Multiple Disabilities

Definition: Combination of impairments which causes severe educational needs that cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for one of the impairments -Does NOT include deaf-blindness

Prevalence: -In the school year of 2005-2006, 132,595 school-age children received special education and related services which is about 2.2%

Strategies: -Assess the level of performance precisely -Clearly define skill being taught -Break down the skill into smaller steps -Show a clear prompt or cue to child -Give feedback and reinforcement -Use strategies that promote maintenance and generalization -Could use partial participation -Small group instruction

Characteristics: -Learning New Skills -These children learn at slower rates -Require more instructional traits -Have difficulty learning abstract concepts -Poor generalization/Maintenance of new skills -Communication skills: limited, have trouble expressing themselves and understanding others -Physical/Motor: Limited physical mobility and slow to perform basic skills -Have deficits in self-help skills -Behavior: -Some do not interact with peers, and others may not show emotions -Stereotypic/Challenging Behavior: -Rocking back and forth -Waving fingers in front of face -Twirling the body -Grinding teeth -Head banging -Hair pulling 10

Other Health Impairments

Definition: -Having limited strength, vitality, or alertness that results in limited alertness to educational environment -Needs to adversely affect the academic performance of the student Prevalence: -This disability is the third largest category SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL/ BEHAVIORAL Characteristics: Perform below average -Kids need access to other kids -May display inappropriate behaviors -Rejection -Poor self-image -Difficulty maintaining sense of belonging Examples of Other Impairments: -ADHD -Asthma -Epilepsy -HIV/AIDS -Cancer -Sickle Cell Disease -Diabetes -Cystic Fibrosis

ACADEMIC/COGNITIVE Characteristics: -Developmental Stage at age of onset -Range of experiences -Range from gifted to significant intellectual disability

Strategies: -Keep in touch with student -Respect students privacy -Educate classmates -Keep homework at a minimum -Help student come up with career choices -Create a system for sending work home/catching up on work -Do not penalize for late work -Provide related services -Encourage involvement with parents

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Physical Disabilities

Definition: Adversely affects a childs educational performance. Impairments caused by congenital anomaly, by a disease, or from other causes

ACADEMIC Characteristics: -Range from giftedness to significant intellectual disability

Prevalence: -62,618 students had a physical disability in 2005-2006 -This was 1% of special education population

Strategies: -Help with transportation -Personal Assistance -Help with living arrangements -Help student make a career choice -Position them and you in the classroom -Seating -Mobility around the classroom -Accessibility -Communication Devices

SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL/EMOTIONAL Characteristics: -Need to have access other disabilities -Frustration -Have a hard time communicating -Poor self-esteem -Anger Expressed -Feel Rejected/Lonely

Examples: -Neurological Disorders: -Cerebral Palsy -Spina Bifida -Spinal cord injury -Musculoskeletal Disorders: -Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Specific Learning Disability

Definition: A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written. -Which disorder may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations

Prevalence: This disability is the largest group in all of the disabilities

Strategies: -Graphic Organizers -Note-taking Strategies -Guided Notes -Mnemonic Strategies

Characteristics: -Hyperactivity -Perceptual Disturbances -Inability to understand environment -Trouble with visual/auditory stimuli -Language Difficulties -Specific Learning Disabilities: -Reading -Math -Writing -Spelling -Coordination disorders -Disorders of attention: -Cant focus -Focus too much on task and cant move on -Easily Distracted -Impulsivity -Memory Problems -Low Frustration Tolerance -Poor Self-Concept

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Speech/Language Impairments

Definition: Speech that deviates so far from the speech of other people that it: 1) Calls attention to itself 2) Interferes with communication 3) Provokes distress in speaker or listener -Impairment in the ability to receive, sends, process, and comprehends concepts of verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbols system

Prevalence: This disability is the second largest group in all of the disabilities

Characteristics: -Distortions: mispronouncing -Substitutions: placing an extra letter in a word -Omissions: not pronouncing a word completely, take a letter out -Additions: adding a letter to a word -Stuttering: repetition of words or syllables -Cannot produce a given sound physically

Strategies: -Vocabulary Building -Naturalistic Strategies -Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) -Representational symbol set or vocabulary -A means for selecting symbols -A means for transmitting the symbols

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Traumatic Brain Injury

Definition: An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external, physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability, psychosocial impairments, or both adversely affect a childs educational performance

Characteristics: -Academic: -Difficulty with reasoning, problem solving, memory, and organization -Difference in processing speed -Difficulty with language comprehension and fluency -Overall achievement might regress -Social: -Difficulties with peers because of personality changes in child -Behavior: -Refusal to work -Leave classroom without permission -Hitting -Anxious and Frustrated -Emotional: -Difficulty controlling emotions -Frustration/Anger -Experience intense reactions to situations

Prevalence: -In 2005-2006, 23,449 students had a traumatic brain injury -The category of traumatic brain injury holds 0.4% of the special education population -low instnace

Strategies: -Need clear rules to follow -Give reminders -Specific Behavior Plan -School Re-entry Plan

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Visual Impairments

Definition: Impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a childs educational performance

Characteristics: -Abstract concepts/analogies/Idiomatic expressions can be difficult -Delays in motor development -Play and interact less during free time -Often delayed in the development of social skills -Struggle with social isolation -Some engage in repetitive body movements

Prevalence: -In 2005 -2006 25,369 students were labeled with visual impairment -Of the special education population, 0.4% have a visual impairment Strategies: -Plan and carry out activities that will help students gain as much information as possible -Braille -Braille technological aids -Tactile aids and manipulatives -Technological aids for reading print -Computer access

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MAJOR LAWS

P.L. 93-112: (Section 504) -Rehabilitation Act of 1973 -Civil Rights Law first one ever -504-any agency receiving funding cannot discriminate

P.L. 99-457: -Requires states to provide special education services to all children with disabilities ages 3 to 5 -Established risk conditions -Preschool children do not to be identified and reported under disability categories to receive services -IEPS must include a section with suggestions and information for parents

P.L. 94-142: (IDEA) -First education law that had programming for all students -Individuals with Disabilities Education Act -13 disability categories -F.A.P.E -Zero Reject -LRE -Nondiscriminatory evaluation -Parents Rights -Procedural Safeguards

P.L. 105-17: (IDEA Amendments) -1997: Strengthen Para Participation -How to discipline students with disabilities

P.L. 101-336: (ADA) -Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 -Applies to both private and public sector -Employer equal opportunity employer (EOE) -Wheelchair ramps, elevators, closed captioning, etc.

NCLB: No Child Left Behind -Highly qualified teachers -AYP -Funding -Pressure for goals to be based on general education curriculum

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