Csulb H-Ss Lesson Plan Crusades - Rev 7

CSULB History Social Science Lesson Plan Template
Lesson Title: The Crusades Date:

Unit Central Historical
Question(s):
What roll did the Catholic Church
play in the iddle !"es#
What made up the Crusades in
edie$al %urope#
Su&'ect ( Course: Social Science
)rade: *
Lesson Duration: (+,-., min) Bloc/ schedule
Lesson 0&'ecti$e1 Historical Thin/in" S/ill1 as 2ell as Cali3ornia Content 4 Common Core Standards
Lesson Objective:
After completing the lesson students will be able to create a timeline of the four main Crusades.
Historical Think kill:
!eriodi"ation: students will learn about the beginning of the crusades and events throughout the crusades.
The students from this lesson will be able to understand the period of the crusades from the beginning to the
end. #nformation will be presented through a !ower!oint and additional sources.
Content tandards $
%.&. 6. Discuss the causes and course of the religious Crusades and their effects on the Christian,
Muslim, and Jewish populations in Europe, with emphasis on the increasing contact by Europeans
with cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean world.
Common Core $
Language 'rade % $
(. )se knowledge of language and its conventions when writing* speaking* reading* or listening.
a. Choose language that e+presses ideas precisel, and concisel,* recogni"ing and eliminating
wordiness and redundanc,.-
.eading grade &/0:
1. 2etermine the central ideas or information of a primar, or secondar, source3 provide an accurate
summar, of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
5arrati$e Summary o3 Tas/s ( !ctions
4or the anticipator, set students will be introduced to the word Crusade and be asked to define what a
crusade is and write a short response if there is an,thing the, would crusade for. After # will ask is students
want to share their response.
4or the input # will present a !ower!oint lecture on the Crusades. tudents will take notes during the lecture
and will be discussing information presented throughout the lecture.
4or the activit, students will break up into groups of four. #n the groups the students will e+amine a source
on the crusades and also view e+amples of what a recruitment poster. After the students will work with their
groups and create a recruitment poster for the crusades. tudents will present their posters to the class in
the form of an art show with one student from each group describing their poster to the class.
4or assessment students will use their notes* sources* and te+tbook and create a timeline for the four
crusades gone over in class. tudents will give a brief description and label ke, events.
4or closure the class will have a discussion to wrap up the lesson. # will also ask the students at random to
share one thing the, have learned from the lesson toda,.
4or homework the students will research one of the four crusades presenting the lesson. The students will
write a brief description of the crusade the, choose.
aterials ( %6uipment
Computer
!ower!oint
5hiteboard
!oster 6oard
7arkers
cissors
Handouts with sources 8found at end of lesson plan9
Te+tbook
7n6uiry-Based Lesson Plan 3or History-Social Science
89 !nticipatory Set Time:8,-8:min
4or the anticipator, # will write the word Crusade on the whiteboard. After # write the word # will ask a student
to share with the class what the word is and give their definition of what a crusade is. # will also ask
additional students to share what their definition of the word is. After the discussion* # will give the students
the official definition in which the, will be instructed to write down in their notes. :e+t* # will ask the students
to write* on a separate piece of paper* what the, would crusade for and wh,. After # will ask students to
share their responses to the class and then introduce the topic of the lesson* the Crusades in 7edieval
;urope.
;9 Central Historical Question Time:
5hat made up the Crusades in 7edieval ;urope<
<9 Teacher 7nput (deli$ery o3 historical conte=t) Time:<,->,
4or the input of the lesson # will begin b, asking the students to take out their notebooks. # will be presenting
a short !ower!oint lecture. The power point will consist of information on what the crusades were and
provide information on some of the different crusades. Throughout this lecture # will ask m, students to take
notes* and also prompt them on ke, items the, should take notes on. Throughout the lecture # will be
checking for understanding of the ke, aspects through discussion. # will also answer an, =uestions the
students ma, have regarding the information presented.
>9 Student !cti$ity and 7n$esti"ation (2(
di33erentiation)
Time:;:-<,min
4or the activit,* # will hand out source material* titled >The Crusades? 8histor,world.org9 and have the
students spilt into pairs. #n their pairs the will read and discuss the source material. 5hile the, are reading
the, are to looks for answers and discuss certain ke, facts.
5hat were the first* second* third* and fourth crusades<
5ho was involved in each crusade<
5here did the, take place<
5ere these the onl, crusades<
After the, have finished reading and discussing with their partner the will meet up with another pair and
further discussion the source material and =uestions.
2ifferentiation:
4or differentiation students will be given the opportunit, to read the source electronicall, on a computer or
tablet and have a vocabular, word back to assist with important terms in the source. #f needed an alternative
source will be made available to fit the students reading level.
;+tension:
tudents who finish earl, will be allowed to use the computer in class to watch videos on the crusades* on
websites # give the students to look at 86rain!op* 66C* etc9
:9 Lesson !ssessment (2( di33erentiation) Time:8:min
4or the assessment activit, of the lesson # will have the students break from their groups and go back to
their normal seats. Once back in their normal seat* # will inform the students that b, using their notes* source
material* and te+tbook the, are to create a timeline of the four crusades 8listing the dates of each9 and give a
brief description of the causes and events. # will use this assessment to look and see if the students have
developed an understanding of the information presented in the lesson and have gained an understanding
of what the crusades and the causes were.
2ifferentiation:
4or differentiation a timeline handout with fill in the blanks will be given to the students who need assistance.
;+tension:
tudents who finish earl, will be allowed to use the computer in class to research material on the crusades
as will as watch videos on the crusades on websites # give the students to look at.
?9 Closure Time::-*min
4or the closer to the lesson* # will bring the class together and ask the students* at random* to share one
thing the, learned from toda,@s lesson. # will also allow students to ask an, =uestions regarding the material.
#f # sense that the, have not =uite grasped an understanding of the material* # will again review the ke,
aspects of the lesson. # will use the student@s responses in the closure activit, to wrap up the lesson and
ensure that the students have learned the content intended for them in the lesson.
*9 Student @e3lection (metaco"nition) Time:Home2or/
4or homework # will hand out an additional source on the crusades and various different recruitment posters.
The students will be instructed to look over the sources and images in the packets. ;ach student will
develop a recruitment poster for the crusades. At the bottom of the poster the student shall include a brief
description of what the, are tr,ing to sa, with their poster. At the beginning of the ne+t class* # will have the
students put their posters up around the classroom. tudents will be given an opportunit, to walk around
and view the posters and descriptions.
4rom this student reflection activit, students will think about and anal,"e how ;urope responded to a call for
a crusade. 6, having the students think about and create a poster that the, believe would serve to rall, the
people of 7edieval ;urope for a crusade.
PowerPoint
Handout Source Material
The Crusades
7n 8,.: an assem&ly o3 churchmen called &y Pope Ur&an 77 met at Clermont1 Arance9
essen"ers 3rom the ByBantine %mperor !le=ius Comnenus had ur"ed the pope to
send help a"ainst the armies o3 uslim Tur/s9 0n 5o$em&er ;* the pope addressed the
assem&ly and as/ed the 2arriors o3 %urope to li&erate the Holy Land 3rom the uslims9
The response o3 the assem&ly 2as o$er2helmin"ly 3a$ora&le9 Thus 2as launched the
3irst and most success3ul o3 at least ei"ht crusades a"ainst the uslim caliphates o3
the 5ear %ast9
C)od 2ills itDC
That was the battle cry of the thousands of Christians who joined crusades to free the
Holy Land from the Muslims. From 1096 to 1!0 there were ei"ht major crusades and
two children#s crusades$ both in the year 11. %nly the First and Third Crusades were
successful. &n the lon" history of the Crusades$ thousands of 'ni"hts$ soldiers$
merchants$ and (easants lost their li)es on the march or in battle.
8,.:: Be"innin" o3 the Crusades
7n 8,.: an assem&ly o3 churchmen called &y Pope Ur&an 77 met at Clermont1 Arance9
essen"ers 3rom the ByBantine %mperor !le=ius Comnenus had ur"ed the pope to
send help a"ainst the armies o3 uslim Tur/s9 0n 5o$em&er ;* the pope addressed the
assem&ly and as/ed the 2arriors o3 %urope to li&erate the Holy Land 3rom the uslims9
The response o3 the assem&ly 2as o$er2helmin"ly 3a$ora&le9 Thus 2as launched the
3irst and most success3ul o3 at least ei"ht crusades a"ainst the uslim caliphates o3
the 5ear %ast9
The 2ord CcrusadeC literally means C"oin" to the Cross9C Hence the idea at the time
2as to ur"e Christian 2arriors to "o to Palestine and 3ree Eerusalem and other holy
places 3rom uslim domination9 The 3irst crusade 2as a "rand success 3or the
Christian armiesF Eerusalem and other cities 3ell to the /ni"hts9 The second crusade1
ho2e$er1 ended in humiliation in 88>+1 2hen the armies o3 Arance and )ermany 3ailed
to ta/e Damascus9 The third ended in 88.; in a compromise &et2een %n"lish /in"
@ichard the Lion-Hearted o3 %n"land and the uslim leader Saladin1 2ho "ranted
access to Christians to the holy places9 The 3ourth crusade led to the sac/in" o3
Constantinople1 2here a Latin Gin"dom o3 ByBantium 2as set up in 8;,> and lasted 3or
a&out ?, years9 The ChildrenHs Crusade o3 8;8; ended 2ith thousands o3 children &ein"
sold into sla$ery1 lost1 or /illed9 0ther less disastrous &ut e6ually 3utile crusades
occurred until nearly the end o3 the 8<th century9 The last Latin outpost in the uslim
2orld 3ell in 8;.89
Historians ha$e $ie2ed the Crusades as a mi=ture o3 &ene3its and horrors9 0n one
hand1 there 2as a ne2 /no2led"e o3 the %ast and the possi&ilities o3 trade to &e 3ound
there1 not to mention the spread o3 Christianity9 0n the other hand1 Christianity 2as
spread in a $iolent1 militaristic manner1 and the result 2as that ne2 areas o3 possi&le
trade turned into ne2 areas o3 con6uest and &loodshed9 ! num&er o3 non-Christians
lost their li$es to Christian armies in this era1 and this trend 2ould continue in the
in6uisitions o3 the comin" centuries9
The Crusades 2ere a series o3 2ars &y Western %uropean Christians to recapture the
Holy Land 3rom the uslims9 The Crusades &e"an in 8,.: and ended in the mid- or late
8<th century9 The term Crusade 2as ori"inally applied solely to %uropean e33orts to
reta/e 3rom the uslims the city o3 Eerusalem1 2hich 2as sacred to Christians as the
site o3 the cruci3i=ion o3 Eesus Christ9 7t 2as later used to desi"nate any military e33ort
&y %uropeans a"ainst non-Christians9
The Crusaders car$ed out 3eudal states in the 5ear %ast9 Thus the Crusades are an
important early part o3 the story o3 %uropean e=pansion and colonialism9 They mar/ the
3irst time Western Christendom undertoo/ a military initiati$e 3ar 3rom home1 the 3irst
time si"ni3icant num&ers le3t to carry their culture and reli"ion a&road9
7n addition to the campai"ns in the %ast1 the Crusadin" mo$ement includes other 2ars
a"ainst uslims1 pa"ans1 and dissident Christians and the "eneral e=pansion o3
Christian %urope9 7n a &road sense the Crusades 2ere an e=pression o3 militant
Christianity and %uropean e=pansion9 They com&ined reli"ious interests 2ith secular
and military enterprises9 Christians learned to li$e in di33erent cultures1 2hich they
learned and a&sor&edF they also imposed somethin" o3 their o2n characteristics on
these cultures9 The Crusades stron"ly a33ected the ima"ination and aspirations o3
people at the time1 and to this day they are amon" the most 3amous chapters o3
medie$al history9
0@7)75S 0A TH% C@US!D%S
!3ter the death o3 Charlema"ne1 /in" o3 the Aran/s1 in +8> and the su&se6uent collapse
o3 his empire1 Christian %urope 2as under attac/ and on the de3ensi$e9 a"yars1
nomadic people 3rom !sia1 pilla"ed eastern and central %urope until the 8,th century9
Be"innin" a&out +,,1 se$eral centuries o3 Ii/in" raids disrupted li3e in northern %urope
and e$en threatened editerranean cities9 But the "reatest threat came 3rom the 3orces
o3 7slam1 militant and $ictorious in the centuries 3ollo2in" the death o3 their leader1
uhammad1 in ?<;9 By the +th century1 7slamic 3orces had con6uered 5orth !3rica1 the
eastern shores o3 the editerranean1 and most o3 Spain9 7slamic armies esta&lished
&ases in 7taly1 "reatly reduced the siBe and po2er o3 the ByBantine %mpire (the %astern
@oman %mpire) and &esie"ed its capital1 Constantinople9 The ByBantine %mpire1 2hich
had preser$ed much o3 the classical ci$iliBation o3 the )ree/s and had de3ended the
eastern editerranean 3rom assaults 3rom all sides1 2as &arely a&le to hold o33 the
enemy9 7slam posed the threat o3 a ri$al culture and reli"ion1 2hich neither the Ii/in"s
nor the a"yars had done9
7n the 88th century the &alance o3 po2er &e"an to s2in" to2ard the West9 The church
&ecame more centraliBed and stron"er 3rom a re3orm mo$ement to end the practice
2here&y /in"s installed important cler"y1 such as &ishops1 in o33ice9 Thus 3or the 3irst
time in many years1 the popes 2ere a&le to e33ecti$ely unite %uropean popular support
&ehind them1 a 3actor that contri&uted "reatly to the popular appeal o3 the 3irst
Crusades9
Aurthermore1 %uropeJs population 2as "ro2in"1 its ur&an li3e 2as &e"innin" to re$i$e1
and &oth lon" distance and local trade 2ere "radually increasin"9 %uropean human and
economic resources could no2 support ne2 enterprises on the scale o3 the Crusades9
! "ro2in" population and more surplus 2ealth also meant "reater demand 3or "oods
3rom else2here9 %uropean traders had al2ays loo/ed to the editerraneanF no2 they
sou"ht "reater control o3 the "oods1 routes1 and pro3its9 Thus 2orldly interests
coincided 2ith reli"ious 3eelin"s a&out the Holy Land and the popeJs ne23ound a&ility
to mo&iliBe and 3ocus a "reat enterprise9
A7@ST C@US!D%
7t 2as a"ainst this &ac/"round that Pope Ur&an 771 in a speech at Clermont in Arance in
5o$em&er 8,.:1 called 3or a "reat Christian e=pedition to 3ree Eerusalem 3rom the
Sel'u/ Tur/s1 a ne2 uslim po2er that had recently &e"un acti$ely harassin" peace3ul
Christian pil"rims tra$elin" to Eerusalem9 The pope 2as spurred &y his position as the
spiritual head o3 Western %urope1 &y the temporary a&sence o3 stron" rulers in
)ermany (the Holy @oman %mpire) or Arance 2ho could either oppose or ta/e o$er the
e33ort1 and &y a call 3or help 3rom the ByBantine emperor1 !le=ius 79 These $arious
3actors 2ere "enuine causes1 and at the same time1 use3ul 'usti3ications 3or the popeJs
call 3or a Crusade9 7n any case1 Ur&anJs speechK2ell reported in se$eral chroniclesK
appealed to thousands o3 people o3 all classes9 7t 2as the ri"ht messa"e at the ri"ht
time9
The Airst Crusade 2as success3ul in its e=plicit aim o3 3reein" Eerusalem9 7t also
esta&lished a Western Christian military presence in the 5ear %ast that lasted 3or
almost ;,, years9 The Crusaders called this area 0utremer1 Arench 3or C&eyond the
seas9C The Airst Crusade 2as the 2onder o3 its day9 7t attracted no %uropean /in"s and
3e2 ma'or no&les1 dra2in" mainly lesser &arons and their 3ollo2ers9 They came
primarily 3rom the lands o3 Arench culture and lan"ua"e1 2hich is 2hy Westerners in
0utremer 2ere re3erred to as Aran/s9
The Crusaders 3aced many o&stacles9 They had no o&$ious or 2idely accepted leader1
no consensus a&out relations 2ith the churchmen 2ho 2ent 2ith them1 no de3inition o3
the popeJs role1 and no a"reement 2ith the ByBantine emperor on 2hether they 2ere
his allies1 ser$ants1 ri$als1 or perhaps enemies9 These uncertainties di$ided the
Crusaders into 3actions that did not al2ays "et alon" 2ell 2ith one another9
Di33erent leaders 3ollo2ed di33erent routes to Constantinople1 2here they 2ere all to
meet9 The contin"ents o3 @o&ert o3 Alanders and Bohemond o3 Taranto 2ent &y sea $ia
7taly1 2hile the other ma'or "roups1 those o3 )od3rey o3 Bouillon and @aymond o3
Toulouse1 too/ the land route around the !driatic Sea9 !s the Crusaders marched east1
they 2ere 'oined &y thousands o3 men and e$en 2omen1 ran"in" 3rom petty /ni"hts
and their 3amilies1 to peasants see/in" 3reedom 3rom their ties to the manor9 ! $ast
miscellany o3 people 2ith all sorts o3 moti$es and contri&utions 'oined the march9 They
3ollo2ed local lords or 2ell-/no2n no&les or dri3ted east2ard on their o2n1 2al/in" to a
port to2n and then sailin" to Constantinople9 Ae2 /ne2 2hat to e=pect9 They /ne2 little
a&out the ByBantine %mpire or its reli"ion1 %astern 0rthodo= Christianity9 Ae2
Crusaders understood or had much sympathy 3or the %astern 0rthodo= reli"ion1 2hich
did not reco"niBe the pope1 used the )ree/ lan"ua"e rather than Latin1 and had $ery
di33erent 3orms o3 art and architecture9 They /ne2 e$en less a&out 7slam or uslim li3e9
Aor some the Airst Crusade &ecame an e=cuse to unleash sa$a"e attac/s in the name
o3 Christianity on Ee2ish communities alon" the @hine9
The leaders met at Constantinople and chose to cross on 3oot the inhospita&le and
dan"erous landscape o3 2hat is no2 Tur/ey1 rather than "oin" &y sea9 Someho21
despite this 6uestiona&le decision1 the ori"inal 3orces o3 perhaps ;:1,,, to <,1,,, still
sur$i$ed in su33icient num&ers to o$ercome the uslim states and principalities o3 2hat
are no2 Syria1 Le&anon1 and 7srael9 Li/e Western Christendom1 7slam 2as disunited9 7ts
rulers 3ailed to anticipate the e33ecti$eness o3 the enemy9 7n addition1 the Aran/s1 as the
attac/in" 3orce1 had at least a temporary ad$anta"e9 They e=ploited this1 ta/in" the /ey
city o3 !ntioch in Eune 8,.+1 under the lead o3 Bohemond o3 Taranto9 Then1 despite
their di$isions and 3actionalism1 they mo$ed on to Eerusalem9 The sie"e o3 Eerusalem
culminated in a &loody and destructi$e Christian $ictory in Euly 8,..1 in 2hich many o3
the inha&itants 2ere massacred9
With $ictory came ne2 pro&lems9 any Crusaders sa2 the ta/in" o3 Eerusalem as the
"oalF they 2ere ready to "o home9 0thers1 especially minor no&les and youn"er sons o3
po2er3ul no&le 3amilies1 sa2 the ne=t step as the creation o3 a permanent Christian
presence in the Holy Land9 They loo/ed to &uild 3eudal states li/e those o3 the West9
They hoped to transplant their military culture and to car$e out 3ortunes on the ne2
3rontier9 Thou"h the Crusaders 2ere more intolerant than understandin" o3 %astern li3e1
they reco"niBed its riches9 They also sa2 such states as the 2ay to protect the routes
to the Holy Land and its Christian sites9 The result 2as the esta&lishment o3 the Latin
Gin"dom o3 Eerusalem1 3irst under )od3rey o3 Bouillon1 2ho too/ the title o3 De3ender o3
the Holy Sepulchre1 and then under his &rother Bald2in1 2ho ruled as /in"9 7n addition
to the Latin Gin"dom1 2hich 2as centered on Eerusalem1 three other Crusader states
2ere 3ounded: the County o3 Tripoli1 in modern Le&anonF the Principality o3 !ntioch1 in
modern SyriaF and the County o3 %dessa1 in modern northern Syria and southern
Tur/ey9
C@US!D%S 0A TH% 8;TH C%5TU@L
The Crusades o3 the 8;th century1 throu"h the end o3 the Third Crusade in 88.;1
illustrate the tensions and pro&lems that pla"ued the enterprise as a 2hole9 Aor the
lords o3 0utremer a compromise 2ith the residents and uslim po2ers made senseF
they could not li$e in constant 2ar3are9 !nd yet as %uropean transplants they depended
on soldiers and resources 3rom the West1 2hich 2ere usually only 3orthcomin" in times
o3 open con3lict9 Aurthermore1 ri$alries at home 2ere translated into 3actional 6uarrels
in 0utremer that limited any common policy amon" the states9 5or 2as the situation
helped &y the arri$al o3 %uropean princes and their 3ollo2ers1 as happened 2hen the
Second and Third Crusades came %astF %uropean tensions and 'ealousies pro$ed 'ust
as di$isi$e in the %ast as they had &een at home9
There is little reason to thin/ that coloniBation had &een anticipated or encoura"ed &y
the pope1 let alone &y the ByBantine emperorF ho2e$er1 it seems a lo"ical conse6uence
o3 the CrusadeJs success9 Aran/ish no&les maintained lin/s 2ith their 3amilies at home1
and they &uilt li$es and careers that spanned the editerranean9 oreo$er1 in to2n and
countryside1 daily li3e in the re"ion did not alter "reatlyF one military master 2as much
li/e another9 Christian lords had no plan 3or mass con$ersion o3 the nati$es or 3or any
systematic mistreatment compara&le to modern "enocide or en3orced mi"ration9 They
2anted to maintain their pri$ile"ed position and to en'oy the li$es o3 %uropean no&les
in a ne2 settin"9 !s they settled in1 they "radually lost interest in any papal e33orts at
raisin" ne2 military e=peditions9 5or did they e$er reach any real compromise 2ith the
ByBantine emperor re"ardin" recon6uered territory that had once &een his9 !lthou"h
the t2o "roups o3 Christians had a common enemy1 this 2as not a su33icient moti$e 3or
cooperation &et2een 2orlds 2ith so little mutual re"ard9
To the rulers o3 uslim states a concerted military e33ort 2as imperati$e9 The Aran/s
2ere an a33ront to reli"ious as 2ell as to political and economic interests9 The
com&ination o3 Beal and luc/ that had ena&led the Crusaders to triumph in 8,..
e$aporated in the 3ace o3 such realities as the need to recruit and maintain soldiers 2ho
2ere loyal and e33ecti$e9 7slamic rulers turned almost at once to the o33ensi$e1 thou"h a
ma'or &lo2 to Christian po2er did not come until 88>>1 2hen the uslims recaptured
%dessa1 on the %uphrates @i$er9 The city o3 %dessa had "uarded the &ac/ door o3 the
Aran/ish holdin"s1 2hich 2ere mostly near the coast9 This loss mar/ed the &e"innin"
o3 the end o3 a $ia&le Christian military &astion a"ainst 7slam9
5e2s o3 the 3all o3 %dessa re$er&erated throu"hout %urope1 and the Second Crusade
2as called &y Pope %u"enius 7779 Thou"h the enthusiasm o3 8,.: 2as ne$er a"ain
matched1 a num&er o3 ma'or 3i"ures 'oined the Second Crusade1 includin" Holy @oman
%mperor Conrad 777 and AranceJs Gin" Louis I779 Conrad made the mista/e o3 choosin"
the land route 3rom Constantinople to the Holy Land and his army 2as decimated at
Dorylaeum in !sia inor9 The Arench army 2as more 3ortunate1 &ut it also su33ered
serious casualties durin" the 'ourney1 and only part o3 the ori"inal 3orce reached
Eerusalem in 88>+9 7n consultation 2ith Gin" Bald2in 777 o3 Eerusalem and his no&les1
the Crusaders decided to attac/ Damascus in Euly9 The e=pedition 3ailed to ta/e the
city1 and shortly a3ter the collapse o3 this attac/1 the Arench /in" and the remains o3 his
army returned home9 The Second Crusade resulted in many Western casualties and no
"ains o3 $alue in 0utremer9 7n 3act the only military "ains durin" this period 2ere made
in 2hat is no2 Portu"al1 2here %n"lish troops1 2hich had turned aside 3rom the Second
Crusade1 helped 3ree the city o3 Lis&on 3rom the oors9
!3ter the 3ailure o3 the Second Crusade1 it 2as not easy to see 2here 3uture
de$elopments 2ould lead9 7n the 88;,s and 88<,s the ilitary @eli"ious 0rders had
&een created to 3urther the Crusadin" ideal &y com&inin" spirituality 2ith the martial
ideas o3 /ni"hthood and chi$alry9 en 2ho 'oined the orders too/ $o2s o3 chastity and
o&edience patterned a3ter those o3 monasticism9 !t the same time they 2ere
pro3essional soldiers1 2illin" to spend lon" periods in the %ast9 The most 3amous 2ere
the Gni"hts o3 St9 Eohn o3 Eerusalem1 called Hospitalers1 and the Poor Gni"hts o3 Christ
and o3 the Temple o3 Solomon1 called Templars9 These "roups sent men to 0utremer to
protect Christian pil"rims and settlements in the east9 This meant that the rulers in
0utremer did not ha$e to depend only on the hu"e &ut 2ay2ard armies led &y princes9
These orders o3 Crusadin" /ni"hts tried to mediate &et2een the ChurchJs concerns and
the more 2orldly interests o3 princes 2ho sa2 the %ast as an e=tension o3 their o2n
am&itions and dynastic policies9
!3ter the Second Crusade these orders &e"an steadily to "ain popularity and support9
!s they attracted men and 2ealth1 and as the Crusadin" mo$ement &ecame part o3 the
e=tended politics o3 Western %urope1 the orders themsel$es &ecame players in
%uropean politics9 They esta&lished chapters throu"hout the West1 &oth as recruitin"
&ases and as a means to 3unnel money to the %astF they &uilt and 3orti3ied "reat
castlesF they sat on the councils o3 princesF and they too &ecame rich and entrenched9
7n the years &et2een the 3ailure o3 the Second Crusade and 88*,1 2hen the uslim
prince Saladin came to po2er in %"ypt1 the Latin States 2ere on the de3ensi$e &ut 2ere
a&le to maintain themsel$es9 But in 88+* Saladin in3licted a ma'or de3eat on a com&ined
army at Hattin and su&se6uently too/ Eerusalem9 The situation had &ecome dire9 7n
response to the ChurchJs call 3or a ne21 ma'or Crusade1 three Western rulers undertoo/
to lead their 3orces in person9 These 2ere @ichard 71 the Lion-Hearted o3 %n"land1 Philip
77 o3 Arance1 and Arederic/ 71 called Arederic/ Bar&arossa1 the Holy @oman %mperor9
Gno2n as the Third Crusade1 it has &ecome perhaps the most 3amous o3 all Crusades
other than the Airst Crusade1 thou"h its role in le"end and literature "reatly out2ei"hs
its success or $alue9
The three rulers 2ere ri$als9 @ichard and Philip had lon" &een in con3lict o$er the
%n"lish holdin"s in Arance9 Thou"h %n"lish /in"s had inherited "reat 3ie3s in Arance1
their homa"e to the Arench /in" 2as a constant source o3 trou&le9 Arederic/
Bar&arossa1 old and 3amous1 died in 88+. on the 2ay to the Holy Land1 and most o3 his
armies returned to )ermany 3ollo2in" his death9 Philip 77 had &een spurred into ta/in"
up the Crusade &y a need to match his ri$als1 and he returned home in 88.8 2ith little
concern 3or %astern "lories9 But @ichard1 a "reat soldier1 2as $ery much in his element9
He sa2 an opportunity to campai"n in the 3ield1 to esta&lish lin/s 2ith the local no&ility1
and to spea/ as the $oice o3 the Crusader states9 Thou"h he "ained much "lory1 the
Crusaders 2ere una&le to recapture Eerusalem or much o3 the 3ormer territory o3 the
Latin Gin"dom9 They did succeed1 ho2e$er1 in 2restlin" 3rom Saladin control o3 a chain
o3 cities alon" the editerranean coast9 By 0cto&er 88.;1 2hen @ichard 3inally le3t the
Holy Land1 the Latin Gin"dom had &een reconstituted9 Smaller than the ori"inal
/in"dom and considera&ly 2ea/er militarily and economically1 the second /in"dom
lasted precariously 3or another century9
C@US!D%S 0A TH% 8<TH C%5TU@L
!3ter the disappointments o3 the Third Crusade1 Western 3orces 2ould ne$er a"ain
threaten the real &ases o3 uslim po2er9 Arom that point on1 they 2ere only a&le to
"ain access to Eerusalem throu"h diplomacy1 not arms9
7n 88.. 7nnocent 777 called 3or another Crusade to recapture Eerusalem9 7n preparation
3or this Crusade1 the ruler o3 Ienice a"reed to transport Arench and Alemish Crusaders
to the Holy Land9 Ho2e$er1 the Crusaders ne$er 3ou"ht the uslims9 Una&le to pay the
Ienetians the amount a"reed upon1 they 2ere 3orced to &ar"ain 2ith the Ienetians9
They a"reed to ta/e part in an attac/ on one o3 the IenetiansJ ri$als1 Mara1 a tradin" port
on the !driatic Sea1 in the near&y Gin"dom o3 Hun"ary9 When 7nnocent 777 learned o3 the
e=pedition1 he e=communicated the participants1 &ut the com&ined 3orce captured Mara
in 8;,;9 The Ienetians then persuaded the Crusaders to attac/ the ByBantine capital o3
Constantinople1 2hich 3ell on !pril 8<1 8;,>9 Aor three days the Crusaders sac/ed the
city9 Su&se6uently the Ienetians "ained a monopoly on ByBantine trade9 The Latin
%mpire o3 Constantinople 2as esta&lished1 2hich lasted until the recapture o3
Constantinople &y the ByBantine emperor in 8;?89 7n addition1 se$eral ne2 Crusader
states spran" up in )reece and alon" the Blac/ Sea9 The Aourth Crusade did not e$en
threaten the uslim po2ers9 Trade and commerce had triumphed1 as Ienice had
hoped1 &ut at the cost o3 irrepara&ly 2idenin" the ri3t &et2een the %astern and Western
churches9
Crusades a3ter the Aourth 2ere not mass mo$ements9 They 2ere military enterprises
led &y rulers mo$ed &y personal moti$es9 Holy @oman %mperor Arederic/ 77 $o2ed to
lead a Crusade in 8;8:1 &ut 3or domestic political reasons postponed his departure9
Under pressure 3rom Pope )re"ory 7N1 Arederic/ and his army 3inally sailed 3rom 7taly in
!u"ust 8;;*1 &ut returned to port 2ithin a 3e2 days &ecause Arederic/ had 3allen ill9
The pope1 outra"ed at this 3urther delay1 promptly e=communicated the emperor9
Undaunted1 Arederic/ em&ar/ed 3or the Holy Land in Eune 8;;+9 There he conducted
his uncon$entional Crusade almost entirely &y diplomatic ne"otiations 2ith the
%"yptian sultan9 These ne"otiations produced a peace treaty &y 2hich the %"yptians
restored Eerusalem to the Crusaders and "uaranteed a ten-year respite 3rom hostilities9
Ho2e$er1 Arederic/ 2as ridiculed in %urope 3or usin" diplomacy rather than the s2ord9
7n 8;>+ Louis 7N1 Saint Louis o3 Arance1 decided that his o&li"ations as a son o3 the
Church out2ei"hed those o3 his throne1 and he le3t his /in"dom 3or a si=-year
ad$enture9 Since the &ase o3 uslim po2er had shi3ted to %"ypt1 Louis did not e$en
march on the Holy LandF any 2ar a"ainst 7slam no2 3it the de3inition o3 a Crusade9
Louis and his 3ollo2ers landed in %"ypt on Eune :1 8;>.1 and the 3ollo2in" day
captured Damietta9 The ne=t phase o3 their campai"n1 an attac/ on Cairo in the sprin"
o3 8;:,1 pro$ed to &e a catastrophe9 The Crusaders 3ailed to "uard their 3lan/s1 and as a
result the %"yptians retained control o$er the 2ater reser$oirs alon" the 5ile9 By
openin" the sluice "ates1 they created 3loods that trapped the 2hole Crusadin" army1
and Louis 2as 3orced to surrender in !pril 8;:,9 !3ter payin" an enormous ransom and
surrenderin" Damietta1 Louis sailed to Palestine1 2here he spent 3our years &uildin"
3orti3ications and stren"thenin" the de3enses o3 the Latin Gin"dom9 7n the sprin" o3
8;:> he and his army returned to Arance9
Gin" Louis also or"aniBed the last ma'or Crusade1 in 8;*,9 This time the response o3
the Arench no&ility 2as unenthusiastic1 and the e=pedition 2as directed a"ainst the city
o3 Tunis rather than %"ypt9 7t ended a&ruptly 2hen Louis died in Tunisia durin" the
summer o3 8;*,9
The tale o3 the Crusader states1 a3ter the mid-8<th century1 is a sad and short one9
Thou"h popes1 some Bealous princesKincludin" %d2ard 7 o3 %n"landKand $arious
reli"ious and political thin/ers continued to call 3or a Crusade to unite the 2arrin"
armies o3 %urope and to deli$er a smashin" &lo2 to 7slam1 later e33orts 2ere too small
and too sporadic to do more than &uy time 3or the Crusader states9 With the 3all o3
O!//o (!cre) in 8;.81 the last stron"hold on the mainland 2as lost1 thou"h the military
reli"ious orders /ept "arrisons on Cyprus and @hodes 3or some centuries9 Ho2e$er1
the Crusadin" impulse 2as not dead9 !s late as 8<.? a lar"e e=pedition a"ainst the
0ttoman Tur/s in the Bal/ans1 summoned &y Si"ismund o3 Hun"ary1 dre2 /ni"hts 3rom
all o$er the West9 But a crushin" de3eat at 5icopolis (5i/opol) on the Danu&e @i$er also
sho2ed that the appeal o3 these $entures 3ar outstripped the political and military
support needed 3or their success9
0TH%@ C@US!D%S
The e=peditions to 0utremer are thou"ht o3 as the Crusades9 ilitary-Christian
enterprises and e=peditions else2here are easily &randed as misdirected or per$erted
Crusades1 &ut there is really no si"ni3icant di33erence &et2een them9 edie$al
Christendom percei$ed itsel3 as ha$in" a ri"ht or duty to e=pand1 to con$ert and
dominate uslims and pa"ans1 and to &rin" dissident Christians &ac/ to the 3old9 When
%n"lish 3orces helped ta/e Lis&on 3rom the oors in 88>*1 they 2ere carryin" out 2hat
seemed the true purpose o3 a Crusade9 This 2as also true 3or )erman soldiers under
the &anner o3 the Teutonic Gni"hts 2hen they imposed Christianity on the pa"ans o3
eastern )ermany and the Baltic in the 8;th and 8<th centuries9
Since the Crusades had &ecome the militant arm o3 Christian society1 it seemed only
lo"ical to launch the !l&i"ensian Crusade (see !l&i"enses)9 This 2as a 2ar 3ou"ht &y
the Arench /in"s and their $assals a"ainst heretics in the south o3 Arance 3rom around
8;8, to 8;;.9 This use o3 the Crusadin" &anner seems a hypocritical smo/e screen1 as
the Arench /ni"hts too/ the lands o3 their enemies1 sa$a"ed &y the people1 and &ecame
the ne2 3eudal lords9 But the distinction &et2een 2hat happened in Arance1 in
Eerusalem1 or in @P"a in the Baltic 2as one o3 place and time1 not o3 essence9
!s late as the 8:th century1 this e=tension o3 the Crusadin" ideal to areas outside the
Holy Land 2as a po2er3ul 3orce 2hen directed a"ainst a speci3ic opponent9 When
national 3eelin" and the adoption o3 reli"ious ideas later associated 2ith the
Protestants made Bohemia a threat to %uropean sta&ility1 at least in the eyes o3 the
Holy @oman %mpire and the pope1 a Crusade 2as declared a"ainst Hussites1 2ho 2ere
named 3or Eohn Hus1 their 3irst leader9 Some decried this as a 3alse Crusade1 sayin"
that "reed 2as &ein" sancti3ied &y ecclesiastical &anners9 But most o3 %urope
endorsed the &rutal 2ar3are and the reimposition o3 Catholicism9 This 2as1 in their
eyes1 a Crusade 3or ChristJs church and people1 as $alid as any o3 the e=peditions to
the Holy Land9
http://history-world.org/crusades.htm
Packet for Students Activity
regory !"": #all for a $#rusade$% &'()
[Thatcher] Gregory VII barely missed the honor of having begun the crusading movement. His
plan is clear from the following letter. The situation in 1!" was not materially different from that
in 1#$% and it is probable that &rban II% when he called for a crusade% had nothing more in mind
than Gregory VII had when he wrote this letter. Gregory was unable to carry out his plans because
he became involved in the struggle with Henry IV.
Gregory, bishop, serant of the serants of God, to all who are willing to defend the Christian faith,
greeting and apostolic benediction.
!e hereby inform you that the bearer of this letter, on his recent return from across the sea "from
Palestine#, came to $ome to isit us. %e repeated what we had heard from many others, that a pagan
race had oercome the Christians and with horrible cruelty had deastated eerything almost to the
walls of Constantinople, and were now goerning the con&uered lands with tyrannical iolence, and
that they had slain many thousands of Christians as if they were but sheep. 'f we loe God and wish
to be recogni(ed as Christians, we should be filled with grief at the misfortune of this great empire
"the Gree)# and the murder of so many Christians. *ut simply to griee is not our whole duty. +he
e,ample of our $edeemer and the bond of fraternal loe demand that we should lay down our lies
to liberate them. -*ecause he has laid down his life for us. and we ought to lay down our lies for
the brethren,- "/ John 0./6#. 1now, therefore, that we are trusting in the mercy of God and in the
power of his might and that we are striing in all possible ways and ma)ing preparations to render
aid to the Christian empire "the Gree)# as &uic)ly as possible. +herefore we beseech you by the
faith in which you are united through Christ in the adoption of the sons of God, and by the authority
of 2t. Peter, prince of apostles, we admonish you that you be moed to proper compassion by the
wounds and blood of your brethren and the danger of the aforesaid empire and that, for the sa)e of
Christ, you underta)e the difficult tas) of bearing aid to your brethren "the Gree)s#. 2end
messengers to us at once inform us of what God may inspire you to do in this matter.

'n Migne, 'atrologia (atina, /34.056
trans. 7lier J. +hatcher, and Edgar %olmes Mc8eal, eds., ) *ource +oo, for -edieval History,
98ew :or). 2cribners, /6;<=, </5>/0
http.??www.fordham.edu?%alsall?source?g@>cde/;@4.asp
Assessment Activit,
Create a timeline of the four crusades. List dates of each crusade and give a brief description of the events
and causes.
:EA$
Homework Activit,
.ead the attached source on the crusades and view the various recruitment posters.
7ake ,our own recruitment poster on the crusades. At the bottom of each poster include
a brief description of what ,ou are tr,ing to sa, through ,our poster. At the beginning of
the ne+t class* ,ou will put ,our poster up around the classroom and have the opportunit,
view others posters around the classroom.
$ecruitment Poster E,amples
*ibliography
%alsall Paul, 5;//. BGregory C''. Call for a Crusade, /;@3.D Internet -edieval *ourceboo,.
Eordham Fniersity. /3 May 5;/0.
Ghttp.??www.fordham.edu?halsall?basis?einhard.aspHGenerosityI.
B+he Crusades.D International .orld History 'ro/ect. /3 May 5;/0. G http.??history>
world.org?crusades.htmI.

Csulb H-Ss Lesson Plan Crusades - Rev 7

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