Nilsson 1 Sera Nilsson Professor Baird English 1010-093 March 25, 2014 Annotated Bibliography I am choosing to write my paper

on the question what exactly is considered animal cruelty and do animal have rights? Beginning with my research I first will research types of animal cruelty and the viewpoints of other people on the issue. I will also look into the laws for animal cruelty and how they are enforced. I will also look into all the cases that are being accused as animal cruelty. I chose this topic because I have always been interested in it. I will be majoring in veterinary medicine and this issue will come up a lot in my work. I also chose this topic because it is something I am very comfortable with researching and I know a lot about it. I have had two dogs that had been abused by their previous owners, and learning about how they had to adapt to their abuse and get use to their new homes affected me a lot. I have a very strong view point towards the issue and I wanted to research more about what others think and what really is considered animal cruelty. Animal cruelty is something we hear a lot about and everyone thinks differently about it. One may think they are not treating an animal cruelly while others think they are. One thing I really like about this topic is that it can go into such great detail, there is also a huge debate on the issue this causes a big controversy. It may start out as a little problem but then becomes made into a big problem with other aspects being brought in. This is a very sensitive topic to a lot of people, we all have to look at the big picture and decide what animal cruelty is and what it isnt, and do animal deserve to have animal rights.

Nilsson 2 Ascione, Frank R., and Kenneth Shapiro. "People and Animals, Kindness and Cruelty: Research Directions and Policy Implications." Journal of Social Issues 65.3 (2009): 569-587. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. In the article People and Animals, Kindness and Cruelty: Research Directions and Policy Implications written by Frank R. Ascione and Kenneth Shapiro illustrates research on childhood mental health, intimate partner violence, etc. can result in animal cruelty. They also discuss issues including how the status of animals as human companions at times may place animals at risk. Frank R. Ascione and Kenneth Shapiro state that For our purposes, we define animal abuse as non-accidental, socially unacceptable behavior that causes pain, suffering or distress to and/or the death of an animal. Acts of omission or commission en-compassed by this definition could be applied to cases of child abuse and neglect, intimate partner violence, and maltreatment of elderly adults or adults with disabilities by substituting human victims for animal victims (2). Studies show that rates of animal abuse are higher in groups of abused children than in nonabused children and in samples of clinically distressed children than in normative samples and in families experiencing intimate partner violence. These differences have been documented, but our understanding of the etiological factors related to these differences needs to be a higher research priority. Along with people abusing their animals it can make their animals violent towards other animals and even other people. Throughout the article they also provide a description of community networks addressing animal abuse. The article is very credible because Frank R. Ascione is a Professor and American Humane Endowed Chair at the University Of Denver Graduate School Of Social Work, Executive Director, and Institute for Human-Animal Connection, and an adjunct faculty member with the American Humane Association. His research focuses on the link between animal abuse

Nilsson 3 and interpersonal violence, including child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and the abuse of elder adults. He is the author, editor, or co-editor of five books. Kenneth Shapiro is executive director of Animals and Society Institute; founder and editor of Society and Animals: Journal of Human-Animal Studies, cofounder and coeditor of Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, and editor of Human-animal studies book Series. Shapiro earned his BA from Harvard University and his PhD in clinical psychology from Duke University. He is the author of three books. This article is peer review and has reliable sources along with contact information and several supportive evidence. This article relates to my topic because it illustrates the point of view of people who may abuse their animals. Some may mean to hurt their animals while others dont mean to cause any harm, but they do because of the violence around them. Boslaugh, Sarah E., PhD. "Animal Cruelty." Salem Press Encyclopedia (2013): Research Starters. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. In the article Animal Cruelty written by Sarah E. Boslaugh illustrates how the opinion of how people treat animals have changed over centuries. Boslaugh states that there is wide variation in what is considered cruel versus and what is considered normal behavior. Today, the range of behaviors considered cruel by some individuals or cultures encompasses not only deliberate abuse and neglect of pets or work animals, but also the use of live animals for medical and scientific experimentation, the practice of hunting for sport or food, and even the use of animal products for food and clothing (1). Protection for animals has increased over the decades. Boslaugh gives us examples of how viewpoints have changed over the centuries For instance, in the eighteenth century, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant expressed the then-mainstream opinion that animals were important only in relation to their usefulness to human beings, rather

Nilsson 4 than as sentient beings deserving respect. On the other hand, the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham, who developed the philosophical approach known as utilitarianism in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, likened human mistreatment of animals to human mistreatment of other humans in slavery, an analogy also used by the nineteenth-century British philosopher John Stuart Mill (1). Not only does Boslaugh provide histories viewpoints but she also states other countries viewpoints. While most people say they are against animal cruelty, the range of behaviors defined as cruel can differ widely from one individual to another and from one culture to another. There is also a huge difference in what is considered to be animal cruelty. Boslaugh also provides the viewpoint of people who do not even care about the treatment towards animals but are more concerned about if people are to abuse animals why they wont abuse human as well. Boslaugh also provides viewpoints towards animal hunting, some individuals see hunting as part of the natural order of the world, while others see it as a primitive and cruel practice that causes needless pain to animals. Another concern Boslaugh states is the opinion over the use of live animals in scientific and industrial testing and research. Although many regulations govern the use of animals in science and medicine, with the specific concern of preventing unnecessary pain and suffering, there is wide variation between countries concerning what is considered permissible (Boslaugh, 2). Boslaughs article is very credible because she provides all her sources and evidence throughout her article to show the different viewpoints of people all over the world. I chose this article because really demonstrates my topic well. I chose this article because Boslaugh provides so many different viewpoints of different people throughout her article which provides a lot of different evidence and concerns about what is considered animal cruelty and what isnt.

Nilsson 5 Moore, David W. "Public opinion on animal rights, May 2003." Animal Rights. Ed. Kim Masters. Evans. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Information plus Reference Series. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. A survey was taken by David W. Moore who surveyed a group of people in 2003 and ask for their opinion on animal rights. Three percent of people said Animals dont need much protection from harm and exploitation since they are just animals. Twenty-five percent of people said Animals deserve the same exact rights as people to be free from harm and exploitation. Seventy-two percent of people said that Animals deserve some protection from harm and exploitation, but it is still appropriate to use them for benefit of humans. This survey was taken in 2003, since then the peoples opinion may have changed. This survey was published by The Gallup Organization. I feel that this survey is credible because they do have more information on the types of people that were surveyed and there is contact information for The Gallup Organization as well as for David W. Moore, you can contact either one for more information on the survey or for any questions you may have. I chose to research this survey because I was interested to know the opinion of people in 2003 when this survey was taken. This survey also provides an insight into how peoples opinion may have changed over the years, whether animals should be protected by humans or whether it matter or not what we do to these animals. "Opinion Has Limited the Use of Stray Dogs and Cats in Scientific Research." Animal Experimentation. Ed. Susan C. Hunnicutt. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from "National Research Council Committee on Scientific and Human Issues in the Use of Random Source Dogs and Cats in Research." Use of Dogs and

Nilsson 6 Cats in Research: Public Perception and Evolution of Laws and Guidelines. 2009. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. In the article Opinion Has Limited the Use of Stray Dogs and Cats in Scientific Research states the opinions of Americans that are becoming less supportive of the use of dogs, cats, and other "companion" animals for scientific research and testing. People did not have a problem with the research and testing when it first started but over the years people are becoming more and more against the issue and demanding it come to a stop, that these animals need protection. People are more comfortable with the use of rodents such as rats, mice, or birds for research and testing. Researchers believe that the opinion of these people is changing because of the growing rate of dogs and cats occupying a particularly important place in American society in their roles as companion, work, and hobby animals. Researchers say that it is estimated that nearly half of all U.S. households have at least one dog or cat, with a total population of 72 million dogs and nearly 82 million cats and that approximately 94% of owners attributed human personality traits to their pets and said they would risk their lives for their pet because they are considered family (2). Because people are against animal testing and want animals to suffer as little as possible this is causing a huge tension between general society and the scientific community. This article is credible because it has a lot of great facts and viewpoints of people. Also this article was published by The Animal Experimentation Organization, in 2013 so it is very recent on the viewpoints of todays society. I chose this article because it is very recent, and shows great viewpoints of people who are against animal testing and research because they find it to be treating the animals cruelly. It shows an insight into how the relation between animal and human are becoming stronger and

Nilsson 7 stronger every year, which is leading to animal protection laws to ensure a safe environment for all animals. Singer, Peter. "The Treatment of Animals in Factory Farms Is a Serious Moral Wrong." Factory Farming. Debra A. Miller. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Current Controversies. Rpt. From "Factory Farming: A Moral Issue." Minnesota Daily 22 Mar. 2006. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. In the article The Treatment of Animals in Factory Farms Is a Serious Moral Wrong by Peter Singer he address the issue of factory farms treating their animals cruelly before they slaughter them and sale the animals meat at our local grocery stores. Singer explains the situation by giving us an insight of the lives the animals live before they are killed. The overwhelming majority of these animals have spent their entire lives confined inside sheds, never going outdoors for a single hour. Their suffering isn't just for a few hours or days, but for all their lives. Sows and veal calves are confined in crates too narrow for them even to turn around, let alone walk a few steps. Egg-laying hens are unable to stretch their wings because their cages are too small and too crowded. With nothing to do all day, they become frustrated and attack each other. To prevent losses, producers sear off their beaks with a hot knife, cutting through sensitive nerves (Singer, 1). Singer also states the opinion of Matthew Scully, a former speech writer in President George W. Bush's White House and the author of Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy. In Scully's view, even though God has given us "dominion" over the animals, we should exercise that dominion with mercyand factory farming fails to do so (Scully, 2). Singer states that overall there is not a huge problem with the fact that factory farms kill so many animals for their meat, however it is a waste. Singer states the some people think that factory farming is necessary to feed the growing population of our

Nilsson 8 planet, but it is actually the complete opposite. Singer says factory farming has nothing going for it except that it produces food that is, at the point of sale are cheap. Overall Singer feels that if we are going to kill over ten billion animals a year the least we can do is let them have a calm nice life before it is taken away from them. Peter Singer is a credible author because he has experience fighting against animal cruelty and standing up for animal rights. Peter Singer is a philosopher and professor of bioethics at Princeton University, laureate professor at the University of Melbourne, and is wellknown animal rights advocate. I chose to research this article because it brought to my attention another form of animal cruelty. Factory farming is not something I really thought that I would consider animal cruelty, I never have even known much about factory farming, but after reading this article people will understand the truth behind the lives of factory farm animals, and the suffering they must face every day. Texas Society for Biomedical Research. "Animal Welfare Is Different Than Animal Rights." Animal Experimentation. Ed. Susan C. Hunnicutt. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from "Animal Welfare and Animal Rights." 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. In the article Animal Welfare Is Different than Animal Rights states that because of the strong protective viewpoints of animal activists and others laws are being enforced, to provide protection to animals so they are not treated cruelly. In the United States, laws have been enacted to ensure that animals in research laboratories and professional kennels are treated humanely. Animal welfare endorses the responsible use of animals to satisfy certain human needsfrom companionship and sport, to uses that involve the taking of life, such as for food,

Nilsson 9 clothing, and medical research. Although many cultures have vastly differing views and traditions of animal use, most Western societies have adopted basic rules governing human behavior toward animals. By law in the United States you are to give animals their basic needs such as food, shelter, and health, and that they experience no unnecessary suffering in providing for human needs. Staff member for research and testing of animals, kennel employees, etc. are required to follow these laws or they will have their privileges to these animals taken away, and be charged with animal cruelty. Throughout this article it explains the proper way to house an animal, to give it protection and treat it humanely, rather than using these animals for your own personal needs to cause suffering in any way. This article is credible because it was written by The Animal Experimentation Organization in 2013 it very recent and provides an insight into the fighting battle for protection to animals. It provides contact information as well as sources to receive extra information. This article relates to my overall topic because it illustrates the necessary requirements for humans to give to animals, to avoid treating an animal cruelly. If people were to ignore these laws we would be facing a larger amount of animals being treated cruelly than normal.

Vaknin, Sam. "Whether a Right or Not, Animals Should Be Treated Morally." The Rights of Animals. Ed. Debra A. Miller. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Current Controversies. Rpt. from "The Rights of Animals." Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. In the article Whether a Right or Not, Animals Should Be Treated Morally Written by Sam Vaknin states that all animals need protection. The article states that only certain animals are gaining protection while others are suffering pain. Researchers state that A rat and a puppy

Nilsson 10 are both animals but our emotional reaction to them is so different that we cannot really lump them together (1). While cuddly cats, curly dogs, and cute monkeys are being protected other animals that we consider rodents such as rats, mice, snakes, birds, etc. Are taking the beating for everyone by being involved in animal testing and research as well as being killed. Researchers state that we protect certain animals because we feel empathy to particular ones. Many people love snakes, for instance, and deeply empathize with them. Yet we use snakes in research and testing more then we use cats or dogs. Yet they have the same life, they feel the same pain. However the view of philosophers in much different. Philosophers feel that they regarded animals as the organic equivalents of machines, driven by coarse instincts, unable to experience pain (1). However philosophers feel that it may be wrong to torture animals only because it desensitizes us to human suffering and makes us more prone to using violence on humans. Animals cannot feel pain but humans can. Researchers and others argue with philosophers statements and say that animals can feel pain, because animals are so closely related to human, how can they not feel pain? Researchers and other also believe that if animals feel pain or not we still have no right to torture these animals. This article is credible because it provides the sources for the claims that were stated throughout the article along with specific names of people mentioned in the article and their viewpoints. This article relates to my topic because it provides the viewpoints of people who are fighting for the protection of animals and what they are used for. These people are standing up for all types of animals not just the cute and cuddly type. This provides an insight into the viewpoints of different types of people, who may enjoy different animals that other may not like as much.

Nilsson 11 Zyla, Tim. "Local agencies explain animal cruelty laws and enforcement." Daily Review [Towanda, PA] 21 Jan. 2014. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. In the article Local agencies explain animal cruelty laws and enforcement by Tim Zyla he address the issue of animal cruelty. Zyla begins his article by stating peoples concerns in Bradford County towards animals being left outside in freezing cold temperatures. He specifically spoke about the main concern of local resident Robin Lutz who reported seeing dogs huddled together along State Route 220 during the cold weather that swept across the nation in early January. She had reported the incident to Bradford County Humane Society and the state police but nothing was done. Robin Lutz reported that the "State police told me that if no humans were endangered, they don't enforce humane laws," she said. "(But) humane laws were written to protect animals, not humans," Lutz said. When Tim Zyla interviewed Towanda Barracks Commander Sgt. Kerby Young about the situation he explained why Robin Lutz was told that. "We do and we will investigate reports of cruelty to animals," Young insisted that state police will actively investigate all legitimate reports of animal abuse, but the response may be delayed if other active cases are in progress because such reports may be called in "The issue we were having a while ago was people would call in, and it's 5 degrees outside, about a horse out in the pasture. Well horses live in pastures and there's a barn there (for shelter) so it's not cruelty to animals," Young said. He explained that if an animal has access to food and water and a place to preserve body heat and stay dry, that it is not a crime. This is a perfect example of what is not considered animal cruelty. While some people may think this is considered animal cruelty it the truth behind it is that it isnt considered animal cruelty. Kerby Young tells us exactly what would be considered animal cruelty and what we could look for.

Nilsson 12 This article is credible and trustworthy because I did not find it by just searching the internet, I found it on a reliable database site opposing viewpoint. It was first published in The Daily Review (Towanda, PA), on January 21, 2014. Tim Zyla is a staff writer for the article. I found that he comes off as a credible person because he has written several different articles and at the end of each of his article he has several different ways to contact him for further information or questions. I found this article to be truthful because it was an actual report that was called into the police station and it address the issue of different cases of animal cruelty. What is considered animal cruelty and what is worth calling in to report? A chose this specific article because it answers my main question What is considered animal cruelty? it gives a great example to my question, it which it describes a scenario that would be considered animal cruelty. This article really affected me mainly because it gives a real life example of what people call in to report about what they think in animal cruelty. This happens a lot. Someone may think they are witnessing an animal being treated cruelly so they take action immediately without knowing all the facts. Overall Reflection All of the articles I chose to research connect together because they all illustrate the viewpoints of all sources of different people from, animal activists, philosophers, animal owners, non-animal owners, scientist, violent/abused people, and many more. Because all the articles provide different viewpoints people it demonstrates to us what people consider to be animal cruelty and what they dont consider to be animal cruelty. Throughout all the articles the authors also provide specific examples of animal cruelty, such as physically abusing, factory farms, animal fighting, animal testing and research, etc. Researching all these different article changed

Nilsson 13 my point of view in some cases of animal cruelty. It made me realize the different types of animal cruelty along with understanding why people have their certain viewpoints.