da miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom bevri cdilobda, axleburad aexsna mxatvruli saxis, ase
vTqvaT sityvieri buneba (humbolti, Steintali, heize, potebnia, Speti), ma-
inc iqiTken ixreboda fiqri, rom cneba imTaviTve gvibiZgebda saTanado
TvalsaCinoebiT warmogvedgina raRac xedviT-gansazRvrebiTi sagani.
naTqvamis sailustraciod sainteresoa, magaliTad, van gogis werili
ZmasTan: `Cems namuSevrebSi vamCnev imis anarekls, nakvalevs, ramac ganmac-
vifra.. me vxedavdi, rom buneba melaparakeboda, miTxra raRac, da me TiTqos
davastenografe misi ena.. Cems stenografiul CanawerSi SeiZleba iyos sity-
vebi, romelTa gaSifvra me ar ZalmiZs, SesaZloa iyos Secdomebi an raime ga-
motovebuli, magram miuxedavad amisa, masSi darCeba raRaca imisgan, rac
miTxra tyem, an zRvis napirma, an adamianis figuram.. da es sulac ar aris ufe-
ruli pirobiTi ena daswavlili manerisa an winaswarakviatebuli sistemisa,
aramed aris xma Tavad bunebisa~ (murina 1978: 68).
brwyinvale interpretaciaa xelovnebis dargTaSorisi urTierTobisa,
ase vTqvaT, xelovnebiseuli magnetizmisa. van gogi Zalze specifikurad
grZnobda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis erTobas. amis dasturad mxatvris
saintereso citirebas axdens o. petroCuki: `zogierTi mxatavi flobs mu-
Saobis nervul xerxebs, da amas saqme mihyavs iqamde, rom maTi teqnika TiT-
qosda iZens violinos Tavisebur JReradobas, aseTebia magaliTad, lemiudi,
domie, lansoni, sxvebisa, magaliTad gavarnisa da bodmerisa ufro mogvago-
nebs roials, xolo millesi, SesaZloa sazeimo organs~ (petroCuki 1974: 11).
van gogi did pativs scemda kompozitorebs. Tavis swrafvas musikisadmi
igi srulad gamoxatavda sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi. es iyo nawili misi warmod-
genisa samyaros mravalferovnebaze da samyaroSi arsebul urTierT-
kavSirebze.
van gogis Semoqmedebis zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom vinsentis TiTq-
mis yoveli saxe Seesabameba romelime musikalur laitmotivs, rom mxatvari,
marTalia, cotas laparakobs amis Sesaxeb, magram es igulisxmeba yovelTvis.
van gogi, ase vTqvaT, axorcielebs Tavis SemoqmedebaSi ucxos ise,TiTqos
igi yofiliyos pirveladi. amitom musikaluris msgavsi orkestrireba war-
moadgens misi ritmuli bunebis nawils. amgvari SemsWvalvis xasiaTis warmo-
saCenad mohyavs amJamad o. petroCuks van gogis citireba: `Cvengan, ferm-
werebisagan yovelTvis moiTxoven, rom Tavad viyoT Semdgenlebi da kom-
pozitorebi. kargi! magram musikaSi ase ar xdeba. roca viRaca ukravs beT-
hovens, dakvraSi igi xom sakuTar gaazrebas warmoaCens.. gadaRebis arsi ara
originalis monur miyolaSia, aramed dedaazris damoukidebel interpreta-
ciaSi, maSasadame esec SemoqmedebiTi procesia~ (petroCuki 1974: 25).
amrigad, van gogTan goneba mudmivad aqtiurad aris CarTuli Semoqme-
debiT procesSi.
van gogTan fermweris SemoqmedobiToba saTanadod etoleba sityvas, met-
yvelebas. marTalia, igi xazs usvams metyvelebis erTgvar avtomatizms, wi-
nadadebaSi sityvebis uSualo funqciazec yovndeba misTvis uCveulo gans-
218


jiTi azrovnebis gamo TiTqos moulodnelad, magram sinamdvileSi msgavsi
pozicia sworedac rom xelovnebis dargTa Soris arsebuli analogiis siRr-
miseuli ZiebiTaa gamowveuli.
van gogis SemoqmedebaSi `stenografia~, `sityva~, `ena~ cxadia, sulac ar
aris SemTxveviTi gansazRvrebani. isini aaSkaraveben ferweris, rogorc gamo-
xatvis, gamovlenis mxatvriseul gagebas. es gageba scildeba tradiciuli ti-
pis mxatvarTa Tvalsazriss. van gogTan igi axal amocanas isaxavs xelov-
nebis erTi dargidan sxva dargze specifikur `Targmnas~, risi mcdelobani,
cxadia, mraval xelovans axasiaTebs, magram van gogTan igi gansakuTrebuli
miznobriobiT xorcieldeboda, Tumca, arsebiTad, gadaulaxav dabrkolebas
mainc awydeboda: poeziaSi, magaliTad, gamoxatvis saSualeba sityvaa, da is,
razecaa laparaki erTi da igives warmoadgens. van gogma ki amocanad daisaxa
cxovrebis formebSi Seeqmna uCinari, ucnauri dramatuli `landSafti~
adamianuri sulisa. lionelo venturi SeniSnavda: sulis gamomJRavneba fe-
ris saSualebiT _ ai, van gogis ocneba~ ; van gogis antipods sezans ki miaCnda,
rom `suls ar xataven, xataven sxeuls, da roca sxeuli kargadaa daxatuli,
eSmakma dalaxvros, suli, Tu is aris, gamovlindeba, akiafdeba yvelaferSi~.
magram van gogisaTvis aucilebeli iyo `sulis xatva~,uromlisodac misTvis
xelovneba ar arsebobda.. igi van gogi adamianis, van gogi mxatvris, sulis
mqone van gogis arsebobisaken iswrafoda (murina 1978 : 64-65).
vfiqrobT,Sesaferisi sisruliT SevexeT poeziisa da ferweris (xelovne-
bis sxva dargebisac) urTierTdamokidebulebis problemebs, anu Sromis
dasawyisSi miTiTebul specifikur wiaRsvlas garkveuli funqcia mivaniWeT.
axla qarTveli klasikosis k.gamsaxurdias poetikaSi sityvisa da feris
harmoniulobas gvinda mivapyroT, konkretulad, yuradReba.

* * *
k. gamsaxurdia yvelasagan gansxvavebul gzebs saxavda qarTuli lite-
raturis aRorZinebisaTvis. mwerals romanisa da novelis Janrma misca sa-
Sualeba poeturi niWierebis maqsimalurad gamoaSkaravebisa. XX saukunis 50
ian wlebSi, ganvlili hqonda ra Janrobrivi Ziebis, mxatvrul formaTa nor-
mebis dadgenis rTuli gza, k. gamsaxurdia Seuvalad acxadebda: `romanisa da
novelis Janri, romelic mxolod X1X saukuneSi aRwevs Tavisi ganviTarebis
zenits, universaluri Janria. romanma Semoimtkica lirikis uSualo SemarTe-
ba, dramisagan dialogebis lapidaroba isesxa, xolo istoriografiisagan
aiRo retrospeqtuli meTodi Wvretisa; manve aiTvisa bunebismetyvelebis
miRwevani~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 249).
cxadia, romanis Janrs miRmac (leqsebi, novelebi, drama, igavebi, Teori-
ul-kritikuli, eseisturi werilebi.) Cans k. gamsaxurdias mwerluri Tavise-
burebani enobrivi masalis specifikuri gamoyeneba, xatvis mimarT gamorCe-
uli yuradReba, lirizmi, situaciaTa, ambavTa dramatizeba, bunebis saxisa da
xasiaTis adamianTan mimarTebaSi warmoCena da a.S..
aq mwerlis mier ferTa gancdaze gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba, rome-
lic k. gamsaxurdiam jer kidev 1918 wels berlinSi ganswavlis wlebSi Seqmnil
leqsSi `feradi, feradi~ gamoavlina. leqsSi gatarebuli esTetikuri Se-
xedulebani principul poziciaTa donemde maRldeba mwerlis mTel Semoqme-
debaSi. Janridan JanrSi gadadis ferTa mimarT k. gamsaxurdias uCveulo da-
mokidebuleba. ferad cnebebSi, xatebSi, sagnebSi amoikiTxeba mwerlis su-
lis, gonebis moZraoba. zogjer sityvieri ferebiT SeTxzuli simbolur-me-
taforuli suraTebis, xan ki cnebebis zusti Sinaarsis aRqma Zalze saZnelo
xdeba. aq grZnobebs Tu mivendobiT, emociaTa mravalsaxeobis gamo erTiani
daskvnis gamotana, vimeorebT, Wirs.
219


leqsis taepSi `feradi, feradi, poeto feradi Sens sisxlSi livlivebs,
Sens gulSi budobs~ gamouyofia zRvrebi poeturi, ferweruli Tu musika-
luri feradianobisa (aqve SevniSnavT, rom xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi arsebuli
realobiT zogierTi specialisti ferweras `aSinebs~ literaturiT uar-
yofs ara mxolod aRweriT siuJets, aramed eWvqveS ayenebs Tanamedrove su-
raTis Tematikur gansazRvrulobas, Tavad saxes masSi, magram, amave dros,
aRiarebs ferweraze musikisa da arqiteqturis zegavlenas). leqsSi feri ada-
mianuri raobis uSualo elementadaa Seracxuli, misi sulier-xorcieli ga-
nuyoflobis garduval niSnadaa warmoCenili, igi pirovnuli gancda-emoci-
ebis gamosxivebaa, Sinagani samyaros gansazRvruli Tvisebis gamovlenaa,
`qsovaa xaliCisa.. grZnobaTa feradiT~. feradia zafxulis loyebi~, `zRvis
Ria Tvalebi~, `zamTris cremlebi~. naocnebari xilvebi `msurs Sua zamTarSi
hyvaodes venaxi~, anda: `msurs TovliT davtvirTo xe nayofSesxmuli~ scil-
debian Cveulebrivi warmodgenis samanebs da droTa alogikurad aRqmis (rac
poeturi STagonebis, samyaros mxatvrul-filosofiuri warmosaxva-warmod-
genis erT-erTi saSualebaa) magaliTebs warmoadgenen. droTa es alogikuri
aRqma ki, ar uaryofs ferTa simbolur-metaforuli sistemis gamoyenebas.
weliwadis sxvadasxva dro poetiseuli fantaziis erT momentSia moqceuli
(cnobilia T. eliotis gamoTqma yvela dro erT wamSia moqceuli), rac ma-
radiulobisa da usazRvroebis erTiani gagebis damkvidrebis tendencias
amJRavnebs da rac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs poeziis maradiu-
lobas da ukvdavebas.
leqsis axlaxan moyvanil taepebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba feris gansazRvru-
lad warmodgena: Taviseburad ferad (nayofis Sesabamisi feris gamo)
msxmoiare xes TeTri Tovlis qaTqaTa toni axali elferiT tvirTavs da piri-
qiT, zamTarSi venaxis ayvavebac uCveulo ferad asociaciebs warmoSobs. mi-
TiTebul magaliTebSi moxsnilia zamTrisTvis niSandoblivi upiratesoba
mxolod TeTri ferisa, an ayvavebuli venaxiT gamowveuli Cveuli tonis Ziri-
Tadoba. aq ferTa Serwyma-Sexameba ramdenadme abstraqtulad, magram emo-
ciurad warmoidgineba. erTi sityviT, moxsnilia erTferovneba.
mosawyen erTferovnebas uaryofda ilia. misi SexedulebiT, erTnairoba
xaliss ukargavda Tvals.
cnobili ar gaxlavT faqti, rom ilias raime Rirssaxsovari naSromi
mieZRvna ferTa Seswavlis sakiTxisadmi (artur laisti SeniSnavs: ilia mxatv-
robas naklebad icnobda, Tumca xalisianad kiTxulobda didi mxatvrebis
biografiebs. uyvarda lamazi istoriuli suraTebi~), magram is ki aRsaniSna-
via, rom mwerali lamis fermweris niSandobliobiT warmogviCens STabeWdi-
lebas, romelsac axdens Tvalze sagnis mier anarekli sinaTle da miuxedavad
imisa, rom ilias mxatvrul TxzulebebSi feri, sazogadod, sakmaod TavSeka-
vebiTaa gamoyenebuli, roca ki fiqsirdeba, Zalze efeqturad da mizanmimar-
Tulad ufro zustad, magaliTad `gandegilSi~, bunebis ferwerul su-
raTebSi ostaturadaa Sexamebuli mravalferovani saRebavebi, sxvadasxva
elferi, Suqi da Crdili, dominirebs mzis sinaTle, wiTel-yviTeli da lurji
tonebi, erTi sityviT, vimeorebT, ilias mowonebas ar imsaxurebda erTfe-
rovneba, mosawyeni, uxaliso mdgomareoba.
k. gamsaxurdia TiTqos sagangebod iziarebs am azrs da sagangebodve
usvams xazs erTferovnebis sapirispiro viTarebas: `feradiT Rims mohgvri
Tvals namtiralebs~. erTnairoba aqac moxsnilia, feradianoba sagangebo
efeqtebis miRwevaTa saSualebadaa Seracxuli.
leqsSi feri SeWrilia yvelgan da yvelaferSi (vaSlis xeSi `sisxlisfer
yvavilTa qulebad~, gulSi `ferad yvavilebad~), xandaxan ki sxvadasxva sa-
gan-materiaTagan gamokiafdeba (`feradi ifrqveva mzis cecxlis Tvalidan~).
220


amgvarad, leqsSi feri poeturi sityvis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebul
rols asrulebs. poeturi sityva aRvsilia asociaciuri nakadiT, cincxali
STabeWdilebis momxdenia da gansazRvrulad gadaxrilia cnebis logikuri
Sinaarsidan gaformebulia axal warmodgenad, uCveulo Sinaarsis Semcvel
kombinaciad.
zemoTqmuli adasturebs im rols, rasac feri TamaSobs k. gamsaxurdias
adreul SemoqmedebaSi, kerZod lirikaSi.
k. gamsaxurdias leqsebSi, romlis umetesi nawili konservatoruli kul-
turebis atmosferoSi,germanuli idealizmisa da italiur-germanuli misti-
kis zegavleniT iwereboda, saTanado individualuri saxemosilebiT vlinde-
boda epoqiseuli subieqturi SemoqmedebiTi konkretuloba. miunxenSi, ber-
linSi, lozanaSi, romSi, parizSi, mogvianebiT ki TbilisSic Seqmnil poetur
qmnilebebSi avtori upirispirdeba publicistikas, `TergdaleulTa~ socia-
lur paToss da problematikas, uars ambobs ideologiur TavSekavebaze, Se-
uzRudavad gadmoscems piradul gancdebs _ ar cdilobs melanqoliisa da
eqstazis ramenair Serbilebasa da swored am uSualobiT iwvevs Sesaferis
interess. rogorc poeti, igi grZnobs, rom adamians zedmetad aRizianebs xaz-
gasmuli diTirambebi fizikuri da sulieri sijansaRis Sesaxeb, amitom cxov-
rebisagan gamowveul nervul aRgznebaTa motivebis warmoCena normalura-
dac ki miaCnia, miT umetes, rom tkivilis miuxedavad cxovrebisaTvis, si-
cocxlisaTvis brZolis dvritas saTanado mniSvnelobas unarCunebs.
SfoTvis, dacema-amaRlebis, uimedobisa da amasTan imedis motivebia ga-
moxatuli leqsSi `emil verharnisadmi~ (xazgasmuli tendenciebi sworedac
realurad arsebuli maxasiaTeblebia cxovrebisa). rTul metamorfozaTa
momswre da monawile verharni `eleqtrobisa da cepelinis maxarobelia~, mis
`Cangs morCilobs kapitalis da industriis samflobelo~, igi cecxlis sti-
qiisgan gadmonadeni usazRvro aRgznebulobiTaa Sepyrobili `cecxlSi
naSobi salamandra cecxlad enTebi~.. da es borgva sasicocxlo potenciis
specifikur stimulatorad gardaiqmneba gawvalebuli yofis sapirwoned
`sicocxles umRer sikvdilisgan ganawvalebi~.
fantaziuri warmodgenebi ZiriTadad ferTa ori gamiT aris `gawyobili~
`sxivmosili siqaTqaTiT~ mas SejufTebuli `cecxlad naTebiT~ da `Savi
fakeliTa~ da `Savi xelebiT~ `apolos xeliT anTebuli Savi fakeli, codvil
qalaqebs sxivmosili dahqaTqaTebdi~.
dafiqsirebuli ferebi azrobrivad Seusabamo konteqsts ayalibebs TiT-
qos, anu lamis gaugebaria `Savi fakelis~ `sxivmosil qaTqaTTan~ Sewyvileba,
magram aq niuanss unda SemCneva: `Savi fakeli~ `codvil qalaqebs~ unda Seuwy-
vildes oden..
amdenad, leqsSi logikuri da formaluri kontaminaciebi rTul, magram
saintereso suraTs warmogvisaxavs.
k. gamsaxurdia gamorCeul mniSvnelobas aniWebs literaturaSi, kultu-
raSi erTianad, musikis, sityvis plastikisa da feradis gamoxatvas. TqmaSi da
feradSi Sejibri misi Semoqmedebis organuli Tanamdevia. amgvari miswrafeba
saTanado biZgs zogadad dekadansidan Rebulobda, rac k. gamsaxurdias mo-
dernizms ayalibebda da aviTarebda: `aRsasruls saukunisas da dekadanss
wers mwerali grZnobs yoveli avadmyofi Taoba, magram avadmyofoba xSirad
cxovrebis sitkboebas moawyurvebs adamians. avadmyofobis Semdeg xSirad
adamiani meore ukiduresobas xvdeba, radganac rogorc pirovnebas, ise mTel
Taobas ar SeuZlia erT gansazRvrul sulier pozaSi, erT gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobaSi darCena. aseTia adamianis sulisa da msoflio dinamikis
kanoni~ (gamsaxurdia 1983 : 420).
221


amgvari mdgomareobis dinamikis safuZvlad mwerali simbolizms,
impresionizmsa da eqspresionizms miiCnevs.
Tavad k. gamsaxurdias modernizmic aRsaqmelia, rogorc impresionistul
-simbolistur da eqspresionistul stilTa da msoflSegrZnobis sinTezi.
bevri niSani k.gamsaxurdias poetikisa, zemowarmoCenil kulturul mi-
marTulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiTaa saCvenebeli, konkretuli azric amis mixed-
viT unda mieniWos.
leqsi `tfilisuri saRamo~ Tavidan msubuqi sevdiani ganwyobiT iqcevs
yuradRebas Rrubeli cas farul fiqrad ekvris, Semdeg, wamier, SavnaRvli-
anoba isadgurebs `fiqri mova saRamos, fiqri SavnaRvliani~. mdgomareobas
Suqisa da Crdilis efeqti axlavs `nislis ruxi zolebi mZinar saxuravidan
miiweven cisaken gawewili kaviTa~. TandaTan uaresdeba lega feriT mosili,
siTbos moklebuli guneba `suli ise iswrafvis, cisken mzegadasuli, ro-
gorc kvamli saRamos, sakmevelad asuli, moibura mTawminda, nislis samose-
liTa~. axlovdeba wami, roca Rirebulebas kargavs azrianad yofna `bnel
quCebSi umiznod, daval davexetebi~. da aq, paradoqsulad, unda iTqvas mou-
lodnelad, sulier mdgomareobas TiTqos unda amsubuqebdes nislovanebi-
dan, moburulobidan, bnelidan gadaxrili elferi `safironis cioni~, mag-
ram igi mainc civi tonia, SeiZleba davarqvaT grili da amdenad veranairad
ver iwvevs daTbobas, miT ufro, rom realurad civ-grilis Sesabamisi mdgo-
mareoba sufevs: `daexata mtkvars mkerdze safironis cioni. mokvda bagra-
tioni, mokvda bagrationi~, _ agugundnen zarebi, aqviTinda sioni~.
warmodgenil situaciaSi Tu raimes SeiZleba daerqvas pozitiuri, mxo-
lod sulis wuxils, romelic ara zogadkacobriuli tkivilis gaziarebisas
gamoxatuli zedmeti poziTaa aqcentirebuli, aramed samSoblos bedisweri-
Taa damZimebuli, nacionalur-politikur orientaciaze gawamebuli fiqre-
biTaa ganpirobebuli..
k. gamsaxurdia xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom aTwliani evropuli ganswavlu-
lobisa da mogzaurobis wlebma aqcia igi mwerlad da moazrovned.igi adri-
danve literaturis modernizebis aqtiuri monawile gaxldaT. procesi for-
mis, stilis rafinirebiT aRiniSneba. mwerali dauokebel swrafvas avlens
gancdilisa da Secnobilis mimarT, misi poeturi Tvali da smena uCveulos
miRebas moiTxovda. msgavsi situacia iwvevda ideologiur-msoflmxedve-
lobriv konfliqtebs, romlis miuxedavad warmatebuli aRmoCnda formalu-
ri Ziebis periodi mravali TvalsazrisiT.
amrigad, k. gamsaxurdias gauCnda samyaros axleburi esTetikuri aRqmis
SesaZlebloba da igic uSualobiT gadmoscemda Sinagan impulsebs, rac, ar-
sebiTad, epoqis niSnebis arsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. mis leqsebSi simbo-
listur pasiurobas, egocenrizms axali Taobis aqtivistebis, anu eqspresio-
nistebis kosmocentriuloba upirispirdeboda. gamsaxurdia werda: `simbo-
listebisaTvis `meoba~ iyo sazomi samyaroisa. eqspresionistebisaTvis piru-
ku, kosmosia sazomi `meobisa~. am axalma pandinamisturma xelovnebam unda ga-
dos xidi kosmiursa da individualurs, `me~-sa da ara `me~-s, pirovnebasa da
samyaros Soris, unda moZebnos axali saSualeba pirovnebasa da kosmiurobas
Soris harmoniuli damokidebulebis aRsadgenad~ (gamsaxurdia 1983 : 421).
zogadad, miTiTebul idealTa gamomxatvel azrobriv da formalur ni-
SanTa Widili, an sxvagvar urTierTobaTa mcdelobaa dafiqsirebuli k.
gamsaxursias leqsebis umetesobaSi, rac sxvadasxva simboluri maxasiaTeble-
biT, an ferTa saTanado gamiT aris niuansirebuli. ferTa ZiriTadi palitra
amgvaria: Savi, bneli, Rame, niRabi Savi, landebi bneli, koJriani Savi xelebi,
Savi Wotebi; sinaTle mkrTali, eleqtroni, cecxlis ciskari, mkrTali mTva-
re, yviTeli fardebi, TeTri tkbili savane, oqro, vercxli, narinji..
222


feri, rig SemTxvevaSi saTanado ganwyobilebas Seesabameba, Tumca sulie-
ri mdgomareoba imdenad cvalebadia da impulsuri, xolo yofa, viTareba
imdenad paradoqsuli, rom esa Tu is feri zogjer `icilebs~ Cveulebriv sim-
bolur funqcias da gansxvavebul datvirTvas Tavobs, anu `badaxSis Rawvi~
`CrdiliT aris Semosili~, `yviTeli fardebi~, `landebis bnel TamaSs~ ewyvi-
leba, `TeTri qvebiT~ `Savni darbaznia agebulni~, anda `yviTel liTons Seuc-
vlia macxovris xati~ da msgavsi..
calkea aRsaniSnavi SemTxveva, rodesac k. gamsaxurdia pirdapir negatiu-
ri azriT gvamaxvilebinebs yuradRebas sisxlis ferze. es erT leqsSi xdeba
mxolod `parizi 1999 wels~, romelSic `pirsisxliani miwis aCrdili zecis
ekranze gadaistambeba~, `miwa ocnebis sisxls svams~ da `RmerTi Zlieri xe-
liT miwis sxeulze mware iaras gadaxsnis~, rodesac `Subls aiazma atyvia
sisxlis da garujuli Wriloba gulze~. yovelive urTulesi kataklizmebis
gamo areuli babilonis godolis saxe-xatebas warmoaCens da adasturebs
kriziss adamianis modgmisas, rac araerTxel gameorebula dedamiwaze..
mogvianebiT daweril leqsebSi, roca garkveulwilad gasuli iyo Semoq-
medebis adreuli periodi, mweralSi mZafrdeba warsuli literaturis tra-
diciebis mimarT mgrZnobeloba. Cndeba Tematikurad xalxurs miaxlebuli
yofis, qcevis, Cveulebis gamomxatveli, ritualuri wesis Semcveli leqsebi.
aq formaluri mxarec axleburia ufro xalisiani, sicocxlis damamkvidre-
beli, ferTa gamac gansxvavebulad elvarea. vgulisxmobT leqss `saqorwi-
no~ sazeimo ganwyomis, sixarulis damamkvidrebel nawarmoebs, `ayvavebuli
fSatiT, `naCdiliTa da naSuqariT~, `oqroTi, vercxliT~, `mooWvili la-
liT~, `Sindisferi yabaCebiT~ gamSvenierebuls. es ukve sxva sinamdvilidanaa
istoriuli koloritis gamomxatveli samezoblodanaa gadmosuli, anu
wmindad qarTuli sulierebis gacocxlebaa.
sanam specialurad vimsjelebT k. gamsaxurdias originalur mxatvrul
TxzulebebSi mwerlis mier Zalze Taviseburad gaformebuli ferebis, maTi
funqciuri daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, aRvniSnavT, rom qarTveli klasikosi yo-
velTvis jerovan pativiscemas amJRavnebda msoflio literaturis klasi-
kosTa ideur-esTetikuri naazrevis mimarT. rusTavelis, sulxan-sabas, d.
guramiSvilis, ilias, akakis, vaJas, galaktionis, goeTes, baironis, balzakis,
T. manis, uitmenis, edgar pos, rilkes, st. georges, lev tolstois, gogolis,
dostoevskis da sxvaTa Semoqmedebis ganxilvis procesSi k. gamsaxurdia
Sexebia da Zalze mniSvnelovani mosazrebebi gamouTqvams mxatvruli meTo-
dis, Janris, kompoziciis, Txrobis struqturis da sxva Teoriul sakiTxebze.
amJamad, konkretulad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT l. tolstoisa da go-
golis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mimarT k. gamsaxurdias damokidebulebaze,
radgan qarTveli Semoqmed-mkvlevaris azriT maT nawarmoebebSi CvenTvis Ri-
rebuli problemis rigi sakiTxia dasmuli da jerovani sisavsiTacaa gaanali-
zebuli igi.
k. gamsaxurdia rus mweralTa mraval mxatvrul Rirsebas aRniSnavs, gan-
sakuTrebiT uwonebs maT brwyinvale landSaftebis Seqmnis ostatobas, izi-
davs maTgan daxatuli bunebis mravalferadianoba, masSi damkvidrebuli
dinamika.
araerT mkvlevars aRuniSnavs gogolis uCveulo damokidebuleba sinaT-
lisadmi, mzisadmi. k. pigarevi, magaliTad, xazs usvams, rom gogolis peizaJe-
bi warmoadgenen sikaSkaSis zRvas, masve mohyavs gogolis nawarmoebis
`portretis~ gmiris gamonaTqvami avtorze rogori didebulic ar unda
iyos gogoli, erTTavad aklia raRac, Tu caze ar aris mze (pigarevi 1972: 56).
k. gamsaxurdiac umetesad swored zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis dama-
dasturebel magaliTebs warmogvidgens gogolis Semoqmedebidan, gvaziarebs
223


im sixaruls, gancdaTa uCveulo paTetikas, rasac gogols hgvrida mzis
`Tavbrudamsxmeli varvara sxivebi~, an caSi aWrili torolebis `vercxlis
simRerebi~, gindac `Rrublebisaken mimqrolavi gareuli batebis gniasi eTe-
ris TvalSeuvleb zRvaSi~.
k. gamsaxurdia yuradRebas gvaqcevinebs agreTve gogolis peizaJebis
araCveulebriv moculobiT-plastikur mxareze, riTac efeqturad SevigrZ-
nobT bunebaSi damkvidrebuli sicocxlis mZlavr feTqvas:
`haerSi aTasgvari frinvelis Cqami gaismoda. orbebi dinjad akeTebdnen
iraos caSi, frTebiT eyrdnobodnen haeris talRebs da momnusxvelad uT-
valTvalebdnen balaxebs.. balaxebidan adgeboda xolme meTolia, frTebis
gamozomili rxeviT netarebiT aRvsili banaobda haeris molibro talRebSi..
aha, igi dainTqa eTerSi da Savi wertilis rialiRa daetyo cas, uceb Setrial-
da igi da mzis Tvalze gaielva anazdad~.
mxolod `SuadRis mdumarebisa da xvatis wiaRSi brwyinvis~ da sxva amis
msgavs `SuqTa frqvevis~ gamoxatvis unars ar uwonebs k. gamsaxurdia gogols.
ukrainis velebis bindisa da Ramis gamosaxvisas gamovlenili gogoliseuli
emocia da azrobrivi siRrmec siamovnebas hgvris. igi gamokveTs mwerlis
unars,Segviqmnas amaRlebuli ganwyobileba ara mxolod moZraobis, mZlavri
feTqvis gamoxatvisas, aramed garindebis, udrtvinvelobis xatvis drosac.
bevr mwerals aqvs Tavisi rCeuli feri, toni, motivi, romliTac igi xazs
usvams garkveul Sexedulebas cxovrebaze, gvacnobs sakuTar asociaciebs..
lev tolstois da gogolis Semoqmedebasac Sexebian am TvalsazrisiT. adam-
sis dakvirvebiT, magaliTad, gogoli umetesad oqroTi da vercxliT qsovs
Tavis peizaJebs (adamsi 1962: 94), xolo l. tolstoisTan l. miSkovskaias dask-
vniT sWarbobs mwvane, oqro da vercxli naklebia masTan, Tumca, rodesac xma-
robs oqrosfers gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebiT. magaliTad, borodinos
brZolis aRwerisas, mindvrebisa da tyeebis oqrosa da vercxlis ferebi
farul siTbod efinebaT mebrZolebs mZime brZolis win ( miSkovskaia 1958: 99).
k. gamsaxurdiac exeba specialurad ferTa gancdis sakiTxs l. tolstoisa
da gogolis SemoqmedebaSi. misi azriT, roca `kavkasiuri moTxrobebis~
avtors mouwia samxreTis bunebasTan Sexvedra, misma ferweramac icvala nawi-
lobriv saxe: `kavkasiaSi Camosulni puSkini, lermontovi da TviT sadad we-
ris didostati lev tolstoi, kavkasiis bunebis grandiozulobisa da fera-
dianobis zegavleniT gacilebiT ufro xatovani stiliT werdnen, vidre ma-
Sin, roca CrdiloeTis landSaftebs gvixatavdnen~ (gamsaxurdia 1985: 268).
k. gamsaxurdias xiblavs peizaJis eqspresiiT aRsavse aRwera `haji mura-
tidan~, `kavkasieli tyvidan~, gogolis mier gamoyenebuli zurmuxtebi, la-
lebi da aqatebi, mtredisferi da vercxlisferi, Ramis sibnele da dRis
sivarvare..
`SesaZloa aq vinmes moelandos raime paTetiuroba an `lamazi weris~ Jini,
magram zogierTebs ar esmiT, rom samxreTuli bunebis aRweraSi TviT masala
eZaleba avtors~ (gamsaxurdia, 1985: 268).
ferTa mimarT k. gamsaxurdias principuli damokidebuleba gansazRvravs
imas, rom igi sxva mwerlebis Semoqmedebis analizis drosac sagangebo yu-
radRebas aqcevs ferweris problemebs.
axali da gansxavebuli Tvisebrivi niuansebiT iyenebs fers k. gamsaxurdia
epikaSi, kerZod, novelebsa da romanebSi. mweralma originalurad warmoaCina
prozaSi sakuTari `feradi Sexedulebani~ movlenebze, sagnebsa Tu situa-
ciebze, cxovrebaze saerTod. epikaSi ufro mravalferovnad gaifanta feri,
ganawilda igi bunebasa da adamianze. prozaSi ferma miagno sakuTari bunebis
ufro masStaburad gamovlenis saasparezos.
224


k. gamsaxurdias ZiriTadi ideur-esTetikuri amocana gaxlavT sinamdvi-
lis mimzidveli mxatvruli ferebiT Secnoba. cxovrebis gamoxatvisas igi
yovelTvis aRwevs gancdaTa sicxoveles, rasac Zlier uwyobs xels mwerlis
uCveulad feradovani azrovneba. bunebaSi gabneul-gafantul uamrav fers k.
gamsaxurdia gansakuTrebuli grZnobiT aRiqvams, xSirad ki uCveulo, raRac
abstraqtul ferebs ( m g l i s f e r i , q e d n i s f e r i , k a r a q i s
f e r i , x o x b i s y e l i s f e r i da sxv.) warmogvadgeninebs da amiT
axdens moulodnel emociur zegavlenas. mwerals izidavs S u q i s a da
C r d i l i s moulodneli Sexameba.
ganixilavs ra ferweraSi feris mniSvnelobis sakiTxs, hegeli wers: `fer-
mwerTan Cven vxedavT kolorits, romelsac saerTod ver aRviqvamT bunebaSi
imis gamo, rom ar vaqcevT yuradRebas, roca igi arsebobs, magram ama Tu im
mxatvars TvalSi xvdeba igi, iTvisebs mas da eCveva yvela sagnis am koloritSi
danaxvas da gadmocemas~ (hegeli1968:198).
k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedeba saTanadod adasturebs hegelis sityvebs.
mwerali bunebaSi amCnevs ara mxolod ZiriTad (tradiciul) ferebs, aramed
grZnobs mis uamrav elfers, tons. ferebisa da misi tonebis Sewyvileba-Se-
xamebiT, anda maTi gansazRvruli kontrastirebiT mwerali Sesaferisad gad-
mogvcems pirad Tu personaJis ganwyobilebas.
k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi hegelis erTi poziciac poulobs gamoxa-
tulebas: hegeli Tvlis, rom xelovnebam unda Camoicilos aramarto Sinaar-
sis, aramed garegnuli formis SiSveli SemTxvevTobac, mxatvarma Tavi unda
daaRwios kerZo subieqtur Taviseburebebs am aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi
(hegeli 1968: 302-303).
k. gamsaxurdia sworedac funqciurad anawilebs sagnebs, maT mdgomareo-
bas, moZraobasac ki, SeiZleba sxvanairadac vTqvaT ferisa da ganaTebis Ta-
viseburebebiTac SegvamCnevinebs xolme kolorits (vTqvaT,mTvaris Suqis,
mzis sxivis specifikurad gaazrebisas, anda, vTqvaT, Ramis, borcvebis, sxva-
dasxva landSaftis gamoxatvisas da a.S. ).
CvenTvis Znelia saubari imaze, iqonia Tu ara pirdapiri gavlena romeli-
me konkretuli mxatvris Semoqmedebam k. gamsaxurdiaze , magram Sinagani
kavSiri mwerlis Semoqmedebasa da sazogadod mxatvrobas Soris arsebobs. k.
gamsaxurdias mier gamoxatuli samyaros garkveuli filosofiuri mimarTu-
leba, misi poetizacia, bunebis ayvavebis, aRvsili sicocxlisunarianobis
elegiuri dapirispireba adamianis arsebobis mtkivneul da swraf warmavalo-
basTan, anda bunebis sicocxlis kontrastuli Sedareba-Sepirispireba taZ-
rebisa da sasaxleebis namusrevebTan (es ori ukanaskneli gamorCeulad SeimC-
neva novelaSi `mSveniereba~) _ yovelive Taviseburad aerTianebs k. gamsaxur-
dias Semoqmedebas Tavis Tanadroul da adreul evropul, aRmosavlur, ag-
reTve qarTul, gansakuTrebiT freskul mxatvrobasTan.
Tavis romanebsa da novelebSi mwerali axsenebs rafaelis, leonardo da
vinCis, miqelanjelos, botiCelis, diureris, kranaxis, ufro axlebis pika-
sos, hodleris, brakis saxelebs (sami ukanaskneli mxatvris dafiqsireba
mwerlis epoqisdroindeli xelovnebis, sxvadasxva mxatvruli skolebisa da
mimarTulebisadmi erTgvar dainteresebas uRvivebs mkiTxvels: ferdinand
hodleri Sveicareli fermweri, mistikur-simbolisturi tilos `Rame~,
freskis `ukan daxeva marinianodan~ avtori, gamoirCeoda gamZafrebuli
eqspresiulobiT da modernistuli stilizaciiT; JorJ braki frangi ferm-
weri, kubizmis erT-erTi damaarsebeli `qali gitariT~).
k. gamsaxurdia erTgan garkveul maRal normad warmoaCens kvatroCentos
X1V saukunis italiis mxatvrobas. magram imis Tqma, qmnis Tu ara raimes
225


mwerali romelime mxatvris uSualo zegavleniT, rogorc aRvniSneT, amJamad
ar SegviZlia.
k. gamsaxurdias Sinagan damokidebulebas ferwerasTan, mis midrekilebas,
gulgrili ar darCes feris, uamravi tonisa da elferis mimarT, davadastu-
rebT vrceli amonaweriT `dionisos Rimilidan~:
`Cven SeuCereblad Tvali gadavavleT suraTebis serias. y v i T e l i
y v a v i l e b i s pavilionebSi iaponeli da Cineli maraoebiani qalebi, ram-
denime gaazielebuli evropeli mxatvris aqvarelebi, monRoliis y v i -
T e l q v i S i a n i s t e p e b i , Cinuri landSaftebi, tokios, kalkutas,
madrasis, kiaCaus, nagasakis buxtebSi Sesuli evropeli drednoutebis
m w v a n e , y v i T e l i da w i T e l i S u q i s c i a l i R a m e -
u l w y l e b z e . maunt everestis, tianSanis gleSterebis T v a l i s -
m o m w y v e t i e l v a r e b a , y i n u l o v a n i p i r a m i d e b i s
q a l w u l e b r i v i s i s p e t a k e . udabnoebSi moxetiale qaravnebis
T a l x i l a n d e b i , h i r a n i s w i T e l i m i w i s gasaocari fan-
tasmagoria. g v i m r e b S i , l e l S i d a i s l S i m w v a n e j o -
j o e b i , w i T e l r q i a n i g v e l e b i , y v i T e l i a s p i t e b i ,
l i T o n i s f e r i x v l i k e b i ..
goTe werda: `ferebi adamianSi saerTd iwvevs did sixaruls, Tvali saWi-
roebs mas iseve, rogorc sinaTles~ (goeTe 1957: 311).
k. gamsaxurdias mxatvruli sityviT Seqmnili mravalferovani peizaJi
vizualurad eZleva mkiTxvels. am suraTebSi sixaruls gvaniWebs ferebi,
daxvewili plastika, moculoba, xazebis silbo-simkveTre da zogadi harmo-
niuloba. feri k. gamsaxurdias poetikaSi atarebs ara mxolod esTetikur-
emociur xasiaTs, aramed azrobriv-SemecnebiTsac.
k. gamsaxurdiasTan yvelaze metad T e T r i da y v i T e l i ferebi
gvxvdeba. mwerlis mier naxmari es ferebi mravalnair tonad da elferad
(r Z i s f e r i , T o v l i s f e r i , v e r c x l i s f e r i , k a l a s f e -
r i , b a m b i s f e r i , c a r c i s f e r i ; m z i s f e r i , o q r o s -
f e r i , l i m o n i s f e r i , q a r v i s f e r i , l o m i s f e r i da sxv.)
iRvreba mis nawarmoebebSi.
guluxvad iyenebs mwerali agreTve l u r j ( c i s f e r ) , w i T e l da
m w v a n e ferebs (maTac mravalnairi elferiT l i l i s f e r i , l a i -
n i s f e r i , z e T i s x i l i s f e r i , S a b i a m n i s f e r i , l a p i s -
l a z u r i s f e r i , a q a t i s f e r i ; l a l i s f e r i . s i s x l i s -
f e r i , Z o w i s f e r i , a l i s f e r i , i a s p i s f e r i , e n d r o -
s f e r i , s i n g u r i s f e r i ; g v i m r i s f e r i , m a l a q i t i s -
f e r i , v a s a k i s f e r i da sxv.).
SedarebiT naklebia mweralTan S a v i feri. arc Cveulebrivi n a c -
r i s f e r i a xSiri. am ukanasknelis sxvadasxva tons mwerali umetesad
gamoxatavs g n o l i s f e r i T , k a k b i s f e r i T , m w y r i s f e -
r i T , k u r d R l i s f e r i T , q v i S i s f e r i T da sxv.
k. gamsaxurdia ver kmayofildeba bunebaSi arsebuli tradiciuli Zi-
riTadi ferebiT. mis emociebs ver aRavsebs feris mTlad Cveulebrivi gageba
da mSvenieris ZiebaSi yalibdeba originaluri da moulodneli efeqti:
`mze gadaixara dasavleTisaken da n a r i n j i s f r a d a e n T o t e -
r a k o t i s f e r i k a l T a z e c i s a . i m a t a s i R a m e m , mTebis
wamaxuli muzaradebi Seamko w i T e l - y v i T e l i f e r e b i s v a s -
v a s m a . m g l i s f e r i g a d a e k r a R r u b l e b s . erTbaSad k a -
l a g a d a e k r a c a s , mcire xans gaognebuli idgnen R a m e n a s v a m i
m w v e r v a l e b i , S a b i a m n i s f e r s nel-nela moeria s i R a m e ~ .
226


`kavkasionze daxergil q e d n i s f e r R r u b l e b s nel-nela u T e -
T r d e b o d a T k i d e e b i . maT qvemod gawkapul S a b i a m n i s f e r
m T e b z e b n e l s moexaza n a Z v e b i s w v e r o k i n e b i . tiniani
qarafebidan zantad dgebodnen orbebi, aRma miiwevdnen S e J r u n e b u l i
c i s k e n . gazafxuli zeimiT SeWriliyo a m Z e r a s f e r i k l d e -
e b i s karibWeebSi. TvalSeudgam qarafebze aRmarTuli m t u t i s f e r i
l o d e b i Sesxdomodnen erTmaneTs.
`sagangebo niSans iZleodnen k u r d R l i s f e r i R r u b l e b i .
ukanasknelad g a m o a S u q a S e w i T l e b u l i R r u b l e b i s m o -
r e v i d a n c e c x l e b r a R g z n e b u l m a m z i s e t l m a , s p i -
l e n Z i s f e r i s x i v e b i g a d a a T o v a a t m i s a da a l u b -
l i s y v a v i l e b s . afxorili l e g a R r u b l e b i zedaxorad Sesx-
domodnen kavkasions qedze. a q l e m i s f e r n i , sxvani, winkldeebTan mie-
xerga qars~.
k. gamsaxurdia ZiriTadad, garkveuli feris sayovelTaod miRebul ele-
mentarul simbolur gagebas aRiarebs: T e T r i (sinaTlis, Suqis,janRis ga-
daclis, ayvaveba-aRorZinebis), S a v i (sevdis, glovis, SiSis, mrisxanebis),
w i T e l i (momxibvlelis, mZlavris, keTilis), l u r j i , c i s f e r i
(idealis, siamis, sasiamovno ocnebis), m w v a n e (ganaxleba-aRdgenis, imedis)
zemoCamoTvlil tradiciul asociaciebs aRZravs umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tumca
k. gamsaxurdias TxzulebebSi, arcTu iSviaTad, dasaxelebul ferTa (igu-
lisxmeba elferica da tonic) simbolikis elementaruli sqema irRveva da
maT gansxvavebuli funqcia ekisrebaT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mokled SevexoT ferTa simbolikuri mniSvnelobis
sakiTxs. cnobilia, rom ferTa simbolika Tavdapirvelad Caisaxa yofa-cxov-
rebaSi, iqidan ki yovel religiaSi pova gamovlenis saSualeba. rogorc r.
arnxeimi miuTiTebs Tavis naSromSi xelovneba da vizualuri aRqma, mecnie-
rebis istoriaSi arsebobda cdebi, aReweraT sxvadasxva ferisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli specifikuri ganwyobileba da gamoetanaT zogierTi daskvna maTi sim-
boluri xmareba-gamoyenebis Sesaxeb... magram Teoriebi, romlebic warmoiSo-
bodnen erTimeoris miyolebiT ganagrZobs mkvlevari ver xsnidnen am
movlenaTa warmoqmna-warmoSobis mizezebs. arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli
Sexeduleba, rom feris gamomsaxveloba efuZneba asociaciebs. ferTa Seswav-
lis saqmeSi asociaciuri Teoria.. Zalian cotas iZleva daaskvnis arnxeimi
(arnxeimi 1974: 315-316).
gvinda SevniSnoT, rom arnxeimisve azriT absoluturad efeqturi saSua-
leba jerac gamounaxavia.
marTlac, xSiria SemTxveva, roca asociaciiT Camoyalibebuli ferTa sim-
bolika kargavs stabilurobas da iZens axal mniSvnelobas, Tvisebas an niu-
anss. amis gamomwvevi faqtorebi mravali ram SeiZleba iyos (politikur-
ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri, esTetikuri da sxva realobani).
k. gamsaxurdias peizaJebSi c i s f e r i , T e T r i , y v i T e l i fe-
rebis meSveobiT metwilad gamoxatulia pozitiuri emociebi. magram imave
ferebiT mwerali Taviseburad uaryofiTi emociebisa da sevda-mowyenilo-
bis, naRvliani idumalebis Semcvel ganwyobilebebsac aRZravs. rigi magali-
TebiT dasturdeba T e T r da v e r c x l i s f e r motivs Sefarebuli
msubuqi sevda idumalebas mkerdze miyrdnobili mZinare bunebisa~, is, rom
`m T v a r e s i k v d i l i s T e T r i n i R a b i a ~, anda SeigrZnoba
`m y i n v a r e b i s z r q e l i s i T e T r e , s i T e T r e c i v i . da
T e T r i , s u l T e T r i da s i k v d i l s a v i T c i v i R r u b l e b i ~ .
sainteresoa, rom maSin, roca uimedod myof TaraS emxvars T e T r i f e
r i s R r u b l e b i T uaryofiTi emociebi aReZvris, imav T e T r f e r s
227


lukaia labaxua sikeTis niSnad miiCnevs da mas Tavis sizmarSi nanax TaraS
emxvars ukavSirebs isev:
`sizmarSi vnaxe TaraSi. T e T r i ecva. T e T r i sikeTis niSania, yoveli-
ve kargad warimarTeba~.
erTi da igive feri sxvadasxva simbolur mniSvnelobas atarebs. es gan-
pirobebulia moqmed pirTa gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri ganwyobiT.
k. gamsaxurdias nawarmoebebSi, Cveulebriv, xalisiani da keTilSobili
o q r o an y v i T e l i aqa-iq gvalvis saSinelebiT itvirTeba, xan ki saSe-
modgomo feriscvalebasa da Wknobas gamoxatavs:
`agvisto Sehparvia pirvel furclebs simindebisas! orlesuli sateva-
riviT basri, m u q l u r j i f r T e b i kenweroSive g a u y v i T l e b i a
_ Semodgomasa Tu gvalvas. Z e w n e b i s m o v e r c x l i l m w v a n e S i
y v i T e l i w a m a l i saegeb iod gadaugdia maradJamobis mxatvars~.
SfoTavs mindia, roca xedavs, rom l o m i s f e r i g a m x d a r a q e -
d e b i , s i y v i T l e Sehparvoda furclovans. qari aforiaqebda mWknar
foTlebs xevebis ubeSi. stirodnen qarafebis kideebze gadmomdgari wiflebi
da Telebi.
k. gamsaxurdiasTan l u r j i , c i s f e r i da maTi sxvadasxva tonebi
SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoxatavs sevda-mowyenas (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom tra-
diciuli SexedulebiT cisferi, lurji ferebi mxatvrebTan uaryofiT fe-
rad aris miCneuli. poetebisa da mwerlebisaTvis ki igi metwilad idealis
ferad warmoCndeba, Tumca rusTavelTan, magaliTad, igi sulieri da fiziku-
ri tkivilis gamomxatvelia), magram xandaxan isini mainc iwveven aqtivobisa
da aweuli ganwyobilebis garkveul modunebas:
`mwuxri daSvebuliyo l i l i s f e r b u r u s S i g a x v e u l z R v a -
z e , gahyroda qveyanas m z e da Soreuli s x i v i s q a T q a T i Rrubel-
Ta naoWebSi k i a n T o b d a , rogorc R a m e u l u d a b n o S i darCenili
c e c x l i s k e r a ~.
aq ferTa ori ZiriTadi jgufis dadebiTis (m z e , s x i v i ) da uar-
yofiTis (m w u x r i , l i l i s f e r i ) ferebia warmodgenili. warmmarT-
vel ganwyobilebas msubuq sevdas, mousvenrobas qmnis qveyanasTan m z i s
gayris xazgasma da amis Sedegad l i l i s f e r i s , mwuxris gabatoneba,
rogorc ufro aqtiuri, ase vTqvaT, `adgilobrivi~ ferisa. g a r d a s u l i
m z i s S o r e u l i s x i v i xalisiT da imediT ver gamsWvalavs mkvidr
movlenas l i l i s f e r b u r u s S i g a x v e u l z R v a z e daSvebul
mwuxrs..
rogorc vxedavT, ferebiT aRZrul asociaciebs da STabeWdilebebs gark-
veuli azris gadmocema-CamoyalibebaSi saTanado funqcia ekisrebaT.
k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi sxva magaliTebiTac dasturdeba l u r -
j i feriT uaryofiTi emociebis gamixatva: fizikur da sulier pasiurobas
ganvicdiT seqtembris miwurulSi l a i n i s f e r i q e d e b i s Semyureni,
T o v l i s c i s f e r i da T e T r i l i l o W r e l o s ` C a m o T o v -
l i l m T i s ubeebSi mxilvelni .
yvelaze iSviaTad k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi S a v i feris simbolikis
elementaruli sqema irRveva. igi TiTqmis absoluturad negatiur ferad
gvevlineba, magram gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi mainc iZebneba. `mTvaris mota-
cebis~ erT-erT pasaJSi warmodgenili S a v i feris miuxedavad, movlenis
pozitiuri arsi SenarCunebulia da ` g a S a v e b u l i m u x n a r i aRsav-
sea i d u m a l i o c n e b i T ~ .
aRniSnuli feris Cveulebrivi negatiuri arsi gafermkrTalebulia Sem-
deg pasaJSic:
228


`Zilnasvami da C r d i l n a s v a m i xeebi nazad hqindraven wverokinebs.
totebi totebs ealersebian, yvavilebis mtveri yvavilis mtvers daeZebs
b n e l S i , baRSi R a m e a da mTvare. siyvaruls da b n e l s Caukravs
gulSi es mTvarec, es xeebic, es cac.
am magaliTSi S a v fers Camoclili aqvs uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis momx-
deni niSani, amJRavnebs `farTo Jests~, Tumca moulodnelsa da uCveulos!..
k. gamsaxurdiasTan yvelaze metad T e T r i , y v i T e l i da c i s -
f e r i ferebis simbolikis elementaruli sqema icvlis saxes da itvirTeba
gansxvavebuli gagebiT. sxva ferebi naklebad scildeba sayovelTaod miRe-
buli simbolikis wres.
cnobilia, rom esTetikur grZnobaze bunebis zemoqmedebis erT-erT
mTavar pirobas warmoadgens s i n a T l e , S u q i . igi did rols asrulebs
k. gamsaxurdias nawarmoebebSic, aq didi mniSvneloba eniWeba m z i s s i -
n a T l i s ( S u q i s ) gamosaxvas.
k. gamsaxurdiasaTvis buneba (peizaJi) ara mxolod esTetikuri katego-
riaa, aramed eTikuric. mwerali gvixatavs bunebaSi arsebul winaaRmdego-
bebs, masSi mimdinare rTul procesebs. sabolood misTvis erTiani buneba
harmoniuli da keTilia. am sikeTis gamomJRavnebis erTi mniSvnelovani sa-
fuZveli aris m z e , misi S u q - s i n a T l e , romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis
dadebiTis zogadi funqciiT aris gamoxatuli k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi.
m z e keTili da mSvvenieri substanciaa, romelic adre, Zlier adre gad-
modgema Txemze.. da daiwyeba ` p u r p u r i s T o v a a m n a Z v n a r e b -
z e , ReleebSi, xramebs gadaRma, romlisac sjeraT da romelsac ase mi-
marTaven: me samjer xmamaRla vaxseneb Sens ukvdav saxels da vgrZnob, me
uZleveli vxdebi da nel-nela vikurnebi; damcxune, gamaTbe, damwvi, damruje
da SemiTvise. amoaSre Cems saxsrebSi ucxoeTSi SesunTquli nisli da
sineste~.
k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi Ramis peizJs sakmaod xSirad axlavs
m T v a r i s a da v a r s k v l a v e b i s , maTi S u q i s gamoxatva. mwerali
yovelTvis poulobs gamosaxatavi obieqtisTvis s i n a T l i s wyaros, qmnis
axal elfers, rasac xSirad sinamdvile awvdis da karnaxobs. igi TiTqmis
vizualurad gvaxilvinebs:
` d a T o v l i l i v i T idgnen garinduli n a Z v e b i v e r c x l i s
g a v a l a k i T damSvenebulni, S u q i s b r e eyreboda Tavze am mSvenier
qveyanas, am naZvebs, am cacxvebs da am mTebs da albaT im qalwulsac T e T r
s v e t e b s Soris uZravad mdgars~.
s i n a T l e k. gamsaxurdias mier gamoxatuli samyaros erTi yvelaze
cxovelmyofeli sawyisia. mwerali ostaturad iyenebs S u q - C r d i l i s
efeqtebs, ise aRwers `n a T l i s a da b n e l i s gayras~, m z i s gaparvasa
da C r d i l i s zrdas, v a r s k v l a v i s s x i v s , TiTqos uSualod
veswrebodeT msgavs procesebs, anda mZafrad SevigrZnobdeT dros da viTa-
rebas, `roca arc d R e a , arc s a R a m o , roca nel-nela f i T r d e b a
c a , xeebisa da mTebis konturebic n a x S i r i s gavlebul xazebsaviT ga-
moixatebian cis fonze, roca C r d i l i da S u q i erTimeores mZafrad
gaeTiSebian, roca arc C r d i l S i a mkvrivi s i T a l x e , xolo s i n a T -
l e g a m W v i r v a l e b a s hkargavs neli-nel~.
k. gamsaxurdia s i n a T l i s mimarT gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT
uCveulod sainteresod anawilebs ferebs, riTac masaTa harmoniis damk-
vidrebas axerxebs Zalze ostaturad:
` m z e pirs ibanda, m y i n v a r s Tavze wamodgomoda uflis mklaviviT
wagrZelebuli Rrubeli. mis gaRma s T o v d a , a x l a d a m o R e b u l i
a b r e S u m i v i T x a s x a s a s x i v e b i gars evlebodnen m y i n -
229


v a r s . am R r u b l i s C r d i l s q v e S moCanda samebis eklesia da
gergeTi, axla es wagrZelebuli Rrubeli gauCinarda anazdad, wamovidnen
balRis ocnebasaviT T e T r i f r T i l e b i da gars Semoevlnen m y i n -
v a r s . m z e gadaixara dasavleTisaken da n a r i n j i s f r a d a e n -
T o t e r a k o t i s f e r i k a l T a z e c i s a . imata s i R a m e m , mTe-
bis wamaxuli muzaradebi S e a m k o w i T e l y v i T e l i f e r e b i s
v a s v a s m a . i e l v a y i n u l i a n m w v e r v a l e b s gadaRma, atyda
quxili mTebs gadaRma da e l v i s m a x v i l e b m a g a i e l v e s Tval-
sawierze~.
mwerali miiswrafvis gamoxatos amindi, daiWiros peizaJis S u q - s i -
n a T l i s a da ZiriTadi ferebis gama.
Rrublebs, anda samyaros bevr sxva materias ar gaaCnia ucvleli, sta-
biluri buneba, romelic ganisazRvreba mxolod maTive formiT. amitom xSi-
rad garegnuli saxe warmoadgens Tavisive formaze s i n a T l i s zemoq-
medebiT miRebul produqts.
zemoaRweril pasaJSi gansazRvruli S u q - s i n a T l e , g a n a T e b a
aZlierebs gamoxatuli movlenis uecari, swrafmavali cvalebadobis xasiaTs.
efeqti mniSvnelovania.
k. gamsaxurdias mier gamoxatuli samyaro, buneba-peizaJi gamoirCeva xed-
viTi, vizualuri zemoqmedebis raRac uCveulo, erTgvarad ucnauri speci-
fikis matareblobiT. mwerlisTvis, cxadia, Tvisebadaa qceuli danaxvis SemZ-
lebloba /eWvis Setana amaSi gaZneldeba/, magram isaa saintereso, rom Se-
moqmedis kvaldakval mkiTxvelsac umuSavdeba xedvisa da cqeris saTanado
unari.
daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom yvelaferi, rac zemoT warmoCnda, miuTi-
Tebs ferwerisa da literaturis zogjer cxad, xan ki mouxelTebel, ase
vTqvaT, mimikriul siaxloveze, magram ranairic ar unda iyos es urTierToba,
igi amsubuqebs suls, badebs mSvenier azrebs da rac mTavaria, gadis litera-
turisa da ferweris Sedarebis sazRvar-CarCoebidan da cxovrebaSi yovelg-
vari movlenis konkretuli ideur-esTetikuri gagebiT gamoxatvas Tavobs
saTanadod niSandebuli, anu `Tavisi~ eniT.


damowmebani:

adamsi 1962: . . 119.
: 1962.
arnxeimi 1974: . . .: 1974.
gamsaxurdia 1980: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. VI, Tb.: 1980.
gamsaxurdia 1983: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t.VII, Tb.: 1983.
gamsaxurdia 1985: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. IX, Tb.: 1985.
goeTe 1957: . . . .: 1957.
gorfunkeli 1980: gorfunkeli a. aRorZinebis xanis filosofia . m.: 1980 .
veimani 1975: . . .: 1975.
kanaevi 1970: . . .: 1970 .
lesingi 1986: lesingi. laokooni. Tb.:1986.
miSkovskaia 1958: . . .: 1958.
morua 1970: . . .: 1970.
murina 1978: . . .: 1978.

petroCuki 1974: . . .: 1974.
pigarevi 1972: . . .: 1972.
hegeli 1968: . . . I, .: 1968.
230




Tengiz Kikacheishvili

The Harmony of Word and Colour in Konstantine Gamsakhurdias Poetics

Summary

The work deals with Konstantine Gamsakhurdias artistic world, the scenery of which
is distinguished by quite unusual, uncanny visual affect. It is evident that the ability to see is
an unavoidable part of the writer, but it is worth mentioning, that gradually the reader works
out the particular skill of seeing and perceiving the things.
The above mentioned facts enable us to speak about mimicrial closeness, though no
matter what kind of relationship there exist, it lightens the soul, gives birth to wonderful
ideas and what is the most important abandons the comparative boundaries of literature and
painting and initiates the ideal-aesthetical expression of every event by means of his
private language.





231




literaturuli meridianebi


zaza xinTibiZe

scenaTa modelireba homerosis epossa
da vefxistyaosanSi

rogorc calkeul scenaTa, ise mTliani epizodebis modelireba anu para-
digmuloba da tipuroba epikuri tradiciis farglebSi zepiri Tu werilobi-
Ti gziT Seqmnili naratiuli teqstis (vgulisxmob zRapars, sagmiro epossa da
saraindo romans) maorganizebeli erT_erTi ZiriTadi mxatvruli principia.
kompoziciuri organizaciis danarCeni principebis umravlesobis msgavsad
isic teqstis garkveuli sigrZis mqone monakveTis Semadgeneli segmentebis
ucvleli TanmimdevrobiT mTlian an nawilobriv ganmeorebazea damyarebuli.
homerosis eposis scenaTa da epizodTa modelirebis TvalsazrisiT Ses-
wavlis procesi gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan daiwyo. vgulisxmob ger-
maneli mecnieris v. arendis 1933 wels gamoqveynebul naSroms tipuri scenebi
homerosTan (arendi 1933), aseve ramdenime wliT adre e.w. zepiri poeziis (Oral
poetry) Teoriis fuZemdeblis amerikeli folkloristis m. peris mier gamoq-
veynebul or naSroms homerosiseuli heqsametruli striqonebis formuluri
struqturis Sesaxeb (peri 1928a; peri 1928b).
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT II msoflio omis mizeziT Sewyvetili kvleva
axali intensivobiT mxolod 60-iani wlebidan gagrZelda. ase magaliTad, m.
peris mowafe a.b. lordi Tavis gaxmaurebul monografiaSi Seecada daemtkice-
bina, rom homerosis eposSi heqsametruli striqonis msgavsad calkeuli mo-
tivebic SeiZleba ganxilul iqnan maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis jamad (lordi
1960).
problemis kvlevas axali impulsi SesZines b. fenikisa da T. kriSeris naS-
romebma. kerZod ki, Tavis wignSi _ iliadis tipuri sabrZolo scenebi: sabr-
Zolo moqmedebaTa aRweris homerosiseuli naratiuli teqnikis Seswavla b.
feniki mivida im daskvnamde, rom mis mier gaanalizebuli sabrZolo scenebis
udidesi umravlesoba agebulia erTi da imave elementebis anu scenis nawile-
bis yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi erTi da imave TanamimdevrobiT gadmocemis
gziT. Sesabamisad, brZolis amsaxveli scena_epizodebis konstruirebis teq-
nika tradiciuli, folkloruli warmoSobisaa da calkeuli heqsametruli
striqonis msgavsad paradigmulia (feniki 1968: 229).
analogiur daskvnamde mivida T. kriSeric homerosiseuli e.w. vrceli
Sedarebebisa da agreTve aristiebis amsaxveli epizodebis Seswavlis Sedegad.
ase magaliTad, aristiebis anu calkeul gmirTa mier brZolis velze gamo-
Cenili gansakuTrebuli mamacobis amsaxveli epizodebis analizi, T. kriSeris
azriT, cxadyofs, rom homerosi Tavdapirvelad yovelTvis aRwers:
(1) konkretuli gmiris mier saWurvlisa da iaraRis asxmas da (2) vrceli
Sedarebis saSualebiT gadmocemul iaraRis elvarebas, Semdeg gadmoscems
amave gmiris monawileobiT gamarTul batalur brZolebs, romlis drosac (3)
is utevs mowinaaRmdegeebs da aiZulebs ukuiqcnen, Semdeg ki (4) misdevs gaqce-
ul mters, rasac mohyveba (5) gmiris daWra, ris Semdegac romelime olimpieli
RmerTi mas saswrafod ubrunebs Zalas, (6) ZalaaRdgenili gmiri orTabrZo-
232


las umarTavs mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris vaJkacobiT gamorCeul romelime mebr-
Zols da mas sicocxles asalmebs da bolos, (7) monawileobs mokluli mowi-
naaRmdegis cxedrisa da iaraRis xelSi Casagdebad gamarTul brZolebSi
(kriSeri 1971: 13).
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ratom miaCniaT mkvlevarebs, rom maT mier gamov-
lenili kompoziciuri teqnika mTlianad folkloruli warmoSobisaa da amde-
nad, homerosis tradiciulobaze mianiSnebs? saqme isaa, rom XX saukunis pir-
vel naxevarSi folkloruli masalis struqturalisturi meTodiT Seswavlam
cxadyo, rom folkloruli naratiuli Janrebis struqtura mTlianad para-
digmuli xasiaTisaa. ase magaliTad, v. propis mier ganxorcielebulma jados-
nuri zRapris struqturulma analizma (propi 1984) gamoavlina, rom jados-
nuri zRapris nebismieri siuJeti Sedgeba 31 nawilisagan, romlebsac mecnieri
funqciebs uwodebs. magram TiToeuli zRapari ar Seicavs yvela anu ocdaTer-
Tmetsave funqcias. Tumca ramden funqciasac ar unda Seicavdes, funqciaTa
rigi, Tanamimdevroba yovelTvis ucvleli rCeba.
rogorc b. fenikis, ise a.b. lordis, T. kriSerisa da e.w. zepiri homerosis
koncefciis momxre sxva homerologTa Tanaxmad, homerosis eposSic analogi-
uri viTarebaa. kerZod ki, iliadisa da odiseisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipuri
scena-epizodebi poetis mier gadmocemulia erTi da imave elementebis ucv-
leli TanmimdevrobiTi rigebis saxiT. esa Tu is elementi SeiZleba ganivrcos,
Semokldes an saerTod ar dadasturdes, magram poetis mier maTi gadmocemis
mimdevroba, rigi yovelTvis ucvlelia. amdenad, zemonaxseneb mkvlevarTa az-
riT, aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba kidev erTi argumentia imis samtkiceblad,
rom homerosis eposi zepirisityvierebis nimuSad unda miviCnioT, romlis
werilobiTi fiqsirebac mogvianebiT, misi Seqmnidan ramdenime saukunis Sem-
deg unda momxdariyo.
homerologTa meore nawili, kerZod ki, e.w. werilobiTi homerosis kon-
cefciis mxardamWeri mkvlevarebi ki iliadisa da odiseis scenebis udavo pa-
radigmulobis Seswavlisas yuradRebas Semdeg or garemoebaze amaxvileben:
1. homerosiseuli kompoziciuri teqnika Tavisi arsiT marTlac tradici-
ulia, magram, rogorc wesi, sakuTari, individualuri SemoqmedebiTi koncef-
ciis realizebis mizniT poeti mas sruliad axali funqciiT da amdenad, nova-
torulad iyenebs. ase magaliTad, epikur, tradiciul formulebs anu mTel
heqsametrul striqonTa an striqonis calkeuli nawilebis ucvlelad gan-
meorebis tradiciul xerxs poeti iyenebs Tvisebrivad axali funqciiT: maTi
ganmeorebis saSualebiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs poemis erTmaneTisagan didad
daSorebuli simRerebis (magaliTad, I da IX simReris, an I da XXIV simReris)
Semadgeneli sxvadasxva scenebis urTierTmsgavsebaze, rac ufro naTlad war-
moaCens amgvari simRerebis urTierTsimetriulobas da imavdroulad, msme-
nelze did mxatvrul efeqtsac axdens (gordeziani 2002: 123).
2. homerosis eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli scena-epizodebis paradigmu-
loba ar aris sakmarisi argumenti misi zepiri gziT formirebulobis dasamt-
kiceblad, radganac udavod werilobiTi gziT Seqmnili rogorc antikuri da
Suasaukuneebis, ise Tanamedrove literaturuli nawarmoebebis analizi
cxadyofs, rom maTTvisac damaxasiaTebelia scenaTa modelireba. amdenad,
msoflio literaturis Sedevrebi erTmaneTisagan modelirebis meti Tu nak-
lebi xvedriTi wiliT ki ar gansxvavdebian, aramed tipuri, tradiciuli, para-
digmuli elementebis saSualebiT modelirebis procesSi Seqmnili scena-epi-
zodebis didi mravalferovnebiT, rac xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi individua-
lurobis warmomCeni erT-erTi arsebiTi faqtoria (gordeziani 1986: 12).
233


homerosis poemebisa da rusTvelis vefxistyaosnis scena-epizodebze ma-
Ti SesaZlo paradigmulobis TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebis Sedegad Cem mier ga-
keTebuli daskvnebic werilobiTi homerosis koncefcias ganamtkiceben.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSne, homerologTa erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, home-
rosiseuli kompoziciuri teqnika Tavisi arsiT marTlac tradiciulia, mag-
ram, rogorc wesi, poeti mas novatorulad, axali funqciiT iyenebs, kerZod
ki, gardaqmnis sakuTari, individualuri SemoqmedebiTi koncefciis Sesabami-
sad. odiseis siuJetis kompoziciuri organizaciis Seswavlam zemoaRniSnuli
mosazrebis marTebuloba Semdegi TvalsazrisiT gamoavlina: homerologTa
Soris arsebobs sruli konsensusi, rom iliadisagan gansxvavebiT odiseis fa-
bula mTlianad tradiciulia. da marTlac, am poemis siuJeturi qargis
Sedarebis gziT propis mier gamovlenil jadosnuri zRapris struqturasTan
odisevsis ambavSi davafiqsire zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime Ziri-
Tadi funqcia. esenia: Txovna, rom gmiri Sinidan saZebnelad wavides, gmiris
mier gadawyvetilebis miReba da saZebnelad wasvla, saxifaTo mogzaurobis
Semdeg ucxo mxareSi an Sin Secvlili garegnobiT dabruneba, e.w. cru gmiris
anu mowinaaRmdegis dasja-damarcxeba, gmiris cnoba maspinZlebis an axlob-
lebis mier da bolos, qorwili an gamefeba. Cemi yuradReba miipyro im garemo-
ebam, rom odiseaSi zemoCamoTvlili epizodebi anu funqciebi, erTi funqciis
garda, jadosnuri zRapris analogiuri TanamimdevrobiT misdevdnen erTma-
neTs. amdenad, aSkaraa, rom Tavisi poemis konstruirebisas homerosi iyenebs
teqstis modelirebis kompoziciur princips, romelic folklorisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli da amdenad, Tavisi arsiT tradiciulia. magram homerosiseu-
lad unda Sefasdes is garemoeba, rom erTi funqciis, kerZod ki, gmiris cno-
bis SemTxvevaSi poeti mizanmimarTulad cvlis funqciaTa anu movlenaTa Ta-
namimdevrobis tradiciul rigs. vgulisxmob im garemoebas, rom odisevss misi
meuRle penelope cnobs gmiris mier sasiZoebis anu, faqtobrivad, zRapriseu-
li cru gmiris dasjis, maTi daxocvis Semdeg da ara manamde. swored am, erTi
SexedviT, umniSvnelo homerosiseuli inovaciis Sedegia, rom odiseis siuJe-
ti dramatuli da ara zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli principiT viTardeba da
mTavrdeba: poemis gadamwyveti, finaluri scenis funqcia cru gmiris anu mo-
winaaRmdegeTa dasjas ki ar eniWeba, aramed trois damangreveli da samSoblo-
Si maTxovris ier-saxiT dabrunebuli oci wlis unaxavi qmris cnobas misi
erTgulad momlodine meuRlis mier.
rac Seexeba scenaTa SesaZlo paradigmulobis TvalsazrisiT vefxistya-
osnis calkeuli epizodebis gaanalizebas, am SemTxvevaSi Cemi mizani iyo, Sua-
saukuneebis evropuli epikuri Tu Tanamedrove literaturuli Sedevrebis
msgavsad rusTvelis poemis magaliTzec warmoCeniliyo, rom scenaTa modeli-
rebis teqnika warmatebiT SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli udavod werilobiTi
gziT Seqmnil nawarmoebebSic da amdenad, is ar aris mxolod zepirsityvieri
poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kompoziciuri principi.
naratiul epikur qmnilebaSi tipur scenaTa gamosavlenad, bunebrivia,
erTmaneTs unda Sedardes erTi gmiris ambis an ramdenime gmiris ambebis farg-
lebSi arsebuli Tematurad erTgvarovani scenebi. naTelia, rom vefxistyao-
sanSi ramdenime amgvari SemTxvevaa, romelTagan sagangebo ganxilvisaTvis
yuradRebas amjerad mxolod gmirebis urTierTgacnobis, maTi erTmaneTTan
pirvelad Sexvedris anu e.w. ucxo moymis naxvis amsaxvel scenebze SevaCereb.
pirveli amgvari scenaa avTandilisa da tarielis anu ucxo moymis urTi-
erTgacnoba; meorea tarielisa da fridonis anu ucxo moymis urTierTgac-
noba; mesame ki _ fridonisa da avTandilis anu ucxo moymis urTierTgacnoba.
gansaxilveli scenebis tipurobas ganapirobebs maTi Semadgeneli Semdegi rva
234


erTi da imave nawilis poetis mier samivejer erTi da imave TanamimdevrobiT
gadmocema:
1. gmirebis urTierTgacnoba xdeba nadirobis dros (Tumca tarielisa da
fridonis Sexvedris amsaxvel scenaSi fridonis nadiroba ar aris uSualod
gadmocemuli da mis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT Tavad gmiris naambobidan vigebT);
2. ucxo moymis araordinaruli garegnoba da qceva;
3. ucxo moymis ambis Sesatyobad masTan monis gagzavna;
4. ucxo moymis qceva monis masTan miaxloebisas;
5. raindebis erTmaneTTan pirispir Sexvedra;
6. erTi SexedvisTanave urTierTmowoneba da damegobreba;
7. ucxo moymis mier axalSeZenili megobrisaTvis Tavisi Tavgadasavlis
moyola;
8. axalSeZenili megobris mier gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili raindis gamxneveba
da daxmarebis survilis gamoTqma.
miuxedavad struqturis paradigmulobisa TiToeuli scena mTlianobaSi
mainc sruliad ganumeorebelia da tipurobis SegrZnebas odnavadac ar iwvevs,
rac kompoziciurad Semdegnairadaa miRweuli:
1. pirveli da umTavresi am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrob, mainc isaa, rom ucxo
moyme erT SemTxvevaSi tarielia, meoreSi _ fridoni, xolo mesameSi ki _
avTandili;
2. avTandilisa da tarielis Sexvedris scena danarCeni ori analogiuri
scenisagan gansxvavebiT SuaSia gawyvetili da misi dasasruli (asmaTis mier
mowyobili gmirebis Sexvedra) poemis sxva nawilSia gadmocemuli. am, Tu ase
SeiZleba iTqvas, ornawiliani scenisagan gansxvavebiT tarielisa da fridonis
da fridonisa da avTandilis Sexvedris scenebi, miuxedavad maTi SedarebiTi
kompaqturobisa, dublirebulia anu jer mokledaa gadmocemuli, Semdeg ki
dauyovnebliv _ ufro vrclad;
3. avTandilisa da tarielis gacnobis scenas rusTveli gadmoscems, xolo
fridonTan tarielis gacnobis scenas Tavad indoT amirbari ixsenebs, Tumca
aqac movlenebi ucxo moymis uecrad damnaxavi gmiris, am SemTxvevaSi
tarielis TvaliTaa danaxuli. avTandilisa da fridonis gacnobis scenaSi ki
mTxrobelad kvlavindeburad poeti gvevlineba, magram amjerad Secvlilia
optikuri kuTxe da movlenebi ucxo moymis, anu am SemTxvevaSi avTandilis
mieraa aRqmuli;
4. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, ganmasxvavebel efeqts qmnis ucxo moymis sxva-
dasxvagvari damokidebuleba masTan ambis Sesatyobad gagzavnili monisadmi:
tarieli da fridoni maT ver amCneven, avTandili ki fridonis monasTan sau-
bars Tavadve iwyebs;
5. Tuki tarieli da fridoni srulad uyvebian maT Tavs gadamxdar Tavga-
dasavlebs, Sesabamisad, avTandilsa da tariels, avTandili Tavis ambavs
fridons arasrulad uambobs: daufaravs misi da TinaTinis mijnurobas;
6. danarCeni ori scenisagan gansxvavebiT avTandili anu am scenis ucxo
moyme Tavad sTxovs axalgacnobil megobars, fridons, daxmarebas, kerZod,
miaswavlos, Tu ra mimarTulebiT daiwyos nestanis Zebna;
7. da bolos, Tuki avTandilisa da fridonis nadirobebi ucxo moymis naxvis
gamo CaiSleba, tarielis mier fridonis gacnobis scenas Tavad ucxo moymis
anu fridonis misi biZaSvilebis mizeziT CaSlili nadiroba uswrebs win, ris
gamoc Tavis samSobloSi myofi mulRazanzaris mefe mcire xniT ucxo moymed
anu mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenil raindad gadaiqceva, romelsac daxmareba
esaWiroeba da swored amgvari saxiT wardgeba tarielis winaSe maTi gacnobis
dros.
235


scenaTa tipurobis anu modelirebis principze dayrdnobiTaa agebuli
vefxistyaosanSi gmirTa orTabrZolebis amsaxveli epizodebic (tarielis omi
xataelebTan, avTandilis brZola mekobreebTan da fridonis konfliqti mis
biZaSvilebTan), aseve avTandilisa da tarielis mier satrfosTan pirvelad
pirispir Sexvedrisa da WaSnagirisa da sasiZos mkvlelobis amsaxveli epizo-
debi da sxva kompoziciurad naklebmniSvnelovani scenebic.
amgvarad, rogorc homerosis eposSi, ise vefxistyaosanSi dasturdeba
scenaTa modelirebis epikuri teqnika, romelic aSkaraa, rom Tavisi warmomav-
lobiT tradiciulia. kerZod ki, zepirsityvierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ganmeorebadobis kvantitatiur principzea damyarebuli, magram homerosi da
kidev ufro xSirad rusTveli mas kvalitatiuri funqciiT iyeneben da
amgvarad aRweven TiToeuli maTganis winaSe mdgar specifikur kompoziciur
miznebs.


damowmebani:

arendi 1933: Arend W. Die typischen Szenen bei Homer, Berlin (Problemata, 7): Weidmann,
1933.
gordeziani 1986: Gordesiani R. Kriterien der Schriftlichkeit und Mndlichkeit in homerischen
Epos, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York (SzkPh, 19): Peter Lang, 1986.
gordeziani 2002: gordeziani r. berZnuli literatura. t. I: elinuri epoqis
eposi, lirika, drama. Tb.: `logosi~, 2002.
kriSeri 1971: Krischer T. Formale Konventionen der homerischen Epik, Mnchen (Zetemata,
56): Beck, 1971.
lordi 1960: Lord A.B. The Singer of Tales, Cambridge Mass. (HSCL, 24): Harvard University
Press, 1960.
peri 1928
a
: Parry M. L' pithte traditionelle dans Homre: Essai sur un problme de style
homrique, Paris: Socit des Belles Lettres, 1928.


peri 1928
b
: Parry M. Les formules et La metrique d' Homere, Paris: Socit des Belles Lettres,
1928.
propi 1984: propi v. zRapris morfologia. Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo
m. karbelaSvilma. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1984.
feniki 1968: Fenik B. Typical Battle Scenes in the Iliad. Studies in the Narrative Techniques of
Homeric Battle Description, Wiesbaden (HermesEinzelschrift, 21): Franz Steiner, 1968.


Zaza Khintibidze

Modelling of Scenes in Homeric Epic and The Man in the Panthers Skin

Summary

The paper commences with a brief history of the research into the modelling of
Homeric scenes and episodes since the 1920s to the present. In particular it is noted that the
numerous cases of modelling, i.e, paradigmaticity and typicalness of scenes, brought to light
in The Iliad and The Odyssey is considered by supporters of the conception of the so-called
oral Homer as arguments of Homers traditionality and the oral way of the creation of his
poems. Unlike them, supporters of the conception of written Homer, while studying the
unquestionable paradigmaticity of Homeric scenes, focus attention on two circumstances:
236


1. Homers compositional technique is indeed traditional, yet in order to implement his
own individual literary conception, the poet uses it with an entirely new function and, hence
in an innovative way.
2. The typicalness of scenes and episodes, characteristic of Homeric epic is not a
sufficient argument to prove its having been created orally. For analysis of Classical and
Medieval as well as modern literary works, doubtless created in written form, demonstrates
that they too are characterized by modelling of scenes.
The author of the paper presents the results of his research carried out in the direction
just cited, which, in his view, tend to support the conception of written Homer. In particular,
a study of the compositional organization of the plot of the Odyssey shows that in
constructing his poem, Homer uses the same compositional principle on which, according to
V. Propp, the structure of a fairy tale is based, hence, in its essence, it is traditional. But in
the case of one function, namely the recognition of a hero, the poet purposefully changes the
traditional sequence of functions, i.e. of events which should be assessed as Homers
innovation. Odysseus wife Penelope recognizes him not prior to but after he has
slaughtered the Suitors. It is the result of this, at first sight insignificant, Homeric innovation
that the subject of the Odyssey develops and ends by the dramatic principle rather than
characteristic of a fairy tale: the function of a decisive scene in the poem is assigned not to
the punishment of the antagonist but to the recognition of the husband returning under the
guise of a beggar after twenty years of wandering by his faithful wife awaiting his return.
In the text of The Man in the Panthers Skin, an epic poem by Shota Rustaveli, written
at the turn of the 12
th
-13th centuries, in the view of the author of the paper, cases of the
modelling of scenes are also evidenced, of which only one is discussed in the paper: three
analogous scenes of becoming acquainted and establishing friendship by the three
protagonist knights of the poem. The same eight constituent parts of these scenes are
conveyed by the poet three times and in the same sequence. The author of the paper lists the
compositional techniques as well, through the use of which diversification of these typical
scenes is achieved.
Thus, both Homeric epic and The Man in the Panthers Skin, the latter doubtless created
in written form, evidences an epic technique of modelling scenes, which therefore cannot be
taken for an argument necessarily proving the oral path of creating the epic poem.
237


lia gugunava

Semoqmedi RmerTi `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~

araerTgzis gvaqvs aRniSnuli, rom hamleti qristianuli gagebiT ixse-
niebs RmerTs. marto is faqti, rom hamlets swams gangeba da darwmunebulia
mis SemweobaSi, qristianuli RmerTisaTvisaa niSandoblivi. horaciosTan
dialogSi hamleti amtkicebs, rom man Tavi daaRwia `megobrebis~ mier dage-
bul maxes da amaSi gangebas unda umadlodes. werilis ostaturad SecvlaSi
da im xelisSemwyob pirobaSi rom samefo beWedi Tan aRmoaCnda, yvelaferi
gangebis keTili ganzraxviT iyo mowyobili (`Semewia TiTon gangeba~, (V, 2)
(Seqspiri 1954: 231).
yvelas ar ZaluZs RmerTis ganWvreta. es mxolod im pirTaTvisaa damaxa-
siaTebeli, romlebic sulier faseulobas afaseben adamianSi da saRmrTo
rjuliT cxovroben. `netar ars kaci, romeli ara mivida zraxvasa uRmrTo-
Tasa~ (fsal. 1,1).
hamleti `ucnaursa da uTqmel~ RmerTs intuiciiT grZnobs. igi Tavis me-
gobars horacios gaandobs saidumlos da Tavis dakvirvebasac gauziarebs:

`es unda giTxra, horacio, _ xSirad ganzraxva
mofiqrebuli yovelis mxriT uqmad Cagivlis
da gvSvelis mxolod aCqarebiT saqmis daWera.
es moaswavebs, rom gangeba TviT awyobs saqmes,
ra gzasac unda avirCevdeT~ (V,2) gv. 229.

hamleti pirdapir Tu alegoriulad ixseniebs qristes.
pirvel monologSi borotebis aRmoCeniT gulacruebuli, RmerTs SesCiv-
lebs qveynis amaoebas:

`an Semoqmedi Tavis mokvlas neta rad gviSlis
o, RmerTo, RmerTo! yvela saqme am wuTis soflis
rogor fuWia, unayofo, daobebuli~ (1,2, gv. 27).

amave monologSi hamleti mamas, rogorc amaRlebul pirovnebas, adarebs
hiperions, mzis alegoriaa. mze, rogorc RmerTis xati, gulisxmobs qristes.
maSasadame, yofili mefe RmerTTan aris miaxlovebuli, xolo biZa mdabal
satirs uTanabrdeba.
Seqspiri renesansuli xedviT zecasa da dedamiwas erTianobaSi iazrebs.
aCrdilTan scenaSi, borotmoqmedebis aRmoCenis Semdeg warmoTqvams:

"O all you host of heaven. O earth. What else" (I,5, p.83) (Seqspiri 1978).

maCablis TargmaniT:

`oh, zecis Zalno, dedamiwav, raRa vTqva kidev?~ (gv. 54).

biZaze dedis gaTxovebiT ukmayofilo hamleti, sayvedurebiT avsebs mas
da bolos SeniSnavs, rom misi saqcieliT zeca da dedamiwa sircxviliT iwveba.

"Heaven's face doth glow;
Yea this solidity and compound mass
With heated visage, as against the doom,
Is thought sick at the act" (III,4) p.189.

maCabels SesaniSnavad gadmoaqvs azri:
238


`oh, magvar saqmiT zecis saxe risxviT elvarebs;
da ese myari deda-miwac SeWmuxvnilia
da naRvliani, TiTqo iyos dRe gankiTxvisa~ (gv. 154).
rusTvelologiaSi miCneulia, rom samyaro mTlianobaSi moiazreba: `samya-
ros modeli mTlianad harmoniulad isaxeba, sofeli da zesTasofeli urTi-
erTdapirispirebulad, gaTiSulad, mtrulad verafriT veRar moiazreba...
adamianisaTvis amaRlebuli, wminda siyvaruli amave dros xorciel swrafva-
sac niSnavs... es gageba... areopagitul gaazrebis ilustracias warmoadgens da
savsebiT Seesatyviseba `vefxistyaosnis~ umTavres azrs _ soflisa da zesTa-
soflis harmonias. soflisa da zesTasoflis mimarTebis amgvari gageba rus-
Tavelis msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelTa safuZvelia~ (TvaraZe 1971).
hamletis RmerTisadmi mimarTvebSi gamosWvivis uzenaesisadmi rwmena:
RmerTi aqvs saficrad.

"For God's Love Let me hear" (I,2) p. 57.

maCabelTan:

`sTqvi Tu RmerTi grwams, sTqvi, sTqvi, Cqara!~ (gv. 31).

"ministers of grace" _ RmerTis wyalobis msaxurebi, e. i. angelozebi.
qarTulSia:

`keTilno sulno, angelozno, Tqven gvfarvelobdeT~ (gv. 45).

"By heaven, I'll make a ghost of that Lets me!" (I,5. p. 77).

qarTul TargmanSi:

`Semoqmeds vficav,
vinc ki damiWers, myis imasac aCrdilad vaqcev~ (gv. 48).

sainteresoa, hamleti Tavis mokeTeebs RvTiuri Zalebis mfarvelobas rom
usurvebs:

"So help you mercy" (I.5; p.89).

qarTul TargmanSi: `egremc zecis Zalni gfarvideT~ (gv. 60).

"So grace and mercy at your most need help you" (I.5) p.89.

maCabelTan aris:

`egremc RvTis madli gasaWirSi Tqven mogfenodeT~ (gv. 61).

metad mniSvnelovania, hamleti mfarvelobas rom sTxovs zecis Zalebs:

"Save me and hover o'er me with your wings.
You heavenly guards" (III, 4) p. 191.

maCabelTan aris:

`cis angelozno, Tqvenis frTebis qveS mimiReT
d a mfarvelad meqmeniT me!~ (gv. 157).

qristianul terminebs iyenebs laerti: dalocva, madli, miteveba:

"A double blessing is a double grace" (I,3) p.65.

qarTul TargmanSi:
239


`orjer dalocvas Tan mohyveba orkeci madli~ (gv. 39).

momakvdavi laerti ase mimarTavs hamlets:

"Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet.
Mine and my father's death come not upon thee,
Nor thine on me" (V,2) p. 291.

maCabels metad moxdenilad gadmoaqvs qarTulad:

`hamlet, me da Sen
erTmaneTs unda mivutevoT, nu mogekiTxos
nurc mamiCemis sikvdili Sen da nurca Cemi
da Senc Semindev Seni sisxli~ (gv. 252).

Zalian mniSvnelovani qristianuli gamoTqmebia ofelias saubarSi:

"God dild you! (IV,5) p.219.

qarTul TargmanSi:

`RmerTma mSvidoba mogceT~ (gv. 182).

"God be at your table!" (IV,5) p.219.

maCabelTan aris:

`RmerTma es sufra gikurTxoT~ (gv. 183).

"God-a-mercy on his soul.
And of all Christian souls, I pray God, God buy you" (IV,5) p.231.

qarTul TargmanSia:

`dailocos imis suli!
da yvela qristianis suli! Cemi locva es aris.
RmerTi iyos Tqveni mwyalobeli~ (gv. 192).

qristianuli terminia `salvation~ `cxoneba~, rac qarTul TargmanSi
dakargulia.
mesaflave ofelias sikvdilis gamo aRniSnavs:

`Is she to be buried Christian burial when
She wilfully seeks her own salvation?~ (V,1) p. 251.

qarTulSi Targmnilia:

`maS am qals qristianulad damarxven? TiTonve
rom mouklavs Tavi?!~ (gv. 207).

aCrdili sTxovs iseTi araferi Caidinos, rac mas suls SeubRalavs.

`But, howsomever thou pursuest this act,
Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive
Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven,
And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge
To prick and sting her~ (I,5) p. 83.

maCablis TargmanSi asea:

`magram ra gzasac airCevde gadaxdisaTvis,
nuras gabedav dediSenis winaaRmdegsa
da nu SebRalav imiT Sens suls, Sensa gonebas.
240


igi TviT zecas mianebe da mis sinidiss;
dee maT stanjon, maT mohkiTxon~ (gv. 54).

horacio hamlets ase eTxoveba:

`Now cracks a noble heart. Good night, sweet prince,
And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest~ (V,2) p. 293

maCabelTan:

`Caqra lampari didebuli! mSvidobiT, princo;
angelozT gundTa gangasvenon tkbilis galobiT~ (gv. 252).

`vefxistyaosanSi~ RmerTi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. rusTvelolo-
giaSi am sakiTxs mravali mecnieri Seexo. Salva nucubiZe aRniSnavda, rom
`centraluri adgili rusTavelis koncefciaSi uWiravs RmerTs. am warmodge-
naSi Tavs iyris yvela sxva cneba: samyaro, adamiani, mijnuroba da sxva. masSivea
mocemuli `erTisa~ da mravlis urTierToba~ (nucubiZe 1935).
masve ekuTvnis mosazreba, rom RmerTi samyarosTan, adamianTan mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli: `rusTaveli mTliani qveynis poetia. misTvis pirvel ad-
gilze es mTlianobaa mocemuli. adamians masSi garkveuli adgili uWiravs.

`mzisa SuqTa ver mWvreteli, ia xmebis, vardi Wnebis~.

rusTavels xazi aqvs gasmuli, rom Tu RmerTi ar iqna msurveli, araferi
iqneba... mzisa da RmerTis cnebis daaxloebas rusTavelTan qveyanas da RmerTs
Sua ganuyreli kavSiris mniSvneloba aqvs~ (nucubiZe 1965).
zviad gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT, Teisturi Tvalsazrisis RmerTi aris
cocxali, pirovnuli Semoqmedi. `qristianuli Teisturi TvalsazrisisaTvis
RmerTi ... aris pirovnuli Semoqmedi, misgan momdinareobs gangeba. ...mas aqvs
cocxali da qmediTi damokidebuleba cocxal da qmediT samyarosTan da ada-
mianTan. igi Tavad cocxalia (`cxovel ars ufali~, rogorc gveubneba saRvTo
werili) Teizmi, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs RvTis absolutur transcendenturo-
bas, zeyofier arsebobas anu zearsebobas, mis miuwvdomlobas da Seucnob-
lobas, rogorc es areopagitikaSicaa mocemuli), xolo, meore mxriv, aRiarebs
mis imanenturobas samyarosadmi, mis moqmedebas samyaroSi... imanuel kanti
Semdegnairad asxvavebs Teistur gagebas RmerTisas deisturi gagebisagan:
deists swams erTi RmerTi, xolo Teists erTi `cocxali~ RmerTi. `cocxali~
gulisxmobs pirovnul iniciativis mqone, Tavisufali nebis gamasxvavebel
RvTaebas~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 46-47).
renesansis mkvlevari losevi epoqis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare RmerTs
Tvlis xelovanad.
`... , ...
,
"" ""... -

, , ... ,
,
~ (losevi 1978). revaz TvaraZe dionise areopagelis moZRv-
rebaze dayrdnobiT, metad saintereso axsnas gvTavazobs RmerTis gagebis
Taobaze: `RmerTis gamovlena, samyaros Seqmna sxva araferia, Tu ar sikeTis
gadmoRvra da ganfena. zesTa sikeTe (RmerTi) adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwv-
domeli gziT ganifineba sikeTed (samyarod). amas SeiZleba ewodos sasrulis,
naTelis, mSvenieris, siyvarulis ganfena... rac ki arsebulia, yovelive
RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili. arseboba TavisTavad ukve aris sikeTe, goniereba,
241


sinaTle, mSveniereba, siyvaruli, _ arseboba usrulesi harmoniisken mimsw-
rafi harmoniaa~ (TvaraZe 1971).
ramdenad Seesabameba RmerTis amgvari gageba rusTavelis poemas, mkvleva-
ri amas `vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli strofis magaliTze gvarwmunebs. `CvenTvis
amJamad saintereso sakiTxis arseba poemis pirvelsave strofSia... aq aris zes-
Tasofelic, sofelic da maTi sruli harmoniac... `romelman Seqmna samyaro~
poemis pirvelive sityva RmerTs aRniSnavs... mesame striqoni gamoxatulebaa
soflis da zesTasoflis harmoniisa. `Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTva-
lavi feriTa~ _ es aris renesansuli mzeriT danaxuli sofeli RvTaebrivi
naTeliT gaSuqebuli, sadac adamianic im naTelis matarebelia da misi miu-
cilebeli monawile~ (TvaraZe 1971).
korneli kekeliZe RmerTs misive atributebiT axasiaTebs. rusTaveli
`qveynisa da adamianis principad aRiarebs transcendent arsebas _ RmerTs,
im RmerTs, romelic aris ara marto ucnauri da uTqmeli~, ~yurTagan mous-
meneli~, `Zali uxilavi~... aramed agreTve `erTi~, `cxoveli~, `ufali ufleba-
Ta~... mkvlevari gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs qristianizmis specifi-
kis mqone atributebs. `RmerTi aris `yovlisaTvis tkbilad mxedi~, `tkbilad
mwyalobeli~, keTili da siyvaruliT aRsavse iqamde, rom mudam mzadaa mis wi-
naSe damnaSavesa da Secodebulsac Seundos... es idea aris kuTvnileba qristi-
anobisa~ (kekeliZe 1979).
qristianuli specifikis mqone atributTagan SegviZlia erT-erTi maTgani
nimuSad moviyvanoT:

`he mefeo! rad emdurvi anu RmerTsa, anu bedsa?
rad daswameb simwaresa yovelTaTvis tkbilad mxedsa?
borotimca rad Seeqmna keTilisa Semoqmedsa?~ (113).

RmerTis qristianulad gaazrebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts, rom
`vefxistyaosnis~ pirvelsave strofSi sameba iqna amocnobili. `dRemde arc
erT rusTvelologs ar miuqcevia yuradReba, rom vefxistyaosnis pirveli
strofi axsenebs samebas, rac gamoricxavs Sesaqmis rusTveliseuli gagebis
araqristianobas.

`romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa,
zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa
Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa~ (1).

...eWvs ar iwvevs, rom saRvTo werilSi, qristianul himnografiaSi moxseni-
ebuli RmerTi... mama RmerTia. sityva `Zali~ ki aq niSnavs Ze RmerTs... Semdeg
naxsenebia suli anu suli wminda~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 25-30). zviad gamsaxurdia
samebas Wvrets agreTve anderZis 792-e strofSi. moviyvanoT es strofi:

`vin dambada, SeZlebaca manve momca Zlevad mterTad,
vin ars Zali uxilavi, Semwe yovlTa miwierTad,
vin sazRvarsa dausazRvrebs, zis ukvdavi RmerTi RmerTad~.

`mocemul strofSic Sesaqmis TvalsazrisiT gvixasiaTebs RmerTs, ramde-
nadac saubaria dambadebelze... saubaria pirovnul RmerTze (vin)... rusTveli-
seuli sazRvris dasazRvreba qristianuli RmerTis mier xorcieldeba, vinai-
dan es aris pirovnuli RmerTi `vin~... `sazRvris damsazverebeli~ aris samebis
mesame hipostasi anu suli wminda... amasve adasturebs 792-e strofis bolo
striqoni, sadac suliwmindis Sesaxeb naTqvamia. `igi gaxdis wamis yofiT erTsa
asad, assa erTad~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 49-55).
242


miuxedavad imisa, rom RmerTis irgvliv Rrma da saintereso gamokvlevebi
Seiqmna rusTavelTan mimarTebaSi, rusTvelologia miRweulze mainc ar SeCe-
rebula. dResdReobiT Cveni mecnierebi winamorbed rusTvelologTa gaka-
ful gzas mihyvebian da RmerTis qristianulad asaxsnelad axal-axali mig-
nebebiT sakuTar Tvalsazriss ayalibeben. am mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs nestan
sulavas narkvevi `locva avTandilisa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom mklvevari naSromSi
aseT problemas ayenebs: `rogoria RmerTi avTandilis locvis mixedviT?~
magram vidre naSroms SevexebodeT, TviTon locvis sami strofi moviyvanoT,
raTa ufro TvalnaTliv gamoCndes mkvlevaris mier Catarebuli analizi.

`ilocavs, ityvis: `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao,
zogjer momcemo patiJTa, zogjer keTilTa mzaTao,
ucnauro da uTqmelo, ufalo uflebaTao,
momec daTmoba survilTa. mflobelo gulis-TqmaTao!~ (809).

`RmerTo, RmerTo, geajebi, romeli hflod qvenaT zesa,
Sen dahbade mijnuroba, Sen aweseb missa wessa,
me sofelman momaSorva ukeTessa Cemsa mzesa,
nu aRmohfxvri siyvarulsa, misgan CemTvis danaTessa!~ (810).

`RmerTo, RmerTo mowyaleo, arvin mivis Sengan kide,
Sengan viTxov Sewevnasa, razomsaca gzasa vvlide:
mterTa Zleva, zRvaTa Relva, RamiT mavne ganmaride!
TuRa davrCe, gmsaxurebde, Senda msxverplsa Sevswirvide~ (811).

rogorc vxedavT, es strofebi savsea RmerTis atributebiT. mkvlevari
TviTeul saRvTo saxels xsnis, asabuTebs wmida weriliT da Sesatyviss
uZebnis.
`avTandilis mimarTvebSi: `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao~, `romeli
hflob qvenaT zessa~ _ yovlismpyrobeli RmerTi igulisxmeba... ioanes `gamo-
cxadeba~ yovlismpyrobelad warmosaxavs RmerTs `me var ani da ho~ ityvis
ufali RmerTi, romeli ars da romeli iyo da romeli momaval ars, yovlisa
mpyrobeli~ (gamoc. 1,8); pantokrators uwodebs pavle mociquli ieso
qristes, Ze RmerTs: `romeli-igi ars brwyinvaleba didebisa da xati Zlie-
rebisa misisa, utrTan yovelnive sityTa miT Zlierebisa misisaTa, Tavisa
mier Tsisa ganwmenda codvaTa CuenTa yo; da dajda igi marjueniT sim-
didresa missa maRalTa Sina~ (ebr. 1,3). (sulava 1999: 207-208).
avTandilis RmerTisadmi mimarTvas `ucnauro da uTqmelo~ ase ganmar-
tavs: `qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs Zveli da axali aRTqmis monacemebs saRvTo saxelTa gadmocemisas. miTi-
Tebulia, rom adamians RmerTis Secnoba ar ZaluZs, igi adamianisaTvis aris
`ucnauri~, anu Seucnobeli, ucnobi. pavle mociqulma aTenelebs areopagSi
Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `mimo-ra-viqceode da movixilev samsaxurebelTa
TquenTa, vpoe bomonica, romelsa zeda weril iyo: ucnaursa RmerTsa. aw ukue
romlisa igi umecar xarT da hmsaxurebT mas, me gaxareb Tquen, RmerTsa,
romelman Seqmna sofeli da yoveli, ra ars mis Sina. ese cisa da queyanisa ars
ufali~ (saqme, 17,23-24). aq naTqvamia, rom pavlem aTenelebs axara qriste
RmerTi, romelic Seucnobelia, romlis saidumlo adamianis gonebisaTvis
ucnobadia, xolo es RmerTi aris yovlismpyrobeli, pantokratori~ (sulava
1999: 208,209).
mkvlevaris mtkicebiT, adamianis gonebisaTvis RmerTis Seucnobloba
imiT aixsneba, rom adamianis goneba Semofarglulia RmerTis dausruleblo-
basTan SedarebiT. aseve sainteresoa rogor ganmartavs mkvlevari `ufali
uflebaTas~. `Zveli aRTqmidan meore Sjulis wigni gvamcnobs: `rameTu ufali
RmerTi igi Tavad aris RmerTi RmerTTa, da ufali uflebaTa, da RmerTi didi
243


da Zlieri~ (10,17). `ufali uflebaTa~ aris Ze RmerTi axal aRTqmaSi: `romel
igi JamTa TsTa aCuenos netarman man da mxoloman Zlierman meufeman meu-
feTaman da ufalman uflebaTaman~ (1 tim. 6,15). Rrma simbolurobiTaa gamsW-
valuli `gamocxadebis~ Semdegi sityvebi: `eseni kravsa mas ebrZodnen da krav-
man sZlos maT, rameTu ufali uflebaTa ars da meufe meufeTa da mis Tana
wodebulni igi da rCeulni da morwmuneni~ (17,14).
da bolos mkvlevari ajamebs Tavis mtkicebas. `amgvarad, ucnauri, uTq-
meli~, `ufali uflebaTa~ qristianuli RmerTia. igi samebaa arsobrivi termi-
nologiis TvalsazrisiT da Ze RmerTia hipostasuri terminologiis Tval-
sazrisiT. qriste ufali uflebaTa, ucnauri, uTqmeli, xmelTa da caTa
RmerTi, `romeli hflobs qvenaT zessa~ _ iSva qalwulisagan, raTa `acxovnos
kaci~, romelic RmerTma Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmna. igi aris `mflobeli
caTa; Semoqmedi zRuaTa da mpyrobeli queyanisa~, e. i. yovlismpyrobelia,
pantokratoria~ (sulava 1999: 208-209).
sainteresoa rogor xsnis mkvlevari borotebis RmerTTan mimarTebis
sakiTxs, rac xSirad arasworad aris gagebuli. `sikeTis da borotebis ur-
TierTmimarTebisa da arsis garkvevas vefxistyaosanSi udidesi adgili uWi-
ravs. rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobas faqtobrivad igi warmarTavs. avTandi-
lis locvisas warmoTqmuli sityvebi _ `zogjer momcemo patiJTa, zogjer
keTilTa mzaTao~ _ borotebis kategorias ki ar exeba, aramed im patiJT, im
vnebebs, romlebic RmerTis nebis winaaRmdeg qcevisas evlineba adamians,
romelsac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa sakuTari nebis winaaRmdegac uxdeba wasvla.
es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani Tavad iaxlovebs, Tavad mieltvis patiJs, is
imsaxurebs RmerTisagan patiJs. aq uTuod daismis kiTxva, rogoria patiJTa
qronotopi, ra droidan aris RmerTi adamianisaTvis `momcemi patiJTa?~ es
codviT dacemis Semdeg da mis Sedegad moxda, romelsac zRvari daudo ieso
qristem sakuTari vnebiT kacobriobis codvaTa gamosasyidad... adamianma sa-
kuTari RvTaebrivi saxis, pirvelsaxis, codviTdacemamdeli arqetipis mosa-
poveblad unda warmarTos mTeli Tavisi Zalisxmeva, sulieri da gonismieri
cxovreba, RmerTis keTili nebis SemobrunebiT miaRwios sulier sisrules...
avTandili RmerTs swored sulieri srulyofis mizniT mimarTavs~ (sulava
1999: 210).
zogjer RmerTi patiJs gangeb miuvlens maTsave sasikeTod. gavixsenoT
erTi epizodi bibliidan, rodesac iesom Tavisi mowafeebi naviT gaistumra,
TviTon ki mogvianebiT mivida maTTan. moviSvelioT maTes saxarebis Sesaxeb
egzegetikuri naSromi.
`24-33. igi Tavis mowafeebs agdebs saSiSroebaSi, raTa maT iswavlon gaWir-
vebis mamacurad gadatana da Seicnon qristes Zala... igi yaraulTa meoTxe
cvlisas movida... igi wylis zedapirze rogorc RmerTi moabijebda, mowafeebs
ki uCveulo da ucxo sanaxaobis gamo moCveneba egonaT... ufali maT amxnevebs:
`es me var~, visac yovelive ZaluZs, `nu geSiniaT~... petres sjera, rom qristes
ara marto TviTon SeuZlia wyalze siaruli, aramed imasve SeaZlebinebs
masac... sTxovs `mibrZane me misvlad Sendao~... ufalma petres zRva ferxTiT
daufina... petrem did stiqiaze ki gaimarjva, magram qarisa SeeSinda... SekrTa
da myisve CaZirva daiwyo... petres CaZirvis mizezia ara qari, aramed sulmok-
leoba.. rac petres daemarTa, winaswar migvaniSnebs mis mier iesos uaryofaze,
moqcevasa da monaniebaze... rogorc ki dauSva ufalma uaryofa petresagan,
aqac dauSva misi CaZirva... am dros misca mas xeli da daxrCobisagan gadaarCina.
moananebina da uaryofis ufskrulidanac amoiyvana~ (Teofilaqte 2003: 126-
128). aqve `zRvaTa Relva~ axsnilia bibliuri mniSvnelobiT. Relva ufro
farTod aris gaazrebuli. `Relva _ boroti sulebis wyalobiT safrTxiT
aRsavse cxovrebaa~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 127).
244


avTandili rodesac RmerTsa sTxovs xifaTi aaridos, xifaTebs Soris
zRvis Relvasac axsenebs. Tu masSi nagulisxmev simbolos gaviTvaliswinebT,
avTandils boroti sulebi hyavs mxedvelobaSi.
rogorc avTandilis locvidan Cans, igi rwmeniT aris gamsWvaluli Rmer-
Tisadmi. sjera misi sikeTe da Semweobis imedi aqvs. mkvlevari am imeds TviT
gmiris keTilganzraxul saqmianobiT xsnis. radganac, `RmerTis Semweobis
imedi maSin unda hqondes adamians, rodesac mis qmedebas sikeTe udevs safuZv-
lad: `ukueTu goneba, romeli igi mTavari ars kacTa Soris, maradis maRalTa
maT saqmeTa da xedvaTa Sina iqceodis, Semwe eyofis mas da sZlevs mtersa... aw
ukue, romeli sofelsa amas Sina vidodes ucTomelad, man warvlos keTili ese
saTnoebisa gza sameufod da ara midrkebodis amier gina imier gzisa misgan
saTnoebisa~ (wm. klimenti romaeli, korinTelTa mimarT pirveli epistole-
Jurnal `gza saufos~ danarTi, 3, Tb., 1997)... amitom avTandilis locvaSi
gamoxatuli vedreba savali gzis RvTis SewevniT ganvlis Sesaxeb sikeTis
gamarjvebis rwmenas emyareba~ (sulava 1999: 212).
Rirsi mama amona aRniSnavs, rom Tu kaci aris ampartavani, rac unda kargi
saqme akeTos, RmerTi mis locvas ar Seiwynarebs. `ampartavneba. odes moigo-
nos kacman da Tquas, viTarmed keTilad cxovrobs da viTarmed gangeba misi
saTno ars winaSe RmrTisa... ara Seiwiravs RmerTi locvasa missa~ (amona 2002:
398).
RmerTi mxolod im kacis locvas Seiwiravs, romelic Tavmdabalia,
RmerTis mcnebebs misdevs da eSmaks win aRudgeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi aqvs Zala
saxarebis sityvebs: `rameTu yoveli, romeli iTxovdes, miiRos; da romeli
eZiebdes, povos, da romeli irekdes, ganeRos~ (maTe, 7,9).
bibliaSi aRniSnulia, rom vidre kaci saqmes xels mohkidebdes, winaswar
unda ilocoso. avTandili swored ase iqceva. `avTandili locvas udidesi
mniSvnelobis mqone saqmis aRsrulebis win warmosTqvams, im saqmisa, RvTis
gangebiT xvda da romelic moapovebinebs sulier sisrules, miaaxlovebs uze-
naess. vidre avTandili Tavisi mizandasaxulobis praqtikulad aRsrulebas,
Tavisi misiis aRsrulebas Seudgeba, RmerTTan amyarebs sulier kontaqts~
(sulava 1999: 205).
mkvlevari avTandilis locvaSi Wvrets mis zneobriv srulyofas, ganwmen-
das, RmerTTan miaxlovebas. `avTandilis locva, mimarTuli qristianuli
RmerTisadmi, aRiqmeba rogorc udidesi miznis winaSe mdgomi adamianis suli-
eri aRsareba, romelic mTeli misi cxovrebisa da arsebobis, misi moRvaweo-
bisa da sulieri momavlis ganmsazRvrelia, igi misi samoqmedo gegmaa. es
locva avTandilis sulieri amaRlebis, zneobrivi sisrulis, saTnoebis, ganw-
mendisa da momavali ganRmrTobis logosuri gamoxatvaa. avTandilis locva
sawindaria misi momavali xifaTiani gzisa RmerTis uzenaesi nebis aRsasru-
leblad~ (sulava 1999: 206).
avTandilis locvaSi RmerTi saRmrTo saxelebiTaa warmodgenili. avTan-
dilis mimarTvebi `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao~, `ucnauro da uTqme-
lo~, `mflobelo gulisTqmaTao~ da sxva, amave dros RmerTis daxasiaTebaa
rogorc keTili da mwyalobeli, romelic xels umarTavs Rirseul adamianebs
saqmeSi da exmareba gaW.irvebaSi. mlocvelic TavisTavad xasiaTdeba rogorc
RmerTisadmi mindobili, wrfeli da didi miznebis mqone pirovneba.
SromaSi es yovelive miniSnebulia da isic amocnobilia, rom RvTaebrivi
Zala CarTulia avTandilis misiis dasaxvasa da SesrulebaSi. `mTavari isaa,
rom igi gamoxatulebaa pirovnebis swrafvisa RmerTisaken, RvTaebrivi siwmin-
disaken, RmerTis wvdomis mcdelobaa... poemis dasasruli imas adasturebs,
rom avTandilis locva Sedegiani, warmatebuli aRmoCnda. RmerTma Seiwynara
igi... vefxistyaosnis erT-erTi mTavari gmiris locva is sityvaa, romelic
245


TviT RmerTis saxes warmoaCens katafatikur-apofatikuri saxelebiT. avTan-
dilma icis, ra aris misi amqveynad mosvlis mizani, ra misia akisria amqveyniur
cxovrebaSi. SoTa rusTavelma avTandilis srulyofileba jer misi sityviT _
anderZiTa da locviT gamoxata, Semdeg ki am sityvaTa saqmed qceva, war-
matebiT dagvirgvineba gvamcno~ (sulava 1999: 206).
rusTvelologiaSi RmerTis Sesaxeb aseTi azri SemuSavda: `vefxistyao-
sanSi~ RmerTs centraluri adgili uWiravs. Teisturi TvalsazrisiT RmerTi
aris cocxali, pirovnuli Semoqmedi, romelsac cocxali damokidebuleba
aqvs qmediT samyarosTan. renesansuli TvalTaxedviT RmerTica da adamianic
xelovanebi arian. RmerTs saRvTo saxelebi warmoaCenen rogorc uzenaess,
keTilsa da mwyalobels. RmerTis gamovlena aris sikeTis gadmoRvra. zesTa-
sikeTe (RmerTi) adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwvdomelia. sisrulis, mSvenieris,
sikeTis, siyvarulis mimReobis unari yvelas ara aqvs. RmerTi aris pantok-
ratori, yovlismpyrobeli, ufali uflebaTa, ucnauri da uTqmeli. adamiani
RvTaebrivi saxis, pirvelsaxis, codvaddacemamdeli arqetipis dasabruneb-
lad unda ibrZodes da mxolod RmerTis SewevniT miaRwevs RvTaebriv srul-
yofilebas.
teqstobrivi analizisa da mecnierTa gamokvlevebis safuZvelze SegviZ-
lia davaskvnaT, rom `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~ RmerTis gageba qristia-
nuli RviTsmetyvelebisa da wmida werilis naazrevs eTanxmeba da renesansuli
ideebis mxatvruli gamoxatulebaa, raSic SegviZlia ufro metad davrwmun-
deT Cveni mtkicebebis konkretul magaliTebze.
RmerTis qristianuli gageba, pirvel rigSi, mtkicdeba gangebisadmi
midgomiT.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ naTqvamia:

`uRmrTod veras ver mivaRwev, cremli cudad medinebis~ (190).
`raca RmerTsa ara swaddes, ara saqme ar iqmnebis~ (793).

`hamletSi~ gangebaze aseTi azria gamoTqmuli:

`me winaTgrZnobis ar meSinian, xom ici, Citic ki ugangebod ar mokvdeba~.
(V,2) gv. 242-243.

Citis magaliTi bibliis moSveliebas niSnavs: `gana ori beRura erT asarad
ar iyideba~, magram erTi maTganic ar davardeba miwaze, Tu ar iqneba mamis
Tqvenis neba!~ (maTe, 10-29).
`vefxistyaosanSi~ soflisa da zesTasoflis erTianobis aSkara gamoxatu-
lebaa I strofi.

`romelman Seqmna samyaro, ZaliTa mis ZlieriTa,
zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa,
Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa,
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa~ (1).

pirvelive sityva `romelman~ RmerTs aRniSnavs. RvTismetyvelebaSi miRe-
bulia nacvalsaxeliT RmerTis moxsenieba. amave strofSi amocnobilia sameba,
romelic miwier qveyanasTan kavSirSia.
809 strofi gveubneba: `maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao~.
`hamletSi~ `ca da dedamiwa erTad ixsenieba.

`oh, cav da miwav! viTom kidev Rirs mogonebad!~ (I,2. gv.27).
`cam da miwam piri misca dRes erTmaneTsa
rom gvauwyos Cven, rac moelis xalxs da qveyanas~ (I,1. gv. 17).
`bevri ram xdeba, horacio, zecad da qveynad,
rac filosofosT sizmrad arc ki molandebiaT~ (III,4. gv. 154).
246


RmerTi nacvalsaxeliT `he~ aris warmosaxuli:

"Sure he that made us with such large dis cource" (IV,4. gv. 213).

maCabelTan aseve nacvalsaxeliT aris RmerTi xsenebuli.

`vinc mogvaniWa Wkva-gonebis Sors mxedveloba...~ (IV, 4. gv. 178).

`vefxistyaosanSi~ RmerTis qristianuli gageba imiTac mtkicdeba, rom
poemis gmirebi RmerTs Tvlian mwyalobelad da WirSi masze amyareben imeds.

`guliTa RmerTsa adidebs avTandil crmelTa mdeneli,
Tqva `RmerTo, gmadlob, romeli xar WirTa momalxeneli...
wyaloba Tqveni iCqiTad ars Cveni gar-momfeneli~ (1250).

`vin ars Zali uxilavi Semwed yovlTa miwierTad~ (792).

`hamletSi~ mfarvelobas sTxoven ciur Zalebs.

`keTilno sulno, angelozno, Tqven mfarvelobdeT~ (I,4. gv. 45).
`RmerTma keTili bolo misces~ (I,4. gv. 49).

`vefxistyaosanSi~ didi adgili uWiravs mzes, rogorc RmerTis xats.

`vis xatad RmrTisad gityvian filosofosni winani~ (897).

radganac qristes mzesTan kavSiri saidumloebad iTvleboda, am azris
gamoxatva xdeboda SeniRbulad, igavurad. amaze aSkarad metyvelebs 831 da
832 strofebi.

`wam-wam mobrundis, iajdis misTvis mzisave mzobasa,
uWvretdis, Tvalni ver mohxsnis, Tu mohxsnis, mihxdis cnobasa~ (831).

`zogjer dabrundis, iWvretdis Roned patiJTa Tmenasad,
ra gaemarTis, ar icis, mas Tu arbevdis cxeni sad~ (832).

rusTvelologiaSi amocnobilia, rom am strofebSi moxseniebuli mze su-
lieri mzea, mzis suli anu qriste. es damtkicebulia Semdegi argumentebiT:
avTandili rom iajda anu Suamdgomlobas sTxovda mzes, es ar SeiZleboda mze-
mnaTobi yofiliyo, radganac Suamdgomloba uzenaes RmerTTan mxolod qris-
tes _ sulier mzes SeeZlo. RvTismetyvelebaSi cnobilia, rom es misi Tviseba
iyo. bedis Secvlas, Tu WirTan gamklavebaSi daxmarebas mze-mnaTobs ver
sTxovda da verc misi WvretiT igrZnobda Svebas. moajeoba qristes epiTetia.
`hamletSi~ Seqspirs mzis simbolod gamoyenebuli aqvs hiperioni,
romelic apolonis erT-erTi saxelwodebaa.
originalSi vkiTxulobT:

`So excellent a king that was to this Hyperion to a satyr~ (I,2. p. 53).

maCabelTan Targmnilia:

mere ra mefe!
is imas hgavda, viT satirsa hiperioni~ (gv. 27).

aleqsanderi gvamcnobs: `The name is frequently used, as a title for the sun~ (p.52).
(es saxelwodeba Seqspirs xSirad aqvs gamoyenebuli mzis aRsaniSnavad).
meored Seqspiri hiperions axsenebs hamletis mier mamis daxasiaTebis
dros. teqstSi `Huperion's curls~ (III,4. p. 189) sityva-sityviT niSnavs `hiperionis
kululebi~. maCabelis TargmanSi ufro naTlad aris axsnili azri: `hiperionis
xuWuWs Tmasa hgavs amisi Tma~ (gv. 155). aleqsanderi aRniSnavs, rom hiperionis
247


Tmebi mzis STabeWdilebas qmnian (`hair like the sun's~) mzeze miniSneba Seqspirs
imisTvis dasWirda, rom alegoriulad mzeSi egulisxma swored is sulieri
mze, romelzedac Cven zeviT gvqonda saubari. mzesTan rom sdomoda Sedareba,
mas simbolo ar dasWirdeboda da pirdapir daasaxelebda. amas isic mowmobs,
rom hamleti mamis portrets RmerTebis saxeebiT xatavs da misi didebulebis
gamosaxatad qristes adarebs. hiperioni rom paraboluria, esec imas mowmobs,
rom mze-mnaTobi ver iqneboda. yvela am mizezis gamo yofili mefe, romelic
yvela niSniT ganRmrTobili adamiania, enigmurad sulier mzesTan aris
daaxloebuli.
`hamletis~ sworad gasaazreblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs Targmans. trage-
diaSi gamoTqmul filosofiur-religiuri azrebisa da terminebis adeqvatu-
ri Sesatyvisebis moZebnas. maCabeli maRalmxatvruli eniT TargmnasTan er-
Tad, zustad icavs teqstis Sinarsobriv mxares. maCabels religiuri termi-
nebi zustad gadmoaqvs qarTulad. offence-codva, repentance-sinanuli, mercy-
madli, forgive-miteveba, guilt-danaSuli da sxva.
aCrdili hamlets SesCivis, rom misma Zmam sicocxlec waarTva da imqveynad
gaistumra uaRsarebod, uziareblad, zeT ukurTxad. unnouseled _ niSnavs
eklesiis bolo saidumloebis gareSe, qarTulSia uziareblad. disappointed _
sikvdilisaTvis moumzadebeli qarTulad Targmnilia uaRsarebod. unaneled
_ mironis cxebis gareSe, qarTulad Targmnilia zeT-ukurTxad.
ramdenime magaliTiT SegviZlia davrwmundeT, maCabels azri ra zustad
gadmoaqvs.

ofelia:

oh, ra didebuls Wkva-gonebas ewia bneli!
sasaxlis Tvalsa, ena mWevrsa, vaJkacobiT sruls,
imedsa da vards am mSvenier saxelmwifosas,
samagaliTos zneobis da yofa-qcevisTvis!
daemxo igi... (111,1) gv. 116.
am pasaJis qarTuli da rusuli Targmanebi SevadaroT originals.

, ; ,
_ , , ;
,
, ,
, ! (Seqspiri 1960).

originalSia

O, what a noble mind is here o' erthrown
The courtier's, souldier's, scholar's, eye, tongue, sword;
The glass of fashion and the mould of form,
Th' observed of all observers quite, quite down (p. 149).

originalis meore striqoni

The courtier's, souldier's, scholar's, eye, tongue, sword;

sityva-sityviT: samefo kariskacis, meomris, swavlulis Tvali, ena, xmali.
lozinskis TargmanSi , , , .
maCabelTan: `sasaxlis Tvalsa, ena-mWevrsa, vaJkacobiT sruls.
lozinskis Targmani kalkia, sityva-sityviT gadmoaqvs rusul enaze ing-
lisuri teqsti.
248


maCabeli mxatvrul Sesatyvisebs uZebnis. amave dros renesansuli adamia-
nis srulyofilebas gamoxatavs. ofelias mier daxasiaTebuli hamleti zusti
aslia hamletis mamisa, romelzedac naTqvamia, rom is aris nimuSi yvelasaTvis
yvelaferSi.
frazas: `glass of fashion and the mould of form~
lozinski Targmnis: , , .
maCabelTan aris: `samagaliTos zneobis da yofa-qcevisTvis!~.
lozinskis yuradReba gadaaqvs mis garegnul mxareze. `daxvewil silama-
zesa da gemovnebaze~.
morozovis bwkaredul TargmanSi igive fraza Targmnilia: ,
xolo `courtier's~ Targmnis . aqac gareg-
nul moxdenilobazea laparaki, dramaturgi ki yuradRebas amaxvilebs gmiris
sulier srulyofilebaze. am mxriv, maCablis Targmani ufro uaxlovdeba
originalis konteqsts, exmianeba renesansuli TvaliT danaxuli adamianis
avtoriseul humanistur TvalTaxedvas.
Cvens mier moyvanili maCablis adeqvaturi Targmanis nimuSebi adasture-
ben, rom mTargmnelisaTvis. ucxo ar aris religiuri azrovneba. amaSi sakvir-
veli araferia. `hamletSi~ gamoTqmuli qristianuli azrebi mas mSobliuri
literaturidan aqvs aTvisebuli. ori qveynis religiuri naTesaoba aixsneba
imiT, rom qristes moZRvrebam, rac qristes mociqulebma da wmida mamebma
Camoayalibes, maT Soris dionise areopagelma, saerTaSoriso aRiareba moi-
pova qristianul qveynebSi. `mTavari mniSvneloba CvenTvis aqvs dionises
areopagitas _ dionis areopagels... neoplatonianTa swavlam wamoisxa qris-
tianuli samoseli da dionisios areopagitas moZRvrebiT gaqristianda. misma
nawerebma daipyro rogorc aRmosavleTis, agreTve dasavleTis qristianoba.
dionise areopagelis wignSi: `saeklesiosa mRvdelmTavrobisaTvis~ ganxilu-
lia eklesiaSi axali wevris monaTvla, saidumlo ziareba, wirvis svla, miro-
nis cxeba da sxva~ (nozaZe 1963).
maCablis adeqvaturma Targmnilma `hamletma~ saSualeba mogvca swori in-
terpretaciiT gagvego tragediis sakacobrio azrebi da qarTul renesanss
danaTesaveboda.


damowmebani:

amona 2002: Rirsi mama amona. amonais sityuani. wmida mamaTa swavlani. moskovis
wmida giorgis qarTuli eklesia, 2002.
gamsaxurdia 1984: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistyaosani~ inglisur enaze. Tb.:
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, 1984.
Teofilaqte 2003: netari Teofilaqte bulgareli. maTes saxarebis ganmarteba.
Tb.: 2003.
TvaraZe 1971: TvaraZe r. areopageli da rusTaveli. `ciskari~, 1971.
kekeliZe 1941: kekeliZe k. `vefxistyaosani~. qarTuli literaturis istoria. I,
Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1941.
kekeliZe 1979: kekeliZe k. SoTa rusTaveli da misi vefxistyaosani. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1979.
losevi 1978: . . . .: . "", 1978.
morozovi 1954: . . . .:
, 1954.
nozaZe 1963: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosanis RmrTismetyveleba. parizi: 1963.
nucubiZe 1935: nucubiZe S. rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. saxelmwifo
universitetis Sromebi, I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1935.
nucubiZe 1965: nucubiZe S. kritikuli narkvevebi. Tb.: 1965.
249


rusTaveli 1951: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. al. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis, a.
SaniZis redaqciiT. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1951.
sulava 1999: sulava n. locva avTandilisa. literaturuli Ziebani, XX, Tb.: 1999.
Seqspiri 1954: Seqspiri u. tragediebi. II, inglisuridan Targmnili ivane
maCabelis mier. redaqtori givi gaCeCilaZe. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1954.
Seqspiri 1960: , . . . . .
. . . 6, "", .: 1960.
Seqspiri 1978: Shakespeare. Hamlet. Edited by Nigel Alexander Senior Lecturer in English.
University of Nottingham. Macmillan Education, 1978.


Lia Gugunava

Creator God in "Hamlet" and "Vepkhistkaosani"

Summary

In "Hamlet" and "Vepkhistkaosani" God is understood from the Christian viewpoint.
The opinion that Humlet believes providence and his help, is characteristic for christian
God.
Hamlet, who is gifted with divine capability, is the generous person, respects christian
faith and fights against the evil, because of these he can forsee the God. Avtandil also can
forsee the God because he is divine wisdon. For him the God is only one, who can save the
man. Avtandil intuitively feels the help from God.
The God takes central place in "Vepkhistkaosani". By the opinion of theism the God is
alive personal architect. With Renaissance view the God and the man are both artists. God's
divine names shows him as supreme, kind and gracious, favourable to cognire the God
means to appear the kindness. The God is omnipotent, Lord of Lordships, Unknowable and
Unspeakable. The man must fight for the return of human archetype. The man can reach the
perfection only with the help of God.
250


venera kavTiaSvili

qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobis erTi
saintereso furceli

vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi moxvedrisa Tu
`msoflio genialur SemoqmedTa usaTuTesi da umkacresi ideis SemoqmedebiT
Tanamoazred~ wardgenis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad bunebis arsis
(RmerTis) gagebis, panTeizmis sakiTxi unda CaiTvalos. amitomacaa, rom am sa-
kiTxs didixania utrialeben Cveni literaturisa da filosofiis specialis-
tebi. ramdenadac l. TeTruaSvilis monografiuli Sroma `vaJa-fSavelasa da
goeTes ideur-msoflmxedvelobrivi urTierTobisaTvis~ am sakiTxis damuSa-
vebasTan erTad mis irgvliv arsebuli gamokvlevebis erTgvar reziumedac me-
saxeba, gadavwyvite, yuradReba SemeCerebina da erTgvari daskvna gamomatana
am Sromidan.
monografiis avtori vaJa-fSavelasa da goeTes ideur-msoflmxedvelob-
rivi urTierTobidan or plans gamoyofs. e.w. `eretikul panTeizmsa~ da
`mimeziss~. orive maTgani am SemoqmedTa poeturi msoflaRqmis WrilSia gan-
xiluli. aqedan pirvel sakiTxs Tavis mxriv sam nawilad yofs.esenia: `bunebis
arsis gagebis sakiTxi vaJa-fSavelasa da axalgazrda goeTes filosofiur
lirikaSi;~ igive sakiTxi vaJas poemebsa da goeTes `faustSi~ da, bolis, -
~faustsa~ da vaJas prozaSi.
vidre uSualod Sromis ganxilvaze gadavidode, saWirod vcani,oriode
sityviT yuradReba gamemaxvilebina SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobaSi
arsebul damafiqrebel tendenciaze e.w. `periodizaciis~ Sesaxeb. cnobilia,
rom Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi ukve daisva kiTxva: rogor moviqceT,
roca epoqa, saukune, literaturuli mimdinareobani sakvlev mweralTa qvey-
nebisa ar emTxveva erTmaneTs da uaryofiTi pasuxic mohyva mas. ra Tqma unda,
epoqa, saukune, socialur-politikuri garemo is wanamZRvrebia, romlebic
utyuar baziss qmnian tipologiuri kvlevisaTvis, magram isic cxadia, rom
did SemoqmedTa naRvawi epoqaluric aris da zedroulic, Tamamad arRvevs
yvela sazRvars, maradiul mniSvnelobas iZens da qronologiuri mniSvneloba
aq minimumamde dadis. amis magaliTebad sworedac rom gamodgebian goeTe da
vaJa-fSavela. erTis Semoqmedeba XIX saukunis pirvel sam aTeul wlebSic
grZeldeboda, meorisa ki igive saukunis bolo or aTeulSi daiwyo da XX
saukuneSi gagrZelda, magram aq qronologia ar aris mTavari. am ori mwerlis
tipologiuri kvlevis safuZveli is aris, rom goeTes Semdeg, rogorc mixeil
kveselava ityoda, `fausturi ideebis sruli dezintegraciis pirobebSi, vaJa-
fSavela msoflio masStabis mweralia, romelic Tavisi SemoqmedebiT am
ideebis reintegracias, aRmavlobas, aRorZinebas gvTavazobs~. ise, rom am ori
Semoqmedis naRvawis tipologiurma kvlevam gaurkvevloba ar unda
gamoiwvios.
pirvel qveTavSi l. TeTruaSvili exeba goeTe-vaJa-fSavelas panTeizmTan
mimarTebis sakiTxs. igi aRniSnavs, rom goeTes msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi
_ `erTia yoveli~ _ mas spinozas da, Tu ufro Sors wavalT, Suasaukunoeb-
rivi eresisa da warmarTuli xanis msoflaRqmis SemoqmedebiT mimdevrad
gvivlens. xolo spinozas panTeisturi debuleba `buneba anu RmerTi~ -goeTes
SemoqmedebaSi ori aspeqtiT iCens Tavs: buneba _ RvTaebis tol-sworobisa da
RvTaeba-adamianis sworfrobis tendenciebad. magram spinozas panTeizmTan
igive goeTes aSorebs is, rom spinozasaTvis RvTaebasTan wilnayari bunebis
nebismieri modusis arsi gaufasurebulia da individualurobas moklebuli,
251


anu mTelSi gaTqvefilia yoveli nawili, xolo misi arsi daclilia emociebi-
sagan da usulgulo ramedaa warmodgenili maSin, roca goeTes eresi ufro
Sors midis da mis SemoqmedebaSi garda buneba-RvTaebis sworfrobisa, aRiare-
bulia RvTaeba-adamianis sworfrobac. amasTan, misi arsi-substancia- gaqvave-
buli ram ki ar aris, aramed `goniericaa~ da `mgrZnobelic~ (anu nakvebia laib-
nicis monadis sulieri atomebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `Zalis principiT~).
avtoris es mosazreba sakamaTo ar aris, radgan goeTes panTeistoba erT-erT
aRiarebul ambadaa miCneuli, xolo gamokveTili spinozizmi goeTologiaSi
argumentirebul tendenciad iTvleba.
sul sxvagvaradaa saqme vaJa fSavelasTan mimarTebiT. aq dominirebs ori
urTierTsapirispiro mosazreba: erTni amtkiceben, rom vaJa panTeistia (s.
danelia), meoreni ki kategoriulad uaryofen mas (gr. kiknaZe, j. WumburiZe).
arsebobs mesame _ prof. m kveselavas mosazrebac, romelic `goeTeseburi
panTeizmis~ SemoqmedebiT mimdevrad warmogvidgens vaJas da kidev meoTxe
azri, romlis mixedviTac, buneba vaJas SemoqmedebaSi aris mxatvruli anTro-
pomorfizmi, mxatvruli azrovnebis xerxi.
l. TeTruaSvili, marTalia, iziarebs m. kveselavas aRniSnul mosazrebas
da rogorc TviTon wers, `kveselavas debuleba... vaJas Semoqmedebis kvlevis
mTel manZilzea gaTvaliswinebuli~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 46), magram ukriti-
kod arc mas iRebs da xSirad sayuradRebo mosazrebebiT upirispirdeba kidec
mas, magram amis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
Sromis umTavres mizans warmoadgens, kritikulad ganixilos panTeizmTan
vaJas mimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT dRemde gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da mis
nacvlad SemogvTavazos eretikuli da fiziomonisturi panTeizmis gageba,
rogorc `Rrma, mravalsaxovani da vaJasaTvis Sesabamisic~ (TeTruaSvili 1982:
8). me-18 saukuneSi igi gamovlinda `goeTesebur panTeizmad~,romelic momzad-
da warmarTul-berZnuli msoflgagebis, Sua saukuneebis eretikos mistikos-
Ta Sexedulebebisa da spinoza-laibnicis naazrevTa SemoqmedebiTi gardaTq-
ma-gardasaxviT. marTalia, vaJas msoflmxedvelobas arc spinoza amzadebda
da arc laibnici, magram, rogorc Sromis avtori aRniSnavs, `Tu samyaros
obieqturi kanonzomiereba `sayovelTaoa~, `erTia~, xolo genialur Semoqmed-
Ta wvdomis unari erTdroulad msgavsicaa da gansxvavebulic, sacilo ar
unda iyos is, rom vaJas aRniSnul filosofosTa da TviT goeTes gareSec SeeZ-
lo yofiliyo `goeTeseburi~ da `eretikuli panTeizmis~ Tanamoazre iseve,
rogorc goeTes SemoqmedebaSi orive filosofosma, SesaZloa, mxolod daaC-
qara an ufro gamokveTa is, rac vaJasTan ase sxva saxelTagan damoukideblad
iSva~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 18). Sromis avtori acxadebs, rom, roca mas vaJas
panTeistobisa sjera, uSualod da imdenad spinozas an sxva panTeisti filo-
sofosis moZRvrebidan ki ar gamodis, aramed adamianisa da buneba-RvTaebis
sworfrobis eretikuli gagebidan, romelic organulia rogorc goeTesaT-
vis, ise vaJa-fSavelasaTvis.
rodesac l. TeTruaSvili ganixilavs prof. s. danelias mtkicebas vaJas
panTeistobis Sesaxeb (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi wigni `vaJa fSavela da qarT-
veli eri~), Tavisi poziciidan gamomdinare, arasworad miaCnia is, rom s. dane-
liam vaJas SemoqmedebiT-msoflmxedvelobrivi samyaro absoluturad daamT-
xvia spinozas panTeistur moZRvrebas, xolo, raki spinozistur panTeizmSi
individualurobis grZnoba, pirovnebis, adamianis roli gaufasurebulia da
sulac uaryofili, vaJas samyaroc aseTadve warmoadgina. swored aq iwyeba,
Sromis avtoris azriT, `gvelismWamlis~ avtoris panTeizmis arsis sadavo
formulireba, ramac gamoiwvia kidec mkvlevarTa mZafri amxedreba mwerlis
panTeistad miCnevis winaaRmdeg. prof. s. danelia wers: `arabi filosofosis
ibn ruSdisa da holandieli ebraelis barux spinozas msgavsad, vaJa fiqrobs,
252


rom pirovnuli sicocxle ubralo modusia bunebis upirovno sicocxlisa.
pirovneba ar aris substancia, romelic arasdros ar kvdeba. pirovneba mxo-
lod buStia msoflios uZiro okeanis fskerze. okeane duRs, mis zedapirze
amoxtebian buStebi, cota xans iTamaSeben, Semdeg erTmaneTTan dajaxebiT
daskdebian da samudamod ukvalod, unaSTod CainTqmebian okeaneSi, raTa
kvlav sxva buStebi amoxtnen, imaTac cota waiTamaSon da Semdeg gaskdnen da
ase dausruleblad...vaJas poemebSi arc erT individualists ar rCeba gamarj-
veba. damarcxda aluda qeTelauri, damarcxdnen joyola da aRaza, damarcxda
mindiac. daskvna cxadia, _ wers danelia, _ vaJas adamianis individualobis
gamarjveba ar swams. buneba vaJasTvis imdenad didia, rom adamianis xelovneba
masTan SedarebiT fuWi ocnebaa, landia, siyalbea, sicruea~ (danelia 1927: 60-
61).
swored vaJas panTeistobis aseTma gagebam gamoiwvia gr. kiknaZis, j. Wumbu-
riZisa da sxvaTa kategoriuli da samarTliani moTxovna, rom, vinc vaJas
panTeistobas aRiarebs, man jer unda daamtkicos: 1. pirovnuli RmerTis arse-
boba vaJasTan; 2. mwerlis mier eTikuri problemebis uaryofa, radgan panTe-
izmisaTvis moraluri kategoriebi ucnobia da 3. individualuri saxis ar ar-
seboba vaJasTan, radganac panTeizmi gulisxmobs, rom `yoveli calkeuli da-
kargulia erT mTlianSi~.
leila TeTruaSvilis mizans warmoadgens swored is, rom erTi mxriv
daamtkicos: `panTeizmis iseTi gageba, rogoric vaJa fSavelasTan dakavSire-
biT gamoiTqva Cvens literaturul kritikaSi, meamituria da vaJasaTvis Seu-
sabamoc (TeTruaSvili 1982: 8), xolo meore mxriv is, rom vaJas panTeistobis
saerTod uaryofa `momdinareobs panTeizmis im SezRuduli, dune gagebidan,
romelic ara mxolod Cvens qarTul literaturul kritikas axasiaTebs,
aramed ufro farTo masStabisaa, popularuli xasiaTisa ufroa, vidre Semoq-
medebiT-akademiuri~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 8). am ori mimarTulebiT warmarTu-
li kvlevis Sedegad ki midis im daskvnamde, rom vaJa panTeisti kia, magram ara
wminda spinozisturi, aramed iseTi, romelsac eretikuli Tu fiziomonistu-
ri panTeizmi iTvaliswinebs. amisaTvis igi jer ganixilavs, Tu rogor esmis
vaJas RmerTi, pirovnulia Tu Tavad bunebaa igi Tavisi av-kargis, keTilisa da
borotis, `Savisa da TeTri~ saqmeebis dapirispirebiT, anu polarul ZalTa
WidiliT, anu bunebis zneSi, mis `umsgavs _ ubralebel~ kanonSi xom ar aris
gaigivebuli RmerTis Sinaarsi. amisaTvis Sromis avtori ganixilavs didi
moculobis masalas vaJasa da goeTes Semoqmedebidan, paralels avlebs
goeTes naazrevTan da midis im daskvnamde, rom `vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi,
goeTes ... memkvidreobis darad, marTalia, sityva RmerTi (uzenaesi, gangeba,
qveynis damdgeni) mravalgzis iCens Tavs, magram mis Sinaarsad gvevlineba
buneba _ samyaro, misi `wesi da rigi~, mkacrad obieqturi kanonzomiereba,
xolo pirovnuli RmerTisaTvis vaJasTan adgili aRar rCeba~ (TeTruaSvili
1982: 12). xolo iq, sadac vaJa gveubneba, rom igi `laparakobda RmerTTana~,
igi, rogorc goeTe ityoda, qristesadmi `mowiwebul Tayvanebas~ iCens an `su-
lis unarisadmi~, misi ukvdavebisadmi rwmeniTaa gamsWvaluli da samebasac
keTilganwyobiT axsenebs. qarTveli poetis TiTqosda religiuri Sexedule-
bani mogvagoneben g.e. lesingis filosofiur memkvidreobas, romelSic p.
rilas marTebuli TqmiT, `WeSmariti qristianobisaTvis zrunva mxolod sa-
babs warmoadgens, romlis ukan WeSmariti filosofiisaTvis zrunva imaleba~.
vaJa, lesingisa da goeTes msgavsad, Tavs sdebs qristianobisa Tu misi
RmerTis saxeliT zneobriv idealebze; misTvis RmerTi `religiur xatad~ ki
araa aRsaqmeli, aramed moralur ideadaa qceuli (TeTruaSvili 1982: 13).
aludas rom orTodoqsul _ qristianul religiur yaidaze swamdes RmerTi,
maSin `usjulo~ ar unda `ecxovnebina~. Tanac igi mxolod subieqturad ki ar
253


aris am `usjulos~, viTarca `kai ymis~ mxareze, aramed obieqturi, sayovel-
Taoc surs gaxados amgvari pirovnebis aRiareba. amas adasturebs is, rom
aludam swored `Temisa~ da xevisberis mxridanac moiwadina qistis `cxoneba~.
cnobilia, rom eretikosebi `qristianobisave saburvelSi moqmedeben mis
sawinaaRmdegod~. msgavsad, arc aluda gamodis religiuri CarCoebidan. `cxo-
neba~ ki aris qristianul _ religiuri aqti, magram vaJas gmiri imdenadaa ere-
tikosi, ramdenadac religiis formaSive arRvevs mis dogmats, ebrZvis mas
imiT, rom `urjulos~ cxoneba mouwadinebia.
meore Tezisi vaJas panTeistobis uaryofisa aris is, rom panTeizmSi zne-
obrivi principebia uaryofili da keTilisa da borotis cnebebi ar arseboben.
amasTan dakavSirebiT l. TeTruaSvili mouxmobs spinozas panTeistur Txzu-
leba `eTikas~ da aRniSnavs, rom saTaurive mianiSnebs avtoris damokidebule-
bas eTikis cnebisadmi. `Tuki ram moswonda goeTes spinozas `eTikidan~ _ wers
igi _ es, pirvel rigSi, e.w. `uangarobis~ mkacrad zneobrivi principi iyo~
(gv.13), xolo lesingisa da goeTes panTeisturad ganwyobili gmirebi uaRre-
sad eTikurni arian (naTan brZeni, reha, fausti, patemi). aseve, eWvis Setanac
ar SeiZleba vaJas gmirTa maRal zneobriobaSi, magram es garemoeba ki ar
gamoricxavs, piriqiT, aZlierebs vaJas panTeistobas. rac Seexeba keTilisa da
borotis cnebebs, vaJas, goeTes darad, samyarosa da bunebis mamoZravebel or
polusad miaCnia isini da warmoudgenlad esaxeba sicocxlisa da sikvdilis,
sikeTisa da borotebis, `avisa da kargis~, `avsulisa~ da `kai ymis~ uerTmane-
Tod arseboba. swored am dapirispirebulobaSi xedavs vaJa `bunebis znes~, mis
kanonzomierebas.
raki Sromis avtori vaJas `goeTeseburi panTeizmis~ anu eretikuli da
fiziomonisturi panTeizmis mimdevrad saxavs, aseTi panTeizmisaTvis, ukve
aRvniSneT, substancia ar aris ugrZnob-ugulo. es ki imas niSnavs, rom zne-
obrivi principebis arseboba vaJas SemoqmedebaSi iseve, rogorc keTilisa da
borotis cnebebisa, ki ar gamoricxavs, piriqiT, mwerals marTlac warmogvid-
gens eretikuli panTeizmis mimdevrad.
mesame debuleba, romelsac vaJas panTeistobis uarmyoflebi asaxeleben,
individualuri saxis arsebobaa vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. panTeizmi ki gulisxmobs,
rom `yoveli calkeuli dakargulia erT mTlianSi~. vaJasTan dakavSirebiT
imaze ki ar kamaToben, rom masTan `individualoba~, `calkeuli~ mkveTradaa
gamoxatuli, aramed sadavod isaa qceuli, panTeizms ranairad eTviseba es
`calkeuli~ maSin, rodesac `goeTesebur panTeizmSi~ moxsnilia es problema.
goeTe Tavis adrindel etiudebSi aRniSnavs, rom buneba (yovladoba) scnobs
individualobebs, arc arsebobs umaTod, oRond misi `uzurpaciaa~ gzamoWri-
li, radgan romelime `erTis~ sruli `gabatoneba~ samyaros harmonias amaxin-
jebs bunebis qmna-gardaqmnis process damabrkoleblad moudis da mas buneba
`avi tiraniviT~ sjis. amasTan dakavSirebiT TeTruaSvili aRniSnavs: `goeTes
eTosis mixedviT, isjeba ara mkveTrad gamoxatuli individualoba, ara iseTi
`calkeuli~, romelic sxvaTagan gamorCeulia da `umaRless hgavs~, aramed
iseTi, `pretenziuli~, individuumi, romelsac ar ZaluZs, `mTels SeeTvisos,
viTarca misi margi nawili~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 48). rogorc Sromis avtori
marTebulad SeniSnavs, `goeTes msgavsad, aqac (vaJas SemoqmedebaSi v.k.) moq-
medebs erTi principi _ individualobaTa Tanaarsebobisa, magram arcerT
SemTxvevaSi _ erTi romelime individuumis uzurpaciis principi~ (TeTruaS-
vili 1982: 48). amis sailustraciod igi ganixilavs poema `mTaTa erTobas~,
romelic saukeTesod adasturebs aRniSnuls. `...batonobasa, erTi meoris
Cagvrasa, ver moviwonebT verasdros, aSkarad vambobT amasa~.
aqve l. TeTruaSvili svams kiTxvas: `Tu vaJasTan arc erT individualists
gamarjveba ar rCeba da maSasadame, arc vaJas swams adamianis `individualiz-
254


mis~ gamarjvebisa, rogorc amas s. danelia gveubneba, maSin isaa gasarkvevi, ra
saxis `damarcxebaa~, vaJas rom swams~. am sakiTxis garkvevisas igi kritikulad
uyurebs m. kveselavas mosazrebas, romelic mindiasebur damarcxebas `damar-
cxebiT gamarjvebas~ uwodebs da aRniSnavs, rom misi (mindias v.k.) sikvdili
aris sazareli, `mkvdari sikvdili~, misi yofa _ Sesazari~. igi maSin iqneboda
`damarcxebiT gamarjvebuli~, Tu bolomde itvirTavda samyaro _ bunebis
`TeTr da Sav saqmes~, `Wirian cxovrebasTan~ medgrad morkinals WirTaTmenis
didi Rone da Zala bolomde SerCeboda, raTa TviTonve ar daeRupa `lamazi
arsi misi kacobisa~, _ es uZiriTadesi da uzogadesi atributi misi e.w. `kai
ymobisa~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 46). l. TeTruaSvili kritikulad uyurebs s. da-
nelias Semdeg mosazrebasac: sibrZne rom ar ganSoreboda, mindia mainc Sim-
SiliT mokvdebodao da ganagrZobs: `simarTle rom iTqvas, aseTi sikvdili
logikurad ufro Sesaferisia poemis dedaazrisaTvis, vidre sikvdili
mindiasi xevsurTa omSi.~ amis sapirispirod TeTruaSvili aRniSnavs: `piriqiT,
aseTi sikvdili ufro Sesaferisia mindiasaTvis. saerTod, praqtikul-yofiT
garemosTan dapirispirebaSi e.w. zrunvis _ cxovrebis am uzogadesi simbolos
_ winaaRmdeg omSi~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 47) da bolos daaskvnis: `damarcxebiT
gamarjvebuli~ Tu vinmes eTqmis vaJas SemoqmedebaSi, es, vfiqrobT, joyolaa,
zviadauria, mucalia, aluda qeTelauria, qiCiri da gogoTuria, anu yvela is
gmiri, vinc bolomdea tragikul-amaRlebuli arsis, sakuTar individualur
srulyofilebaTa Tanaxmad moqmedi, vinc fizikur aRsasrulamde inarCunebs
ganwyobilebas: `rwmenas ver Semacvlevineb mozRvavebulis aviTa~
(TeTruaSvili 1982: 47).
dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom l. TeTruaSvilis mtkicebebi yovelTvis
aris Rrmad logikuri, amasTanave yvela aspeqtSi Cans, rom sakvlev masalas,
uwvrilmanesi niuansebis CaTvliT, saukeTesod flobs da SesaniSnavadac iye-
nebs. erTia, sakamaToa Tu ara misi mtkicebulebebi, meorea is maRalmecnieru-
li profesionalizmi da msjelobis teqnika, romliTac ama Tu im mosazrebas
asabuTebs an uaryofs igi.
rodesac l. TeTruaSvili mimezisis problemas exeba, jer arkvevs sakiTxis
arss, romelic aristotelesagan iRebs saTaves da romelic saukuneebis
manZilze gayalbebuli iyo, vidre girnusma dasavleTSi, xolo oTar jinoriam
girnusze ori wliT adre CvenSi ar moaxdines am problemis klasikur-realis-
turi axsna. saqme isaa, rom `SesaZleblobisa~da `sinamdvilis~ kategoria `al-
baTobis~ kategoriad iqna gaazrebuli, xolo `albaToba~ moCvenebiTobas uf-
ro gulisxmobs, vidre SesaZlebels. Tu aristotele ityoda: `poets evaleba,
Tqvas SesaZlebelze albaTobis an aucileblobis mixedviT~, gamyalbeblebma
daweres: `poets evaleba, Tqvas albaTobazeo~. amis wyalobiT, _ SeniSnavs
girnusi, _ `moispo obieqtur-realisturi esTetikis SesaZlebloba, rasac
aristotele gvTavazobda da gza gaexsna subieqtivistur esTetikas~. es ki,
Tavis mxriv, imis mizezad iqca, rom aristoteleseuli mimezisis gagebas kla-
sikur-realisturi arsi gamoecala da `mibaZvad~ iTargmna (e.i. sinamdvilis
moCvenebiTobis mibaZvad). maSasadame, mimezisi mibaZvas ki ar niSnavs, aramed
`xelovanis mier SesaZleblis warmosaxvas xatovnad~; yofieris, bunebis
grZnobad gasagnebas.Sromis avtori Tavis mxriv aRniSnavs, rom mimezisis arss
rusTveliseuli sityva `gardaTqmac~ Seesatyvisebao (TeTruaSvili 1982: 97).
girnuss aristoteleanelad miaCnia lesingi, romelmac `hamburgis dramatur-
giaSi~ Tqva: `TeatrSi is ki ar unda davinaxoT, Tu ra moimoqmeda ama Tu im
calkeulma adamianma, aramed is, Tu ras moimoqmedebda garkveuli xasiaTis
mqone adamiani garkveul situaciaSi~. TeTruaSvilis azriT, `goeTe am sakiTx-
Sic SemoqmedebiTi memkvidre aRmoCnda Tavisi didi winamorbedis _ lesin-
gisa~. goeTe RvTaebis sworfrad miiCnevs WeSmarit Semoqmeds, romelsac Za-
255


luZs SemoqmedebiTi unari SeiTvisos bunebisagan da amiT kidec gaejibros
mas. magram, goeTes azriT, xelovans bunebis zusti mibaZva ki ar marTebs, ara-
med sakuTar subieqtur-pirobiT aRqmis prizmaSi misi gardasaxva _ gardaTq-
ma anu axali mxatvruli sinamdvilis warmoqmna, meore, potenciuri bunebis
konstruireba. xolo visac surs raRac didi gaakeTos, kidevac unda miaRwios
TviTganviTarebis iseT zRvars, rom realurad knini buneba Tavis sulier
simaRlemde zeaswios da WeSmarithyos,rac bunebis movlenebSi Sinagani siZa-
bunisa Tu garegan dabrkolebaTa gamo martooden SesaZleblad STenila~
(TeTruaSvili 1982: 98).
goeTes msgavsad vaJac ambobs: `zemoqmedeba mweralze aucileblad saWi-
roa, uamisod mwerali carieli, uSinaarso arseba iqneboda, Tu amasTanave igi
cocxlad gamomsaxavi ar iyos STabeWdilebaTa ... an bunebis movlenaTa mouy-
rua yuri. ai, es garegani faqtorebia, xolo Sinagani guli gaxlavT, romelic
amaT iTvisebs, yalibSi asxams~ (TeTruaSvili 1982: 100). oRond `bunebis same-
foSi sakuTari samefos~ SeqmnaSi goeTes daostateba esaxeba aucileblad.
xelovanis kadnieri sulis Semonaqmedis TvalsazrisiT l. TeTruaSvili gani-
xilavs evforionis, mSvenieri elenasa da doqtor faustis romantikuli
SeuRlebis udReuri nayofisa da mindias `gamecnierebis~ ambavs da vaJasTan
dakavSirebiT dasZens, rac erTnairad esadageba goeTesac: `aq vaJa (igulisx-
meba mindias saxis Zerwva) iZleva bunebaze xelovanis zeaRmatebis kadnier
ganwyobilebas. aq vaJa bunebis monacaa da batonic. erTguladac misdevs mas,
magram sakuTar, xelovaniseul kanonTa Sesabamisi samyaros Sesaqmnelad mas
ise iyenebs, rom Seqspirisa da rubensis msgavsad, arad dagidevT, SeiZleba Tu
ara amgvari movlena marTla arsebobdes samyaroSi. vaJas miaCnia, rom `masala
gareSe cxovrebisa da bunebis, sruli araraobaa, magram am masalas unda misce
poeturi saxe, sakuTar quraSi gadaaduRo~. mere ki ki goeTes mimarT ambobs:
`zogi poeturs imaSi eZebs, rom warmosaxuls `anamdvilebs~, rac sisulelea
da sxva araferi (TeTruaSvili 1982: 117) da goeTes gamijnavs amgvar Semoq-
medTagan. aseTi ram arc vaJasTvisaa misaRebi. igi ambobs: saRi fantazia iseTs
arafers Seqmnis, rac sinamdviles ar Seeferebodes~( TeTruaSvili 1982: 117).
bolos ki Sromis avtori daaskvnis: `goeTes da vaJa fSavelas, rogorc
meamiti poetebis (Sileriseuli gagebiT) amocana aristoteles realistur _
obieqturi esTetikis kvalze yalibdeba; es amocana isevea dialeqtikuri da
usazRvrod zeaRmavali, rogorc Tavad buneba anu RmerTi, romlis sworfra-
dac xelovani gvevlineba. `faustisa~ da `gvelismWamelis~ avtorTaTvis mime-
zisi dausruleblad ganviTarebadi adamianis ganwyobilebaTa poetur gar-
daTqmasac gulisxmobs, rameTu `marad zeaRmavali bunebis~ `ukanasknel Sede-
gad~, `gvirgvinad~ goeTes `mSvenieri~, xolo vaJa fSavelas `didebuli~ adami-
ani anu `kai yma~ esaxeba, romelTa msgavsi `amaod saZebaria bunebaSi~, xolo
adamianis `arqetipSi~ martooden potenciaRa STenila~.
l. TeTruaSvilis Sromis analizma Semdeg daskvnebamde migviyvana:
1. avtori safuZvlianad aanalizebs da uaryofs vaJa fSavelas panTeisto-
bis iseT gagebas, rogorc Cvens literaturul kritikaSia warmodgenili da
rac gamoixateba vaJas Semoqmedebis spinozistur panTeizmze srul
`morgebaSi~.
2. vaJas panTeistobis uarmyofelTa mier wamoyenebuli debulebis ganxil-
va-gaanalizebisas avtori samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom maTi mosazrebebi
momdinareobs panTeizmis arsis SezRuduli gagebidan, romelic marto qar-
Tul literaturul kritikas ar axasiaTebs da popularuli xasiaTisa ufroa,
vidre SemoqmedebiT-akademiuri.
3. rac mTavaria da siaxles warmoadgens qarTul literaturul kritikaSi
isaa, rom l. TeTruaSvili monografiulad Seiswavlis sakiTxs eretikul da
256


fiziomonistur panTeizmTan dakavSirebiT, romelic momzadda warmarTul-
berZnuli msoflgagebis,Sua saukuneebis eretikos-mistikosTa Sexedulebebi-
sa da spinoza-laibnicis naazrevTa SemoqmedebiTi gardaTqma-gardasaxviT da
me-18 saukuneSi gamovlinda `goeTesebur panTeizmad~, xolo vaJas igi, goeTe-
sagan sruliad damoukideblad, miiCnevs swored aseTi panTeizmis mesveurad.
4. `qveynis damdgenis~, `RvTiuri wesisa~ da `bunebis znis~, misi av-kargis
cnebebis ganxilvisas TeTruaSvils ar aviwydeba zogadad qarTuli mwerlobi-
saTvis, kerZod ki vaJas gmirebisaTvis niSandoblivi erovnul-patriotuli
grZnoba, rogorc Cveni istoriuli avbedobis tkiviliani gamovlena litera-
turaSi, romelic amaRlebulia zogadkacobriul idealebamde, borotebasTan
sikeTis, avTan kargis, avsulTan `kai ymis~ da sulac samyaros or polusTagan
naTelis mxares mebrZolebad. am brZolis dros ki isini qarTuli bunebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli maqsimalizmiTa da ukiduresi idealizmiT warmoCndebian,
oRond ara wminda filosofiurad gagebuli idealizmiT, aramed ufro ise-
TiT, rogorzec guram asaTiani ityoda: `sityva `idealizmi~ vaJasTan wminda
filosofiuri mniSvnelobiT rodia naxmari, aq is romantikulis, amaRlebu-
lis sinonimia~ (WumburiZe 1991: 325).
5. ramdenadac eretikuli panTeizmis kadnieri ideis arsi adamianisa da
RvTaebis erTdaigiveobis principSi mdgomareobs, xolo am arsis movlenad
`mimezisi~ iCens Tavs, l. TeTruaSvili goeTesa da vaJas SemoqmedebaSi mimezi-
sis problemis mimarTulebiTac warmarTavs kvlevas da midis im daskvnamde
(rac aseve axali sityvaa qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi), rom goeTes
msgavsad, vaJas msoflaRqmac aristoteles realistur-obieqturi esTetikis
kvalze yalibdeba.


damowmebani:

girnusi 1970: girnusi d. oriaTasi weli aristoteles gayalbebidan. mnaTobi,
Tb.: 1970.
danelia 1927: danelia s. vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri. Tb.: `poligrafistis me-
2 stamba~. Tb.: 1927.
doborjginiZe 1962: doborjginiZe b. buneba da adamiani vaJa-fSavelas Semoqme-
debaSi. Tb.: 1962.
kveselava 1961: kveselava m. fausturi paradigmebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1961.
kiknaZe 1957: kiknaZe g. vaJa fSavelas Semoqmedeba. Tb.: 1957.
WumburiZe 1970: vaJa revoluciamdel qarTul kritikaSi. vaJas krebuli. Tb.
1970.


257


Venera Kavtiashvili

An Interesting Page from the Georgian Study of Literature

Summary

The present paper deals with the problem of Vazha-Pshavelas relation to pantheism.
Particularly, there has been analyzed the discussion arisen in the study of Georgian literature
concerning the fact whether Vazha was pantheist by his world-outlook or not. For this, on
the one hand, there is considered S.Danelias statement that Vazha is a pantheist, and on the
other hand, there is categorical denial of this opinion by G.Kiknadze and J.Chumburidze
who claim that those who insist on Vazhas pantheism must show: 1) the existence of a
personal God in Vazhas creations; 2) the denial of ethic problems by the writer ( because
moral categories are unknown for the pantheism), and 3) the absence of individual image in
Vazhas creation (as pantheism implies that each separate particle is lost in the whole).
There is also regarded M.Kveselavas view that is based on Vazhas Goethian pantheism
or heretic and physiomonistic understanding of pantheism. B.Doborjginidze holds the view
according to which nature in Vazhas creations is artistic anthropomorphism, artistic device
of thinking. Finally, there is L.Tetruashvilis work with critical consideration of all these
views which suggests heretic and physiomonistic understanding of Vazhas pantheism as
profound, diverse and appropriate to Vazha and its foundation was prepared by heathen-
Greek world outlook, views of middle-aged heretic-mystics and transformation-
transfiguration of Spinoza-Leibnitz thoughts and manifested as a Goethian pantheism in
the 18
th
century.
At the end corresponding conclusions have been made.

258


manana kvataia

grigol robaqiZis `portretTa~ kaleidoskopidan

am mcire moculobis krebuls dRes naklebad ixseneben: 1919 wels rusul
enaze dabeWdili gr. robaqiZis portretebi bibliografiul iSviaTobadaa
qceuli. misi erT-erTi gadarCenili egzemplari qalbatonma lali avalianma
maTxova, risTvisac mas did madlobas vuxdi. wigni misTvis gadaucia qalbaton
salome yubaneiSvils, romelsac avtoris vinaoba arc scodnia, radgan wigns
satitulo furceli aklia (albaT, konspiraciis mizniT).
`portretebi~ mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. masSi grigol robaqiZe warmog-
vidgeba, rogorc brwyinvale eseisti-analitikosi da literatori, rusuli
mwerlobisa da filosofiis SesaniSnavi mcodne da Semfasebeli, masStaburi,
Rrma, originaluri xedvis moazrovne da mkvlevari.
epigrafis mixedviT, eseebis es krebuli avtors miuZRvnia ruseTisaTvis,
qveynisaTvis, romlis `Tvaluwvdenel stepebSi apokalifsuri cxenebis floq-
vTa TqaraTquri ismis~. diax, 1919 wels gamocemuli `portretebi~ axal ru-
seTs eZRvneboda, erTi SexedviT, gardaqmnil, progresis gzaze damdgar ru-
seTs. romanovTa samaswlovani dinastiis damxobam saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo-
ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis imedi gaaRviva. Cvenma moRvaweebma momlo-
dine mzera kvlav CrdiloeTs miapyres.
`CrdiloeTis sfinqsi~ ki msoflios axal enigmas sTavazobda. mis gamocno-
bas mravalni lamobdnen. ruseTis fenomens grigol robaqiZec gulmodgined
swavlobda. es naTlad ikveTeba `portretebSic~, romlis oTxi ese eZRvneba
sxvadasxva drois gamoCenil rus moazrovneebs: petre Caadaevs, mixeil ler-
montovs, vasili rozanovs, andrei belis. avtors mTavari aqcenti gmirTa fe-
nomenis, Sinagani xatis, pirovnuli arsis originalur mxatvrul kvlevaze
gadaaqvs.
individebiT, personaliebiT gr. robaqiZis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba
da, Sesabamisad, misi msoflaRqmis Tu SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Taviseburebani
meoce saukunis dasawyisis evropaSi damkvidrebuli egzistencializmis, `si-
cocxlis filosofiis~, fenomenologiis, personalizmis da am rigis sxva
moZRvrebaTa anareklicaa. dasavlurma azrovnebam adamiani filosofiur-
ontologiuri problematikis centrSi daayena, axalma drom mzera obieqti-
dan subieqtze gadaitana. kvlevis procesSi upiratesoba introspeqciis (ref-
leqsiis, TviTanalizis), STagrZnobisa da interpretaciis meTodebs mieniWa
(kakabaZe 1985: 43).
gr. robaqiZem SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTara meoce saukunis dasavluri az-
rovnebis miRwevebi. werilSi, romelsac `eqspressionizmi~ hqvia, mwerali miu-
TiTebda: `me msurs avsaxo sagani ara ise, rogorc arsebobs sagani TviTon, mag-
ram arc ise, rogorc Cems STabeWdilebebSia igi asaxuli, aramed ise, rogorc
aris igi gardaqmnili Cems sulSi.. eqspressionizmisaTvis Tavi da Tavi sagnis
gardaqmnaa suliT da ara ubralo asaxva~ (robaqiZe 1996: 341). amgvarad saxecv-
lilma sagnebma Tu ideebma robaqiZis TxzulebebSi axleburi brwyinvaleba
SeiZina. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs cnobil pirovnebaTa eseistu-
ri portretebi. Tavis erT-erT adreul wignsac mweralma `portretebi~ uwo-
da. mivyveT mis verbalur galereas.
portreti pirveli: petre Caadaevi. krebulis pirveli ese cnobil rus de-
kabristsa da moazrovnes petre Caadaevs eZRvneba. mravali wyaros gamoye-
nebiT gr. robaqiZe siRrmiseulad ikvlevs gmiris fenomens. mokle, lakonuri
frazebiTaa daxasiaTebuli misi habitusi da pirovnuli Tvisebebi: `maRali.
gamxdari. tanadi. saxe gaparsuli: xmeli, fermkrTali, gamomwvari. foladi
259


monacisfro-cisferi Tvalebis mzeraSi: mkacri xazi zeda bagisa; rbili _
qvedasi: SeerTebaSi _ basri ironia. SiSveli, granitiseburi Tavis qala _
mbrZanebluri inteleqti. gulRia mzera da naRvliani Cacineba. gonebis mxneo-
ba da maradiuli naRveli. yvelaferSi aristokrati. inaxavs sakuTar cxenebs.
`inglisuri klubis~ mudmivi wevri. Seucvleli maRali wris salonebSi. dax-
vewili manerebi. sakuTar TavSia Caketili. mdumare. TavdaWerili. icis niRbis
tareba. amayi. damoukidebeli. gabeduli~.

am striqonebiT me-18 saukunidan

TiTqos Cvens droSic Semoabijebs petre Caadaevi da eses am monakveTSi misi
pirovnuli arsi filigranuli sizustiTaa daxasiaTebuli.
mravlismTqmelia teqstis is adgilebi, romlebSic tragikuli xvedris de-
kabristis Sinagani mrwamsia gadmocemuli: `viRac ucxoeli rusuli gvariT:
Caadaevi _ TiTqos fsevdonimia: russ ar hgavs. msubuqi zizRiT damokidebu-
leba yovelive rusulis mimarT. diax! Caadaevi emijneba yovelgvar rusuls.
ufro metic: is emijneba yovelgvar adamianurs~.
grigol robaqiZe ganmartavs gmiris naazrevis centralur ideas (sicocx-
le RmerTSi) da SeniSnavs, rom msoflios istoria RvTaebrivis plastikuri
ganxorcielebaa, xolo misi konkretuli xati _ qristea. sicocxle qristeSi
_ adamianis Sinagani amocanaa. kacobrioba RmerTis wiaRidan gamovida, _ is
RvTaebriv wiaRSi unda dabrundes. magram rogor? _ sakuTar TavSi materia-
lur stiqiebze mudmivi gamarjvebiT.
petre Caadaevis nawerebisa da masze arsebuli literaturis analizis sa-
fuZvelze gr. robaqiZe daaskvnis, rom is petre didisa da aleqsandre puSki-
nis rigis moRvawea, misi mTavari damsaxureba ki isaa, rom man `pirvelad naT-
lad da mkacrad dasva `ruseTis problema~.
portreti meore: mixeil lermontovi. `lermontovis niRabSi~ eqspresiu-
lad ikveTeba tragikulad aRsrulebuli niWieri Semoqmedis garegnuli
Strixebi, winaaRmdegobrivi buneba, sulieri xati. Cven winaSea yvelasagan
gandgomili, martosuli, magram amayi mixeil lermontovi, romlis WeSmarit
saxes idumali da Seuvali niRabi faravs. robaqiZe Tvlis, rom mwerlis
`saidumlo~ missave `niRabSi~ imaleba, romelic, erTi SexedviT, Semzaravia.
`lermontovis bunebaSi iyo raRac avismomaswavebeli da tragikuli.. raRac
dabinduli da ukeTuri Zala gamokrToda misi Savgvremani saxisagan, misi didi
da uZravi muqi Tvalebidan~, _ uTqvams i. turgenevs.
mixeil lermontovis pirovnuli da SemoqmedebiTi dualizmis robaqiZise-
uli axsna aseTia: mwerlis monada ver SeigrZnobs sakuTar sxeuls: is ar
aris is, aramed viRac mesame piria; da amitom igi daundobelia misadmi:
misTvis is sul erTia: fexqveS Telavs, lanZRavs, ezizReba.. radgan is ar aris
is, aramed sxvaa. amave dros, gangebis rwmena, fatalizmi _ lermontovis
stiqiis ganuyreli elementia.
mixeil lermontovs mkacrad afasebdnen misive Tanamemamuleebi, maT So-
ris, vl. soloviovi da d. mereJkovski _ masSi demonsac ki xedavdnen. `ler-
montovis niRabSi~ gr. robaqiZe cdilobs, Semoqmedis WeSmariti bunebis idu-
mali siRrmeebi mimoixilos da sazareli niRbis qveS misi faqizi da zemgrZ-
nobiare suli ganWvritos.
portreti mesame: vasili rozanovi. am originaluri xedvis mwerlisa da
literatoris garegnuli xats gr. robaqiZe misive Txzulebebidan aRadgens
(is garkveul antipaTiasac ki iwvevs): `wiTeli saxe, rogorRac usiamovno kani,
laplapa (ara mSrali). Tma mTlad cecxlisferi (gimnaziels) da zemoT afSeki-
li, magram ara keTilSobil `zRarbiseburad~ (mamakacuri xasiaTi), aramed ra-

teqstSi aq da Semdgom motanili citatebi Cemeuli TargmaniT damowmebulia wignidan

robaqiZe 1919.
260


Rac aRmarTul talRad, sruliad uazrod (ucnaurad)~, _ ase dauxasiaTebia
rozanovs sakuTari Tavi da sasowarkveTils aRmoxdenia: `ase saZagels vin
Seiyvarebs?~ aranakleb gulaxdilia misi aRiareba: me qalebs arasodes
movwondi.
vasili rozanovis Txzulebebze dayrdnobiT eseSi misive sulieri avto-
portreticaa warmodgenili: `saganTa raRac fetiSizmi maxasiaTebs. `wvril-
manebi~ Cemi `RmerTebia~. Cemi suli raRac domxalia. talaxis, sinazisa da
naRvlisaganaa dawnuli.. me mTlad fesvebSi var, fesvebs Soris. `xis kenwero~
_ CemTvis sruliad gaugebaria~. rogorc vxedavT, gmiris enigma aqac rTuli
da winaaRmdegobrivia.
grigol robaqiZes rozanovi missave personaJs, peredonovs agonebs: man
bevri ram icis, magram misi SemoqmedebiTi natura sakuTar TavSi uCveulodaa
CaRrmavebuli. aqedan: rozanovis subieqturoba, realurobis grZnobis dakar-
gvamdec ki. sul mudam sakuTar Tavs usmens: _ da ar ZaluZs sxvaTa mosmena.
igi sakuTar Tavs jer kidev dedis wiaRSi grZnobs. saocari fenomenia: `cxov-
rob dedis wiaRSi, TiTqos saSodan arc gamosulxar: aqedan _ sakuTar TavSi
CaRrmaveba, mudmivi swrafva maradiuli siWabukisaken.. yvelafrisadmi damo-
kidebulebaSi ironia, sakuTari Tavisadmic ki~, _ vkiTxulobT eseSi.
mwerlis azriT, amgvar mdgomareobaSi myof rozanovs metafizikurad jer
saxec ara aqvs: masSi individualoba ar aris. magram, amave dros, mas axasiaTebs
genialuri yovlismgrZnobeloba, yvelaferSi SemoqmedebiTad SeRwevis unari:
mas esmis `esec~ da `sxvac~. adamianurad is saxis armqonea, magram, samagierod,
araadamianurad samyaroseulia. amiTve aixsneba misi saocari siSiSvlec
(nicSes erT-erTi mwvave problema).
gr. robaqiZe ganmartavs, rom rozanovis fenomeni `saSoseuli~cxovrebis
mdinarebaSia. aqedan: misi arsebis ritmi _ sqesi. rozanovs uyvars iudaizmi,
misi panTeisturi erotizmi, radgan `iudaizmi Teslis religiaa~. `stili _
saganTa sulia~, _ uTqvams v. rozanovs. grigol robaqiZe Tvlis, rom roza-
novis stili iseve fenomenaluria, rogorc Tavad rozanovi da is Rirseul
mkvlevars elis.
portreti meoTxe: andrei beli. es is mweralia, romelsac, robaqiZis
TqmiT, SemTxveviT ar amourCevia fsevdonimi: `beli~ _ apokalifsuri xati.
andrei beli maradisobasTan iyo wilnayari. misi erT-erTi Tanamedrovis
TqmiT, `belis samyaroSi dro ar iyo is, rac CvenTvisaa.. igi epoqebiT azrov-
nebda~ (Cexovi 1986: 195).
eseSi `andrei beli~ gr. robaqiZe ikvlevs poetis saidumlos, rac, misi
TqmiT, `niSnavs ipovo misi SemoqmedebiTi sulis individualuri ritmi~. es
ritmi ki Turme Semoqmedis miwisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT SeiZleba
gamovlindes (robaqiZe ganmartavs, rom miwis xatis qveS igulisxmeba sagnebi,
dro, qaosi.. sagnebi droSi da maT qvemoT qaosi).
fr. nicSes SexedulebiT, samyaros arseba `miwa~ `unda viazroT, rogorc
sicocxle~. `miwa~, romelic nicSes moZRvrebaSi ikavebs RmerTis adgils, swo-
red rom sicocxlis momniWebeli Zalaa, Tavad sicocxlea, e.i. droSi da sivr-
ceSi gaSlili SemoqmedebiTi procesia... `miwa~ raRac pasiuri, inertuli niv-
Tieri sawyisi ki ar aris, aramed `sicocxle~, `cxovreba~ ((buaCiZe 1993: 259-
260).
gr. robaqiZis azriT, andrei beli _ ruseTis namdvili winaswarmetyvelia,
romelmac peterburgis xatSi miwis apokalifsuri (da, amasTan, daferflvis)
gziT uaryofa mogvca.
`andrei beli _ apokalifsisis namdvili epileptikia~, _ amgvari STabeW-
dileba darCenia robaqiZes mwerlis xilvisas parizSi, 1907 wels, mereJkovskis
leqciaze. `misi daferflili suli aramiwieri sevdiT ufrTebod daqris saku-
261


Tar mSobliur gamomwvar sivrceebSi~, _ ase aRiqvams mwerali belis poezias,
mis fsevdonims ki amgvarad xsnis: `andrei~ _ uneblied Cndeba azri `pirvel-
wodebulobaze~ (andria pirvelwodebuli); `beli~ _ apokalifsuri xati: `axa-
li saxeli, romelic aravin uwyis, imis garda, vinc mas iRebs; is sulis `TeTr
qvazea~ amotvifruli~. eses avtori Tvlis, rom andrei beli Tavis fsevdonims
amarTlebs.
me Zalze mokled mimovixile `portretebis~ Tematuri rkali, misi prob-
lematika. wignSi mraval sayuradRebo sakiTxzea msjeloba, rac mkiTxvels
did SemecnebiT da inteleqtualur siamovnebas aniWebs. qarTul enaze kre-
bulSi Semavali ori Txzulebaa gamoqveynebuli _ `petre Caadaevi~ da `vasili
rozanovi~. qvemoT gTavazobT `lermontovis niRbis~ Cemeul Targmans (aRsa-
niSnavia, ese jer kidev 1914 wlis 3 oqtombers daibeWda gazeT `kavkazSi~ poe-
tis 100 wlis saiubileo masalebSi).


grigol robaqiZe

lermontovis niRabi

TandaTan SevniSneT, rom Cveni auditoriis garemoSi, yvela CvenTagans
Soris, mxolod erTi adamiani sxvebisagan rogorRac reliefurad gamoir-
Ceoda. man gvaiZula, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba migveqcia misTvis.. TiTqos am
adamians Tavad aravin ainteresebda, amxanagebTan yovelgvar siaxloves gaur-
boda, aravis elaparakeboda, sruliad gulCaTxrobilad da gancalkevebulad
eWira Tavi. igi mudam erT adgilas ijda, yovelTvis eulad, auditoriis kuT-
xeSi, fanjarasTan. Cveulebisamebr, idayvs dayrdnobili, is daZabuli kiT-
xulobda, mTeli gulisyuriT, profesoris swavlebas arc ki usmenda. saaTebis
cvlisas warmoqmnili xmauric ki masze araviTar STabeWdilebas axdenda. is
dabali iyo, uSno agebulebisa, Savgvremani saxe hqonda, Savi, Tavsa da yvrima-
lebze gadatkecili Tma da ganmgmiravi muqi Taflisferi (ufro nacrisferi)
Tvalebi; didi Tvalebi, zizRiT rom uyurebdnen irgvliv yovelives.. Cveni
garemodan erT-erTis aseTi gancalkevebuli, gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba
miTqma-moTqmas iwvevda. yvelas surda, axlos gaecno es adamiani, Camoexada ni-
Rabi, mis damalul azrebs rom faravda da iZulebiT aelaparakebina igi. `vis-
tenhof, Tqven waxvalT lermontovTan da hkiTxavT, romel wigns kiTxulobs
is ase mudam daZabuli yuradRebiT. es saubrisaTvis sruliad safuZvliani
sababia~, _ miTxra studentma krasnovma. didxans ar mifiqria da misken gave-
marTe. _ `lermontov, neba miboZeT, gkiTxoT, romel wigns kiTxulobT? ueW-
velia, Zalze saintereso wignia, Tu imiT ganvsjiT, rogor CauRrmavdiT mas.
ar SeiZleba, STabeWdileba Cvenc gagviziaroT?~ mivmarTe mciredi mRelva-
rebiT, mis eul skams rom mivuaxlovdi.. man wamierad Sewyvita kiTxva, misma
Tvalebma elvis dartymasaviT gaibrwyina. Zneli iyo, es ganmgmiravi, mtruli
gamoxedva agetana. `Tqven odnavac ar dagainteresebT am wignis Sinaarsi,
radgan aq verafers gaigebT, maSinac ki, Tu mis Sinaarss gamcnobT~, _ mipasuxa
man mkvaxed, adrindeli poza miiRo da kvlav kiTxva gaagrZela. me misgan gvel-
nakbeniviT gamovvardi~.
ase hyveba lermontovze misi universiteteli amxanagi vistenhofi. da yo-
velTvis, roca vinme uaxlovdeboda lermontovs misi maradiuli saidumlos
gamocnobis mizniT, me uneblieT maxsendeba es vistenhofi, amao mcdelobiT,
niRabi Camoexsna idumali saxisagan. mravali aTeuli welia, Cven vxedavT ler-
montovs, martosulsa da amays, bed-iRbalTa wignis kiTxviT gatacebuls, _
da, yovel jerze, rogorc ki SevecdebiT, misTvis saintereso Temaze gamove-
262


saubroT, is, qedmaRali da damcinavi, erTsa da imaves gvipasuxebs: sul erTia,
ver gaigebT. da Cven winaSe igive niRabia, qedmaRali da TvalSeuvali, ro-
melic faravs, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, unda faravdes WeSmarit saxes.
Tumca erTi ram yvelasaTvis cnobilia: es lermontovis gaorebaa.
`mkacri mzera ucnaurad ar eTanxmeboda bavSvurad nazi da amoburculi
bageebis gamometyvelebas~, _ igonebs masze i. s. turgenevi.
`mis RimilSi iyo raRac bavSvuri~, _ wers lermontovi peCorinze da am
ukanasknelSi garkveuli xarisxiT sakuTar Tavsac gulisxmobs..
`lermontovi Zalze hgavda dedamiss~, _ Tqva erTxel kraevskim.
bavSvuri da qaluri mkacr da vaJkacur lermontovSi, es raRac ucnauri
naerTia..
Tavad a.i. vasilCikovs lermontovSi ganacvifrebda ucnauri SeTavseba ori
adamianisa: `erTi gulkeTili sakuTari uaxloesi megobrebis mcire wrisa
da im ramdenime pirovnebisaTvis, romlebsac is gansakuTrebul pativs scemda,
meore qedmaRali da ficxi _ misi yvela sxva nacnobisaTvis~.
`mas Tumca yvela ganudga, magram, sxvaTa Soris, ucnauria, rom raRac
gaurkveveli ganwyoba gvizidavda misken~, _ mogviTxrobs lermontovis uni-
versiteteli amxanagi.
`ra faqizi suli iyo masSi! _ wamoiZaxa belinskim, turgenevi ki sxva rames
wers: `misgan ukeTuri Zala moqroda~.
`damcinavi, gesliani, gaiZvera~, _ igonebs lermontovs grafinia evd. ros-
topCina. `mas yovelTvis ukuRmarTi Wkua da mkvaxe ena hqonda~, _ wers masze k.
v. xvostova. magram, meore mxriv, igive lermontovi, qedmaRali da ukmexi,
rodesac piatigorskSi romeliRac dabali Cinovnikis cols awyeninebs, garbis
masTan da mis qmars bodiSs uxdis.
`baRSi is mudam amtvrevda buCqebs, glejda saukeTeso yvavilebs da bili-
kebze yrida, namdvili siamovnebiT Wyletda sacodav buzs da xarobda, roca
misi nasroli qva sabralo qaTams fexebs moamtvrevda~, _ wers lermontovi
saSa arbeninis bavSvobaze da am ukanasknelSi garkveuli xarisxiT sakuTar
Tavs gulisxmobs. da, amave dros, bavSvobaSi igive lermontovi, viskovatovis
sityvebiT, mivardeboda xolme bebias, roca is ymebs lanZRavda, gacecxlde-
boda, roca vinme dasasjelad mihyavdaT da brZanebis gamcems eZgereboda
xolme joxiT, daniT, _ rac ki xelT moyveboda.
demonuri avxorcobis SxamiT ganadgurebuli lermontovi ar indobda Ta-
vis msxverplT, awamebda, dascinoda maT, _ da, amave dros, igi efereba sayva-
reli qalis, varvara lopuxinas gogonas, romelic sxvas gahyva colad, is
mwared tiris da wers saocrad naz leqss `bavSvisadmi~.
da asea _ yvelgan: gaorebis niRabi, `saxe~ ki ar Cans..
lermontovis gaoreba yvelas ganacvifrebda. belinski fiqrobda, es
gaoreba `refleqsiis~ movleniT aexsna da, roca am ukanasknels mTeli traq-
tati miuZRvna, sruliad ar daeWvebula, rom lermontovis gaoreba fsiqolo-
giuri xasiaTis ar aris. skabiCevski cdilobs, lermontovis winaaRmdegobani
geniis mravalwaxnagovnebiT axsnas da sul ar fiqrobs imaze, rom geniosis
bunebaSi moiazreba ara mxolod winaaRmdegobrivi sirTule, aramed harmoniu-
li sirTulec. lermontovis `niRabTan~ sxvebze axlos mivida vl. soloviovi
da, kidev ufro axlos _ dim. mereJkovski; magram isini mas mxolod miuax-
lovdnen da `saxe~ bolomde ver amoicnes.
vl. soloviovis azriT, lermontovis swori axsna mis demonizmSia; demo-
nizmi _ es damaxinjebuli zeadamianobaa: `visac ar xelewifeba amboxi da ar
surs morCileba, is Tavadve sakuTar Tavs gardauvali daRupvisaTvis gawi-
ravs~. ixsenebs ra lermontovis bavSvur sisastikes, soloviovi ganagrZobs:
`zrdasruli lermontovi zustad aseve iqceoda adamianuri arsebobis, gansa-
263


kuTrebiT, qalTa, mimarT. da am demonur avxorcobas is mware aRsasrulamde
ar miutovebia. magram wlebis Semdeg mZvinvare demoni sustdeba, uTmobs ra
Tavisi Zlierebis did nawils Tavissave Zmas, uwmindurebis demons.
soloviovis SedarebiT, im dros, rodesac puSkinis muza mercxalia, romelic,
talaxiani guburis Tavze mfrinavi, frTiTac ar exeba mas da `raRacas
umankod JRurtulebs~, _ lermontovis muza, imave avtoris sityvebiT,
`ylartSi myarad Camjdari bayayia~. magram es jer kidev yvelaferi ar aris:
sisastikis demons da sibinZuris demons uerTdeba siamayis demoni, maTgan yve-
laze saSiSi. lermontovi, samive demoniT Sepyrobili, daiRupa. `misgan darCa
poeziis ramdenime WeSmariti margaliti, romlebic Caikarga demonizmis xib-
liT Sepyrobili `Rorobis~ nexvis grovaSi, da, saxarebis sityvebiT, adamia-
nebs fexqveS gasaTelad gadaeca: adamianebs SeuZliaT da valdebulni arian,
fexiT gaTelon es Sepyrobili xibli, zizRiTa da mtrobiT, ra Tqma unda, ara
daRupuli geniosisadmi, aramed misi damRupveli sawyisis, adamianis mkvleli
tyuilisadmi~.
udavod sasikvdilo ganaCenia. vgoneb, vl. soloviovma, erTaderTma rus
mwerlebs Soris, gauZlo lermontovis `mkacr mzeras~ da mas uSiSrad pirda-
pir saxeSi miaxala saSineli sityva _ `demoni~. magram rusi filosofosis
ulmobeli sisastikisa da TavSekavebuli mamacobisagan WeSmaritebam Zalze
mcire ram Tu moigo; farda oden naxevrad Camoiglija da lermontovis `sa-
xem~ misi naglejis qveS mimalva moaswro.. soloviovis gzas daadga dim. me-
reJkovski, magram man es gza adamianisadmi siyvaruliT gaaTbo.
mereJkovski aRmosavluri mistikiT iwyebs: arsebobs, albaT, gnostikuri
warmomavlobis legenda miwieri samyaros zeciur mxedrobasTan kavSirze,
`RvTaebriv komediaSi~ dante rom moixseniebs.
`angelozebs, romelTac saboloo arCevani gaakeTes or banaks Soris, daba-
deba ar sWirdebaT, radgan dros ar ZaluZs, maTi maradiuli gadawyvetileba
Secvalos, magram meryevT, naTelsa da bnels Soris gaorWofebulT, madli
RvTisa agzavnis am qveynad, raTa maT SeZlon, droSi gaakeTon arCevani, rome-
lic maradisobaSi ver gaakeTes. es angelozebi dabadebuli adamianebis sule-
bia. igive madli RvTisa maTgan faravs warsul maradisobas, imisTvis, rom
maradisobaSi nebelobis meryeobam winaswar ar gadawyvitos is gadaxra droSi,
romlisganac damokidebulia maTi sxna, an daRupva momaval maradisobaSi~.
mereJkovskis mixedviT, aseTia mistikuri gamocdilebis zogadi kanoni.
magram arsebobs gamonaklisebi, Tumca Zalze iSviaTad. lermontovi swored
amgvari gamonaklisi gaxldaT: mis winaSe wina samyaros saidumlo sworedac
rom ar iyo dafaruli, da, Sesabamisad, misTvis gamJRavnebuli iyo misi nebe-
lobis meryeoba maradisobaSi _ dabadebamde. da ai, mereJkovski aseT daskv-
namde midis: `yvelaze mZime, yvelaze `sabediswero~ lermontovis bed-iRbalSi
_ ara saboloo gamarjveba borotisa keTilze, rogorc fiqrobs vl. solo-
viovi, aramed usasrulo gaoreba, nebelobis meryeoba, keTilisa da borotis,
naTlisa da bnelis aRreva. swored es aris winasamyaroseuli mdgomareoba
adamianTa sulebisa, im meryevi angelozebisa, romlebic RmerTis eSmakTan
brZolaSi ar miemxrnen arc erT, arc meore mxares. imisaTvis, rom gaorebis
tyuili gadalaxo, unda iyuro ara ukan, warsul maradisobaSi, sadac es brZo-
la daiwyo, aramed win, momavalSi, sadac is dasruldeba Cveni sakuTari nebe-
lobis monawileobiT. lermontovi Zalze naTlad xedavda warsuls da ara-
sakmaod naTlad _ momaval maradisobas: ai, ratom iyo misTvis ase Zneli,
TiTqmis SeuZlebeli, gadaelaxa gaorebis tyuili.
aseTia mereJkovskis ZiriTadi idea. am ideis daxmarebiT is marjved xsnis
lermontovis cxovrebas da Semoqmedebas da poetis suls bolomde daRupvis
uflebas ar aZlevs, _ magram es idea bevr raimes eubneba oden mistikurad
264


ganwyobili gonebis mxatvrul intuicias da, zogadad, mxolod miaxlebaa
lermontovis saidumlos swor axsnasTan. da Cven winaSe kvlav igive saSineli
kiTxvaa: `saxe~ Tu `niRabi~?
me yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe vamtkiceb, rom lermontovis saidumlo
lermontovis `niRabSi~ imaleba, _ da imisaTvis, rom gamovicnoT es saidum-
lo, aucilebelia, gavigoT ara is, Tu ra imaleba niRabqveS, aramed umTavre-
sad is, Tu ras warmoadgens TviT niRabi. magram vidre lermontovis niRabs
miveaxlebodeT, zedmeti araa, winaswar movxazoT niRbis zogad-filosofi-
uri eskizi.
Cvens cxovrebas ori idumali movlena amrgvalebs: dabadeba da sikvdili.
dabadeba idumalia, radgan Cven ar gveZleva codna _ `saidan?~ sikvdili saSi-
nelia, radgan ar ZalgviZs gavigoT _ `saiT?~ moCvenebiTi landebi Ramidan
RameSi, dRe ki ruxi da naRvliani. idumali Crdilebis maradiuli xetialisas
Cven oden SevigrZnobT, rom raRac warmoiqmneba, formas iRebs, xorcs isxams;
es raRac _ aris individualoba, `saxe~, erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli. mara-
diuli xorcSesxmis mtanjveli dabadebisas Cven naTlad vmijnavT or
fenomens: mas, rac xorcs isxams da mas, raSic igi xorcieldeba; pirveli
fenomeni _ sawyisi `monadaa~, meore _ empiriuli `sxeuli~; pirveli _ maradi
`saxea~, meore _ istoriuli `pirovneba~. magram msoflio gansaxierebis pro-
cesi ar damTavrebula, istoria ar dasrulebula da bolo jer kidev ar Cans:
sawyisi `monada~ Tavis empiriul `sxeuls~ brZoliTa da tanjviT aZlevs for-
mas. amas yovelwamierad mowmobs Cveni fsiqologiuri `me~. Cven vicnobT Cvens
yoveldRiur `saxes~, magram is ar gvakmayofilebs: Cven mudam veSurebiT,
vZlioT sakuTari Tavi, gavxdeT sxva, ukeTesi da srulqmnili. is, rac aris da
is, rac unda iyos; is, rac aris CvenSi da is, vinc gvinda gavxdeT, _ ai, msof-
lio cnobierebis ori fenomeni.
da aq ixsneba `niRbis~ fenomeni. pirvel rigSi, adamians eSinia, bolomde ga-
moamJRavnos sakuTari Tavi da, marTlac, erTi wamiTac rom warmovidginoT,
rom msoflio mTlad gamWvirvale gaxda da erTmaneTis winaSe Tvali agvexila,
Cveni uwmindurobebis saSineleba gvaiZulebs, an yvelam Tavi CamovixrCoT, an
yvelani Wkuidan SeviSaloT!~ damanWul bageebze `Tavzardamcemi xarxariT~.
dediSobila siaruli oden RmerTebs ZaluZT, Cven ki dausrulebelni varT da,
Sesabamisad, ara srulyofilni, amitomac niRbiT gvixdeba xetiali. es niRbis
pirveli mniSvnelobaa: ucxo niRbis qveS namdvili saxis damalva.
magram niRbis sxva mniSvnelobac arsebobs: Cven ara mxolod vmalavT
sakuTar Tavs (yoveldRiurobis niRabi), aramed vZlevT kidec sakuTar Tavs
(miTologiuri niRabi): pirvel SemTxvevaSi, vimalebiT ra `sxvisi~ niRbis qveS,
Cven gvsurs, `igiveni~ darCeT; _ meore SemTxvevaSi, viRebT ra `sxvis~ xats,
Cven`sxvani~ gvinda gavxdeT. niRbis gamkeTebeli aq Tavs aigivebs imasTan, vis
xatsac iRebs: gavixsenoT, rom dionises msaxurni masTan urTierTobaSi sxvag-
varad ver Sedian, Tu ara niRbiT. am azriT, niRabi aris `gardasaxvaTa kanonis
sakulto aRniSvna~, `metamorfozebi~, `poligenesisebi~ (v. ivanovi).
amgvaria msoflio gansaxierebis procesi, _ is Cveni tragediacaa. WeSma-
ritad, Cveni `saxeebi~ _ Cveni individuaciis SemTxveviTi niRbebia, da yoveli
CvenTagani _ aCrdilia, Tavis originals rom daeZebs. aqedan _ is `gaorebis
tyuili~, romelzec adamianis istoria mogviTxrobs.
dasabamismieri `monada~ da empiriuli `sxeuli~ _ ai, sad aris gaoreba. mag-
ram ra didic ar unda iyos es gaoreba, istoriaSi maT Soris mainc raRac Tanx-
vedra SeiniSneba: `monadas~ ukeTesi `sxeuli~ surs, magram mainc _ isev imave
`sxeulidan~. ra Tqma unda, goeTes metafizikuri pirovneba dasrulebuli su-
lac araa, magram is raRac xarisxamde mainc mis istoriul pirovnebaSi ganxor-
cielebulia; aqedan _ misi mTlianoba, harmoniuloba, mziuroba: plastikuri
265


suli. zogadad, istoriaSic igive ram SeiniSneba: droebiTi Tanxmoba ori, jer
kidev Seuzrdeli sawyisisa. magram arsebobs gamonaklisebic, roca gaoreba
metafizikur pirovnebasa da istoriul pirovnebas Soris imdenad mwvave da
Rrmaa, rom isini marTlac erTmaneTis uarmyofelad moCanan. maSin maTi mata-
reblis tragedia saSinelebad iqceva. is ukmayofiloa umaRlesi ZalebiT: aqe-
dan _ mudmivi bunti; igi ver SeigrZnobs msoflio kavSirs, aqedan _ mudmivi
ganxeTqileba; is sakuTar Tavs ver poulobs: aqedan _ mudmivi niRabi. igi mar-
tosuli da amayia, is Zlieri da sastikia; igi, qaosis Ze, mzadaa qaosis frTebi
SemoaWdos mTel samyaros, raTa masTan erTad damRupvel ufskrulSi gada-
eSvas. iq ki, Sors, `TeTri mdumarebis~ borcvze, sadac misi udreki suli me-
fobs, zogjer msoflio sevdis Rrma oxvra ismis. da Tu milioni adamiani ity-
vis: ukeTesia gaxde `sxva~, is, erTaderTi, gamomwvevad ganacxadebs: umjobesia
`sxvad~ daibado.
lermontovis niRabi swored am ukanaskneli ganxeTqilebis tragikuli
formaa. `lermontovis bunebaSi iyo raRac avismomaswavebeli da tragikuli~,
_ igonebs i. s. turgenevi. _ `raRac dabinduli da ukeTuri Zala gamokrToda
misi Savgvremani saxisagan, misi didi da uZravi muqi Tvalebidan. diax, uZravi
muqi Tvalebi! xom ar aris es lermontovis dasabamismieri suli, mis isto-
riul pirovnebaSi SemTxveviT gansxeulebuli, dasabamismieri suli, romelic
Soreul samyaroTagan gvimzers idumalad da mrisxaned! axla CvenTvis gasa-
gebia lermontovis `mkacri mzera~, romlis gaZleba aravis SeeZlo. da misi si-
cili? misi saubari? `misi saubari imas hgavs, TiTqos viRac minaze afxaWu-
nebs~, _ ambobdnen masze. icinis ara `is~, aramed `viRac~ masSi; saubrobs ara
`is~, aramed `viRac~ misi meSveobiT. zogjer ggonia, rom misi garegnobac misi
sulis niRabi iyo..
yuradReba miaqcieT mis leqss `SuaRamis caze angelozi frenda~: ra sila-
maze da rogori siRrmea! gansaxierebis is procesi, romelic lermontovis
tragikuli niRbis saboloo momentia, aq, am religiur leqsSi, xdeba gamW-
virvale, xelSesaxebi. TiTqos lermontovi Tavad Wvretda maradiuli sulis
droismier sxeulSi gansaxierebas, radgan is, am gansxeulebis tragikuli Sec-
doma, TiTqos rogorRac mis miRma idga. aqedan _ misi araCveulebrivi SegrZ-
neba maradiulobisa da yovelive imisa, rac maradisobas ukavSirdeba. misi is-
toriuli pirovneba ver iqca misi maradiuli `monadis~ `sxeulad~, _ da ami-
tom lermontovi ver Sevida, ase vTqvaT, istoriis organul zrda-ganviTa-
rebaSi (gavixsenoT, rom igi, rogorc poetic, rusul literaturaSi sruliad
ganmartoebiT dgas): is, rogorRac, istoriis miRma darCa da, mis kideSi uZ-
ravad mdgari, oden maradisobas SeigrZnobs: `Cemi wlebis angariSi davkarge~,
_ ambobs is Tavisi cxovrebis meTxuTmete wels. TxuTmeti wlis biWi, rome-
lic imdenad beberia, rom Tavisi wlebis angariSic ki dakarga, _ gana ar aris
es `saxe~ maradisobidan, romelic SemTxveviT moxvda Cvens planetaze? da
kidev: Tavad is istoriul movlenaTa cvlis miRma imyofeba da lermontovis
mzeris winaSe oden maradisobis naTeli sarke iSleba, _ da, ra Tqma unda,
gasagebia, rom mas arafris daviwyeba ar ZaluZs. `o, odesme rom SemeZlos davi-
viwyo, rac dauviwyaria!~, _ amoiZaxa TxuTmeti wlis biWma. `me araferi maviwy-
deba, araferi~, _ ambobs peCorini-lermontovi: `RmerTma ar damaviwya~, _
Civis igi demonis piriT. da asea _ yvelgan: oden maradisoba _ istoriis
wveTebi.
Cven lermontovis niRabTan Zalze axlos mivediT. lermontovis dasabamis-
mierma sulma ver hpova Tavisi istoriuli `sxeuli~. sxvaTa Soris, am saSineli
ganxeTqilebis nawilobrivi gamoxatuleba aris is utyuari faqti, rom
lermontovs Tavisi garegnobisa rcxvenoda.
266


am mizeziT, vl. soloviovis zusti gamoTqmiT, `lermontovi umaRles nebe-
lobaze piradi wyeniT saubrobs~. diax, is viRacisagan gabrazebulia da tita-
nuri ZaliT janydeba mis winaaRmdeg: man xom Tavisi saSineli prototipi _
demoni Seqmna. is sruli ganxeTqilebaa da yvelgan ganxeTqileba Seaqvs; misi
individualuri nebeloba erTi wamiTac ar erwymoda taZrismieri harmoniu-
lobis nebelobas. is stiqiis frTaa, qaosis xmauriT mTvrali, da ngreviT ikma-
yofilebs Tavis `sastik avxorcobas~.
lermontovis stiqiis es mxare gansakuTrebuli ZaliT sqesis upirovno
sferoSi gamovlinda. ai, ras wers e. a. xvostova: `man srulad damimorCila. me
SemeSinda sakuTari Tavis gamo. fexqveS TiTqos ufskruls vgrZnobdi. is me-
vedreboda, erTad gavqceuliyaviT da farulad davqorwinebuliyaviT~. roca
lermontovi darwmunda, rom qali yvelaferze wavidoda, imave wams igi mas
sakuTar Tavze anonimur werils ugzavnis: `damijereT, is Tqveni Rirsi ar
aris, misTvis wminda araferia, mas aravin uyvars~. magram qals misi gadayvare-
ba aRar SeeZlo: `mzad viyavi, mis winaSe muxli momeyara, oRond ki mas CemTvis
alersianad Semoexeda~. isini erTmaneTs wveulebebze xvdebodnen.. _ `RvTis
gulisaTvis, miTxariT, ratom ganawyendiT?~ _ `me Tqven aRar miyvarxarT, da
mgonia, rom arc arasodes myvarebixarT~, _ miugo lermontovma..
aq, am ramdenime StrixiT mTeli lermontovia daxasiaTebuli. mas ar sWir-
deba siyvaruli, is siyvaruli, romelic, dantes sityvbiT, `mzesa da sxva pla-
netebsac amoZravebs~; ara: mas swored rom siyvarulis obieqtis damorCileba
swadda. grZnobda ra `pirad wyenas~ umaRlesi Zalebis mimarT, is mzadaa, es
wyena sastiki JiniT gadmoanTxios. da Semdeg: roca Seityobs, rom `Seyvarebu-
li~ ukve damonebulia, igi meyseulad zomebs iRebs, misgan rom `gaTavisufl-
des~, mas anonimur werils wers, sadac is sakuTar Tavs lanZRavs. ra aris es _
sfinqsis saidumlo Tu ubralod sazizRroba?
lermontovis niRabi yvelafers xsnis.
peCorini ambobs, rom rogor mgznebaredac ar unda hyvareboda qali, ro-
gorc ki is agrZnobinebda, rom vaJi masze unda daqorwindes _ mSvidobiT, siy-
varulo!.. es Tavisuflebis dakargvis SiSi ar aris; ara, es raRac sxvaa: peCo-
rini-lermontovi, drois kavSiris miRma myofi, yovelgvar `kavSirs~ uaryofs,
_ da erTi miniSnebac ki am `kavSirze~ (qorwineba, yvelafrisaTvis mzadyofna)
masSi zizRis fizikur grZnobas iwvevs. igi, brma stiqiisa da sastiki bediswe-
ris mona, sxvebs monobisaTvis swiravs. _ aq lermontovis niRbis erTi mxarea;
igi damonebulT bedis anabarad tovebs, radgan Tavadac bedis anabaradaa mi-
tovebuli, _ amaSi misi niRbis meore mxarea.
magram anonimuri werili? sakuTari Tavisadmi zizRi? esec lermontovis
niRbiT aixsneba; misi `monada~ ver SeigrZnobs sakuTar `sxeuls~: is ar aris
`is~, aramed viRac mesame piri; da amitom daundobelia `misadmi~: misTvis is
ganurCevelia: fexqveS Telavs, lanZRavs, sZags. mis bageebze krTis ara mxo-
lod boroti Cacineba samyarosadmi, aramed _ sakuTari Tavisadmi msubuqi
ironiac, _ radgan is ar aris `is~, aramed `sxvaa~. da aq sakuTari gaorebis
tyuili zRvars aRwevs.
lermontovi samyaroSi gadaeSva, magram msoflio istoriis miRma aRmoCnda
_ da amitom misi empiriuli pirovneba gacxadda rogorRac dasrulebuli
istoriis miRma. Tavad is ki, maradisobis sarkeSi uZravi mzeriT momzirali,
winaswar Wvrets Tavisi istoriuli pirovnebis xvedrs. aqedan _ naTelxilvis
miseuli winaswarmetyveluri niWi, aqedanaa fatumisadmi misi rwmena. gavixse-
noT lermontovis siWabukisdroindeli leqsebi: `amayi, magram saZulveli,
sikvdilis velze aRvesrulebi~; `gamovicani Cemi xvedri, Cemi aRsasruli: me
sisxliani saflavi melis~; `vuwyodi, Cemi Tavi, Sen rom giyvarda, Seni mker-
didan jalaTis kunZze gadainacvlebs~. da bolos, sikvdiliswina xilva: `jer
267


kidev orTqli asdioda Rrma Wrilobas, Cemi sisxli wveTwveTad iRvenTeboda~.
rwmena gangebisadmi, fatalizmi _ lermontovis stiqiis ganuyreli elemen-
tia (gavixsenoT Tundac `Cveni drois gmiris~ Tavi fatalizmze). aqedan _
yvelasaTvis cnobili lermontovis uSiSroba. `arasodes damaviwydeba is mSvi-
di, TiTqmis mxiaruli gamometyveleba, mis saxeze rom krToda, masze ukve da-
miznebuli pistoletis lulis winaSe~, _ mogviTxrobs lermontovis sekun-
danti, Tavadi vasilCikovi misi bolo wuTebis Sesaxeb.
`martoss vgavar, mekobreTa xomaldis gembanze dabadebuls da gazrdils:
misi suli qariSxlebsa da brZolebs SeeTvisa da, napirs gamoriyuli, naRv-
lobs da itanjeba, rogorc ar unda izidavdes mas Crdiliani koromi, rogora-
dac ar unda unaTebdes mSvidi mze. igi TavisTvis mTel dRes sanapiros qviSaze
daxetialobs, aqoCrili talRebis erTgvarovan drtvinvas usmens da gascqe-
ris nislian SoreTs: iqneb iq, mkrTal xazze, cisfer ufskruls ruxi Rruble-
bisagan rom yofs, gamoCndes sasurveli afra, jer zRvis Toliis frTis msgav-
si, magram TandaTan kaWarTa qafisagan amomavali, udabur navsayudels Tana-
bari svliT rom uaxlovdeba~.
amgvarad wers sakuTar Tavze peCorini_lermontovi.. da, marTlac, misi
suli qariSxlebsa da brZolebs SeeTvisa, _ da is, marad euli, elis napirze
sasurvel afras. misi saxe ar Cans, misi `niRabi~ ki sazarelia da misgan yve-
lani garbian, `rogorc SeTqmulebi~, magram, vin icis: vinc qariSxalebsa da
brZolebs gadaitans, SesaZloa, lermontovis `niRabs~ SeigrZnobs da mis `sa-
xes~ ixilavs. da maSin sazareli `niRabi~ gaciskrovnebul pirisaxed gardaiqm-
neba, `sastiki mzera~ ki _ caTa naTel laJvardad..

damowmebani:

buaCiZe 1993: buaCiZe T. fridrix nicSe da misi `ese ityoda zaratustra~. wignSi:
nicSe fr. ese ityoda zaratustra. Tb.: 1993.
kakabaZe 1985: kakabaZe z. `eqsistenciuri krizisis~ problematika da edmund
huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1985.
robaqiZe 1919: . . .: 1919.
robaqiZe 1996: robaqiZe gr. CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia. Tb.: `jek-servisi~,
1996.
Cexovi 1986: . . 1. .: 1986.


Manana Kvataia

From a Kaleidoscope of Grigol Robakidzes Portraits

Summary

The paper deals with G.Robakidzes Portraits, a collection of essays published in
1919 in Russian language. Here the writer appears as a perfect essayist and analyst, man of
letters, an excellent connoisseur and admirer of Russian literature and philosophy. As it is
put in the epigraph to a book, the Portraits was dedicated to Russia that had taken the road
of transformation. Four essays included in it give multifaceted characteristic of progressive-
minded Russian thinkers of different epochs such as: Pete Chaadaev, Mikhail Lermontov,
Andrey Rozanov, Andrey Bely. Robakidze makes main emphasis on the construction of
original psychoanalytical portraits of his heroes, study of their essence and phenomenon.
The author of the paper makes an attempt to scrutiny these essays and then she offers the
reader Georgian translation of one of the essays titled Lermontovs Mask done by her.
This essay was published by G.Robakidze in the newspaper Caucasus as far back as in
1914, 3 October to the 100
th
anniversary of M.Lermontov.
268


Stefi xotivari-iungeri

kavkasiis xalxebis literatura germanul enaze

winamdebare teqsti warmoadgens wignis kavkasiis xalx-
Ta literatura Sesavalis Targmans, romelic gamovida
germaniaSi 2003 wels. wigni sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1. wi-
nasityvaoba (Sesavali), 2. kavkasiis xalxTa 26 enidan germa-
nul enaze naTargmni nawarmoebebi (poezia, epika, erTi dra-
matuli nawarmoebi, andazebi, simRerebi) 3. kavkasiis xalxTa
literaturidan germanul enaze naTargmni nawarmoebebis
istoria dasawyisidan 2000 wlamde. amasTanave, TiToeuli
xalxis literatura warmodgenilia Tavisi asakiT, eniT da
damwerlobiT. enaTa gavrcelebis areali naCvenebia geogra-
fiul rukaze. wignis bolos mocemulia kavkasiis xalxTa
damwerlobebis, enebis, dialeqtebisa da agreTve religiebis mimoxilviTi
masala.
madlobas vuxdi Tengiz xaWapuriZes am wignis Sesavalis qarTul enaze
TargmnisTvis.


Sesavali

kavkasiis xalxTa literaturuli Semoqmedeba me-19 saukunis Semdeg gark-
veul gavlenas axdenda evropaze. im dros germanul literaturaSi iqmneboda
nawarmoebebi aRmosavlur Temebze da iTargmneboda pirveli lirikuli da
folkloruli nawarmoebebi. aRmosavlur literaturaSi eZebdnen wminda, zo-
gadsakacobrio humanurobisa da silamazis ideals. xdeboda aRmosavleTis
Suasaukuneebis periodis romantizeba, daiwyo namdvili aRmosavluri bumi
(amis gansakuTrebuli magaliTia nawarmoebis `mirza Safis simRerebis~ 170
leqsi)

.
Tumca, kavkasiis xalxTa calkeul literaturaTa warmomadgenlebidan
mxolod zogierTi mwerali gaxda cnobili, roca maT dasavleT evropelebi
irCevdnen an TviTon qmnidnen (bodenStedti), an germanulenovan mecnier-
TaTvis sparsuli enis meSveobiT iyvnen xelmisawvdomi (mag. azerbaijaneli
sparsulenovani mwerali nizami). mxolod ramdenime nawarmoebma miipyro
Tavis droze yuradReba da gamoyenebul iqna literaturul mecnierebaSi.
(magaliTad, goeTes `dasavlur-aRmosavluri divani~ 1819 w) (zolbergi 1973:
169).
1 m
agram literaturaTa da mweralTa umravlesoba, romelTa Targmna da
ganxilva enobrivi barieris gamo ver xerxdeboda, bevrad ufro mogvianebiT
gaxda cnobili, an saerTod ucnobi darCa. 1818 wels iozef fon hamer-purgS-
talis mier dawvrilebiT iqna warmodgenili orasze meti sparseli avtori da
maTi nawarmoebebi (maT Soris nizamic). nizamis Tanamedrove qarTveli poetis
_ SoTa rusTavelis _ `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb 1840 wels mxolod is iyo
cnobili, rom es `yofila mTeli eris sayvareli leqsi, romelic `aTaserTi
RamesaviT~ iyo gavrcelebuli da xalxSi kidev cocxlobso~ (Talvi 1840: 22-
23).
2
`vefxistyaosani~, anu rogorc mas aq uwodes `kaci vefxvis tyavSi~,
germanel mkiTxvels mxolod 1898 wels warudgines arasruli Targmanis sa-
xiT, romelic mTeli evropuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi ukve `samyaros
suraTad~ gamokristalda da romlis gavlenac dRemde saxezea. igive publika-
ciaSi somxuri literaturis Sesaxeb werdnen: `somxebi, es marad gasaocari,
269


sxvadasxva tomTa Soris mcxovrebi xalxi, romelic ucxoTa gavlenisgan Tavs
mudam sufTad aRwevda, xalxur simReraTa WeSmarit saganZurs Tavis wiaRSi
kidev unda inaxavdes. Cven aq mxolod mciredisa da umniSvnelos citireba
SegviZlia (Talvi 1840: 22). uSualod azerbaijanul literaturasac aRar
hqonia sxvebisTvis gacnobis SesaZlebloba sparsul enaze moRvawe nizamis
Semdeg, radgan is sakuTar, azeris enaze iwereboda. bevri ram dRemde ucnobia.
rodesac 1996 wlis 5-8 noembers parizSi iuneskos mier azerbaijaneli poetis,
fizulis (1494-1556) 500 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili RonisZieba Catarda, ver
moxerxda avtoris romelime nawarmoebis germanuli Targmanis povna, romlis
meSveobiTac azerbaijanelTa didi poetis gacnoba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli.
3
kavkasiis TiTqmis yvela xalxis literaturis warmoCena, gansakuTrebiT
ki `mcire~ da `axalgazrda~ xalxisa, mxolod axla iwyeba. es iseve exeba ger-
manulenovan sivrces, rogorc sxva enobriv sivrceebs (aq erTgvar gamonak-
liss ruseTi warmoadgens). kavkasiis xalxTa mxatvruli literaturuli na-
warmoebebi dResac Zalian mcire raodenobiT iTargmneba yvela saganmanaT-
leblo enaze da amis gamo intensiurad maTi aTviseba TiTqmis ar xdeba. amis
erT-erTi mizezia kavkasiur enaTa mravalferovneba da maTi Seswavlis didi
siZnele, rac SeuZlebladac ki migvaCnia.
4
kavkasiur enebs xSirad jerovani yu-
radReba imitom ar eqceoda (da ar eqceva), rom es xalxebi politikurad sxvis
mier imarTebodnen da evropasTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebi ar hqondaT.
bolo ori saukunis manZilze (mcire drois gamoklebiT) politikuri, kul-
turuli da sxva saxis kontaqtebi xorcieldeboda TiTqmis mTlianad rusuli
enis meSveobiT, romelTanac kavkasiis araavtoqtonuri mosaxleobis arc erT
enas aranairi gamoxatuli msgavseba da naTesaoba ar gaaCnia, avtoqtonuri
mosaxleobis enebs ki _ saerTod araviTari. amis gamo kavkasiur enaTagan ru-
sulTan arc erTs ara aqvs naTesaoba imaze metad, vidre, vTqvaT, germanuls.
amas emateba mecnierebaTa specializacia. im dros, roca me-19 saukuneSi
enaTmecnierebi TavianT gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi teqstebs, ra Tqma
unda, folkloridan da mweralTa Txzulebebis Targmanebidan gvTavazobd-
nen, aseTi ram SedarebiT axal enobriv kvlevebSi gamonakliss warmoadgens.
magram im enaTmecnierTa gverdiT, romlebic kavkasiur enebze muSaoben, ar
dganan kavkasiur literaturaTa specialistebi da amiT samwuxaro sicariele
Cndeba. evropaSi dRemde ar arsebobs kavkasiis kvlevis specialuri dawese-
bulebebi, romlebic ormocdaaT enaze da or aTeul literaturaze
imuSavebdnen.
5

germanulenovani gamomcemlobebic ar arian maincdamainc mowadinebuli,
rom kari gauRon ucnob mwerlebs da wignis bazrisTvis moamzadon ucnobi
literatura, Tundac es mwerlebi TavianT samSobloSi Zalian saxelganTq-
mulni iyvnen. da Tu propagandisTvis raime gansakuTrebuli mizezi mainc
gamoCnda, ufro xSirad ukve dabeWdil teqstebs mimarTaven xolme, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom saamisod mainc arian maT gankargulebaSi yvelaze did kav-
kasiur enaTa mTargmnelebi, romlebic gamomcemlobebs gamudmebiT uTval-
Tvaleben. raRa Tqma unda, saamisod jer kidev mravali mizezi arsebobs, maga-
liTad isic, rom kavkasia jerac ar aris popularuli turistuli regioni,
romlis literatura damsveneblebisTvis saintereso iqneboda.
amitom kidev ufro metad arsebobs imis saWiroeba, rom sasargebloa, Tva-
li gadavavloT garjas im pirovnebebisa, romlebsac warsulSi kavkasiis xalx-
Ta literaturis gamocemaSi damsaxureba miuZRviT.

270


1866 wels Sesrulebuli sporaduli Targmanebi

(nizamis leqsebi, simRerebi, avtobiografia. Targmanebi azerbaijanuli,
somxuri, Cerqezuli literaturidan venasa da haleSi, Sesrulebuli sparsu-
lidan da rusulidan mxolod arakavkasiologTa da dainteresebul pirTa
mier).
germanul enaSi kavkasiuri literaturis `Sesvlis~ pirvel xanebSi, 1866
wlidan (regularuli gamocemebis dasaxeleba mxolod am wlidan SeiZleba)
germanulenovan qveynebSi gamoica naTargmni (kerZod, azerbaijanuli) lite-
ratura daaxl. 5 wignis odenobiT. uwinares yovlisa, arsebobda ori gza, uf-
ro sworad ki _ SemovliTi gzebi, romelTa gavliT kavkasiel avtorTa nawar-
moebebi germanel mkiTxvelamde aRwevda. isini sparsul enaze iyo dawerili da
iqidan germanul enaze Targmnili (nizami). am SemTxvevaSi leqsebs sakuTriv
sparsuli literaturis nimuSebad Tvlidnen. meore gza iyo avtoris an mec-
nieris mier nawarmoebis jer rusul enaze Targmna, xolo amis Semdeg igi ru-
sulidan germanul enaze gadahqondaT.
kavkasiuri literaturis gacnobis mesame gza fridrix fon bodenStedtis
(1819-1892) saxels ukavSirdeba, Tuki mas marTlac azerbaijanulidan aqvs
Targmnili ukve zemoT dasaxelebuli mirza Safis nawarmoebebi, radgan azri
am sakiTxze dRemde orad iyofa.

igi xom TviTon wers Tavis erT-erT uka-
nasknel boloTqmaSi, rom mirza Safis leqsebi ufro mas unda miekuTvnos?
kavkasiuri literaturis pirveli gamocemebi nizamis
6
saxelTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli. misi zogierTi nawarmoebi me-19 saukuneSi jer nawyvetebad, Semdeg ki
sruli saxiT daibeWda. ase magaliTad, `wigni aleqsandreze~, romelSic moTx-
robilia mTavari personaJis mier warmoebul dapyrobiT omebze, mogzauroba-
Ta dros gakeTebul aRmoCenebze da sibrZneze. amasTan dakavSirebiT gansa-
kuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos 1754 wels daarsebuli venis orientalistikis aka-
demia, sadac moRvaweoba daiwyo iozef fon hamer-purgStalma (1774-1856),
romelmac germanulenovan mkiTxvels, mecnierebs da literatorebs (mag.
goeTes) sparsuli literatura gaacno. fridrix riukertma (1788-1866), ro-
melic hamer-purgStalis mowafe iyo, Tavisi maswavleblis saqme gaagrZela da
sxva nawarmoebTa Soris nizamis qmnilebebic Targmna. yirgizma mweralma
Cingiz aiTmatovma 1994 wels viurcburgSi warmoTqmul sazeimo sityvaSi riu-
kerts `axali droebis winamorbedi~ uwoda.
evangelisturi saeklesio sasamarTlos mrCeveli
7
da biblioTekari iohan
hainrix buse (1763-1835), `sparsuli literaturis kvlevis~ miuxedavad, kav-
kasiiTac interesdeboda. samsaxurebrivi movaleobis gamo, man mravali weli
gaatara ruseTSi da amiT SesaZlebloba mieca, germanul enaze eTargmna ram-
denime wigni. ase gamovida 1805-1806 wlebSi rusi mogzauris, sariCevis, STa-
beWdilebaTa aRwera Crdilo-aRmosavleT cimbirSi, polarul zRvasa da
CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi.
8
ruseTSi buses yurad-
Reba miipyro somexi avtoris armen(us) vaRarSapatelis (araratskis) wignma,
romelic avtors rusulad hqonda Targmnili. 1821 wels es wigni germanul
enaze daibeWda fridrix grunertis gamomcemlobaSi, haleSi. wignis saTauri
iyo armenius vaRarSapeli araratis mTaze da aRwerda avtoris tanjvas, ro-
melic man gadaitana `axalgazrdobaSi, tyveobidan gaqcevisas, ruseTis ar-
miasTan erTad sparseTze laSqrobisas da ruseTSi dabrunebis dros~. zo-
gierTi mkvlevaris monacemebiT, araratski Tavidan jer aRa-mahmad xanis, mog-
vianebiT ki ruseTis mefis karis agenti yofila. igive nawarmoebi 1822 wels
inglisur enazec gamoica.
zustad ori aTwleulis Semdeg, 1841 wels, poetma da simRerebis specia-
listma herman piutmanma (1811-1874) hamburgSi gamosca wigni saxelwodebiT
271


CerqezTa simRerebi~. manamde avtors ukve sxva simRerebic hqonda gamocemu-
li (mag. `ditmarSuli simRerebi~, `socialuri leqsebi~, `xalxuri simRerebi
Tavisufali germaniisTvis~). ra gziT moipva piutmanma Cerqezuli teqstebi
da rogor gaTargmna isini, amis garkveva ver SevZeli.

regularul TargmanTa dasawyisi 1866 wlidan

(leqsebis, simRerebis, zRaprebis, romanebis da a.S. Targmanebi qarTuli,
somxuri, osuri, yabardouli, azerbaijanuli literaturidan. SerCeuli kav-
kasiologebisa da kavkasielebis mier. gamocemuli ienaSi, berlinSi, drezden-
Si, laifcigSi, hamburgSi, venaSi, sankt-peterburgSi da budapeStSi).
Semdegi gamocemebi dakavSirebulia adolf berJes (1828-1886) saxelTan,
romelic kavkasiasTan ufro axlo urTierTobas avlens. adolf berJe iyo
TbilisSi moqmedi arqeologiuri komisiis prezidenti da germanuli aRmosav-
luri sazogadoebis wevri, agreTve parizis aziuri da aRmosavluri sazoga-
doebis wevri. man 1866 wels gamoaqveyna germanul enaze naTargmni istoriuli
moTxroba, romelic agebuli iyo istoriul, savaraudo masalaze. es naSromi
mogviTxrobs Cerqezi xalxis istorias Sora _ bekmuzin nogmovis moTxro-
bebis (Cerqezi xalxis legendebi da simRerebi) mixedviT. am nawarmoebiT igi
TbilisSi dainteresda.
9
yabardoeli Stabis oficeri da istorikosi nogmovi
1801 wlidan 1844 wlamde ruseTSi (anu kavkasiaSi) cxovrobda. avtoris gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg, 1861 wels, TbilisSi gamoica misi mTavari naSromi adiRe-
eli xalxis istoria. am wignis germanuli Targmani gamouSva oto vogandis ga-
momcemlobam laifcigSi, kavkasiis arqeologiuri komisiis meSveobiT, rom-
lis redaqciis Tavmjdomare TviTon iyo. a. berJem kavkasiis Sesaxeb TerTmeti
krebuli gamosca.
anton Sifnerma (1817-1879) (rusi mecnieri, romelic gansakuTrebiT fi-
nelTa erovnuli eposis kalevalas propagandiT gaxda cnobili), Seiswavla
kavkasiuri folkloris Sesaxeb sankt-peterburgSi arsebuli gamokvlevebi da
germanul enaze Targmna misi da baron piotr fon uslaris (1816-1875) mier
Segrovebuli masalebi. ase gamodioda sankt-peterburgSi 1856 wlidan calke-
uli, magram (gansakuTrebiT 1867 wlidan 1870-ian wlebamde) erTimeores miyo-
lebuli vrceli Targmanebi CeCnuri, lakuri, avaruli, osuri, lekuri folk-
loridan (xSirad am enaTa aRweriT). amas garda, mkvlevars ainteresebda Crdi-
louri, altauri da sxva enebic.
sankt-peterburgSive daibeWda, 1887-90 wlebSi, ori wigni qurTul lite-
raturaze qurTuli krebulebi, moTxrobebi da simRerebi, romlebic gamos-
ca orma mecnierma. erT-erTi maTgani, oigen primi (1843-1913), 1890 wlidan iyo
bonis universitetis aRmosavluri enebisa da literaturis profesori, ukve
1881 wlidan ikvlevda axalarameul turabdinis (1881) dialeqts Tavis sadoq-
toro naSromSi. meore avtorma, albert soCinma (1844-1899), gamosca arabuli
enis gramatika (1855 w.) da, agreTve, _ arabuli andazebi da arakebi (1878 w.).
kavkasiuri literaturis kvlevisa da Targmanis sferoSi gansakuTrebuli
moxseniebis Rirsia germaneli mecnieri artur laisti (1852-1927), pirovneba,
romelsac kavkasiaSi arasodes daiviwyeben, Tumca evropaSi mas cota vinme Tu
icnobs. breslaus (axlandeli vroclavi poloneTSi, mTargmn.) univeritetSi
swavlis periodSi man gaicno fridrix bodenStedti, romelic rusul, spar-
sul da Turqulenovan literaturul nawarmoebebs aswavlida, da amis Sede-
gad dainteresda aRmosavleTiT, kerZod ki, saqarTveloTi da somxeTiT. 1884
wels a. laisti pirvelad ewvia saqarTvelos. ukve 1887 wels laifcigSi gamo-
vida qarTveli poetebis pirveli gamocema, romlis 150 gverdze warmodge-
nili iyo 11 qarTveli poeti, (umTavresad me-19 saukunis), dawyebuli grigol
272


orbelianiT da damTavrebuli miqelaZiT. sul iyo 57 leqsi da, 32 xalxuri
simRera. es istoriul movlenad unda Sefasdes, radgan pirvelad moxda, rom
qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb ara mxolod daiwera, aramed am mwerlobis
nimuSebi iTargmna da gamoica kidec. ukve sami wlis Semdeg daibeWda am tomis
axali, gafarToebuli gamocema. amjerad warmodgenili iyo 21 qarTveli
avtori 112 leqsiT, agreTve _ 39 xalxuri simRera. sul ramdenime weliwadSi
amas mohyva SoTa rusTavelis qmnileba saTauriT kaci vefxvis samoselSi.
miuxedavad amisa (laists ar uTargmnia am nawarmoebis cnobili epilogi,
gamorCa zogierTi ram, uari Tqva oTxtaepianobaze, formaze, romelic mTel
nawarmoebs axasiaTebs) qarTvelTa meore bibliis Targmnis cda, albaT, ar
SeiZleba gadaWarbebiT Sefasdes. aq unda aRiniSnos berta fon zutneri (1843-
1914), romelic Tavisi saqorwino mogzaurobis (daiwyo 1876 wels da kavkasiaSi
cxra wlis yofnaSi gadaizarda) bolo sami Tvis manZilze, TiTqmis imave dros,
meuRlesTan erTad, `vefxistyaosnis~ Targmnas franguli enis saSualebiT
Seecada.
10
`vefxvis tyavis~ Cveni Targmani ar gamoqveynebula, magram ar gvina-
nia im drois daxarjva, rac am samuSaos movandomeT. im moTxrobebisa da dak-
virvebebis saSualebiT, rac Cvenma STagonebulma qarTvelma patriotma am na-
warmoebs daukavSira, Cven marTlac veziareT istorias, arss da suls im ja-
dosnuri qveynis xalxisa, sadac amdeni weli gavatareT~ (zutneri 1969: 194).


artur laisti, qarTuli literaturis garda, SemdgomSi mcire xniT som-
xur literaturasac miubrunda. 1898 wels gamovida misi anTologia `somexi
poetebi~ (drezdeni / laifcigi). germanul TargmanSi `aRmoCenili~ iyo sxva-
dasxva saukunis 13 poeti. 1912 wels gamosul meore gamocemaSi ukve 16 poeti
iyo warmodgenili.
laistis am samma wignma, romlebic Svidjer gamoica da germanel mkiTxve-
lamde miaRwia, mxolod me-19 da me-20 saukuneTa mijnaze gaaRviZa interesi
germanulenovan qveynebSi mdidari tradiciebis mqone ori kavkasiuri lite-
raturis, qarTulisa da somxuris, mimarT. meore mxriv, am mcdelobis gada-
WarbebiT Sefaseba ar SeiZleba, radgan poeturi Targmanebi (yovel SemTxve-
vaSi qarTuli wignebisa) poet-lirikos adolf endleris SefasebiT Tamami,
magram aragamomsaxvelobiTia da xSirad Tiuringiul `mogzaurTa simRerebs~
mogvagonebs, xolo Camoyalibebuli gemovnebis mqone mkiTxvels ver STaago-
nebs im Soreuli poeziis nakvalevTa ufro safuZvlian Seswavlas da aRmo-
Cenas (endleri 1971: 5).

es xom ar aris imis mizezi, rom laisti, rogorc pirov-
neba, da agreTve misi wignebic, ase Cqara daiviwyes evropaSi? somxur Targ-
manTa Sefasebebs me ver gavecani.
rainhold fon Stakelbergi (1860-1907) aris avtori disertaciisa osuri
enis sintaqsis Sesaxeb~ (strasburgi, 1886). man gaagrZela mTargmnelobiTi saq-
mianoba kavkasiur literaturaTa sferoSi da 1891 wels vsevolod milerTan
erTad peterburgSi germanul enaze gamosca osuri moTxrobebi.
osuri literaturiT dainteresebuli iyo agreTve voldemar baron fon
iuqskiuli (1898-1939) (misi gvari moixsenieboda aseve, rogorc uqskuli an
ueqskiuli). meoce saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi, 1912 wels Targmna narTebis
cnobili eposi saTauriT `simRera sosiriko narTze _ eposi narTebis cnobi-
li Tqmulebis Sesaxeb~ da sakuTari avtorobiT dawera mravali piesa osur Te-
mebze, rogorebicaa mag.: `Zmadnaficebi~, `Tpaueli wminda ila~, `zelim-hani~,
`ianusi~, `haji umari~, agreTve, novelebi, romlebic 1911-1918 wlebSi gamoica.
da bolos,1932 wels budapeStSi osuri literaturidan germanul enaze
gamoica kidev erTi tomi, romelSic warmodgenili iyo zRaprebi, simRerebi,
eTnografiuli Canaxatebi. wignis avtori bernat munkaCi (1860-1937) iyo ung-
reli mkvlevari, romlis mTavari interesi mansuri, udmurtuli da iakuturi
enebi da maTi xalxuri sityviereba gaxldaT.
273


adolf diris (1867-1930) saxeli, upirveles yovlisa, kavkasiuri folklo-
ris gamocemasTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi romelime erTi erovnuli litera-
turiT ki ara, mTeli kavkasiiT iyo dainteresebuli, 1920 wels man sazogadoe-
bas warudgina erTtomeuli, romelic kavkasiis 24 sxvadasxva literaturidan
Targmnil 80-ze met zRapars Seicavda. gamomcemeli da mTargmneli 1902 wli-
dan 1913 wlamde cxovrobda kavkasiaSi, uSualod usmenda folklors, iwerda
da wignebsac arCevda.
msgavsi interesi amoZravebda agreTve robert laxs (1874-1958). 1926 wli-
dan 1952 wlamde misi xelmZRvanelobiT venaSi gamovida wigni cxra nawilad
saTauriT rusi samxedro tyveebis simRerebi. es simRerebi Sekrebili iyo
pirveli msoflio omis dros. am wignis ori nawili (da nawilobriv mesamec)
kavkasias Seexeba. aq aris qarTuli, afxazuri, megruli, svanuri, osuri, noRa-
uri da Cerqezuli teqstebi. Targmani Sesrulebulia diris, blaixStaineris,
ianskisa da sxvaTa mier.
imavdroulad, magram mecnierTagan TiTqmis damoukideblad, qarTvelebi
da somxebi TviTon cdilobdnen TavianTi literaturis gamocemas germanul
enaze. 1866 wlidan gamodioda `somxuri biblioTeka~, sadac marto sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi (1886-1888) laifcigSi somxuri literaturis cxra tomi gamoi-
ca. nawilobriv amas xeli Seuwyo Tbiliselma mecenatma abgar ohanesianma
(18491904)
11
. es iyo zRaprebi da Tqmulebebi, moTxrobebi, romanebi, mogzaur-
Ta literaturuli Canawerebi, erTi komedia da erTic somxur enaze dar-
Cenili timoTeusis nawarmoebi `abisinia~. es nawarmoebebi germanul enaze
Targmnes somxebma lalianma da rubenlim, aseve Cvens mier ukve dasaxele-
bulma a. laistma. somxuri biblioTekisgan damoukideblad gamoica sxva
somxuri nawarmoebebic. venaSi 1912 wels gamovida rafis, aronianisa da artu-
Sis 12 moTxroba, gamoqveynebuli ohaniancis (= artuSs) wignSi, saTauriT
`somxeTis satanjveli~, mweral rafis erTi nawarmoebi da iovhanianis ori
romani.
`somxuri biblioTekis~ analogiurad, 1933 wels daiwyo `qarTuli biblio-
Tekis~ gamocema. magram, samwuxarod, ganzraxuli seriidan gamoica mxolod
erTaderTi tomi. es iyo sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~. wigni
gamovida berlinSi. Targmani da dawvrilebiTi winasityvaoba ekuTvnis ram-
denime qarTvel emigrants. qarTveli mwerali s.s. orbeliani (1658-1725), erT-
erTi qarTveli mefis, vaxtang VI biZa da aRmzrdeli, 1713 wels stumrobda
safrangeTis mefes, ludoviko meToTxmetes parizSi da romis paps kliment me-
TerTmetes romSi. samwuxarod, misi politikuri misia im dros warumateblad
damTavrda, magram misma igavebma, zRaprebma, Tavgadasavlebma da alegoriul-
ma gamonaTqvamebma STabeWdileba moaxdina evropis erT nawilze.
am periodis kavkasiuri literaturis germanulenovani wignebis umeteso-
ba qarTveli mwerlis, grigol robaqiZis (1880-1962)
12
kalams ekuTvnis. 1931
wlidan sicocxlis bolomde igi cxovrobda germaniasa da SveicariaSi da
TviTon dadioda gamomcemlobebSi sakuTari wignebis gamosaqveyneblad. oTxi
wlis manZilze man gamosca eqvsi romani: `gvelis perangi~, `qarTveli gogona
megi~, `kavkasiuri novelebi~, `Cakluli suli~, `demoni da miTosi~ da `graalis
mcvelni~. politikur romanebTan erTad, romlebSic gr. robaqiZe bolSeviz-
mis qvesknelismieri gamxrwneli Zalis~ warmoCenas cdilobda, igi 30-ian wleb-
Si exmianeboda mkiTxvelTa gansakuTrebul miTur interess, riTac maT `ev-
ropis monotonurobisgan~ Tavis daRweva surdaT. `gvelis perangis~ Sesavali
sityva Stefan cvaigma dawera. aq igi aRniSnavda, rom `Cveni evropuli, iseve
rogorc zogadad civilizebuli samyaro daubrkoleblad emorCileba gaer-
Tianebisa da gawonasworebis kanons... man (`gvelis perangma~) Cveni samyaros
suraTi ganmivrco, egzotikuris horizonti damatkboblad gaminaTa da epi-
274


kuri qmnilebis jer kidev ucxo saxeoba SemagrZnobina~, robaqiZe 1928: I, III). gr.
robaqiZe cdeboda, roca fiqrobda, rom germaniaSi gamosuli misi nawarmoebi
pirveli literaturuli naSromi iyo aTas xuTasze meti wlis qarTul
literaturaSi, romelmac evropisken gza monaxa (robaqiZe 1932: 5). cvaigis
formulireba ufro frTxili iyo: `da axla grigol robaqiZis am romaniT
warmodgeba axali eri, Cemi azriT, pirvelad esaa qarTvelebi~ (robaqiZe
1928: 11).

gana laistis mier dawerili (Targmnili) nawarmoebebi 1928 wels ukve
daviwyebuli iyo?
germaneli mecnierebisa da kavkasielebis garda, aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi
axali wamowyeba kavkasiis TemasTan dakavSirebiT. miunxenSi arsebuli bekis
gamomcemlobis redaqtorma da mTargmnelma luize laportma (dabadebis
TariRi ucnobia, gardaicvala 1953 wels) Tavi mouyara 1936 wels miunxenSi
mcxovrebi Zveli avaruli ojaxidan gamosuli kavkasieli mxatvris, halil
musaiasulis zepir monaTxrobebs da wignad gamosca saTauriT `ukanasknel
raindTa qveyana~ beki 1963: 183--185, 263).
faSizmis batonobis periodSi ucxoelTa mimarT siZulvili kavkasiuri
literaturis mimarTac warmoCinda. 1937 wlidan 1946 wlamde germanulenovan
qveynebSi TiTqmis aRar gamoCenila germanul enaze Targmnili mxatvruli
literatura. gamonaklisia yurban saidis nawarmoebebi `ali da nino~ da
`gogona oqros bukidan~, agreTve me-19 saukunis qarTveli mwerlis daniel
WonqaZis `suramis cixe~, romelTa gamocema mxolod venaSi moxerxda. vinaidan
yurban saids Tavisi wignebis gayidva germaniaSic surda, xolo misi namdvili
saxelis _ leo nusimbaumis _ gamo raixis mweralTa saqmeebis palata amis uf-
lebas ar miscemda, man saxelad yurban saidi airCia da `mTargmnelic~ aiyvana
(hiopi (2001)2: 59-61).
13
am periodSive Seiqmna germaniaSi germanul-qarTuli
leqsikoni jariskacebisTvis da daiwera eseebi hitlersa da musolonize
qarTveli mwerlis grigol robaqiZis mier.
kavkasiel avtorTa nawarmoebebi 1866 wlamde mxolod sparsulidan an ru-
sulidan iTargmneboda, magram Semdgom periodSi bevri maTgani iTargmna
uSualod kavkasiuri enebidan da, arcTu iSviaTad, kavkasielTa daxmarebiT.
pirveli etapisgan gansxvavebiT, gamoscemdnen ara mxolod leqsebsa da sim-
Rerebs, aramed nawarmoebTa farTo speqtrs, rac gansakuTrebiT artur lais-
tisa da TviTon kavkasielTa damsaxurebaa. germanuli da avstriuli kvleviTi
centrebis garda, samecniero centrebad da wignebis gamocemis adgilebad
Camoyalibdnen agreTve sankt-peterburgi da budapeSti.
kavkasiis sxvadasxva erovnul literaturaTagan 1866-1946 wlebSi minimum
eqvsi eris literatura iyo warmodgenili. Zalian xSirad gamodioda somxuri
literatura (or aTeulze meti wigni), mas mosdevda qarTuli literatura
(aTi wigni). osuri, qurTuli, azerbijanuli, yabardouli da avaruli (e.i. xu-
Ti eris) literaturidan gamoica Sesabamisad, erTidan oTxamde wigni. aRniSv-
nis Rirsia 1928 wlidan 1937 wlamde Camoyalibebuli tradicia, rac kavkasiis
xalxTa literaturebidan yovelwliurad erTi Targmanis gamosvlas iTva-
liswinebda.
maSin, rodesac wignebis gamocema maTi gamosvlis dros mecnierebsa da
mkiTxvelze ueWvel gavlenas axdenda, meore msoflio omis damTavrebis
Semdeg mravali nawarmoebi (zogierTi maTgani ki ufro adrec) daviwyebas
mieca.


275


ganaxleba meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg: 1946-1966

xSirad es iyo moskovel kulturis muSakTa mier arCeuli rva kavkasieli
eris literaturaTa Targmanebi germanul enaze (folklori, klasika, Tav-
gadasavlebi, moTxrobebi, novelebi, dramebi da romanebi. Targmanebi upira-
tesad rusulidan sruldeboda). gamocema xorcieldeboda umetesad berlin-
Si, agreTve laifcigSi, ciurixSi, visbadenSi, itcehosa da regensburgSi.
kavkasiaSi Seqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebi pirvelad gamoqveynda
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1946 wels, venaSi. anTologiaSi saxelwodebiT
`axali qarTveli poetebi~ warmodgenili iyo 1905-1921 wlebSi dawerili
TerTmeti avtoris 44 leqsi (blaixStaineri 1946: 8)
14
. qarTulidan Targmna
robert blaixStainerma. amas aRar mohyolia qarTveli sabWoTa poetebis mom-
devno tomi, rogorc amas epilogi iuwyeboda. eTnografi da orientalisti
robert blaixStaineri (1891-1954), jer omamde, mere ki omis drosac dakavebu-
li iyo qarTuli TargmaniTa da kvlevebiT. igi Tavidan iranistikaSi muSaobda,
magram male Tavisi saqmianoba kavkasias jer saqarTvelos, Semdeg ki azer-
baijansa da daRestans daukavSira.
1946-1966 wlebSi wignebis umetesobis gamocemis iniciativa ar ukavSirde-
ba arc mecnierebs da arc kavkasielTa pirad aqtivobas, rogorc xdeboda kav-
kasiuri literaturis gavrcelebis meore periodSi. wignis gamocemis axali
etapis gasagebad saWiroa im periodis politikur mdgomareobas mivubrun-
deT. CemTvis cnobili 45 gamocemidan 34 gamovida aRmosavleT germaniaSi,
xuTi _ dasavleTSi, oTxi _ SveicariaSi, xolo TiTo wigni _ venasa da
moskovSi.
qarTuli literaturis miReba gdr-Si sabWoTa kavSirsa da germaniis de-
mokratiul respublikas Soris arsebul erTian politikur, kulturul da
samecniero urTierTobebisa da TanamSromlobis sqemaSi jdeba. sabWoTa kav-
Siris sxvadasxva xalxis literaturidan Sesrulebul 726 Targmans sabWoTa
xalxTan megobroba unda ganemtkicebina. amave dros, im wlebSi Sesrulebuli
Targmanebi `jer kidev Zlier iyo damokidebuli SemTxveviTobebze da lite-
raturuli Rirebulebis sakiTxebi xandaxan politikuri miznebis win wamowe-
vis gamo ukana planze gadadioda~ (Sutcleri 1978: 200-202). horst Sutcle-
ris es dakvirveba esadageba agreTve kavkasiur literaturaTa Targmnas 1946 -
1966 wlebSi. kavkasiel avtorTa nawarmoebebs moskovi waradgenda xolme da
aRmosavleT germaniis gamomcemlobebic am rekomendaciebs asrulebdnen. ga-
mocemaTa daaxloebiT 30%-s Seadgenda zRaprebi, Tqmulebebi, legendebi,
Tavgadasavlebi bunebis mdidruli aRweriT. aSkaraa, rom nawilobriv folk-
loriTa da TavgadasavlebiT cdilobdnen yuradReba gadaetanaT `zogadsa-
kacobrio~ sakiTxebze da aRmoefxvraT erovnebaTSorisi siZulvili. amas
garda, gamodioda moTxrobebi, novelebi, dramebi da romanebi, romlebic
kavkasiel xalxTa me-20 saukuneSi cxovrebis Temebs Seexeboda. magaliTad,
omisSemdgomi mdgomareoba afxazeTSi (gulia), menavTobeTa cxovreba kaspiis
zRvaze (huseini, suleimanovi), somxeTis revoluciamdeli cxovreba (zoria-
ni), saqarTveloSi koleqtivizaciis periodi (lorTqifaniZe), Cekistis mogo-
nebani (tevekeliani), partizanuli brZola meore msoflio omSi (baqraZe) da
a.S. aRsaniSnavia xaCatriancis mier somxuri novelebis anTologiis gamocema
1949 wels, saTauriT `somxuri novelebi~. sul warmodgenili iyo 10 avtori.
bolos kavkasiel xalxTa literaturul memkvidreobasac mimarTes. gamovida
samed vurRunis (somxeTi) drama `vagifi~ da laki poetis efendi kafievis
`poeti suleimani~.
am periodis (da ara marto am periodis) erT-erTi udidesi movlena ueW-
velad iyo SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli sruli poeturi Targ-
276


manis gamocema 1955 wels. mTargmneli iyo poeti hugo huperti. sxva dasaxele-
buli Targmanebisgan gansxvavebiT, es saqarTvelos kulturul urTierTo-
baTa sazogadoebis iniciativiT moxda. avstrielma poetma hugo hupertma 28-
Tviani daZabuli muSaobis Semdeg, 1954 wels, SeZlo 1671 zustad gariTmuli
oTxtaepiani Sairis (16 marcvliani strofiT) poeturi teqstis warmodgena.
imave wels gamomcemlobam `riuteni da loeningi~ (berlini) moiTxova da
SeiZina megobrobis sazogadoebis mier dafinansebuli poeturi qmnileba, ris
Semdegac `vefxistyaosani~ farTod gavrcelda. poet adolf endleris Tanax-
mad, es Targmani germanul enaze dRemde uZlieresia da ukeTesis Seqmna ver
moxerxdeba (endleri 1976: 157).
15

dasavleT germaniaSi, Sveicariasa da avstriaSi gamocemuli wignebis Ser-
Cevis principi, albaT, individualuri gemovnebiT kvlevis sferos specifi-
kiTa Tu gamomcemlis mier enis codnis doniT unda veZioT. es wignebi mogviT-
xrobs Zveli qurTuli sabrZolo da sasiyvarulo simRerebis, ulrix bence-
lis mier os mwyemsTan Cawerili zRaprebis, gzasacdenili kacis (mixeil
javaxiSvilis romani givi Saduri) Tu qarTvelTa wmindanis ninos Sesaxeb da
Seicavs, agreTve, sparsul enaze moRvawe azerbaijaneli poetis mahsaTis leq-
sebs. ciurixSi didi interesi gamoiwvia visramianis qarTulma variantma, ni-
zamis Svidi mefis asulis Svidma ambavma da leila da mejnunma. gansakuTre-
biT aRsaniSnavia azerbaijanulad dawerili pirveli erovnuli eposis qiTabi
dede qorqutis (X-XI s.s.) Targmani, romelic XV saukuneSia Cawerili.
16
es
nawarmoebi aris aguzebis _ azerbaijanelTa winapari Turqebis _ literatu-
rul-kulturuli Zegli, romelic gadmogvcems maT msoflmxedvelobas, adaT
-wesebs, fiqrebs saxelmwifoze, adamianze da literaturaze.
1963 wels moskovSi gamovida zRaprebis wigni oqros Tasi.
rogorc ukve iTqva, aRmosavleT germaniaSi saTargmni literaturis Sesa-
xeb rekomendaciebi sabWoTa kavSirSi muSavdeboda da gasakviri ar aris, rom
TargmanTa udidesi nawili rusulidan xorcieldeboda, rac saxelebisa da
geografiuli adgilebis SecdomiT aRniSvnasa da Semoklebas iwvevda. omis
Semdgom wlebSi gamocemuli wignebi germanelTa (gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT
germanelTa) internacionalizaciaSi did rols TamaSobda. zogierTi nawar-
moebis tiraJi, ramdenime gamocemis SemTxvevaSi, saerTo jamSi 50 000-s aRwev-
da. dasavleT germaniaSi, Sveicariasa da venaSi gamocemul wignTa umravleso-
ba originalidan iTargmneboda sparsulidan, qarTulidan da qurTulidan.
ciurixSi mzadyofnaSi iyo kavkasiiT dainterebuli gamomcemloba manesse,
romelmac mxolod eqvs weliwadSi mravali wigni gamosca.
omis Semdgom wlebSi gamocemul erovnul literaturaTagan yvelaze me-
tad somxuri da qarTuli literatura iTargmneboda. magram win wamoiwia ase-
ve azerbaijanulma, qurTulma da osurma literaturam. pirvelad dasaCuqr-
da, Sesabamisad TiTo wigniT afxazuri, lakuri da noRauri literatura. maT
garda, gamoica kavkasiuri zRaprebisa da legendebis mravali tomi.


germanul enaze kavkasiuri literaturis gamocemis yvelaze
nayofieri periodi: 1966 1990 w.w.

erebis /TerTmeti eri/, avtorebis, Temebis, formebisa da agreTve Targ-
manTa gzakvlevis mravalferovneba. Targmanebi originalidan da rusulidan.
germanulenovani gamomcemlobebi xSirad TviTon pouloben masalas Tanamed-
rove literaturidan /gansakuTrebiT romanebs/. gamocema xdeba upirveles
yovlisa berlinsa da ciurixSi.
277


kavkasiuri literaturis gavrcelebis meoTxe periodSi iTargmna da ger-
manulenovan sivrceSi gamoica 130-ze meti dasaxelebis wigni, imaze meti, vid-
re manamde saerTod iyo gamosuli. miRweul iqna kavkasiuri literaturis Se-
motanis axali xarisxi warmodgenilia TerTmeti erovnuli literatura, sa-
dac, rogorc adre, aqcenti qarTul, azerbaijanul da somxur literatura-
zea gakeTebuli.
unda iTqvas, rom maSin, roca e.w. mcire kavkasiuri literaturebi erTze
meti wigniT arian warmodgenili, umetes SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs erTi da
imave mwerlis ramdenime gamocemasTan. magaliTad, 1966-1990 wlebSi fazil
iskanderi, rasul gamzaTovi da ahmedxan abu-baqari Sesabamisad afxazur,
avarul da darRul literaturaTa warmomadgenlebad aRiqmebodnen.
zemoT dasaxelebuli wignebidan 1966-90 wlebSi germanul enaze aRmosav-
leT germaniaSi gamoica 80, dasavleT germaniaSi 25, saqarTveloSi 10, Svei-
cariaSi 6, ruseTSi 3, azerbaijanSi 2 wigni, xolo TiTo wigni gamovida sxva-
dasxva qalaqSi. esenia: bratislava, alma-ata, ankara, parizi, praRa. Tu Seva-
darebT wignebis SerCevis kriteriumebs da maTi aTvisebis momzadebas ma-
Sindel or germanul saxelmwifoSi da imave dros sxva qveynebSi, gansxvavebebi
SesamCnevia, magram arc Tu Zalian didi. es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom kavkasiuri
literaturis gamocemis ganxilva germanulenovan qveynebSi erTianad aris
SesaZlebeli.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom Targmanis gzis gakvleva sxvadasxvagvarad mim-
dinareobda da germanulenovani mkiTxvelisTvis SerCeuli literatura uaR-
resad mravlismomcveli, maRali moTxovnebis damakmayofilebeli da warmo-
madgenlobiTi gaxldaT. bavSvebic ki literaturis mimRebad da aRmqmelad
ganixilebodnen. SoTa rusTavelis vefxistyaosnis specialurad patare-
bisTvis gadamuSavebuli gamocemis garda, berlinis sabavSvo wignis gamomcem-
lobaSi ibeWdeboda nodar dumbaZis nawarmoebebi, giorgi keWaymaZisa da guram
petriaSvilis moTxrobebi, fazil iskanderis, maqsud ibragimbekovis, eldar
gurtuevis nawarmoebebi sxvadasxva asakis mkiTxvelisTvis. germanul enaze
gamodioda kavkasiis folkloruli da literaturuli memkvidreobis nimuSe-
bi. es iyo somxuri, qarTuli, daRestnuri, azerbaijanuli, qurTuli da sxva
literaturidan Targmnili zRaprebi da Tqmulebebi bavSvebisa da mozrdi-
lebisTvis. am Targmanebidan gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos uZvelesi kavka-
siuri eposis umaRlesi mwvervalebi: qarTvelTa amiranis eposi da narTebis
eposi. amiraniani, rogorc mas qarTvelebi uwodeben, 3500 wlis win Seiqmna.
misi mTavari gmiri amirani (promeTes analogi) nadirobis qalRmerTis, dalisa
da monadiris vaJia. igi SeudrekelobiT da titanuri moTminebiT gamoirCeva.
Tavisi qedmaRlobis gamo RmerTebma (adamianebTan igi uangaroa) kavkasiis
qeds miajaWves (Ciqovani 1978).


narTebis eposi qristemde pirveli aTaswleulis meore naxevarSia Seqm-
nili da kavkasiis mravali xalxis erTianobas aduRabebs. am eposis pirveli
germanulenovani Targmanis pativi mis osur variants ergo. sxva variantebis
(adiReuri, afxazuri, yaraCaul-balyaruli da abazuri) Targmna momavlis
amocanaa. eposis mTavari figurebi narTebi arian. isini mraval laSqrobas aw-
yoben da maRal mTebSi sagmiro saqmeebs Cadian (sikoevei 1985).

mniSvnelovan
movlenad unda CaiTvalos qarTul da somxur nawarmoebTa sami anTologiis

gamocema. 1971 wels mzad iyo unikaluri wigni saxelwodebiT `qarTuli poezia
rva saukunis siRrmidan~, romelic ormocdaaTamde poetis 125 nawarmoebs
Seicavda. am krebulSi Sesuli leqsebi SerCeuli iyo saqarTvelos mweralTa
kavSiris mier. gamomcemloba `folk und veltis~ da agreTve poet-mTargm-
nelebis adolf endlerisa da rainer kirSis mcdeloba, `moemzadebinaT
qarTuli poeziis pirveli warmomadgenlobiTi anTologia germanul enaze~,
278


warmatebiT dagvirgvinda. rogorc Semdgomi wlebis, aseve dRevandel gamo-
cemebSic am Targmanebs siamovnebiT ubrundebian xolme.
1978 wels gamovida kidev erTi lirikuli anTologia _ `axali poezia
saqarTvelodan~, romelic Tbilissa da zaarbriukens (mogvianebiT, saqarTve-
losa da zaarlands) Soris arsebuli ramdenime aTeuli wlis megobrobis na-
yofia. germanel mkiTxvels saSualeba mieca sicocxleSive gaecno mweralTa
kavSiris mier SerCeuli TxuTmeti qarTveli poeti maTi 57 leqsis meSveobiT.
aqac uaRresad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mweralTa Soris arsebulma pi-
radma kontaqtebma.
17

1983 wels berlinis gamomcemlobaSi `riuten da loening~ levon mkrtCia-
nis (1933 -2002)
18
mier gamocemuli da SesaniSnavad gaformebuli wigni mTebi
dastirian Cemi tanjvis Rames~ moicavda somxur klasikur lirikas gadmoce-
mebiT Semonaxuli sawyisebidan saiaTnovamde (1722-1795).
19
masSi Sevida cnobi-
li somexi lirikosebisa da anonimi avtorebis 38 poeturi nawarmoebi. es iyo
germanul enaSi somxuri literaturis Setanis erT-erTi udidesi movlena.
20

poeziis moyvarulebisTvis iyo gamiznuli qarTveli avtoris simon
Ciqovanis 1970 wels gamocemuli lirikul nawarmoebTa ortomeuli (37 leqsi)
saxelwodebiT `Wadrebis ornamentebSi~ da somexi poetis avetik isaakianis
21
32
leqsi. wigni gamoica 1978 wels berlinis gamomcemloba `folk und veltis~
saerTaSoriso lirikis seriaSi saTuriT `qaravanTa samreklo~. wina aTwleu-
lebSi gamocemuli kavkasiuri moTxrobebis wignebi erT an or avtors moicav-
da, magram 1970 wels gamomcemloba `manessaSi~ daibeWda wigni saTauriT `axa-
li droebis avtorebi~, romelSic Sesuli iyo meoce saukunis pirveli naxev-
ris xuTi qarTveli mwerlis moTxroba. es mwerlebi iyvnen: mixeil javaxiS-
vili, niko lorTqifaniZe, konstantine gamsaxurdia, levan goTua da grigol
Ciqovani. Targmani ekuTvnoda ruT noikoms. amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuT-
rebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia omis Semdeg kita Cxenkelis mier ciurixSi daaarse-
buli qarTuli enis kvlevis centri, sadac iolanda marCevisa da lea fluris
garda ruT neukomic moRvaweobda. es ukanaskneli germanulenovani sazoga-
doebisTvis upirveles yovlisa qarTuli literaturis gamocemiT gaxda
cnobili. amas mohyva rusTavelis Targmna 1974 wels da akaki wereTlis Cemi
Tavgadasavali 1990 wels.
1978 wlidan berlinis gamomcemlobam folk und velt daiwyo kavkasiuri
moTxrobebis didi krebulebis gamoqveyneba. pirvelad, 1978 wels gamovida
rCeuli 3, sadac Sedioda TiTo qarTveli, somexi da ori azerbaijaneli im
droisTvis cocxali mwerlis nawarmoebebi. sami wlis mere gamovida azerbai-
januli moTxrobebis anTologia saTauriT broweulis xe (1981), sadac Se-
vida latc engelis mier Sedgenili sxvadasxva Tanamedrove azerbaijaneli
mwerlis 15 nawarmoebi. am wignis mizani, ydaze gakeTebuli warweris Tanaxmad,
iyo is, rom mkiTxvelisTvis gaecno Tanamedrove azerbaijanuli prozis mWid-
ro kavSiri lirikasTan da eCvenebina Temebisa da meTodebis mravalferovneba.
imave gamomcemlobaSi 1984 wels daibeWda qarTveli avtorebis moTxrobebis
erTi tomi. me-20 saukunis 18 mwerlis 21 moTxroba Sevida anTologiaSi, saTa-
uriT Sori TeTri mwvervali, romelic gamoica Stefi xotivari-iungeris
mier. rodesac germanulenovan qveynebSi kavkasiuri literaturis lirikis,
moTxrobebis, folkloris, literaturuli memkvidreobis _ didi moculo-
biT Targmnas gegmavdnen, uwinares yovlisa, mainc romanebi gamodioda, rac
gamocemaTa 50%-s Seadgenda. maSin, roca omisSemdgom wlebSi nawarmoebebis,
gansakuTrebiT romanebis, SerCevas xSirad politikuri sarCuli hqonda, axla
ukve upiratesi mniSvneloba esTetikur da mxatvrul Rirebulebas eniWeboda.
is avtorebi, romelTa nawarmoebebic ibeWdeboda, unda yofiliyvnen aRiare-
bulni sakuTar samSobloSi da mis farglebs gareTac. avtorTa CamonaTvals
279


aklda mTeli rigi saxelebisa. saamisod xom, ubralod, Zalian mcire raode-
nobis nawarmoebi iyo Targmnili. kavkasiel mweralTa sayvareli Janri isto-
riuli romanebi (xotivari-iungeri 1993) swrafi TanmimdevrobiT gamodio-
da. 1969 wels gamoica konstantine gamsaxurdias romani didostatis marjve-
na. amiT asrulda avtoris ocneba, romelmac swavlisa da mogzaurobis wle-
bi germaniaSi gaatara (xotivari-iungeri 1982: 58-88)

da Tavs goeTes, nicSesa
da Tomas manis moswavled miiCnevda. mas surda, rom germaneli xalxisTvis
Tavisi qveynis istoria literaturis meSveobiT gaecno. 1975 da 1978 wlebSi
gamoica grigol abaSiZis trilogiis pirveli ori wigni saerTo saTauriT me-
13 saukunis qarTuli qronika. gamovida bagrat Sinkubas (afxazeTi), oTar
WilaZis, mixeil javaxiSvilis (saqarTvelo), axmedxan abu-baqaris (daRestani),
Cingiz huseinovis (azerbaijani), sero xasadianis (somxeTi) istoriuli
romanebi.
germaneli mkiTxveli sixaruliT iRebda afxazi fazil iskanderisa da
qarTveli mixeil javaxiSvilis Tamam, laR romanebs, agreTve somexi
mwerlebis levon xaCatrianisa da ruben gevorqianis samecniero-fantastikur
literaturas.
sxvadasxva gamomcemlobaSi ramdenjerme gamodioda is romanebi, romle-
bic uSualod Tanamedrove yofas asaxavdenen. aseT avtorTa Soris (mxolod
zogierTi rom davasaxeloT) iyvnen: axmedxan abu-baqari (daRestani), ruben
ovsefiani, hrant maTevosiani (somxeTi), maqsud ibrahimbekovi, elCin efen-
dievi, anar da Cingiz huseinovebi (azerbaijani), mixeil javaxiSvili, nodar
dumbaZe da aleqsandre ebanoiZe (saqarTvelo). am mwerlebis nawarmoebTa wa-
kiTxva arcTu iSviaTad gamxdara cxovrebis problemebze diskusiaTa mizezi
socializmis pirobebSi. me-20 saukunis kavkasiel prozaikosTagan kavkasiis
farglebs gareT da maT Soris germanulenovan sivrceSic upirveles yovlisa
avareli rasul gamzaTovi
22
da moskovSi mcxovrebi afxazi fazil iskanderi
23

gaxdnen cnobili.
1966-1990 wlebSi gamomcemlobebi saTargmn literaturas TavianTi anga-
Jirebuli TanamSromlebis meSveobiT xSirad TviTon irCevdnen. garda amisa,
mecnierebi da mTargmnelebic iZleodnen impulsebs axali Targmanebis Sesas-
ruleblad. megobruli urTierTobebis Sedegad germaneli mwerlebic xels
uwyobdnen kavkasieli xalxebis literaturaTa gamocemas. im xalxebis war-
momadgenlebi, romlebsac TavianTi literaturis gamocema evropaSi surdaT,
iniciativas iCendnen da gamomcemlobebs ainteresebdnen. xandaxan isini wig-
nebs sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT gamoscemdnen xolme.
am periodSi wignebis umetesobas rusuli enis meSveobiT arCevdnen. zogi-
erTi nawarmoebi rusuli enis saSualebiT aRwevda germanel mkiTxvelamde (es
Seexeba im kavkasiel avtorebs, romlebic rusul enaze werdnen. upirveles
yovlisa, eseni iyvnen e.w. mcire erebis warmomadgenlebi). zogierTi Targ-
mani aSkarad tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom mTargmnelma saTargmni enisa da kav-
kasiis cxovrebis Sesaxeb bevri araferi icis, Secdomebia daSvebuli sakuTari
saxelebisa da sxva detalebis dawerisas.
24
magram ukve bevri wigni iTargmnebo-
da pirdapir qarTulidan, azerbaijanulidan da somxuridan. zogi wigni ori
enidan iTargmneboda kombinireba xdeboda, magaliTad, anTologiebSi, ro-
desac iyenebdnen rusul enas da mocemuli nawarmoebis romelime kavkasiur
enaze arsebuli Targmanis variants. lirikis Targmnis dros xSirad ukve ar-
sebobda kavkasiaSive Sesrulebuli bwkareduli Targmanebi germanul enaze
poeturi Targmanis Sesasruleblad.
gverds ver avuvliT im faqts, rom rusul enaze dawerili an orenovani
mwerlebis (mag. fazil iskanderi, aleqsandre ebanoiZe, maqsud da rustam
280


ibragimbekovebi, anari) nawarmoebis SerCeva ufro swrafad da martivad xde-
boda da xSirad bevrad Cqara iTargmneboda.
25

winamdebare SesavalSi ganzrax aris gamotovebuli Jurnal-gazeTebSi da-
beWdili Targmanebi, raTa masalis ganxilva Zalian ar gagrZeldes. aRvniSnavT
mxolod, rom kavkasiuri literaturis gavrcelebis mesame da gansakuTrebiT
ki meoTxe periodebSi germanulenovan Jurnal-gazeTebSi bevri Targmania
dabeWdili.
26


daRmavloba 1990-2000 wlebSi Tu axali mzadeba 21-e saukuneSi
kavkasiuri literaturis sistematuri gamocemis sferoSi?

kavkasiuri literaturis germanul enaze Targmanis moculobis ganaxev-
reba. ramdenime patara gamomcemloba beWdavs klasikosebs da folklors.
originalebidan meti iTargmneba, magram, samagierod, ugulebelyofilia kav-
kasiis xalxTa mcire literaturebi. gamocema xdeba berlinSi, konstancSi,
mainis frankfurtSi, laifcigSi, venaSi, miunxenSi, ienaSi da a.S.
kavkasiuri literaturis gavrcelebis mexuTe periodi msoflioSi arse-
buli situaciis cvlilebebis (aRmosavleT germaniasa da kavkasiis qveynebSi
warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis axali pirobebi gaCnda) niSniT wari-
marTa. wina periodebTan SedarebiT, aq mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli situacia
Camoyalibda. kavkasiuri mxatvruli literatura germanul enaze weliwadSi
adrindelis naxevari moculobiT Tu gamodioda, radgan yofili socialis-
turi qveynebis gamomcemlobaTa TanamSromlebi, Tuki isini TviTdamkvidre-
bas moaxerxebdnen (gansakuTrebiT mZime danakargs warmoadgens gamomcemloba
folk und veltis gakotreba da daxurva), axla ukve TviTon veRar irCevdnen
nawarmoebebs. maT ise unda emuSavaT, rom am saqmes mogeba moetana. saxelmwifo
dafinanseba Sewyda. amasTan, nawarmoebebs mcire tiraJebiT uSvebdnen, an isini
patara gamomcemlobebSi ibeWdeboda, an avtoris xarjiT gamodioda. rasak-
virvelia, wignebi mkiTxvelTa uwindeliviT did raodenobamde veRar aRwevda.
sul ufro metad gamodioda xelmeored dastambuli wignebi. zogierTi maT-
gani gaerTianebebis kulturuli wreebisa da fondebis finansuri daxmarebiT
vrceldeboda.
am periodSi yvelaze xSirad gamosuli wignebis avtori aris givi margve-
laSvili. es aris germaniaSi dabadebuli da aRzrdili mwerali, romelsac
germanuli literaturisa da filosofiis skola aqvs gavlili da romelic
bedma ormocdaxuTi wliT saqarTveloSi, Tavisi ded-mamis samSobloSi ga-
daisrola.
27
es mwerali germanul enaze wers da Targmanze xarjis gaweva ar
uxdeba, rac wignis dabeWdvis dros arsebiT finansur faqtors warmoadgens.
1991 wlidan 2000 wlamde gamosuli kavkasiuri literaturis Targmanebi,
ZiriTadad, klasikas moicavs. am nawarmoebTa avtorebs Soris arian: xoneli,
nizami, mojiusi, WavWavaZe, Sahriari, vahedi, Tmogveli da sxv. gamovida ag-
reTve erovnuli eposi dede qorqutis wigni. am wignebis naxevari marto
azerbaijaneli ismail miTagis TviTgamocemaSi gamovida (berlini).
am periodSi gamosuli nawarmoebebis meore jgufas warmoadgens zRaprebi,
Tqmulebebi, andazebi. SedarebiT naklebia me-20 saukunis mwerlebis romanebi
(Tu ar CavTvliT zemoT naxseneb germanul-qarTulenovan mwerals g. margve-
laSvils) da lirika. gamosulia oTar WilaZis
28
, galaktion tabiZis
29
, jigatai
Sixsamanovis
30
, alan CerCesovis
31
, fazil iskanderis
32
da sxvaTa nawamoebebi
(xuTidan sami: CerCesovi, iskanderi da Saxsamanovi rusulenovani avtorebia).
aq gaerTianebuli iyo sruliad gansxvavebuli avtorebi ufrosi Taobis
warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, g. tabiZe da SedarebiT axalgazr-
281


debi, rogoricaa CerCesovi, cnobilebi, rogorebicaa iskanderi da WilaZe da
TviTon azerbaijanSic ki ucnobi Saxsamanovi
33
. daiwyo anTologiaTa gamocema.
1993 wels TbilisSi gamovida mTargmnelisa da gamomcemlis margalita cxve-
daZis wigni saTauriT `qarTveli poetebi germanul enaze~, romelSic qarTu-
li lirika iyo Tavmoyrili. amas mohyva manana salaZis venaSi gamocemuli
mcire moculobis wigni (12 leqsiT) saTauriT `erTi ylupi cisferi yanwidan~.
ufro mogvianebiT, 1998 wels, erevanSi gamovida somxuri lirikis anTologia
saTauriT `mwuxare gulidan wamosuli sityva~, romelic levon mkrtCianis
`mTebi dastirian Cemi tanjvis Rames~ odnav Secvlil variants warmoadgens.
2000 wels daibeWda ori sxva anTologia. naira gelaSvilis (Tbilisi) SerCeviT
gamovida wigni saTauriT `qarTuli moTxrobebi~
34
, romelSic sityva me-20 sau-
kunis meore naxevris avtorebs eZlevaT, xolo meore wignis saTauri iyo `ver-
cxlis gasaRebiT Caketili~
35
. venaSi gamosces mariane gruberma da manfred
miulerma. aq warmodgenili iyo axali da ukve adre germanul enaze Targmnili
qarTuli, somxuri da azerbaijanuli lirikuli da epikuri nawarmoebebi.
erTi SexedviT sasixaruloa, rom 1990-ian wlebSi gamocemuli nawarmoebe-
bi umeteswilad uSualod originalebidan iTargmneboda, Tumca, meore mxriv,
naTlad Cans, rom kavkasiis mcire literaturebi TvalTaxedvidan TiTqmis
gaqra. arada, maTi Targmna rusuli enis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda swored am
enaTa mTargmnel-specialistebis naklebobis gamo. amrigad, sul ufro nakleb
erovnul literaturas eqceva yuradReba, vidre es, magaliTad, meore msof-
lio omis wina wlebSi xdeboda. saWiroa, rom moqmedma mcirericxovanma spe-
cialistma enaTmecnierebma enasTan erTad yuradReba literaturasac
miaqcion.
germanulenovan qveynebSi mecnierebis ganviTarebidan da kavkasiuri
literaturis gamocemis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinareobs
erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna: ar davuSvaT daRmasvla am sferoSi. piriqiT, gav-
bedoT da axali, didi samzadisi daviwyoT 21-e saukunis kavkasiuri litera-
turis kvlevisa (CvenTan kavkasiis literaturaTa specialistebis naklebo-
baa) da TargmnisTvis, raTa amiT saerTaSoriso doneze moxdes misi dakavSi-
reba warsulSi dasaxul maRal miznebTan.


SeniSvnebi:

1. goeTes, `divanze~ muSaobis dasawyisSive, gaaCnda sakmaod amomwuravi mimoxil-
viTi masala hamer-purgStalis sparsuli literaturis istoriis Sesaxeb (maT
Soris nizamis Sesaxebac), romelic pirvelad 1818 wels gamoCnda wignis
maRaziebSi.
2. aq gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba aqamde ucnobi iyo: qarTvelebsac aqvT Zveli
istoriuli simRerebi, romlebic maT gamoCenil pirovnebebs asxamen xotbas.
mTeli eris sayvareli leqsi, romelic Tavisi gavrcelebiT aTas erT Rames
Seedreba da jer kidev xalxSi unda cocxlobdes, tariels eZRvneba, anu lomis
tyavis samosian kacs. misi avtoria qarTveli mxedarTmTavari, saxelad rusTa-
veli, romelic Tamar mefis dros cxovrobda. im mimoxilvis Tanaxmad, romel-
sac brose iZleva amis Taobaze Jurnal aziatikSi, kavkasiuri nawarmoebi
namdvil msuye aRmosavlur stilSia dawerili arabuli da sparsuli magali-
Tebis mixedviT. masSi sentimentaloba moWarbebuli unda iyos. naTqvamia, rom
am leqsis 8000 strofSi daaxloebiT 4000-jer, e.i. yovel meore strofSi,
naxsenebia sityva cremli daxvewili sinonimebis gamoyenebiT cremli cecx-
lisebr mwveli = zRva cremlTa = mdinareni cremlisa = zRvebi cremlisa da
misTanani. iq motanil mokle nawyvetebs Soris zogierTi erTob moxdenilia,
magram mxolod isini Zalze mcirea saimisod, rom aq adgili moipovon.
282


3. cnobili iyo mxolod ramdenime brZnuli gamonaTqvami erT-erTi nawarmoebi-
dan: Cems guls nugeSi misi warmosaxviT eZleva, magram ar lamobs masTan miR-
wevas. Seyvarebul kacs ar sjera, rom gulis gareT sayvareli sadme arse-
bobs. `brZeni ara aris is, vinc icis raa samyaro da ra Zevs masSi, aramed igi,
vinc ar icis raa samyaro da mis SigniT myofi yoveli~.
4. SiSs iwvevs qarTvelebisa da somxebis ucnobi asoebi, Tanxmovnebis TiTqosda
Seucnobeli mravalferovneba, mdidari gramatikuli formebi, Tvaluwvdome-
li zmnuri sistemebi da bevri sxva ram.
5. berlinis fridrix-vilhelmis saxelobis universitetSi iyo aseTi kvleviTi
centris sawyisebi. leqciaTa CamonaTvalis Tanaxmad, 1935-1938 wlebSi, iseTi
enaTmecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen abegiani, mekelaini, wereTeli, baevi, Sede-
ri, bouda, ikvlevdnen da aswavlidnen somxur, qarTul, osur, Cerqezul da
inguSur enebs. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es tradicia moiSala.
6. mamiT azerbaijaneli, dediT qurTi.
7. samsaxurebrivi wodeba evangelistur saeklesio sasamarTloSi.
8. zusti dasaxelebaa `gavrila sariCevis rvawliani mogzauroba Crdilo-aRmo-
savleT cimbirSi, polarul zRvasa da CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanis Crdilo-
aRmosavleTSi~.
9. igi monawileobda agreTve S. nagomovis nawarmoebis rusul gamocemaSi "-
, ". .
., ., . . . . . . .: 1861.
10. samwuxarod, es namuSevrebi daikarga.
11. swavlobda ekonomikas laifcigSi, 1879 wlidan muSaobda TbilisSi bankis
moxeled, iyo Tbilisis somxuri Teatris direqtori da aTi wlis manZilze
xelmZRvanelobda `Tbilisis somxuri wignebis gamomcemel sazogadoebas~. iyo
agreTve Jurnal ~somxuri filologiis~ Tanagamomcemeli 1901 wlidan 1904
wlamde. agrovebda somxur xelnawerebs. f. finki: `abgar ohanesianis somxur
xelnawerTa katalogi TbilisSi~, laifcigi, 1903 w. Targmnili aqvs piesebi
germanuli da franguli enebidan somxur enaze. (am informaciisaTvis mad-
lobas vuxdi rafi kantians).
12. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT armenak paronikianis eqvsnawilian `somxur
evangelizacias~ (1926) da somexi eqimis sxva namuSevrebs, romlebic somxuri
komitetis daxmarebiT gamoica da, albaT, ufro Teologiuri mniSneloba aqvs,
vidre literaturuli.
13. savaraudoa, rom mTargmnelis pirovneba (elfride fon erenfelz bod-
mershofi mas avtoris vinaobis dasafaravad dasWirda, raTa mas (mTargmnels)
gamomcemlobasTan dadebuli xelSekrulebisaTvis moewera xeli.
14. `arCevani emyareboda imas, rom Cems gankargulebaSi iyo swored am epoqisTvis
saWiro mdidari masala~.
15. maSin ukve mzad iyo herman budenzigiseuli Targmani.
16. am Targmanis Semdeg (1958) es nawarmoebi kidev iTargmna 1995 wels.
17. detaluri cnobebi mweralTa da Teatraluri gacvlebis Sesaxeb Tbilissa da
zaarbriukens Soris ix. m. buxhorni, `axali poezia saqarTvelodan~, zaarbriu-
keni, 1978 w.
18. swavlobda da moRvaweobda erevnis universitetSi. iyo rusuli enisa da
filologiis fakultetis dekani. misi kvlevebi ZiriTadad exeboda somxur da
rusul literaturebs. gamocemuli aqvs somxuri poeturi nawarmoebebi ru-
sul enaze (am informaciisTvis madloba rafi kantians).
19. es avtori werda somxur, qarTul da azerbaijanul enebze.
20. 1990 wels amas mohyva Semdegi didi movlena. es iyo specialuri somxuri no-
meri `somxeTi: sinaTle da Tavisufleba~ JurnalSi di horen. Sedgenilia r.
kantianis mier.
21. somex poets avetik isaakians (1875 1957) evropasTan gansakuTrebuli urTi-
erToba hqonda.
283


1893-95 wlebSi igi laifcigSi swavlobda filosofias, istorias, literatu-
rasa da eTnografias. 1911 wlidan 1926 wlamde cxovrobda SveicariaSi, avst-
riaSi, germaniaSi, italiaSi da safrangeTSi. 1930 -1936 wlebSic am qveynebSi
cxovrobda.
22. berlinis gamomcemlobam der morgen rasul gamzaTovis nawarmoebiT Cemi
daRestani warmoadgina erovnulisa da internacionaluris Zalian warmate-
buli sinTezi, aRmosavluri silamazis STambeWdavi mozaika, razec Cingiz
aiTmatovma aRfrTovanebiT ganacxada, rom es iyo polifoniuri qmnileba,
aRsareba.
23. fazil iskanderTan gvxiblavs nawarmoebis mkveTrad aqcentirebuli, daxve-
wili ironiuli da satiruli gaformeba, SesaniSnavi ena, agreTve sensaciu-
robaze gamodevnebisa da karierizmis Riad warmodgena.
24. magaliTad, h. fenrixis kritika nodar dumbaZis me vxedav mzes Taobaze. dai-
beWda ienis fridrix Sileris saxelobis universitetis samecniero JurnalSi,
1970.
25. rusulenovani Tu orenovani mwerlebis esoden xSiri gamoCena sxvadasxva faq-
torebiT iyo gamowveuli:
kavkasiaSi xalxebis umetesobas erTmaneTTan komunikacia mxolod rusul
enaze SeuZlia;
msoflio literaturis wakiTxva sruli moculobiT mxolod rusul
enazea SesaZlebeli;
sacxovrebel adgilad arCeulia ruseTi;
bavSvis aRzrda xdeba Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegad Seqmnil ojaxebSi (1970-
ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris yoveli meaTe moqalaqe aseT ojaxSi
cxovrobda);
gaZnelebuli iyo nawarmoebis dabeWdva sakuTar enaze;
or enaze erTdrouli wera (1979 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebiT
rusul enas meore dedaenad aRiarebda ssrk-s ararusuli mosaxleobis 61
milioni adamiani);
swavla mravalenovan skolebSi (magaliTad, 1980 wels saqarTveloSi iyo
2829 qarTuli, 276 rusuli, 60 afxazuri, 94 osuri, 175 azerbaijanuli, 218
somxuri, 227 orenovani da 67 samenovani skola. aseve iyo oTxi skola,
sadac swavleba xdeboda oTx da met enaze, magram kavkasiis sxva kuTxeebSi
es sakiTxi ase mowesrigebuli rodi iyo).
26. mag. Jurnalebi: `Sowjetliteratur~, `die horen, Sinn und Form, Freie Welt Sesa-
niSnavi specialuri gamoSvebebiT an nawilobriv miZRvnili nomrebiT.
27. ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb givi margvelaSvilis wignebSia moTxrobili.
28. gamomcemloba folk und velt aRar arsebobs. es qarTveli mwerali am gamom-
cemlobaSi dabeWdil yvelaze privilegirebul avtorebs ekuTvnoda. misi wig-
ni gamovida germaniis ekonomikis kulturuli gaerTianebis I e.V. iniciativiTa
da mxardaWeriT.
29. gamovida damoukidebel gamomcemloba akerStrase berlin-Si. qarTveli
poetis, galaktion tabiZis (1891-1959) leqsebis poeturi Targmani germanul
enaze nawilobriv axlidan Sesrulda, nawilobriv ki samocdaaTian wlebSi
Sesrulebuli Targmanebidan SeirCa.
30. azerbaijaneli rusulenovani avtoris nawarmoebi gamovida hamburgis gamom-
cemlobaSi rotbux ferlag.
31. es osi avtori germanul enaze manamde Targmnili ar yofila. igi sakuTari
SefasebiT TviTon airCia mainis frankfurtis s. fiSeris gamomcemlobam.
32. afxazi avtori fazil iskanderi wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekuTvnoda s. fiSeris
mainis frankfurtis gamomcemlobis privilegirebul avtorebs.
33. es informacia ekuTvnis azerbaijanel mecniers razim mirzas.
34. es Targmanebi gamovida germaniis ekonomikis kulturuli gaerTianebis I e.V.
iniciativiTa da mxardaWeriT.
284


35. daibeWda avstriis fededraluri mTavrobis mxardaWeriT, raSic CarTuli iyo
avstriis qalaqebis kavSiris nou-haus centri. maSin, rodesac somxur litera-
turasTan mimarTebaSi saqme umeteswilad axal TargmanebTan gvaqvs, azerbai-
januli literateraturis Targmanebi somxuris naxevars Tu aRwevs. am
sakiTxze saubari TargmanTa mxolod naxevarzea. qarTuli literatura axali
Targmanebis simciris gamo (27 gverdi 95-dan) naklebadaa warmodgenili.


damowmebani:

aitmatovi 1994: aitmatovi C. fridrix riukeri axali droebis winamorbedi.
viurcburgi: 1994.
beki 1963: beki k.h. miunxenis gamomcemlobis istoria. 1963.
blaixStaineri 1946: blaixStaineri r. axali qarTveli poetebi. epilogi. vena:
1946.
debatebi... 2000: `sxvisadmi mopyrobis Taobaze~. debatebi orientalizmis Sesa-
xeb cvlilebaTa diskurssa da inteleqtualur komunikacias Soris. viurcburgi:
2000.
endleri 1971: endleri a. cda qarTul poeziaze. daibeWda wignSi: `qarTuli
poezia rva saukunis siRrmidan. berlini: 1971.
endleri 1976: endleri a. ori mcdeloba saqarTveloze mosaTxrobad. hale: 1976.
veberi 2001: veberi m. WeSmariti poeturi aRmosavleTi. edvard saidis orienta-
listuri Teoriis kvleva goeTes dasavlur-aRmosavluri divanisa da haines
lirikis magaliTze. visbadeni: 2001.
zolbergi 1973: zolbergi i. hamer-burgStali da goeTe. berni-mainis frank-
furti: 1973.
zutneri 1969: zutneri b. mogonebebi. berlini: 1969.
Talvi 1840: Talvi. germanikuli erebis xalxuri simRerebis istoriuli daxasia-
Tebis mcdeloba. laifcigi: 1840.
munxenki 1971: munxenki i. fridrix fon bodenStedti da mirza Safi
azerbaijanul literaturul mecnierebaSi (disertacia). hamburgi: 1971.
robaqiZe 1928: robaqiZe gr. gvelis perangi. Sesavali. iena: 1928.
robaqiZe 1932: robaqiZe gr. qarTveli gogona megi. tiubingeni: 1932.
saidi 1981: saidi e. orientalizmi. frankfurti: 1981.
saqarTvelos istoria 1962: . .: 1962.
sikoevi 1985: sikoevi a. narTebi _ mzis Svilebi. berlini: 1985.
fuqs-sumioSi 1984: fuqs-sumioSi a. orientalizmi germanul literaturaSi. me-
19 da me-20 saukuneebSi dawerili nawarmoebebis kvlevebi dawyebuli goeTes `dasa-
vlur-aRmosavluri divanidan~ Tomas manis `iozefis~ tetralogiamde. olmsi:
1984.
Sutcleri 1978: Sutcleri h. kultura da mecniereba megobrobis xundebSi.
disertacia. berlini: 1978.
Ciqovani 1978: Ciqovani m.`igni gmiri amiranisa~. laifcigi da vaimari: 1978.
xotivari-iungeri 1982: xotivari-iungeri S. cnobili qarTveli mwerali
berlinis universitetis yofili studenti. statiaSi: statiebi universitetis
istoriis Sesaxeb.1982.
xotivari-iungeri 1993: xotivari-iungeri S. `qarTuli istoriuli romanis
ganviTareba~. mainis frankfurti: 1993.
hiopi (2001)2: hiopi g. `vin dawera ali da nino?~ zeniti: (2001)2.


285


Steffi Chotiwari-Jnger

The Literature of Caucasian Peoples in German

Summary

The given text represents the translation of the foreword of the book Caucasian
Peoples Literature which was released in Germany in 2003. The book is comprised of
three parts: 1) Introduction (foreword), 2) German translations of the works written on
Caucasian peoples 26 languages (poetry, epics, a drama, proverbs, songs), 3) The history of
the German translations of the Caucasian peoples literature from the very beginning to
2000. In addition, the literature of each ethnic group is presented with its age, language and
alphabet. The area of the language spreading is shown on the geographical map. At the end
of the book, there are given bibliographic materials about the Caucasian peoples alphabets,
languages, dialects and religions.
I would like to express my gratitude to Tengiz Khachapuridze for translating the
introduction of this book into the Georgian language.

286




polemika


goCa kuWuxiZe

isev arCiliseuli `masas~ Sesaxeb

`literaturuli Ziebanis~ 2008 wlis XXIX nomerSi dabeWdilia xvTiso
zariZis werili `dagixios Seni masa~ Tu `dagixio Sen imasa?~ (zariZe 2008: 39-
46). werilSi gamoTqmulia axali Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras unda niS-
navdes arCil mefis poemaSi _ `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~ daculi
leqsema `masa~. xvTiso zariZes msjeloba ratomRac faqtiurad mTlianad
CvenTan kamaTis saxiT warumarTavs. SesaZloa, amisi mizezi is aris, rom Cvens
werilSi kiTxva iyo dasmuli, varaudi gvqonda gamoTqmuli, saTauric kiTxvis
saxiT SevarCieT _ `ras niSnavs arCiliseuli `masa?~ (kuWuxiZe 2003) da xvTiso
zariZe gamoexmaura am werils...
arCil bagrationi Tavisi poemis 79-e strofSi mefe Teimurazs, romelic
poeziaSi rusTvels ejibreba, Semdeg sityvebs aTqmevinebs:

CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva, rad iparav pirvel Tqmasa?
ras mierCi mas ritorsa, ar anebeb missa masa,
veWv mas darCes pirveloba, dagixios Seni masa,
Torem vhkiTxoT qoranikons, gagiCndebis Seni basa.
2


Cveni werilidan moviyvanT ramdenime citatas, romlebic xsenebul
strofs Seexeba:
`Cveni yuradReba miiqcia im garemoebam, rom arCili xSirad mimarTavs aR-
mosavlur leqsikas, masTan arabuli sityvebic xSirad gvxvdeba... arabuli
sityva `masa~ (masaTun~) qarTulad niSnavs almasis natexs... xolo `mas~ iTargm-
neba rogorc _ almasi...
rogorc viciT, rusTvelis poemaSi `vefxistyaosani~ margalitad aris wo-
debuli (`aw margaliti wyobili~, `margaliti oboli~); margaliti, saerTod,
kargad gariTmuli leqsis metaforaa, TviTon arCili xsenebul poemaSi riT-
mebiT kargad gawyobil leqss margalitad moixseniebs...
`gabaasebis~ avtori Teimurazs metismetad agresiuli kiloTi alapara-
kebs, _ rogorc arCilis personaJi ambobs, _ Tu `qoranikons~ e. i. istorias
CavxedavT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom Tamaris saqebari poema rusTvelze adre
CaxruxaZem dawera da rusTveli ki pirvelobas iCemebs, _ CaxruxaZis saqmeSi
iWreba; Teimurazi, rogorc vxedavT, miiCnevs, rom gamarjveba sabolood
`Tamarianis~ avtors darCeba da aq arCili Teimurazs, rogorc Cans, aTqmevi-
nebs, rom gamarjvebuli CaxruxaZe damarcxebul rusTvels mis `Zvirfas
Tvals~ (am SemTxvevaSi _ almasis natexs), e. i. `vefxistyaosans~ dauxevs
(`dagixios Seni masa~)...
savaraudoa, rom arCili `almasSi~ rusTvelis poemas gulisxmobs, arabu-
lidan Semosuli sityva `masa~, Cans, cocxal metyvelebaSi imxanad gavrcele-
buli iyo (sabolood es sityva qarTul enaSi `al~ artiklTan erTad damk-
vidrda _ `al-mas~ _ almasi...)... da, radgan `masa~ kargad gaeriTma arCilis

2
teqsts umetes SemTxvevaSi bolo gamocemidan vimowmebT, _ arCili 1999.
287


xsenebul strofSi naxmar sxva sityvebs, poetma strofSi swored es sityva
gamoiyena...
amasTan, rac ufro mTavaria, `margalitis~ nacvlad `masa~-s xmarebiT
Teimurazis metyvelebaSi mopaeqris mimarT erTgvarad agdebuli toni gamoi-
xata, almasi simtkicis simboloa... arCilis personaJi ironiiT ambobs, rom
CaxruxaZe am `mtkice, mWrel Tvals~ gaunadgurebs rusTvels; amasTan, almasi,
margalitisagan gansxvavebiT, kargad gariTmuli poeziis simbolo ar aris da
am sityvis xmarebiT cxadad ixateba rusTvelisadmi Teimurazis upativcemu-
loba; am SemTxvevaSi, margalitTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro naklebi faseu-
lobis nivTad aris warmodgenili `masa~.
arCili, rogorc safiqrebelia, miiCnevda, rom Teimuraz I-s sinamdvileSi
swored aseTi, _ upativcemulo damokidebuleba hqonda rusTvelisadmi, rom
mas SeeZlo aseTi sityvebiT miemarTa bumberazi poetisadmi da amitom metis-
metad upativcemulod `aalaparaka~ qarTvelTa mefe...
SesaZleblad migvaCnia, rom arCil bagrationis `gabaasebis~ 79-e (zogi
gamocemiT _ me-80) strofSi naxmari sityva `masa~ arabuli warmoSobisaa da
almass, almasis natexs niSnavs, igi `vefxistyaosnis~ metaforad unda iyos
gamoyenebuli~ (kuWuxiZe 2003: 123-125).
cota zemoT warmodgenili mqonda sxva ganmartebebi am sityvisa (erTi
ganmartebiT, `masa~ aris `nivTi masala, sxeuli~; sxva ganmartebiT ki _ `ba-
de~), mivuTiTe literatura, romelSic amgvari ganmartebebia mocemuli, mag-
ram, radgan am ganmartebaTa siswores eWvqveS vayenebdi, maTi avtorebis
gvarebi ar mixsenebia. umetes SemTxvevaSi swored am stils vicav xolme, Tumc,
es yovelTvis ver xerxdeba; vwerdi, rom es aris sityvis Cveneuli axsna (iqve:
123); e. i. es iyo mxolod varaudi, romelic sul or gverdze odnav meti mo-
culobis werilSi gamovTqvi. SemdgomSi am sakiTxze cota sxvagvari mosaz-
rebac gamiCnda da vapirebdi, rom werilebis krebulSi, romelsac amJamad
vamzadeb, am werilisaTvis minaweri damerTo, romelSic sxva Sexedulebac
iqneboda warmodgenili... sxva Sexeduleba ki is aris, rom, rogorc qvemoT
vnaxavT, SesaZloa, xsenebuli sityva unda ganimartos rogorc _ `bade~; es
axsna `qarTuli mwerlobis~ me-6 tomSia warmodgenili da igi prof. zurab
sarjvelaZes ekuTvnis. masze qvemoT visaubreb.
rac Seexeba prof. xvTiso zariZis ganmartebas, _ mkvlevari yuradRebas
amaxvilebs arCilis sityvaze `qoranikoni~ (`Torem vkiTxoT qoranikons,
gagiCndebis Seni basa~) da Cvens Sesaxeb wers, rom am sityvas `mkvlevari swor
gzaze unda daeyenebina, magram, samwuxarod, alRo ver auRia misi miniSnebi-
saTvis~ (zariZe 2008: 41).
xvTiso zariZes mohyavs zemoT Cven mier warmodgenili citata poemidan
(`CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva, rad iparav pirvel Tqmasa? ras mierCi mas ritorsa,
ar anebeb missa masa~) da Semdeg wers: `ra uTqvams Teimurazis azriT rusTvel-
ze uwin CaxruxaZes da ra miuTvisebia pirvels meorisagan. ras iCemebs Turme
misas rusTveli, mSvenivrad irkveva am strofis wina, e. i. 78-e strofidan~...
statiis avtors motanili aqvs xsenebuli 78-e strofi:

`me var Ziri leqsis Tqmisa, meleqseni Cemze Senobs,
amas zedan risTvis swyrebi, pirad mzeo, ikrav Sen obs,
leqsi Cemi saamoa, ar sawyinod monaSenobs,
nu eWv mjobde, sixaruliT cudad ikrav dabdabs, Sen nobs~.

Semdeg xvTiso zariZe dasZens:
`aqedan naTelia, rom am paeqrobaSi Secilebis sagani im sasurveli siaxlis
danergvaa qarTul poeziaSi _ swored amas niSnavs: `me var Ziri leqsis Tqmi-
sa~, rasac qarTvel poetTa Taobebi daswafebian Semdgom da aramc da aramc
288


Tamaris saTanado gandidebaSi daCemeba, rogorc hgonia Cems umcros kolegas~
(zariZe 2008: 41). cota zemoT xvTiso zariZe aRniSnavs: `rasac aq igi (cxadia,
Cems Sesaxeb aris laparaki, _ g. k.) `Tamarianze~ wers, sruliad usafuZvlo
fantaziis nayofia, rogorc bolos vnaxavT, amis msgavsi araferia am strofSi
naTqvami~ (zariZe 2008: 41).
amrigad, xvTiso zariZes miaCnia, rom gansaxilvel strofSi (`CaxruxaZem
uwin ar Tqva, rad iparav pirvel Tqmasa?~) mxolod is aris naTqvami, rom qar-
Tul poeziaSi CaxruxaZea siaxlis damnergavi da aramc da aramc ar unda vifiq-
roT, rom aq, SesaZloa, isic igulisxmebodes, rom Tamaris qeba pirvelad
CaxruxaZem Tqva, es mxolod Cemi fantaziis nayofad miaCnia. xvTiso zariZis
azriT, aq mxolod is igulisxmeba, rom CaxruxaZem ganaxlebuli leqsi Tqva.
saerTod, vambob sruliad gulwrfelad, _ xvTiso zariZis mosazrebebs, sa-
fuZvlian dakvirvebebs, gamokvlevebs did pativs vcem (saerTod, pativs vcem
mas, rogorc pirovnebasa da rogorc mecniers), am SemTxvevaSi aRvniSnavT, rom
ganaxlebuli qarTuli leqsis Tqma marTlac igulisxmeba gansaxilvel
strofSi, rogorc amas xvTiso zariZes wers, es ueWvelia; magram ratom unda
gvegonos, rom CaxruxaZis mier `uwin TqmaSi~, ganaxlebuli leqsis TqmasTan
erTad, Tamaris qeba ar aris nagulisxmebi?! am sakiTxis gasarkvevad ufro Zi-
reulad davakvirdeT ara mxolod gansaxilveli 79-es winare 78-e strofs,
aramed, _ sxva strofebsac.
sakiTxis gasarkvevad kidev erTxel jer es strofi gavixsenoT:

sxvas leqsiT CaxruxaZema Seamko mefe Tamari,
ar mebralebis saqebrad Tamari, misi amari,
va amiT, rome srul ver hyo, adre uTxares samari,
mudam sxvas wignebs vikiTxavT, magram isica sam ari. (24)

Semdeg poemaSi naxsenebia mravali poeti (TurmaniZe, nanuCa, jaglag
favleniSvili, ColoyaSvili...), romelmac aseve qeba Tqva; maT sxvadasxva pi-
rovneba Seaqes, _ erTma `omanis simxne~ aqo, meorem _ baram-gurisa, sxvam _
arCilisa da a. S. arCili erTs Tu iwonebs, meore maqebari ar moswons, ironiiT
axsenebs (arCili 1999: 213-217).
rusTveli da Teimurazi paeqrobas iwyeben (`literaturuli Ziebanis~ ima-
ve _ XXIX nomerSi, aseve, arCilis Sesaxeb dabeWdil werilSi maia naWyebias aR-
niSnuli aqvs, rom `gabaaseba~, rac gamonagonia, fantaziis nayofia, `safuZ-
velSive ewinaaRmdegeba~ arCilisave `Teorias `marTlis Tqmis~ Sesaxeb~; _
naWyebia 2008: 53...).
72-e da 73-e strofebSi rusTveli da Teimurazi imaze kamaToben, `vefxis-
tyaosani~ Targmania Tu originaluri poema (sxvaTa Soris, sainteresoa, rom
arCilis drosac dainteresebulni yofilan am sakiTxiT):_ `vTqveni Cemgan
uwin ar Tqmuli~, _ brZanebs rusTveli, _ `erTis ambis gardaleqsva ar moh-
xdeba, sjobdes am as~ _ miugebs Teimurazi.
85-e da 86-e strofebSi rusTveli Teimurazs eubneba:

xelosani imas hqvian, unaxavad Seqmnas rame,
Cemgan uwin vis ram geTqvaT, qarTvelT eniT viwye ra me,
Cemi Tqmuli saxed gqonda miT, rom itkbe, miT rom ame,
sxvaT meleqseT umjobeso, Tu ar swyrebi, me ki dame.

pirvel xelyofa saqmisa Tqmula SemdgomTa uZnelad,
sad ar naTobdes mzis Suqi, yovelni iqmen mun bnelad,
me vTqvi sruli da uklebi, Tqven mogec SesaZinelad,
SoTam dagaswar meleqseT, Tqvenca mobrZandiT Tu nelad.

289


Teimurazi 91-e strofSi ase miugebs rusTvels: `sxva ar iyo, Sen gaqebd-
nen~ (arCilis personaJs, Teimurazs, rogorc Cans, CaxruxaZeze ukeTes poetad
mainc miaCnia rusTveli, radganac ambobs: `sxva ar iyo~ da Sen imitom
gaqebdneno).
manamde ki weria is strofi, romelSic rusTveli brZanebs: `me var Ziri
leqsis Tqmisa, meleqseni Cemze Senobs~ (78).
rogorc iTqva, arCilis poemidan vxedavT, rom es poetebi, romelic `sae-
rio~ poezias qmnidnen, vinmes maqebarni yofilan (ix. `gabaasebis~ 24-e-36-e
strofebi); magram rusTvelisa da Teimurazis msgavsi verc erTi maTgani
gaxda.
arCili wers: `vin ver mihyves rusTvlis Tqmulsa, gardmobrZandes ase
aqeT~ (36). sxvadasxva poetze msjelobisas TiTqos yvelas rusTvelTan ada-
rebs arCili da ver ki upovia misi swori (verc Teimurazis swors xedavs sad-
me); es maqebari poetebi rusTvels baZaven, cdiloben, rom mas miyvnen (e. i.
rusTvelic maqebarTa Soris eguleba arCils), magram isini verc masTan da
verc TeimurazTan axlosac ver modian. poetebi sxvadasxva pirs aqeben,
CaxruxaZe Tamaris maqebaria...
ra igulisxmeba Teimurazis sityvebSi _ `CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva?~ SeiZ-
leba Tu ara gaviziaroT xvTiso zariZis azri, rom aq mxolod leqsis ganax-
lebazea laparaki da rusTvelisa da CaxruxaZis dapirispirebaSi Tamari
`aramc da aramc~ ar unda vigulisxmoT?
jer im sakiTxis garkveva iqneba saintereso, aRiara Tu ara rusTvelma
Teimurazis braldeba, rom CaxruxaZem masze `uwin Tqva~ raime?
rogorc vnaxeT, 85-e strofSi rusTveli ambobs, `xelosani imas hqvia
unaxavad Seqmnas rame, Cemze uwin vis ra geTqvaT~; 86-eSi ki brZanebs, rom saq-
mis `pirvel xelyofis~ Semdeg momdevno poetTaTvis Zneli aRar iyo Semoqme-
deba, _ rusTveli rom ara, isini bnelSi isxdebodnen da werac gauWirdebo-
daT: _ `sad ar naTobdes mzis Suqi, yovelni iqmnes mun bnelad~; e. i. rusTve-
lis TqmiT, masze uwin aravis araferi hqonda naTqvami (`Cemze uwin vis ra
geTqvaT?~), igi iyo yvelasaTvis misabaZi da sanimuSo, gzis maCvenebeli, _
`mzis Suqi~; iqve rusTveli, rogorc vxedavT, ambobs: _ `me vTqvi sruli da
uklebi, Tqven mogec SesaZinelad, SoTam dagaswar meleqseT~.
CaxruxaZe, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, arCilTan warmodgenilia im poetad, ro-
melmac Tamaris qeba `srul ver hyo~, rusTveli ki 86-e strofSi brZanebs: `me
vTqvi sruli da uklebi~.
ar aris Zneli SesamCnevi, rom aq, konteqstiT, `ver srulyofas~ da `sru-
lisa da uklebis~ Tqmas apirispirebs erTmaneTTan arCili, am sityvebs Soris
qmnis mTavar antinomias. rusTvelma `sruli da uklebi~ Tqva, CaxruxaZem ki,
arCilis TqmiT, ver SeZlo srulyofili qebis Seqmna.
rusTveli brZanebs _ `me vTqvi sruli da uklebio~ da amiT konkretulad
imasTan aris dapirispirebuli, vinc `srul ver hyo~ saTqmeli. rusTvels
miaCnia, rom Tavis Tanamedrove, `srulyofilis ver mTqmel~ poetsac daaswro
da, cxadia, _ sxvebsac; sityvebi _ `SoTam dagaswar meleqseT~ CaxruxaZesac
gulisxmobs; 85-e da 86-e strofebSi imis Sesaxeb aris laparaki, rom rusTveli
yvelasaTvis nimuSi da gzis maCvenebeli iyo da am yvelas Soris CaxruxaZec,
anu is poetic igulisxmeba, romelmac `srulyofilis~ Tqma ver moaswro, ro-
melsac ar acales amis gakeTeba... amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rusTveli ar
iziarebs Teimurazis braldebas, _ mas miaCnia, rom CaxruxaZesac daaswro,
masze uwin Tqva saTqmeli.
srulyofilad ver TqmaSi, cxadia, leqsis cudad daweras ki ar gu-
lisxmobs arCili, imis Tqma ki ar unda, rom `qebis~Janris srulyofili nawar-
moebi ver dawera CaxruxaZem, aramed ambobs, rom srulyofili, anu _ dasru-
290


lebuli saxe ver misca CaxruxaZem poemas, radgan, rogorc miaCnia, boroteba
gaukeTebiaT misTvis, _ `adre uTxriaT samari~ (calke msjelobas saWiroebs
is sakiTxi, Tu ras gulisxmobs am SemTxvevaSi arCili); CaxruxaZes kargad
Seuqia Tamari, amitom Tamamad ambobs arCili: `ar mebralebis saqebrad Tamari,
misi amari~ (`amari~ _ e. i. mbrZanebeli; aq arabuli sityvaa naxmari; am sakiTxs
qvemoTac davubrundebi...), `ar ebraleba~ imitom, rom kargi mexotbe hyolia am
mbrZanebels. magram Tamaris Sesaferisi leqsebis Semqmnel CaxruxaZes ver
mouswria, dasrulebuli saxe mieca poemisTvis.
sityvebi _ `Cemze uwin vis ra geTqvaT~ ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos rus-
Tveli ambobdes, rom mis Semoqmedebamde `ganaxlebul poezia~ ki arsebobda,
magram Rirebuli araferi iyo Seqmnili, _ am strofidan gamomdinare azris
Tanaxmad, rusTveli imaSi upirispirdeba CaxruxaZes, rom, misgan gansxvavebiT,
`sruli da uklebi dawera~ da rom masze da yvela sxvaze adre Tqva Tavisi
saTqmeli. rac Seexeba mowonebas, arCils moswons poeti CaxruxaZe da mis
maZageblad arc rusTvels xatavs.
marTalia, Teimurazi araerT strofSi ambobs, rom rusTvelis poema
sxvebma daamTavres, rac sworad aqvs SemCneuli xvTiso zariZes, magram Tavad
rusTvels miaCnia, rom man, CaxruxaZisagan gansxvavebiT, `sruli da uklebi~
Tqva da es yovelive masze adre SeZlo.
upirispirdebian Tu ara rusTveli da Teimurazi erTmaneTs Tamaris pir-
velSeqebaSi, Tu `gabaasebidan~ mxolod is azri gamomdinareobs, rom rusT-
velma CaxruxaZes mxolod ganaxlebuli leqsis Tqma daaswro?
albaT, umetesobisaTvis araviTari siaxle ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom
rusTvelic, iseve, rogorc CaxruxaZe, upirvelesad Tamaris maqebar poetad
iyo cnobili (kidev erTxel gavixsenoT `vefxistyaosnis~ sityvebi: `Tamars
vaqebdeT mefesa~... `vTqveni qebani visni me, ar avad gamorCeuli~, `mas vaqeb,
vinca miqia~...), rusTveli, `vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviT, Tamaris mijnuri iyo,
misi `qebani~ Tqva.
`gabaasebis~ 111-e strofSi arCili rusTvels ase alaparakebs:

Tamar mefiT aqanamdis vimate da... davikarge,
ra mamxdara magisTana, axla rogor davikarge?
tani zrqod vTqvi, vis vaqebdi, piri maTi gaumange.
Tu gamagdo meleqseTgan, Sen samkvidro leRvi darge.

rusTvelis mier ganaxlebuli leqsi arCilTanac Tamar dedoflisadmi
miZRvnilad aris cnobili, arCiliseuli rusTveli TviTon ambobs, _ TamariT
vimate, Tamars vaqebdio; _ rusTvelis mier Tqmuli axali leqsi, rogorc
vxedavT, `gabaasebis~ Tanaxmadac, Tamars eZRvneba, gana amis Semdeg sruliad
daueWveblad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom rusTvelisa da CaxruxaZis dapirispireba
`aramc da aramc~ ar gulisxmobs `Tamaris saTanado gandidebaSi daCemebas~,
rogorc amas xvTiso zariZe wers?! is mainc ar unda vifiqroT, rom, pirdapir
Tu ara, _ iribad, gadataniT aq ara mxolod ganaxlebuli leqsis pirvel-
TqmaSi, aramed, _ Tamaris SeqebaSi daswrebac igulisxmeba?!
sanam msjelobas ganvagrZobdeT, SegviZlia am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ramdenime
magaliTs kidev mivmarToT.
Tamarze rom aris arCiliseuli rusTveli Seyvarebuli, es `gabaasebis~
sxva adgilidanac Cans, _ 199-strofSi rusTveli Teimurazs TxovniT mimar-
Tavs, rom saRvTo saqmeSic da saeroSic sruliad uvicad nu miiCnevs mas, ima-
sac ki hpirdeba, rom Teimurazs miuZRvnis saqebar leqss: `Sen gaqebde, Sen
gnatride, xotba gkadro, Segimko Ze~; manamde, 110-e strofSic, imaves eubneba:
`me damexsen da Segamkob; Teimurazi ki mainc imuqreba, _ surs, brZenT aTqme-
vinos, rom TviTon ukeTesi poetia da aRsasrulis piras miiyvanos rusTveli:
291


_ `sulTmobrZavsa dagamsgavso, ra gind rome kargad iyo~; kargic rom iyo,
brZenT vaTqmevineb, rom cudi xaro; maSin rusTveli 203-e strofSi miugebs:

Cemsa zambaxs ra daaWnobs, ar gauwyvet mudam namsa,
mijnuri var, vis mnaTobi ver urC-eqmnes verca wamsa,
dauWria guli laxvars SavTa razmTa warb-wamwamTa,
viT Semiqmna me zambaxi, diyad rom vin suls midgamsa.

aq Teimuraz mefis qeba ukve gadaufiqria rusTvels da axla mijnurs
aqebs. rusTvelis leqsi ar waxdeba, radgan masSi igi Cans, viszedac gamijnu-
rebula poeti.
amrigad, `vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviTac, Tamars uZRvnis poeti siyvaruls,
Tamars aqebs (TamarTan erTad, poemis sxva gmirebis `qebacaa~ `vefxistyaosan-
Si~, rusTvelma Tamaric Seaqo da sxvebic, _ tarielic `aqo~ misTvis `creml-
SeuSrobelma~ rusTvelma, _ sxvanic...) da `gabaasebis~ mixedviTac Tamaris
maqebaria rusTveli.
`gabaasebaSi~ naxseneb poetebTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc iTqva, TiTqmis sul
qebazea laparaki da axla ki ukve im garemoebaze unda gadavitanoT mTavari
yuradReba, rom es axali, _ `saqebari~ poezia arCilTan faqtiurad axali
poeziis erTgvari sinonimia. CaxruxaZe da rusTveli Tamaris maqebar poete-
bad arian warmosaxulni da yovelive zemoTqmulis, poemis sxva strofebis
monacemebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg, vfiqrobT, sityvebi _ `me var Ziri
leqsis Tqmisa~ `axali leqsis~ pirvelSeqmnasTan erTad (sagalobelTagan
gansxvavebulis), Tamaris qebas TavisTavad gulisxmobs. roca arCilisaTvis es
axali poezia faqtiurad `saqebari~ leqsia, roca Tamaris maqebar or poets
imasTan dakavSirebiT apirispirebs arCili ermaneTTan, Tu romelma maTganma
Tqva pirveli axali leqsi, anu `qeba~, es TavisTavad imas niSnavs, rom Tamar
dedoflis pirvelSeqebaSic aris es ori poeti erTmaneTTan dapirispirebu-
li. ki ar `mgonia~ da meCveneba, Cemi `fantaziis nayofi~ ki ar aris es yovelive,
aramed, Tavad teqstidan gamomdinareobs es azri. vimeoreb, rusTvelisa da
Teimurazis mier `qebis~ pirvelTqmaSi dapirispireba Tamar mefis pirvelSe-
qebaSi dapirispirebas TavisTavad gulisxmobs.
am sakiTxze msjelobis dasrulebamde oriode sityviT unda vTqvaT, Tu
ra uweria xvTiso zariZes sityva `amaris~ Sesaxeb (`ar mebralebis saqebrad
Tamari, misi amari~); mkvlevari wers: `nuTu es amari mxolod leqsis ritmiT na-
povni sityva gvgonia da ufro konkretul saTqmels ki veRarafers vxedavT
masSi? gana amariT imasac ar gveubneba es poeti (e. i. arCili, _ g. k. ), rom
sagangebo TxzulebiT CaxruxaZis garda Tamaris sxva maqebari aravin scodnia
mas Zvel saqarTveloSi?~ (zariZe 2008: 44). vpasuxob xvTiso zariZis mier das-
mul kiTxvas: _ ara, `gabaasebidan~ is azri ar gamomdinareobs, TiTqos, Caxru-
xaZis garda, Tamaris maqebari sxva aravin scodnia arCils saqarTveloSi, am
strofSi msgavsi araferia naTqvami. xvTiso zariZe miiCnevs, rom, arCilis az-
riT, Tamar mefes, CaxruxaZis garda, sxva mexotbe aravin hyolia; Tu es asea,
maS, mainc unda vifiqroT, rom fantaziaSi Cavvardnilvar, _ momCvenebia, rom
`gabaasebis~ mixedviT, rusTveli Tamar dedoflis maqebaria... xvTiso zariZes
miaCnia, rom, arCilis azriT, mxolod CaxruxaZe iyo Tamaris maqebari da esec
aris mizezi, ris gamoc igi darwmunebulia, rom rusTveli da Teimurazi
Tamaris pirvelSeqebaSi ver `gaejibrebodnen~ erTmaneTs. gaugebroba sityva
`amaris~ arasworma gagebam gamoiwvia. Cven verafriT ver vifiqrebT, rom
sityva _ `amari~ CaxruxaZis `amarad~ darCenils niSnavs im ubralo mizezis ga-
mo, rom Tamar dedofali, arCilis Tanaxmad, rogorc es `gabaasebidan~ sru-
liad naTlad da cxadad Cans, mxolod CaxruxaZis amarad darCenili ar yofi-
la, _ mis maqebrad rusTvelic iyo cnobili; es, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, arCilis
292


poemidanac sruliad naTlad Cans da `vexistyaosnidanac~; amdenad, sruliad
cxadia, rom ar aris swori Cvendami polemikurad ganwyobili avtoris azri,
TiTqos arCils `CaxruxaZis garda Tamaris sxva maqebari aravin scodnia [...]
saqarTveloSi~; _ rusTveli brZanebs: `mijnuri var~ (str. 203) da am faqts
arc arCili da arc misi personaJi _ Teimurazi ar uaryofen. `amari~, rogorc
zemoTac gamoCnda, arabuli sityvaa da `mbrZanebels~ niSnavs (`ammar~ _ `-
~; am sityvis sxva mniSvnelobebia _ `, ~, _ arabul-
rusuli leqsikoni 1977: 43). CaxruxaZis amari, am SemTxvevaSi, igivea, rac _
CaxruxaZis mbrZanebeli; arc is aris SeuZlebeli, `momwodebelsac~ niSnavdes
aq `amari~; asec rom iyos, cxadia, mainc ver miviCnevT, TiTqos, arCils, Caxru-
xaZis garda, Tamaris maqebari aravin eguleboda amqveynad. arCilma mSveniv-
rad icoda, rom Tamars rusTvelic aqebda da rom mxolod CaxruxaZis amarad
namdvilad ara yofila dedofali darCenili. vimeorebT, rusTvelica da
CaxruxaZec Tamaris maqebrebad miiCneodnen da maT Soris ganaxlebuli leqsis
pirvelSeqmnaSi Sejibri Tamaris Sesaxeb pirveli saqebari leqsebis dawerasac
TavisTavad gulisxmobs.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom sityva `amari~ erT-erT leqsikonSi ganmartebulia
rogorc `moimede~ (qarTuli mwerloba 1889: 849); darwmunebiT ver vityviT,
ratom aris aq `amari~ gagebuli rogorc `moimede~, magram sworic rom iyos es
ganmarteba, xsenebuli strofidan im azrs mainc ver gamovitanT, TiTqos,
arCilis azriT, Tamar dedofals mxolod da mxolod CaxruxaZe hyavda maqe-
bari da sxva _ aravin.
rac Seexeba xvTiso zariZiseul wakiTxvas taepisa _ `dagixios Seni masa~,
_ mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom arCilis poemis gadamwerebs Secdoma mosvliaT da
aq unda ikiTxebodes `dagixio Sen imasa~. mogvyavs citata xvTiso zariZis
werilidan: `swrafi werisas, kalmis uneblie wacdeniT, striqonis Camketi
imasa CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis sawyisi i-s mis win mdgom Sen nacvalsaxels
mierTebia da amiT igi kuTvnilebiTad, xolo am i-s moklebuli nawili ki uaz-
ro masad qceulan; sabolood ki migviRia Seni masa, anu ufro sruliad: `dagi-
xios Seni masa~ (zariZe 2008: 45); Semdeg xvTiso zariZe dasZens: `gabaasebis~
yvela gamocemaSi axla igi swored ase ibeWdeba da ise gamodis, TiTqos zmna _
`dagixios~ CaxruxaZis moqmedebas asaxavdes; sinamdvileSi ki am teqstiT subi-
eqti, romelsac xsenebuli zmna-Semasmeneli eTanxmeba, rogorc misi moqmede-
bis gamomxatveli, Teimurazia; aba davakvirdeT: Teimurazi eubneba rusTvels:
radgan `qoranikoni~ gvidasturebs, rom CaxruxaZe Senze adrindeli poetia da
man Senze adre gaakeTa is, rasac daumsaxureblad iCemeb, faqtia, rom is Senze
pirvelia da amitom unda dagixio imasa, e. i. me Sen imas da ara man Sen imas, rac
teqstis logikiT SeuZlebelia; amitom am zmna-Semasmenels im ararsebuli
mesame subieqturi piris niSani s-c unda Camocildes da striqoni unda ase
aRdges: veWv mas darCes pirveloba, gadixio (aq koreqturuli Secdomaa, _
unda iyos _ `dagixio~, _ g. k.) Sen imasa~ (zariZe 2008: 45); am gadakeTebuli ci-
tatis moyvanis Semdeg xvTiso zariZe ase wers: `axla raki es gairkva, rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, sinaTle miadga basas raobasac; igi sityva basrobis Semok-
lebuli forma Cans; basroba ki s. s. orbelianis Tanaxmad, kicxvas niSnavs,
oRond, Cveulebrivs ki ara, `gardametebuls~ (zariZe 2008: 45). aq mkvlevari
uTiTebs sulxan-sabas leqsikons da Semdeg dasZens: `strofis Sinaarsis Sesa-
bamisad igi xom marTlac aseTia mosalodneli? Teimurazi imuqreba: rusTve-
lo, roca `qoranikoniT~ dagimtkiceb, rom `Ziri leqsis Tqmisa~ Sen ki ara,
CaxruxaZea, icode, es mxileba sakuTari Tavis kicxvad anu basrobad geqcevao~
(zariZe 2008: 45).
Semdgom winadadebebSi ki mkvlevari ukve saboloo daskvnas akeTebs: `yo-
velive amis Semdeg SeiZleba davaskvnaT: `gabaasebis~ 79-e strofis mesame
293


striqoni am poemis momaval gamocemebSi ase unda gaimarTos: `veWv mas darCes
pirveloba, dagixio Sen imasa~ (zariZe 2008: 45).
e. i. xvTiso zariZis Tanaxmad, aq is aris naTqvami, rom, radgan, rogorc es
`qoranikonidan~ irkveva, CaxruxaZe yofila qarTuli leqsis ganmaaxlebeli da
ara _ rusTveli, pirveloba CaxruxaZes darCeba da Teimurazi rusTvels eub-
neba, _ `me Sen CaxruxaZis ukan dagayenebo~; oRond, amas sityvaTa aseTi wyo-
biT ambobs _ `dagixio Sen imasa~. xvTiso zariZes saboloo simarTled miaCnia
Tavisi mosazreba da momaval gamocemebSi teqstis Secvlas iTxovs.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas am yovelives Sesaxeb?
upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos, rom sityvebi `dagixios Seni masa~ `uazroba~
ar aris, rogorc es xvTiso zariZes miaCnia (zariZe 2008: 45). zemoT ukve iTqva,
rom `masa~, zurab sarjvelaZis ganmartebiT, `bades~ niSnavs. Cven varaudis
saxiT vuSvebT, rom `bade~ `masis~ erT-erTi mniSvneloba unda iyos, oRond,
ara _ erTaderTi. am leqsemis zurab sarjveliZiseuli ganmartebis (`bade~)
Sesaxeb xvTiso zariZe wers, rom es aris kategoriuli axsna da Semdeg dasZens:
`gana ras cvlis igi am striqonis SinaarsSi, ra sinaTle Seaqvs mis gagebaSi?
`dagixios Seni bade~ xom iseTive gamocanaa, rogoric aris `dagixios Seni
masa?! cxadia asea!~ (zariZe 2008: 40).
Sevecdebi Cemi varaudi warmovadgino, Tu ra aris am `gamocanis~ pasuxi.
Tu aq sityva `masa~ `bades~ niSnavs, maSin, SesaZloa, is `sicruis bade~ igu-
lisxmebodes, romelSic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba `gaaxvio xalxi~;
an `vefxistyaosniseuli~ fraza ratom gvaviwydeba, roca am sityvaze vfiq-
robT?! _ `me RmrTisa vuTxar, daubams mas eSmakisa badesa!~ (567).
bernarde neapolelis mier Cawerili `amiran-darejaniseuli~ es striqo-
nebi gavixsenoT: _ `gza arsiT viciT, davexsnaT am eSmakisa badeTa~ (Ciqovani
1964: 201).
bernarde neapolelis Cawerilsa da mixeil Ciqovanis mier gamoqveynebul
teqstSi aseTi strofic gvxvdeba:

Tqu [legendad] razmT isari gulsa sawylulad mebasa,
miT damatyueve uSueblad, sumbulTa tevri memasa,
wyenaTa rigi ricxvia, amaT gamirTo memasa~
da veZeb, movhkudebi ZebnaSi an vhpoveb Suqsa me masa.
(Ciqovani 1964: 201)

Cven amjerad imis Sesaxeb ver SevudgebiT msjelobas, `amiran-darejania-
nis~ ra teqstTan unda gvqondes saqme, imaze ki gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas,
rac me-3 taepSi weria: `wyenaTa ricxvi tevria, amaT gamirTo memasa~; _ TiTqos
is aris naTqvami, _ sadardebeli bevria, aman `masa~ gamiba, `gamimarTao~; iseTi
STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom `masa~, yovel SemTxvevaSi, _ am teqstSi, marTlac
`bades~ niSnavs da teqsti aq ki saWiroebs aseT Sesworebas, _ `gamirTo me ma-
sa~; an, SesaZloa, aq daaxloebiT es iyos naTqvami, _ bevri maqvs sadardebeli,
dardebis badeSi var gaxveulio... SesaZloa, dabrkolebaTagan gzaze svlisas
gaCenili uamravi winaaRmdegobac igulisxmebodes... amjerad gadaWriT vera-
fers vityvi, aRvniSnav mxolod, rom, vfiqrob, am taepSi sityva `masa~ unda
iyos SemorCenili da aq misi mniSvneloba sworedac rom _ `badea~. am sakiTxi-
saTvis calke statiac SeiZleboda mimeZRvna. saerTod, xsenebuli teqsti sa-
gangebo Seswavlas saWiroebs (mixeil Ciqovanis mier gamoqveynebul am teqstze
irakli kenWoSvilma mimaqcevina yuradReba, risTvisac madlobas movaxseneb
mas; Cveni saubari `masas~ ar exeboda, aramed, _ Tavad bernarde neapolelis
mier Cawerili teqstis raobas, mis geneziss... xvTiso zariZis mier polemikuri
werilis dawerasTan am yovelives araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, _ misi werilis
294


gamoqveynebamde bevrad adre davinteresdiT bernarde neapolelis mier Cawe-
rili am teqstis raobiT...).
ar aris SeuZlebeli, rom swored zurab sarjvelaZis ganmarteba iyos swo-
ri, _ rom `masa~ arCilTanac `bades~ niSnavdes. Cven Cveni mosazreba gamo-
vTqviT, Torem sxvaTa azrebis uaryofa ar mogvixdenia (ix. _ arCili 1937;
qarTuli poezia 1975; qarTuli mwerloba 1989).
aq kidev erTi garemoeba unda gaviTvaliswinoT, _ Tu miviCnevT, rom ga-
damwers Secdoma mouvida, isic aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu rogor
gadaakeTa man teqsti, _ TavisTvis sruliad gaugebar, _ marTla `uazro~
sityvas xom ar dawerda?! albaT, raime axali Sinaarsi Caido miseul, _ gadake-
Tebul teqstSi. Tu gadakeTebulia, Cven isic unda gvainteresebdes, ra azri
miviReT gadakeTebis Semdeg. iqneb marTlac Secvlilia arCilis teqsti? maSin
isic sainteresoa, Secvlisas sityva `bade~ igulisxma gadamwerma, `tani~ Tu
`mWreli almasi~? Tu werisas Secdoma mouvida, maSin, albaT, raime sxvagvari
azri moeCveneboda winare xelnawerSi da safiqrebelia, rom Tavis teqstSi
srul uazrobas, cariel bgerebs ar Cawerda. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, xvTiso
zariZe wers, _ `swrafi werisas, kalmis uneblie wacdeniT~ mosvlia Secdoma
gadamwerso (zariZe 2008: 45). me piradad ar vici, swrafad werda is gadamweri
Tu dadinjebulad (jerjerobiT imis Tqmac SeuZlebelia, romel xelnawerSi
moxda gadakeTeba, an gvaqvs Tu ara es xelnaweri SemorCenili, rom kaligra-
fiis mixedviT mainc dagvedgina weris siswrafis done), magram, radgan dawera
_ `dagixios Seni masa~, albaT, raRac azric Cado am sityvebSi, _ raRac igu-
lisxma, roca `masa~ axsena. meeWveba, rom gadamwers sruli uazroba Caewera,
rac ar unda swrafad da facifuciT ewera. arCilis, xSir SemTxvevaSi, _ Zne-
lad gasageb majamur strofebs meti gulisyuriT moekideboda gadamweri. yo-
velive zemoTqmuli, vfiqrobT, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom `masas~ raRac mniSvne-
loba aqvs da igi uazroba namdvilad ar aris (oRond, cxadia, saeWvoa, aq wonis
Tu sxeulis mniSvnelobiT iyos es sityva naxmari).
rac xvTiso zariZis im mosazrebas Seexeba, romlis Tanaxmad, arCilis
teqsti Secvlas saWiroebs... swori iqneba, Tu ara, rom gadavakeToT arCilise-
uli teqsti? Tu xvTiso zariZe simarTles wers, misi simarTlis miCqmalvas ki
ar Sevecdebi, piriqiT, _ vecdebi am simarTlis warmosaCenad vimoqmedo. Tu
darwmunebuli viqnebi, rom Cemi azri mcdaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar davu-
Wer am azrs mxars imitom, rom igi odesRac me gamovTqvi. WeSmaritebis samsa-
xuri swored es aris da, Tu pirovnul da mecnierul Rirsebaze gadavitanT
sityvas, pirovnuli da mecnieruli Rirseba sakuTari Secdomis da sxvis mier
mignebuli simarTlis aRiarebaSicaa da ara sakuTari mcdari azris monad
qcevasa da imis mcdelobaSi, rom simarTled warmoaCino eg mcdari azri. saku-
Tari mcdari azris aRiarebisas aSkarad moCans, Tu rogor izrdeba pirovneba
sulierad (oRond, am drosac arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom adamiani yalbi iyos)
da maRldeba (sulier zrdaze saubrisas, am SemTxvevaSi, Cems Tavs ar vgulis-
xmob, _ imitom, rom xvTiso zariZis werilis wakiTxvisas TiTqmis veraferSi
daveTanxe avtors). vwer da vSiSob, vinmes cariel paTetikad ar moeCvenos es
sityvebi. bolos da bolos saxarebaSi RmerTi ambobs: `me var WeSmariteba~
(iov. 14: 6) da WeSmaritebis uaryofa garkveulwilad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, _
gaucnobiereblad, RmerTis uaryofaa... magram, cxadia, sakuTar azrs ver uar-
yof, Tu mis mcdarobaSi da sxvis mier gamoTqmuli azris simarTleSi ver dar-
wmundi. esec iseTive codva iqneba. xvTiso zariZis mosazrebis sasargeblod
erTi garemoeba metyvelebs, _ TiTqos marTlac meore pirSi yofila am
strofSi odesRac saubari; SesaZloa, amaze is migvaniSnebdes, rom Cven mier
gansaxilveli strofis momdevno, _ me-80 strofSi Teimurazi meore pirSi
mimarTavs rusTvels: `ver gagtexo, sisxli Cemi xvrite, xorci gaimaze~. aseT
295


SemTxvevaSi cxadi gaxdeba, rom zmnebi erT formaSi Cauyenebia (dagixio, gag-
texo) arCils, amgvari stili miucia poemis am adgilisaTvis (msgavsi formebi
sxvaganac gvxvdeba _ `ver gagitexo tvirTiTa, fluri giboZo, abasi~... _ str.
75), magram aris Tu ara yovelive imisaTvis sakmarisi, rom momdevno gamoce-
mebSi sityvebi _ `dagixios Seni masa~dauyovnebliv ase gadavakeToT _ `dagi-
xio Sen imasa~? vfiqrobT, rom _ ara.
xvTiso zariZis mier warmodgenili mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdegod araerTi
argumenti metyvelebs da teqstis gadasakeTeblad meti sabuTis moyvana da
araerTi sakiTxis ganmarteba iqneba saWiro.
jer erTi, _ gamodis, rom arCils meore da mesame striqonebSi gasariTma-
vad erTi da igive sityva, _ mesame piris nacvalsaxeli gamouyenebia (masa _
imasa), raSic, vgoneb, rom, arcTu didi niWi gamouCenia; amasTan, gana advilad
dasajerebelia, rom mTeli winadadeba ase, rbilad rom vTqvaT, _ gaumarTa-
vad dawera arCilma?! aba, ra gamarTulobaze SeiZleba laparaki, roca teqsti
aseT saxes Rebulobs? _ `dagixio Sen imasa~. Tavi davaneboT imas, rom terfi
tydeba, Tavad winadadeba gamodis Zalian uSno da uxeiro _ me Sen unda dagi-
xio imas~. ki, magram swori forma xom ase iqneboda _ `me Sen unda dagxio (mis
ukan)~. `me Sen unda imas dagixio~ _ ra qarTulia?! ratom dawera aseTi gau-
marTavi winadadeba arCilma?
teqstis amgvarad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Teimurazi
rusTvels hpirdeba: _ `me Sen CaxruxaZes dagixev~. ara, aq CaxruxaZis daxevasa
Tu dafleTvaze ki ar aris laparaki, aramed, Teimurazs sxva raimis Tqma surs
da ver ki mouxerxebia; _ unda, rom rusTvels uTxras:_ me Sen CaxruxaZis
ukan dagayenebo, magram gamarTulad ver ambobs da amgvarad metyvelebs: _ `me
Sen dagixev (e. i. ukan dagxevo) CaxruxaZes (e. i. _ CaxruxaZisgano)~; `me Sen imas
ukan dagixevo~; ara, imis Tqma ki ar unda, _ `imas (CaxruxaZes) davxev Sens
ukano~, aramed, `me Sen dagxev imisgano~, `ukan daxeuli Sen iqnebio~, anu, _ `me
Sen dagixev imaso~. aseTi winadadeba miviReT xvTiso zariZis mier teqstis
gadakeTebis Semdeg. maSasadame, xvTiso zariZis azriT, Teimurazs rusTvelis-
Tvis uTqvams: _ `me mgonia, rom pirveloba (leqsis ganaxlebaSi pirveloba)
CaxruxaZes darCeba da, radgan Sen Tavisas ar anebeb mas (CaxruxaZes), amitom me
Sen dagixev imas (CaxruxaZes) ~.
davijeroT, rom aseTi dauxvewavi qarTuliT dawera winadadeba arCilma?
SevcvaloT teqsti? (Tu marTla gadavakeTeT teqsti, maSin madloba mainc
vuTxraT im gadamwers, _ cota Causworebia es sakvirveli winadadeba).
`rebusebiT~ wera ki uyvarda arCil mefes, magram is `rebusebi~ gramatikulad
gamarTulia. aq ki CaxlarTuloba gamodis, _ gaugebaria, ratom aris zmna
`daxeva~-Si qcevis niSani _ `i~, nuTu mxolod riTmisa da ritmis gulisTvis
dawera es ucnauri, gramatikulad araswori fraza arCilma, cota xom ar av-
CqardebiT, teqsti rom SevcvaloT?! esec ar iyos, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb xelna-
werTa monacemebi ukve SeviswavleT?! davuSvaT da riTmisa da ritmis guli-
saTvis gaumarTav qarTuls mimarTa arCilma, sanam kategoriul daskvnas gava-
keTebdeT, sanam xelnawerSi gaumarTaobas davadgendeT, xelnawerTa monace-
mebis Seswavlaa aucilebeli.
rac Seexeba sityva `basas~, misi mniSvnelobac asaxsnelia, _ mainc, ratom
niSnavs igi `basrobas~?! rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, xvTiso zariZis azriT,
Teimurazis sityvebi: _ `gagiCndebis Seni basa~ Semdegs niSnavs: _ `es mxileba
sakuTari Tavis kicxvad, basrobad geqceva~ (zariZe 2008: 45). ki, magram sad
`basa~ da sad `basroba~?! ratom unda davijeroT, rom `basa~ igive `basrobaa~?!
Tund, miviCnioT, rom zemoT ucnaurad ametyvelebuli Teimurazi rusTvels
CaxruxaZis ukan dayenebiT emuqreba, ratom unda virwmunoT, rom `basa~ main-
cadamainc `basrobas~ niSnavs? ar vici, arCilis leqsikonebSi am sityvis gan-
296


marteba ar weria (bolo gamocemis leqsikonSi gatanilia es sityva, magram gan-
martebuli ar aris, _ arCili 1999: 575). xvTiso zariZe, albaT, ityvis, rom
arCilis adreul leqsikonebSi es sityva gamorCaT gamomcemlebs (erTgan
vwerdi, arCilis bolo gamocemaSi `masas~ mniSvneloba ganmartebuli ar aris,
albaT, es imisi niSania, rom bolo gamocemis avtorebi ar eTanxmebian wina ga-
mocemiseul ganmartebas meTqi da xvTiso zariZem amasTan dakavSirebiT aR-
niSna: `es Tu marTlac asea, maSin ra gamodis? gana problemisaTvis Tvalis
arideba an misi miCumaTeba raime gamosavalia? cxadia, avtorebi am gziT ar wa-
vidodnen; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ratomRac gamorCaT igi, rac TavisTavad
mainc dasanani Secdomaa~, _ zariZe 2008: 40); kargi, vityvi ase: sityva `basa~-s
ganmarteba, bolo gamocemis garda, sxva leqsikonSi gamorCeniaT, b-ni xvTiso
zariZis sityviT rom vTqvaT, _ `ratomRac~; bolo gamocemaSi ki es sityva
ganmartebuli ar aris. aq unda iTqvas, rom problemisagan Tavis arideba me
aravisTvis damibralebia (arc Zveli da arc axali gamocemis avtorebisTvis).
es Cemi werilidan Zalian kargad igrZnoba. miT umetes, rom im wignis gamom-
cemelTa, redaqtorTa Soris, romelSic `masas~ ganmarteba gamorCeniaT, pi-
radad CemTvis Zalian sayvareli da axlobeli adamianebi arian... marTalia,
leqsikonebis Sedgena sul sxva specifikiT xdeba, magram mainc SeiZleba iTq-
vas, _ me, magaliTad, am strofis ganxilvisas ar Sevxebivar sityva `basas~, _
imitom, rom jer ar vici, ras niSnavs es sityva. problemas ki ar varideb Tavs,
jer ar vici ras niSnavs da xsenebul strofze msjelobisas arafers vwer am
strofSi naxseneb erT-erT gaugebar sityvaze. am SemTxvevaSi dumili gana
imaze ar metyvelebs, rom xsenebuli sityvis mniSvneloba jer gauxsnelia da
misi axsnac samomavlo problemaa?! aki, am dumiliT b-n xvTiso zariZesac
vubiZge iqiTken, rom `basas~ ganmartebaze efiqra? `basa~ romeliRac Jargo-
nul sityvas ufro hgavs, daaxloebiT _ iseTs, rogoric aris `basta~ (sxvaTa
Soris, `bastac~ arabulidan modis da arabulad igi JRes rogorc _ `bas~, x. k.
baranovis leqsikonis mixedviT, misi mniSvnelobaa _ `!, !,
!~ _ ix. arabul-rusuli leqsikoni 1977: 70). xsenebul sityvaze jer ga-
dawyvetiT verafers vityviT, magram gvgonia, rom `basrobaze~ metad arabu-
lidan momdinare am sityvas ufro hgavs arCilTan naxmari sityva _ `basa~...
aqve unda iTqvas, _ sxva arabuli leqsemis _ `bassa~-s mniSvnelobebia: 1.
, 2. , (arabul-rusuli leqsikoni 1977: 73) da esec ga-
saTvaliswinebeli garemoebaa. gadaWriT ver vityviT, rom imqveyniuri mugu-
zaliTa Tu raRac msgavsi sasjeliT aSinebdes Teimurazi rusTvels, magram,
vfiqrobT, jerjerobiT gadawyvetiT arc imisi mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom aq `bas-
roba~ igulisxmeba. albaT, xvTiso zariZe ityvis, rom yvelafers arabuli
sityvebiT vxsni (aseT SemTxvevaSi msgavsi saubari xSiria xolme), magram arCi-
lis sityvaTa gansamartavad aRmosavluri leqsikis gaTvaliswineba rom auci-
lebelia, es, mgoni, sakamaTo ar aris; universitetSi arabul enas maswavlid-
nen da ra gasakviria, qarTul teqstebSi Znelad gansamartav sityvebs yvelaze
ufro xSirad arabuli enis aspeqtidan vakvirdebode.
`gabaasebis~ 198-e strofSi (am SemTxvevaSi strofis nomers vuTiTebT ga-
mocemidan _ qarTuli poezia 1975), romelic im nawilSi gvxvdeba, sadac
Teimurazi laparakobs da romelic gadamweris CanarTi unda iyos (zog gamo-
cemaSi es strofi gansxvavebuli SriftiT aris dabeWdili, sxvagan _ sqolio-
Sia gatanili), vkiTxulobT:

rusTvlis naTqvami zanduks hgavs morTulsa oqro-TvaliTa,
iagundiT da almasiT savsesa CanaTvaliTa.
kaxis batonis _ morTulsa tkbilad ram, magra valiTa,
arasferiTa savsesa, arc qviTa, arca saliTa.

297


e. i. Cans, gadamwers aq veRar mouTmenia da Teimurazis sityvis bolos misi
da rusTvelis leqsis Sesaxeb Tavisi Sefaseba dauweria. rusTvelis leqsi im
zanduks hgavs, romelic iagundiTa da almasiT aris savseo; kaxTa batonis
leqsi ki is `tkbilad morTuli~ zandukia, romelSic araferi yria, _ arc qva
da arc raime `salio~. rogorc vxedavT, am gadamwers `almasi~ uwodebia rus-
Tvelis leqsisTvis (aq arabuli sityva `mas~ `al~ artiklTan erTad aris naxma-
ri, _ ise, rogorc damkvidrebulia igi qarTulSi). am sityvebis damweris mi-
xedviT, kaxT batons Tu qva da sali kldis namtvrevic ki ar uyria Tavis `zan-
dukSi~, rusTvels sali kldis natexze mWreli almasi udevs masSi, rusTveli-
seuli basri sityvis metaforad `almasi~ uxmaria am strofis avtors. xvTiso
zariZe erTgan wers, _ `g. kuWuxiZe fiqrobs, rom arCiliseul enaSi am sityvas
(e. i. `masas~, _ g. k.) TiTqos iseTive metaforuli gageba unda hqondes, rogo-
ric aqvs, magaliTad, `wyobil margalits~ rusTvelis enaSi da Semdeg ise, rom
arafriT asabuTebs am Tvalsazriss, arafriT xsnis marto arCilis poetur
metyvelebaSi eZebneba mas aseTi funqcia Tu saerTod, im xanis mxatvruli az-
rovnebis monapovaria, ganagrZobs: `gabaasebis~ avtori arCils metismetad ag-
resiuli kiloTi alaparakebs~... Semdeg mohyavs citata Cemi werilidan, rome-
lic zemoT ukve moviyvane (zariZe 2008: 41). radgan es saWiroa, maSin xvTiso
zariZis barem arc am SeniSvnas davtoveb upasuxod (vgoneb, rom sxva SeniSvnebi
aRar aqvs mas Cems mimarT), _ almasi rom rusTvelis leqsis metaforad gamoi-
yeneba, amas Tavad `gabaasebis~ xsenebuli, rogorc Cans, _ CanarTi strofidan
vxedavT. rogorc Cans, es metafora daaxloebiT `im xanis mxatvruli azrov-
nebis monapovaria~, rac iqidan dasturdeba, rom igi poemis xsenebul CanarT
strofSia naxsenebi. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `almasis~ metafora `mxo-
lod arCilis poetur metyvelebaSi ar iZebneba~, vimeoreb, _ igi `im xanis
mxatvruli azrovnebis monapovaria~, _ aq aSkarad vxedavT, rom erT-erT
gadamwers rusTvelis poemisaTvis metaforulad _ almasi uwodebia.
`gabaasebaSi~ leqsis metaforad xSir SemTxvevaSi ixmareba patiosan Tval-
Ta saxelebi _ lali, margaliti, iagundi, ayiyi (esec arabuli sityvaa, _
, _ arabul-rusuli leqsikoni 1997: 526), maT, Soris _ almasi; ratom
ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es arabuli sityva `al~ artiklis gareSe ixmara
arCilma, iseve, rogorc _ `ayiyi~?! arabulidan qarTulSi uamravia sityvaa
Semosuli da, ZiriTadad, _ uartiklod. Tu mainca da mainc miviCnevT, rom
arCiliseul strofSi meore pirSi yofila laparaki, maSin ufro is unda
vifiqroT, rom arCili `bades~, an `almass~ gulisxmobda `masaSi~. `masa~ ise-
Tive arabuli sityvaa, rogoric _ `ayiyi~ da sxva mravali, mainc ratom ar Se-
iZleba `ayiyTan~, iagundTan, margalitTan, almasTan erTad, isic ixmarebo-
des?! `masa~-s mniSvnelobaa _ ` ~ (baranovi 1977: 739).
zemoTqmuls kidev erTi ram minda davamato: 128-e strofSi Teimurazi
rusTvels eubneba, rom rusTvelis wigni aqamde saukeTeso iyo, magram axla
Teimurazis wignma `daaWarba~ da Semdeg rusTvels am sityvebs eubneba: _
`Sens wigns vinc swers, cudad zisa~; e. i. _ rusTvelis wignebis gadawera aRar
miaCnia saWirod. rusTvelisaTvis, cxadia, gasagebia, rom wignebis gadauwer-
loba `vefxistyaosnis~ fizikurad gadarCenas Seuqmnis safrTxes da 130-e
strofSi, rogorc Cans, swored amitom miugebs mefes: _ `mefev, ar iyo
saTqmeli wignis waxdena Tqvengana~. Semdeg wmida wignebze laparakobs, ambobs,
rom wmida werilSi naTqvami aRsruldeba, saerTod, wignis mniSvnelobas
warmoaCens, Semdeg ki, 141-e strofSi, brZanebs:

amasac vityvi, mefeo, Tu Tqveni yuri inebsa,
monani Senni erTgulni, rad gamogarTmen siglebsa?
Txels qaRalds daiwuneben, etratzed sweren wignebsa.
Tu kidev brZaneb waxdenas, saqmes iq dasaJinelsa.
298


arCili Teimurazs aTqmevinebs, rom wmida wignebi arasodes ar waxdeba
(144), Semdeg ki Teimurazi uflis meored mosvlaze laparakobs, _ ufals
saxareba eWireba xelT, winaswarmetyvelT TavianTi wignebi eqnebaT (146-148),
sxva sibrZnis wignebi ki ar gamoCndebao, _ brZanebs Teimurazi, _ `sxva ram
sibrZnisa wignebi ar gamoCndebis xelTao~ (149).
am adgilebSi moCans, ra udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu ras gada-
werdnen gadamwerebi, maT da, cxadia, damkveTTa moqmedebaze iyo wignebis fi-
zikurad gadarCenis bedi damokidebuli. arCiliseuli Teimurazi ambobs, rom
rusTvelis wignebis gadamweri `cudad zis~, e. i. gulisxmobs, rom tyuilad
cdeba, cud saqmes akeTebs gadamweri, radgan rusTvelis wigni bolos aravis
dasWirdeba. cxadia, amgvari ram istoriul Teimurazs ar uTqvams, magram,
radgan arCilis dros qarTvelTa erT nawils isic ki sakamaTod hqonda gax-
dili, rusTveli ufro didi poetia Tu _ Teimurazi, ar iyo SeuZlebeli,
marTla damdgariyo imisi safrTxe, rom naklebad SeeqmnaT `vefxistyaosnis~
egzemplarebi da amiT, saTqmeladac Znelia, `vefxistyaosnis~ gadarCenac ki
safrTxis qveS damdgariyo... arCili rusTvels Teimurazis mimarT aTqmevi-
nebs, _ `Sens sigelebs Txel qaRaldze ki ara, _ etratze wereno~ (etrati ar
daixeva da ufro Semoenaxeba STamomavlobas), _ amiT is aris naTqvami, rom
mefis sigelis usafrTxoebaze ufro uzruniaT zogierT SemTxvevaSi, vidre _
bumberazi poetis wignisa. arCiliseuli Teimurazi marTla mosaspobad ime-
tebs rusTvelis wigns, saSineli agresiiT elaparakeba rusTvels (`uyure
briyvsa mesxsa~... `aw mkvdars ra giyo, Tvaremda, Tu cocxal iyo, SegWamdi~...
`sulTmobrZavsa dagamsgavso~... _ ix. 125-e, 183-e, 201-e strofebi...), aqedan
gamomdinare, ar aris SeuZlebeli, arCiliseuli Teimurazi rusTvelis wignis
mospobazec bedavdes laparaks. vimeorebT, istoriul Teimurazs, cxadia, am-
gvari damokidebuleba namdvilad ar hqonia bumberazi poetisadmi da misi fa-
sic sakmaod kargad esmoda. arCilma ki metad agresiuli Teimurazi dagvixata.
daskvnis saxiT davZenT: jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia im azris gaziareba,
rom arCil bagrationis poemis _ `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~
momavali gamocemisas (Tu uaxloes xanebSi gamova es wigni) 79-e strofis me-3
taeps cvlileba sWirdeba, amisaTvis ufro meti da damajerebeli sabuTia sa-
Wiro; sqolioSi ki, cxadia, unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs am sakiTxze sxvada-
sxva mosazreba. sxva mkvlevarebmac ikvlion es da am werilebSi warmodgenili
sxva sakiTxebi. ar vambob, rom me var marTali da sxva cdeba, SesaZloa, piriqiT
iyos, magram es sakiTxi bolomde Seswavlili ar aris da teqstis cvlilebac
jer ar SeiZleba. Tu me aRmovCndi mtyuani da b-ni xvTiso zariZe _ marTali,
maSin, am SemTxvevaSi, Cems Tavs masze ukan davayeneb da sakuTar Tavs gavkic-
xav, anu, CemTvis marTla Zalian sapativcemulo b-ni xvTiso zariZis ganmarte-
bis Sesabamisi stiliT rom vTqvaT, gamiCndeba Cemi basa.
rac Seexeba `gabaasebis~ uaxloes, _ momaval gamocemas, vfiqrobT, stro-
fis cvlileba (yovel SemTxvevaSi _ naCqarevad) saWiro ar aris.


299


damowmebani:

arabul-rusuli leqsikoni 1977: . . , - , .: 1977.
arCili 1937: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. II, al. baramiZisa da
n. berZeniSvilis redaqcia. Tb.: 1937.
arCili 1999: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, teqsti gamosacemad moamza-
des, leqsikoni, saZiebeli da gamokvleva daurTes ivane lolaSvilma, liana keke-
liZem, lali ZoweniZem, specredaqtori _ revaz baramiZe. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`merani~, 1999.
zariZe 2008: zariZe x. `dagixios Seni `masa~ Tu `dagixio Sen imasa~? _
literaturuli Ziebani, XXIX, Tb.: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis
instituti, 2008.
kuWuxiZe 2003: kuWuxiZe g. ras niSnavs arCiliseuli `masa~? _ `kriteriumi~, 8,
Tb.: rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti, 2003.
naWyebia 2008: naWyebia m. samyaros suraTi arCilis `gabaaseba kacisa da
soflisas~ mixedviT. literaturuli Ziebani, XXIX, Tb.: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis instituti, 2008.
qarTuli poezia 1975: qarTuli poezia TxuTmet tomad, III, tomi Seadgina s.
caiSvilma, winasityva _ a. baramiZe. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.
qarTuli mwerloba 1989: qarTuli mwerloba, VI, Semdgenelni a. baqraZe, r.
TvaraZe; tomis redaqtori r. baramiZe; bolosityvaoba _ r. baramiZe, SeniSvnebi _
r. TvaraZe, leqsikoni _ z. sarjvelaZe. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1989.
Ciqovani 1964: Ciqovani m. me-17 sauk. Cawerili qarTuli zRaprebi. gamosca,
gamokvleva da variantebi daurTo mixeil Ciqovanma. _ mravalTavi, saqarTvelos
istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da folkloris samecniero sazogadoebis
krebuli, I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1964.


Gocha Kuchukhidze

Yet concerning Masa from Archil

Summary
The Article is controversial. The Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Khvtiso Zaridze
does not agree to the author of the presenting Article in his consideration (Magazine
Kriteriumi, 2003, 8, Tbilisi in Georgian) that in the Poem of Georgian poet, Archil
(XVII-XVIII cent.) The Debates of Teimuraz and Rustaveli, the incomprehensible
Georgian word masa (Masa), mentioned in the strophe 79
th
possibly, can be of Arabic
language (its meaning in Arabian is Piece of Diamond) and that this word is used as the
metaphor of the verse. Prof. Zaridze presumes that masa is not a separate word that the
last letter i ( I ) of the previous word Seni (your) is the component part of the word
masa and the sentence shall be spelled in the following way: dagixio Sen imasa
(dagikhio shen imasa); Prof. Zaridze presumes that this sentence shall be translate of
English as I place you after him (Literary Researches, 2008, XXIX, Tbilisi, pg. 39-46 in
Georgian).
The author of the presenting Article considers the assumption of the Prof. Zaridze
suspicious regarding the fact that the sentence in Georgian language dagixio Sen
imasa (dagikhio shen imasa) is grammatically and stylistically incorrect.


300




recenzia


lia ClaiZe

monografia qarTuli folkloris Sesaxeb

profesor zurab kiknaZis monografia `qarTuli folklori~ (Tbilisi,
Tsu gamomcemloba, 2008, 350 gv.) warmoadgens avtoris mravalwliani samec-
niero da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis Sedegs. miuxedavad imisa, rom wigni gan-
kuTvnilia humanitaruli fakultetis studentebisaTvis, is garkveulwilad
scildeba saxelmZRvanelos CarCoebs, ramdenadac masSi, sayovelTaod miRe-
buli debulebebisa da gansazRvrebaTa gverdiT, didi adgili ukavia avtoris
Sexedulebebs xalxuri Semoqmedebis rogorc zogad, ise kerZo sakiTxebze.
wignis bevri monakveTi mkiTxvelSi aRZravs Semoqmedebis impulsis momcem
interess, rac esoden sasurvelia folkloriT dainteresebuli nebismieri
mkiTxvelisaTvis, studenti iqneba igi Tu araspecialisti. monografiaSi
mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili qarTuli folkloris klasikuri nimu-
Sebis rogorc ideur, ise mxatvrul Seswavlas, rac stimuls aZlevs students,
Tavadac scados zepirsityvieri teqstebis damoukidebeli analizi. avtoris
Sexedulebebi arasodes araa mowodebuli kategoriulad, igi yovelTvis uto-
vebs mkiTxvels ama Tu im sakiTxis alternatiuli gadawyvetis saSualebas.
sayuradReboa zepirsityvierebisa da damwerlobis urTierTobis avtoriseu-
li koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad, naweri ar aris zepisityvieri Semoqmedebis
bunebrivi adgili, rom zepiri teqstis damwerlobaSi moqceva misi datyve-
vebis tolfasia, rom igi mkrTali Crdilia imisa, rac tradiciuli kulturis
xanaSi zepirsityvieri saxiT gadadioda Taobidan Taobamde. es Tamamad ga-
moTqmuli azri, romelic, SesaZloa, sadiskusio iyos, aseve aRZravs Tanamed-
rove civilizaciis konteqstSi problemis siRrmiseulad da globalurad
Seswavlis survils. amasTan dakavSirebiT, metad sagulisxmoa avtoris Sexe-
dulebebi folkloruli Semoqmedebis bedis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove epoqaSi,
rasac eZRvneba kompaqturad dawerili Tavi, _ isic aRsaniSanavia, rom am Tavs
damoukidebel monografiaSi gadazrdis perspeqtiva aqvs.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs avtoris mcdeloba axleburi definicia misces
zepirSemoqmedebis iseT sayovelTaod gavrcelebul Janrs, rogoricaa e. w.
jadosnuri zRapari. marTebulia avtoris pozicia, roca is mkveTr zRvars
avlebs jadosnur zRaparsa da zRapris saxeliT cnobil sxva teqstebs (cxo-
velTa igavi, sayofiero novela) Soris. savsebiT misaRebia jadosnuri zRap-
ris esqatologiur eposad kvalifikacia da misi definicia, romelic am tipis
zRapris yvela SesaZlebel maxasiaTebels Seicavs.
avtorma wignSi wamoWra garkveuli Janris folkloruli teqstebs warmo-
mavlobis `daZiruli kulturis dovlaTad~ cnobili aw miviwyebuli koncef-
cia. germaneli folkloristis am koncefcias (esunkenes ulturgut), ro-
melic gasulis saukunis ocian wlebSi Seiqmna, qarTveli avtori uZebnis masa-
las qarTuli sinamdvileSi. kerZod, igi `daZiruli kulturis dovlaTis~ ka-
tegoriaSi ganixilavs ara mxolod xalxur `tarielians~, aramed `eTeriansac~.
vfiqrob, avtors sakmarisi argumentebi moyavs imis dasadastureblad, rom
unda arsebuliyo literaturuli teqsti, romlis gaxalxurebul variants
301


`eTeriani~ warmoadgens. am kuTxiT Cvens mecnierebaSi qarTuli zepirsityvie-
rebis teqstebi jer aravis Seuswavlia.
zurab kiknaZis wigni, romelic gamocemulia maRal poligrafiul doneze,
namdvilad maRalfaseuli SenaZenia samamulo humanitaruli mecnierebisaT-
vis, Tumca wignSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis gaziareba gagviWirdeba. aviRoT,
Tundac msjeloba `arsenas leqsisa da misi gmiris Sesaxeb. saqme imaSia, rom
`arsenas leqsica~ da arsena oZelaSvilic zustad jdeba im stereotipSi,
`keTilSobili yaCaRis~ saxes rom qmnis, yvela xalxis folklorSi rom
gvxvdeba da folkloristikaSic Zalian kargad aris Seswavlili. Cveni arse-
nac imave Targzea gamoWrili, romelzedac _ slovaki iurai ianmeki, ungreli
ferenc rakoSi, Cexi ondaSi da sxvebi.
migvaCnia, rom es tipologiuri identuroba bevrad ufro sainteresoa,
vidre avtoris Znelad gasaziarebeli msjeloba.

302




axali wignebi




zurab kiknaZe
qarTuli folklori
Tbilisi, Tsu gamomcemloba, 2008


naSroms safuZvlad udevs leqciebis kursi, romelic sami aTeuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda filologiis falkultetis studentebs Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetSi. unda iTqvas, rom masSi gatarebuli bevri idea _
SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobrivi wlidan wlamde ibadeboda auditoriaSi msme-
elTa winaSe, maTTan warmosaxviT dialogSi.




qeTi nadareiSvili
qali klasikur aTensa da berZnul tragediaSi
Tbilisi, logosi, 2008


wigni mouTxrobs mkiTxvels klasikuri periodis (Zv.w.V-IV ss) berZeni
qalebis cxovrebisa da Zveli berZnuli tragediis qalTa cnobili saxeebis
Sesaxeb. wignSi ganxilulia qalis statusi aTenis kanonmdeblobaSi, misi yo-
veldRiuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqti, warmodgenilia samive berZeni dra-
maturgis koncefcia qalis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba
berZnul cnobierebaSi qalisadmi damokidebulebis ZiriTad tendenciaTa
mimoxilvas.




rusudan canava
metafora
Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008


naSromis mizania gzismkvlevis funqcia ikisros `metaforis labirinTSi~.
wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba metaforis cnebis ganmartebas, mis mimarTebas
sxva tropebTan da metyvelebis figurebTan. warmodgenilia qarTuli
sailustracio masalac. meore nawilSi ganxilulia metaforis Teoriebi.
wignze darTuli bibliografia mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems CauRrmavdes
misTvis saintereso sakiTxebs.
303



elguja xinTibiZe
vefxistyaosani Seqspiris epoqis inglisSi
(miviwyebuli warsulis saidumlo)
Tbilisi, 2008


wignSi gamoTqmuli da argumentirebulia qarTuli kulturis istori-
isaTvis sruliad axali azri: rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~ gamoyenebulia XVII
saukunis dasawyisis inglisur literaturaSi. es aRmoCena axali sityvaa
inglisuri literaturuli kritikisaTvisac: uiliam Seqspiris Tanamedrove
da uSualo memkvidre dramaturgebis ori piesa, romelTa siuJeturi wyaro
ucnobad iTvleboda, `vefxistyaosnis~ nestanisa da tarielis siyvarulis
ambis gadamuSavebiTaa Seqmnili.




irma ratiani
Janris Teoria
Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009


naSromi eZRvneba Janris Teoriis rogorc poetikuri sistemis formire-
bisa da evoluciis etapebis ganxilvas. mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva gaecnos
literaturis ZiriTadi saklasifikacio kategoriis _ Janris _ irgvliv
SemuSavebul mosazrebebs, maT Teoriul da meTodologiur specifikas,
Tvali gaadevnos gansxvavebuli Teoriuli mosazrebebis meTodologiuri
realizebis rTul process. amasTan, naSromi amkvidrebs Zalze farTo da
aqtualur terminologiur aparats.





Salva ratiani
filadelfos kiknaZe
Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009


monografiuli narkvevi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelisa
da ideologis, bermonazon filadelfos kiknaZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
mecnierulad Seswavlis pirveli mcdelobaa. narkvevi gasuli saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi daiwera, Tumca misi gamoqveyneba mkvlevars ar dascalda. gamokvle-
vaSi, beris cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis detaluri analizis fonze, gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba eTmoba bermonazoni filadelfosis pedagogiur moRvawe-
obas, aseve, mravalricxovan saarqivo masalaze dayrdnobiT Seswavlilia
`saidumlo anbanisa~ da `aqti goniuris~ SemoqmedebiTi istoria.
304






julieta gaboZe
akakis TxzulebaTa gamocemebi
Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009


winamdebare naSromi mravalwliani teqstologiuri kvlevis Sedegia da
klasikosTa tomebis momzadebisas miRebul gamocdilebas efuZneba. naSromSi
Seswavlilia akaki wereTlis sicocxleSi ganxorcielebuli yvela is gamo-
cema, romelTa momzadebaSi Tavad avtors miuRia monawileoba. am gamocemaTa
teqstebi SemoqmedebiTad nasworebia akakis mier da warmoadgens avtorize-
bul nabeWd wyaroebs. naSromSi, aseve, Seswavlilia ramdenime nawarmoebis
SemoqmedebiTi istoria da dadgenilia maTi daweris TariRi. wignis sagangebo
Tavi eZRvneba calkeul nawarmoebTa teqstologiur analizs da mwerlis
enisa da stilis zogierTi Taviseburebis gamokveTas.




qeTevan elaSvili
sityviT Troba
Tbilisi, `bakmi~, 2009


wigni or nawilad iyofa. pirveli avtoris eseistikas aerTianebs `emo-
ciuri dafiqrebis~ saTaurqveS; meoreSi (`saxis mwerloba~) upiratesad kvle-
viTi xasiaTisa werilebia qarTuli mwerlobis simbolologiur aspeqtebze,
eTikur problematikaze, saxeldebaTa poetikaze sasuliero Tu literatu-
rul ZeglebSi.





inga milorava
alublisferi fardis miRma
Tbilisi, `meridiani~, 2009


wignSi Tavmoyrilia kritikosisa da mwerlis, inga miloravas, statiebi da
eseebi. avtori ikvlevs klasikur (XX saukunis dasawyisidan) da Tanamedrove
saliteraturo process. aqvea statiebis `ucxouri~ cikli, romelic ucxour
samwerlo procesebs mimoixilavs. es werilebi aqamde Jurnal-gazeTebSi iyo
mimofantuli, axla ki erT wignad Sekruli miewodeba mkiTxvels.
305






maia naWyebia
qarTuli barokos sakiTxebi
Tbilisi, `merani~, 2009

wigni eZRvneba avTenturi qarTuli barokos _ rogorc literaturaSi
gansakuTrebuli saxis ideur-kulturuli mimarTulebis _ Seswavlas da mas-
Tan dakavSirebiT aRZrulia XVI-XVII ss. e.w. `aRorZinebis xanis~ qarTuli li-
teraturis periodizaciis sakiTxi, ganxilulia barokos stilis esTetikas-
Tan dakavSirebuli istoriul-kulturuli problemebi, misi ideuri mimarTu-
leba da gamosaxvis Taviseburebebi. komparativizmis TvalsazrisiT gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba eqceva qarTuli barokos Sinagan kavSirs Tanadroul ev-
ropul literaturasTan.



ada nemsaZe
identifikaciis problema oTar WilaZis romanebSi
Tbilisi, `mwignobari~, 2009

naSromSi gamokvleulia identobis formirebis procesi oTar WilaZis
romanebis _ `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~, `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~, `rkinis
Teatri~, `martis mamali~, `avelumi~ _ mixedviT. diferencirebulia is gansx-
vavebuli moraluri, kulturuli, genetikuri Tu pirovnuli niSnebi, romle-
bic qalebisa da mamakacebis fsiqosocialuri identifikaciisaTvis aris
aucilebeli. gamijnulia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi identobis, identifikaciis
krizisis SemTxvevebi. gamovlenilia erovnuli TviTdamkvidrebis mniSvnelo-
ba pirovnebis fsiqosocialuri da kulturuli identobis dadgenis pro-
cesSi. kvlevis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens amerikeli fsiqologis erik
eriksonis (1902-1994) naSromi `identoba: axalgazrdoba da krizisi~.




qeTi niniZe
militaristuli narativis morfologia
Tbilisi, `inteleqti~, 2009

wignSi militaristuli narativi ganxilulia fabulis, Temis, motivis,
tropis analizis safuZvelze. amosavali semantikuri modelebi ganxilulia
literaturuli politikis WrilSi. samecniero publikaciis sakvlev masalas
warmoadgens mxatvruli da dokumenturi wyaroebi. me-19 saukunis qarTuli
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rekonstruqciis saSualebas ki iZleva mwerlebisa
da moRvaweebis memuarebi, piradi werilebi, dRiurebi, Canawerebi da
publicistika.
306





soso sigua
devnili triumfatori
(esse, polemika. publicistika. kritika)
Tbilisi, `mwerlis gazeTi~, 2009


wignSi Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTSi gamoq-
veynebuli eseebi, polemikuri, publicisturi da kritikuli statiebi.


soso tabucaZe
ubralo damateba
Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009


wigni, rogorc mas Tavad avtori uwodebs, sxvadasxva dros dawerili li-
teraturuli opusebis krebulia, romelic, Tuki isev avtors moviSveliebT,
`erTian wredSi panoramulad warmoadgens guSindeli literaturuli yofis
Tu magistralur xazs vera, anarekls mainc.




merab RaRaniZe
gzavnili `arilis~ mkiTxvels
Tbilisi , `memkvidreoba~, 2009


mkiTxvelis winaSea im 27 eseis nakrebi, romlebic `arilSi~ gamoqveynda
1997-1998 wlebSi, roca is jer sxva gazeTis damateba iyo, da 2002 wels, roca
is ukve damoukidebel Jurnalad arsebobda. es krebulic `arilis~ sulis
gacocxlebis mcdelobacaa da masTan saboloo gamomSvidobebac.





qeTevan Sengelia
cecxli da mdinare, literaturuli narkvevebi da eseebi
Tbilisi, `erovnuli mwerloba~, 2009


wignSi Tavmoyrilia bolo sami wlis manZilze gamoqveynebuli literatu-
ruli narkvevebi da eseebi, aseve warmodgenilia ukve gamocemuli monogra-
fiis `qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebebi vaJa-fSavelasTan~ erTg-
vari gagrZeleba, Semdgomi kvlevis zogierTi axali aspeqti. ase rom, wigni
SeiZleba miviCnioT erT axal etapad avtoris samecniero da SemoqmedebiT
gzaze.
307






eka CikvaiZe
miqel modrekilis naTlisRebis sagalobeli
Tbilisi, SABC, 2009


wignSi ganxilulia miqel modrekilis naTlisRebis sagaloblis siuJetu-
ri xazis ganviTareba; sagalobelSi warmodgenili ori paraleluri Temis _ 1.
naTlisRebis saidumlosa da 2. wmida axalmowame abos gandidebis _ ur-
TierTSerwymis safuZvelze warmoCenilia sagaloblis erTiani struqturis
Camoyalibebis gzebi.




biZina ColoyaSvili
sidonias winaswarmetyveleba
Tbilisi, Tavad ColoyaSvilis saxli, 2009


wignSi avtori ganixilavs `sibrZniT SeniRbul TxzulebaSi~, kerZod, wmi-
da ninos cxovrebis amsaxvel nawarmoebSi dacul informacias, romelic, av-
torisve sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dafarulad mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
unda moxdes momaval droSi qarTulenovani eklesiis wiaRSi. es informacia,
avtoris TqmiT, daculia kapadokieli wmindanis sulieri dis, sidonias
monaTxrobSi.




rusudan ColoyaSvili
zRapari da sinamdvile
Tbilisi, `nekeri~, 2009


naSromSi monografiulad aris Seswavlili xalxuri zRaprebi, pirveli
nawarmoebebi, romlebSic samyaros uZvelesi xedva aisaxa. ganxilulia jados-
nuri sagnebis funqcia zRaprul eposSi, meliis miTosuri saxe qarTul folk-
lorSi, warmarTuli RvTaebebis kvali afxazur folklorSi da sxva ara erTi,
zRaparTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. naSroms darTuli aqvs
cxovelTa zRaprebis klasifikacia da siuJeturi saZiebeli.
308







Tamaz Cxenkeli
tragikuli niRbebi
Tbilisi, `memkvidreoba~, 2009


wignSi erTadaa Tavmoyrili Tamaz Cxenkelis kvlevani vaJa-fSavelas
Sesaxeb: monografia `tragikuli niRbebi~ da `werilebi vaJaze~. vaJa-fSavelas
Semoqmedebis Cxenkeliseuli kvlevis inteleqtualur miRwevad unda iqnas
miCneuli ara marto povna, dasabuTeba da saxeldeba miTosuri Zirebisa da
wyaroebisa an miTosuri ganWvretis anareklisa poetis SemoqmedebaSi, ara
marto miTosuri mimarTebebis amocnoba poemis gmirTa gardaqmnis poetur-
sityvieri gamoxatulebis qsovilSi, aramed, amave dros, miTosis horizontis
danaxva da gaTvaliswineba poetis enobriv arCevanSic.



akaki xinTibiZe
qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009


monografiaSi warmodgenilia qarTuli versifikaciis kvlevis istoria,
calkeul avtorTa Sexedulebebi Cveni leqsTwyobis bunebaze; vrcladaa
ganxiluli qarTuli riTma, mocemulia qarTuli riTmis xelovanTa erTgvari
portretebic. wigni udavod did samsaxurs gauwevs humanitaruli fakulte-
tis studentebs da profesor-maswavleblebs, agreTve qarTuli leqsiT
dainteresebul mkiTxvels.





elguja xinTibiZe
vefxistyaosnis ideur-msoflmxedvelobiTi samyaro
Tbilisi, 2009

winamdebare monografia agrZelebs da amTlianebs avtoris kvleva-Ziebebs
vefxistyaosnis ideur-msoflmxedvelobiT samyaroze. monografiaSi warmod-
genilia vefxistyaosnis konkretuli sakvanZo mxatvruli saxeebis, Teolo-
giur-filosofiuri debulebebis da ideur-Tematuri motivebis kvleva. mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi ganzogadebulia dRevandeli rusTvelologiuri mecniere-
bis sruli gaTvaliswinebiT da Camoyalibebulia axleburi koncefcia vefxis-
tyaosnis mxatvrul struqturaSi gamovlenil avtoriseul msoflmxedve-
lobaze.

309






sjani _ Jurnali literaturis Teoriasa da SedarebiT
literaturaTmcodneobaSi, 10
Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009

tradiciulad `sjanis~ axali nomeric Semdeg rubrikebSi ganTavsebul sa-
mecniero statiebs sTavazobs mkiTxvels: literaturis Teoriis problemebi,
poetikuri praqtikebi, leqsTmcodneoba, filologiuri Ziebani, interpreta-
cia, kritikuli diskursi, Targmanis Teoria, folkloristika _ Tanamedrove
kvlevebi; kulturis paradigmebi, debiuti. zviad gamsaxurdias 70 wlis iubi-
lesTan dakavSirebiT qveyndeba zviad gamsaxurdias mecnieruli da mTargmne-
lobiTi moRvaweobis amsaxveli masala. rubrikiT memoria Jurnali pativs
miagebs grigol kiknaZisa da leila TeTruaSvilis xsovnas.




rusTvelologia, 5
Tbilisi, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba,
2008-2009

rusTvelologiis morigi nomeri eZRvneba Salva nucubiZis dabadebidan
120 wlisTavs. krebuli mkiTxvels sTavazobs rogorc tradiciul, ise axal
rubrikebs: `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba, komparativistuli Ziebani,
miTologiuri Ziebani, Tanamedrove literaturis esTetikuri Teoriebi da
`vefxistyaosani~, rusTvelologiis istoriidan, rusTvelis ikonografia,
Tvalsazrisi, mwerlis arqividan. krebulSi warmodgenilia, agreTve, 2007
wels gamocemuli rusTvelologiuri literaturis bibliografia.





`waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli~, I
Tbilisi, `memkvidreoba~, 2009

weliwdeuli Cafiqrebulia periodul samecniero gamocemad, romlis ga-
moqveyneba, bunebrivia, yovelwliurad ivaraudeba da romelic, SeZlebisdag-
varad ecdeba, warmoaCinos is saukeTeso, rac qarTveli mkvlevarebis uaxles
filologiur ZiebaTa nayofs asaxavs.
weliwdeulis pirvel nomerSi warmodgenilia ara marto sxvadasxva Tema-
tikisa da Janris filologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi, sayuradRebo gamoxmau-
rebani axal qarTul wignebze, aramed mimoxilulia akademiur-sauniversite-
to cxovrebis mniSvnelovani filologiuri movlenebi. sayuradReboa, rom
narkvevebis gverdiT gamoqveynebulia filologiis Sesavlis sawyisi leqci-
ebi, romlebic ara mxolod mkvlevarebs gamoadgebaT akademiur Tu pedago-
giur saqmianobaSi, aramed studentebsac daexmareba am disciplinaSi codnis
SesaZebnad. rubrikiT `portreti~ Jurnali ukanasknel pativs miagebs XX sau-
kunis qarTuli literaturis gamorCeul warmomadgenelT _ ana kalandaZesa
da oTar CxeiZes.
310


SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis
samecniero publikaciebis stili


1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi,
romlebic moicavs Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtua-
lur Temebsa da problemebs, mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqvey-
nebel Sedegebs.
2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, CD
diskze) da Tan axldes:
Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari,
statusi da sakontaqto koordinatebi;
anotacia qarTul da inglisur enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi).
3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes
boloSi.
4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti
da aranakleb xuTi gverdisa.
5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr
qaRaldze Semdegnairad:
a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);
b) naSromis teqsti;
g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa);
d) anotacia;
e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;
v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1;
6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli
citirebisa da miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list).
misi moTxovnebia:
a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiyofa brWyalebiT (` ~).
citirebis dasasruls, mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic
aRniSnulia citirebuli teqstis avtoris gvari, teqstis
gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi.
magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).
b) saleqso strofis (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi,
motanili citata gamoiyofa teqstisagan da citatis fontis
(Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi intervaliT (mag.: Tu teqstis fontis
zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10).
g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~
da `axali wignebi~, sadac Sriftis zomebia:
ZiriTadi teqsti _ Lit.Nusx 10,
ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9.
7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis
mixedviT, anbanuri rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix.
danarTis cxrili).
8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis
bolos anotaciis win;
b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caita-
neba gverdis bolos, sqolioSi.
9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literatu-
rul stilsa da marTlweraze.
10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.
311


11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis,
redaqcia daukavSirdeba dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.
12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis
eZleva ukve dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar
iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia uflebas itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos
avtoris vizis gareSe.


citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi

















cxrili

monacemis tipi
damowmebuli literaturis nusxis (damowmebani-s)
forma
indeqsis mixedviT
Bibliography Form
wigni,
erTi avtori

Book, one authors
abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli
literaturis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
`merani~, 1970.

vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence.
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962.
wigni,
ori, an meti
avtori




kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli
literaturis istoria. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975.

naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTul-
rusuli literaturuli urTierTobis
istoriidan. quTaisi: gamomcemloba `ganTiadi~,
1994.
nimuSi:
Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva
da imis dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi
rodi arian. isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis
jerovani Sefaseba sulac ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic
konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa nusxas) Sedgenas, aramed imis gamovlenas,
Tu rogor monawileoben da funqcionireben analogiis mimarTebaTa farg-
lebSi `Tanaarsebobis mimarTebebi. amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes metoni-
miis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom SearCia Jenetma analizis
sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom, aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT
prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi, metaforul (analo-
giaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba, imdenad
arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva semantikur mimarTebebTan
SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.
312



Book, two authors

hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian
Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1959.
yovelTviuri
Jurnalis an sxva
tipis perioduli
gamocemis statia

Article in a journal or
magazine published
monthly
aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo misia
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis
TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTul-evropuli
institutis Jurnali, 1, 1992.

someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality of Vegetables: Botanical
Metaphors for Human Characteristics. Journal of Personality
56, no. 4 (December) 1988.

wigni, avtoris
gareSe

Book, no author given
sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da
marTva. baTumi: gamomcemloba `aWara~, 1989.

cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women's Resource
Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.

dawesebuleba,
asociacia da
misTanani,
avtoris
poziciiT

Institution,
association, or the
like, as "author"
amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia.
organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo cnobari da
1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari. Cikago:
amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995.


amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook of
Organization and 1995/1996 Membership Directory.
Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.

redaqtori, an
kompilatori,
avtoris
poziciiT

Editor or compiler as
"author"
duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis
Teoriis mcire leqsikoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`nakaduli~, 1975.


hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World's Religions.
London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1950.

eleqtronuli
dokumenti
internetidan




Electronic document:
From Internet
mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce,
adgili da sainformacio nakadi [on-lain wigni]
(kembriji: gamomc.: MIT Press, 1995,
ganTavsebulia 29 seqtembridan, 1995); mis.:
http://www-mitpress.mit.edu:80/
City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.

mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the
Infobahn [book on- line]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1995, accessed 29 September 1995; available from
http://www-mitpress.
mit.edu:80/City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html;
Internet.
313


enciklopedia,
leqsikoni

Encyclopedia,
Dictionary
vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni.
springfildi: MA: G. C. Merriam, 1961.

vebsteri 1961: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: MA: G.
& C. Merriam, 1961.
interviu
(gamouqveynebeli)
saavtoro
xelnaweri

Interview
(unpublished) by
writer of paper
morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16
ivlisi 1996, fol riviera, masaCusetsi,
Canaweri


morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July 1996,
Fall River, MA. Tape recording.
sagazeTo statia


Newspaper article
niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis profili~, gaz.
niu iork taimsi, 21 ianvari 1990, Can. III, gv. 5.

niu iork taimsi 1990: "Profile of Marriott Corp." New York Times, 21
January 1990, sec. III, p. 5.
yovelkvireuli
Jurnalis statia

Article in a magazine
publis hed weekly
(or of general interest)
naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da
msoflios cnobebi, 10-17 seqtemberi, 1990.

naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland's Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World
Report, 10-17 September, 1990.
Tezisebi, an
sadisertacio
naSromis
daskvnebi
(debulebebi)

Thesis or dissertation
filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis
zepur sazogadoebaze. sadoqtoro disertacia,
Cikagos universiteti, 1962.



filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence
of Ovid on Lucan's
Bellum Civile. Ph.D.
diss., University of
Chicago, 1962.

*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an Tanaavtoro-
biT) an erTi da igive naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba
anbanuri rigiT. magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).


314