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PROBLEMA

Melhoria

FORMULACAO DE UM MODELO
MATEMATICO

do Modelo

Melhoria do

SOLUCAO DO MODELO

Metodo Numerico

VALIDACAO
Insatisfatorio

Insatisfatorio

(Numerico)

(Teorico)

PREVISOES TEORICAS

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! =
! 4 365q+7 5Pz5 !{8365PQ 95Pz9:!{8365Pb75Pz =

5q
5P
d

`t{g]_k]{jirI]_`{_rK`Fzk}W r
! 4 3>5Pb?5Pz5 {! 8365Pb75Pz:!{B83/N95Pb?5Pz
5P

! = @! =
5
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! =<;i #! =

(5P ! = :! = DC
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A

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k ^B`Fltk}ty5r-{kmngrk{rk{iBr.n_`x]g`]_uxk
nkm
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n ytkm\^k{uIkKuxri^B
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` }Rkml }F]_ltkm^$kxy`Wlt9r }ty5nkmn_`{]_u`W ^+y }Rkxngru` irn_r_b
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k }Wr-{_n y}m km r y~{|zy }tytkml]g`z`BkP0$L$0/b4b5b9{gr]k{n_^kmn|y~{_p_rm
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r }Rk{zl }F]glt`0]k]{jiriB`FuKr/lt`y{km^Lk km^Bk
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n yt^z`ty5ik-n_`!r-{_n_`r
}Frmux`}F r]b

Molecula do
Metodo
t

n+1

M
N

j1

x
j

= pontos com os dados iniciais


X = neste ponto calculamos o valor da solucao c

n
j

[zy5\]_^B`A_beacf}Oykm\^Bkmuxk-}Fruksuxkml5pkPkm^Bksrs_^zr_l5`FuxkPn yts}F^B`ir_b

Molecula do
Metodo
t
= pontos com valores diferentes de zero

Oj
0

P j+4
0

[zy5\]_^B`A_b gf}Oykm\^Bkmuxk-}Fruksuxkml5pkPkm^Bksrs_^zr_l5`FuxkPn yts}F^B`ir_b




kym`F^znkmn_`{1{km r`5 {_`}W`FB_mk ^+y5rkmF`W^H}Wr-{jiwkmWkmiwk]{_ngr]_k{^kuKrl` }F]_ltk$ngru` irn_r_b


n y5yCytWkm r!n_`Q 5q`Wltr{_] ux`W^Br!n_
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k ky`Wlt9r }tytn_kmn_` {]_u`W ^+y }Rkn_`
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gb `-^z`F y4iwk`WBB``g`W^ }m }ty5r_bBk]{_n_rr uW` irn_r_k}F k
km
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r ! = b
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^ ! = ;| b[k}R kx`FBz
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k }WruKr
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uK`FbrmiB`J]g`/`Wzi
k }Fr]{_n yz}{ km rs`Fiwkm `Fl5` }F`/]_`kqym`Fl5r }>ytnkmng`{]_u `F ^zy }FkqiB`Fu]_`/B`W^
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kq
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kl5r^L@]_uIkkm^k/@^B`t{jiB`L`r]giB^kk{^kiB^mk F Xqy`F^y5]_D
` }WruKr
rcng`FuKr`W }F^z`Wym`F^0]_`
! 8 365Pb?5qz
5P


A ! = ;i Y! = ! = C
Bk]{_n_rK`FiwkKkm_^zr_y5uIk}{ km r}{ks`F]k}{ km rKn_`/kmngy`c} }{ km rPn|y5@]_Wkm rxrmgi`Wuxr

! =;i $! = %5P5PZ A ! = :! = [C ) P5 P5 A ! = i; Y! = ! = [C
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n_`$`t{ji^BkmnkWkm rrmz`F]_r-{jiBr5y{ yz>} ykmlg`$J{_kmlYb[
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1
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0.8
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0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
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0
0

10

15

20

25

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[zyt\]g^B`_b cf}0`FB]gl5iwk{n_rskm^kqrs_^zr_lt`WuIkqn_`/kmncy`}}m km rx_]_^Bkgb

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1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10

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! = ;i Y! =
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0.5

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