Formula Sheet (3H Hydraulics)

Manni ng s equat i on (uni f or m flow) : u =

2 / 1 2/3
i m
n
1
(m = A/P)
Froude Number: Fr =

h g
u
m
(h
m
=A/B)
Hydraulic Jump: h
j
=
2 1
3
1 2
h h 4
) h h (


2
h
h
)
h
h
(
Fr
1
2 2
1
2
1
+
=
,
) 1 Fr 8 1 (
2
1

h
h
2
1
2
1
+ =
,
Weir: Flow rate per unit width (
q
=
h g
3
c
):
q
= C
d
1.705 (H +
2 / 3
)
g 2
u
2
1

Gradually Varied Flow :
gh
u
1
) i S (
dL
dh
2

=

Discharging for constant cross-sectional area tank from h
1
to h
2
(quasi-steadily):
T =
) h h (
A
A
)
g 2
K d / fL 4
( 2
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
1
pipe
k !n 2 / 1

+
Celerity of a surge wave:
2
) h / h 1 ( h
g
1 2 2
+
Rigid Water Column Theory : H
g
L

c
"

u

Instant Closure with Compressibility Effect: H =
g
cu
#

Celerity in Elastic Pipe: c
pipe
=
r $
Kd
1
c

+
(c =
/ K
-- celerity (sound speed) in water)

Slow Valve Closure: t
c
>
pipe
c
L 2