UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 (CPE435)

NAME STUDENT ID. GROUP EXPERIMENT DATE PERFORMED SEMESTER PROGRAMME / CODE SUBMIT TO

: MUHAMMAD MUKMIN BIN ZAHARI : 2011461308 : EH220 2C : REFRIGERANT UNIT TH : 02 APRIL 2012 :2 : EH220 : CIK SITI NOR ADIEB BT IDRIS

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Title Abstract/Summary Introduction Aims Theory Apparatus Methodology/Procedure Results Calculations Discussion Conclusion Recommendations Reference / Appendix Supervisors grading TOTAL MARKS

Allocated Marks (%) 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 20 5 5 5 10 100

Marks

Remarks: Checked by: Rechecked by:

--------------------------Date:

--------------------------Dat 1

Table of content
Table of content .............................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Aims ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Experimental procedure ................................................................................................................ 10 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Experiment 1.............................................................................................................................. 12 Experiment 2.............................................................................................................................. 14 Experiment 3.............................................................................................................................. 20 Experiment 4.............................................................................................................................. 24 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 27 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 29 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 30 References ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 32

Abstract
This experiment is carried out to study the mechanical heat pump through the operating of the equipment SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE165). This experiment is conducted by doing a series of tests by manipulating the delivery temperatures and flow rates of the cooling water. Plus, to study the mechanism of a heat pump, coefficient of performance and heat pump performance curves. Besides, this experiment is investigating the effects of compressor pressure ratio on the volumetric efficiency. The purpose of conducting this experiment is to study the thermodynamics concept of energy balance and coefficient of performance. The heat transfer is been able to determine by applying the energy balance concept. Next, able to determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump and how the delivery temperatures affect the coefficient of performance. Lastly, to produce the performance curves of the heat pump and vapour compression cycle on a p-h diagram.

Introduction
In the experiment of refrigerant unit, the Mechanical Heat Pump is used to study the vapour compression cycle. This Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE 165) has been designed to provide students with a practical and quantitative demonstration of the vapour compression cycle. Refrigerators and heat pumps are both use the vapour compression cycle, and although the applications of these machines differ, the components are essentially the same. The HE 165 is capable of demonstrating the heat pump application where a large freely available energy source, such as the atmosphere, is to be upgraded for water heating. The unit will be of particular interest to those studying Mechanical Engineering, Energy Conservation, Thermodynamics, Building Services, Chemical Engineering, Plant and Process Engineering, and Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.

The heat pump consists of a hermetic compressor, a water cooled condenser, a thermostatically controlled expansion valve and an air heated evaporator. The arrangements of the components are in a manner similar to that used for many domestic air-water heat pumps where they are visible from the front of the unit. During the operation, slightly superheated refrigerant (R134a) vapour enters the compressor from the evaporator and its pressure is increased. Thus, the temperature rises and the hot vapour then enters the water cooled condenser. Heat is given up to the cooling water and the refrigerant condenses to a liquid before passing to the expansion valve.

Upon passing through the expansion valve the pressure of the liquid refrigerant is reduced. This causes the saturation temperature to fall to below that of the atmosphere. Thus, as it flows through the evaporator, there is a temperature difference between the refrigerant and the air being drawn across the coils. The resulting heat transfer causes the refrigerant to boil, and upon leaving the evaporator it has become slightly superheated vapour, ready to return to the compressor. The temperature at which heat is delivered in the condenser is controlled by the water flow rate and its inlet temperature. The evaporating temperature is l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e ambient conditions. However, this can be limited, either by restricting the air intake to the evaporator, or by directing warmed air towards the intake. Instrumentations are all provided for the measurement of flowrates of both the refrigerant and cooling water, power input to the compressor, and all relevant temperatures.
4

Aims

To determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour compression heat pump system

To produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and delivery temperatures

To plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram and compare with the ideal cycle

To perform energy balance for the condenser and compressor

To determine the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency

Theory
Refrigerators and heat pumps are devices that absorb heat at a low temperature and reject heat at a higher temperature. Both refrigerators and heat pumps operate in the same way using a reversed heat engine cycle, but are labeled separately according to their purpose. Devices that are used to maintain a temperature below ambient are known as refrigerators (or air conditioners) while devices that are used to supply heat at a higher temperature than ambient are known as heat pumps. Some devices, in particular those used for space cooling, may be used as both a heat pump and a refrigerator (as is the case with the Christchurch Town Hall heating/cooling system).

The vapour compression cycle is the most commonly used refrigeration/heat pump cycle and involves the same four processes as a heat engine cycle but in the reverse order (i.e. evaporation compression condensation expansion/throttling). Figure 1 gives a schematic representation of the four essential mechanical components in this cycle; figure 2 shows the ideal cycle on a pressure-enthalpy diagram.

Heat out

Condenser

Throttle Valve Evaporator Compressor

Work in

Heat in

Figure 1: Vapour Compression Cycle components

Subcooling Liquid Pressure

Critical Point

1 Superheating

Enthalpy

Figure 2: Ideal cycle on pressure enthalpy diagram.

In ideal vapour compression cycle the refrigerant vapour is compressed isentropically to a higher temperature and pressure (12). The compressed vapour is then condensed isobarically which results in heat rejection to the surroundings (23). The next step is the adiabatic throttling of the refrigerant to the low temperature and pressure (34). The final step is where the refrigerant is evaporated isobarically at low temperature and pressure, which results in the absorption of heat from its surroundings (41). In an actual cycle states 1 and 3 should not lie on the saturation line as there is subcooling (helpful to obtain state 3 in the diagram) and superheating (necessary to avoid droplets (two phase region!) in the compressor).

The usual measure of performance of a refrigerator or heat pump is the Coefficient of Performance COP which for a refrigerator COPR is defined as:

COPR =

heat absorbed at the lower temperature = compressor net work

QE W

(1a)

For a heat pump COPH:

COPH =

heat rejected at the higher temperature = compressor net work

QC W

(1b)

where E, C, R, H stand for Evaporator, Compressor, Refrigeration, and Heat pump respectively. Note: The cooling water and refrigerant flow rate displays is in percentage (%). Below are the formula to convert cooling water and refrigerant flow rate to LPM ( )

( )

Apparatus
SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump Model: HE165

Experimental procedure

General Start-up Procedure 1. The unit and all instruments are checked in proper condition. 2. Both water source and drain are checked connected then the water supply is open and the cooling water flow rate is set at 1.0LPM. 3. The drain hose at the condensate collector is checked connected. 4. Power supply is connected and the main power is switched followed by main switch at the control panel. 5. The refrigerant compressor is switched on. As soon as temperature and pressure were constant, the unit was ready for experiment. General Shut-down Procedure 1. The compressor is switched off, followed by main switch and power supply. 2. The water supply is closed and water is ensured not left running. Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of performance Objective: To determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour compression heat pump system Procedures: 1. The general start-up procedures are performed. 2. The cooling water flow rate is adjusted to 40%. 3. The system is allowed to rub for 15 minutes. 4. All necessary reading is recorded into experimental data sheet. Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and delivery temperatures Objective: To produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and delivery temperatures Procedures: 1. The general start-up procedures are performed
10

2. The cooling water flow rate is adjusted to 80%. 3. The system is allowed to run for 15 minutes. 4. All necessary readings are recorded into the experimental data sheet. 5. The experiment with reducing flow rate is repeated so that the cooling water outlet temperature increases by about 3 (40% and 60%).

6. The experiment might be repeated at different ambient temperature. Experiment 3: Production of water vapour compression cycle on p-h diagram and energy balance study Objective: 1. To plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram and compare with the ideal cycle 2. To perform energy balances for the condenser and compressor Procedures: 1. The general start-up procedures are performed 2. The cooling water flow rate is adjusted to 40% and the system is allowed to run for 15 minutes. 3. All necessary readings are recorded into experimental data sheet. Experiment 4: Estimation of effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric efficiency Objective: To determine the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency Procedures: 1. The general start-up procedures are performed. 2. The cooling water flow rate is adjusted to 40%. 3. The system is allowed to run for 15 minutes. 4. All necessary readings are recorded into experimental data sheet. 5. The experiment might be repeated at different compressor delivery pressure.

11

RESULTS
Experiment 1
Cooling water flow rate, FT 1 Cooling water inlet temperature, TT 5 Cooling water outlet temperature, TT 6 Compressor power input % C C W 40.0 26.9 31.7 194

For reading 1, Cooling water flow rate, LPM = = 2.0 LPM x x = 3.333 x 10-5 m3/s =
( )

x 5 LPM

Find h5 and h6 from table saturated water-temperature using interpolation

T (C) 25 26.9 30

h (kJ/kg) 104.83 112.78 125.74

T (C) 30 31.7 35

h (kJ/kg) 125.74 132.85 146.64

h5 = 112.78 kJ/kg Mass flow rate =

h6 = 132.85 kJ/kg x

water = 1000kg/m3 = 0.0333 kg/s

12

Ein Mh5 QH = =

= = =

Eout QH + mh6 m(h5 h6)

0.0333 kg/s (112.78 132.85) kJ/kg -0.6683 kJ/s

COPH = = = 0.00339

13

Experiment 2
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3

Cooling water flow rate, FT 1 Cooling water inlet temperature, TT 5 Cooling water outlet temperature, TT 6 Compressor power input

% C

80.0 27.1

60.0 27.1

40.0 27.1

30.3

31.1

32.5

193

196

198

Reading 1, Cooling water flow rate, LPM = x = 4.0 LPM x = 6.6700 x 10-5 m3/s =
( )

x 5 LPM

14

Find h5 and h6from table saturated water-temperature using interpolation.

T (C) 25 27.1 30

h (kJ/kg) 104.83 113.61 125.74

T (C) 30 30.3 35

h (kJ/kg) 125.74 127.00 146.64

h5 =113.61kJ/kg h6 = 127.00 kJ/kg water = 1000kg/m3 Mass flow rate = Ein mh5 QH = = = = = Eout QH + mh6 m(h5 h6) x = 0.0667 kg/s

0.0667 kg/s (113.61127.00) kJ/kg -0.8931 kJ/s

COPH = = = 0.004627

Reading 2,

15

Cooling water flow rate, LPM = = x = 3.0 LPM x = 5.000 x 10-5 m3/s

( )

x 5 LPM

Find hB2,1 and hB2,2from table saturated water-temperature using interpolation. T (C) 25.0 27.1 30.0 h (kJ/kg) 104.83 113.61 125.74

T (C) 30.0 31.1 35.0

h (kJ/kg) 125.74 130.34 146.64 water = 1000kg/m3

h5 = 113.61 kJ/kg Mass flow rate = Ein mh5 QH = = = = = Eout QH + mh6 m(h5 h6) x

h6 = 130.34 kJ/kg = 0.0500 kg/s

0.0500 kg/s (113.61 130.34) kJ/kg -0.8365 kJ/s

COPH = = = 0.004268

16

Reading 3, Cooling water flow rate, LPM = = = 2.0 LPM x x = 3.333 x 10-5 m3/s
( )

x 5 LPM

Find hB3,1 and hB3,2from table saturated water-temperature.

T (C) 25.0 27.1 30.0 T (C) 30.0 32.5 35.0 h (kJ/kg) 104.83 113.61 125.74 h (kJ/kg) 125.74 136.19 146.64

h5 = 113.61 kJ/kg Mass flow rate = Ein Mh5 QH = = = = = Eout QH + mh6 m(h5 h6) x

h6 = 136.19 kJ/kg = 0.0333 kg/s

water = 1000kg/m3

0.0333 kg/s (113.61 136.19) kJ/kg -0.7519 kJ/s

COPH = = = 0.003797

17

From the value that calculated, graph can be constructed

T6(C)

Power input(kJ/s) 193 196 198

Qh(kJ/s)

COP

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3

30.3 31.1 32.5

0.8931 0.8365 0.7519

0.004627 0.004268 0.003797

Graph 1
0.005 0.0045 0.004 0.0035 30.3, 0.004627

graph of COP vs temperature

31.1, 0.004268 32.5,0.003797

COP

0.003

0.0025 0.002 0.0015 0.001 0.0005 0 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33

Temperature (C)

18

Graph 2
0.92 0.9 30.3, 0.8931

graph of QH vs temperature

Heat transfer,QH(kJ/s)

0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 0.78 0.76 0.74 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33 32.5, 0.7519 31.1, 0.8365

Temperature(C)

Graph 3
199 198 197

graph of power input vs temperature

32.5, 198

power (kJ/s)

31.1, 196 196 195 194 30.3, 193 193 192 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33

Temperature (C)

19

Experiment 3
Refrigerant flow rate, FT2 Refrigerant pressure (low), P1 Refrigerant pressure (high), P2 Refrigerant temperature, TT1 Refrigerant temperature, TT2 Refrigerant temperature, TT3 Refrigerant temperature, TT4 Cooling water flow rate, FT1 Cooling water inlet temperature, TT5 Cooling water outlet temperature , TT6 Compressor power input W 182 % Bar (abs) Bar (abs) C C C C % C C 35.2 3.1 8.0 5.9 34.2 31.3 20.4 40.0 27.0 32.4

Find hc1 and hc2 using interpolation from superheated R-134a table At T = 5.9 C p (MPa) 0.28 0.31 0.32 h (kJ/kg) 256.05 255.26 254.99 At T = 34.2 C p (MPa) 0.80 h (kJ/kg) 270.34

Find hc3 and hc4 from saturated R-134a table at given T and P = 0.8MPa T (C) 31.3 20.4 h (kJ/kg) 267.29 95.47

20

h1 = 255.26 kJ/kg h2 = 270.99kJ/kg h3 = 267.29/kg h4 = 95.47kJ/kg Condenser energy balance Refrigerant flow rate, LPM = = = 0.44 LPM x Mass flow rate = Ein QH QH = = = ( ) Eout x x = 7.333 x 10-6 m3/s = 0.00733kg/s
( )

x 1.26 LPM

=0.00733 kg/s (267.29 95.47) kJ/kg = 1.259kJ/s Compressor energy balance ( ( ) )

21

From the value that calculated, p-h diagram can be constructed h (kJ/kg) 255.26 270.99 267.29 95.47 Pressure (Mpa) 0.31 0.8 0.8 0.8

Graph 1 Experimental graph

graph of pressure vs enthalphy

0.9 0.8 0.7 95.47, 0.8 270.29, 0.8 267.29, 0.8

Pressure (MPa)

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 95.47, 0.31 255.26, 0.31

Enthalphy,h (KJ/Kg)

22

Theoretical graph

23

Experiment 4
Refrigerant flow rate , FT2 Refrigerant pressure (low) , P1 Refrigerant pressure (high) , P2 Refrigerant temperature ,TT1 % Bar (abs) Bar (abs) C 36.0 3.2 8.1 6.4 35.5 3.1 8.1 6.1

Reading 1 Compressor pressure ratio = = = 0.3951

Volumetric efficiency

Refrigerant flow rate, LPM

( )

x 1.26 LPM

= 0.36 x 1.26 LPM = 0.4536 LPM

Change LPM to the kg/s Mass flow rate = 0.4536 LPM x = 3.213 x 10-5 x(
)

x 4.25

Density of refrigerant 134a = 4.25

Actual volume flow rate

24

= 3.213 x 10-5 = 7.56. x 10-6

Volumetric efficiency

= = 7.56. x 10-6 = 0.4696 x

Reading 2 Compressor pressure ratio = = = 0.3827

Volumetric efficiency

Refrigerant flow rate, LPM

( )

x 1.26 LPM

= 0.355 x 1.26 LPM = 0.4473 LPM

Change LPM to the kg/s Mass flow rate = 0.4473 LPM x = 3.168 x 10-5 x(
)

x 4.25

Density of refrigerant 134a = 4.25

25

Actual volume flow rate

= = 3.213 x 10-5 = 7.454x 10-6 x

Volumetric efficiency

= = 7.454 x 10-6 = 0.4627 x

Time Refrigerant flow rate , FT2 Refrigerant pressure (low) , P1 Refrigerant pressure (high) , P2 Refrigerant temperature ,TT1 Compressor pressure ratio Volumetric efficiency

Min % Bar (abs) Bar (abs) C -

15 36.0 3.2 8.1 6.4 0.3951 0.4696

20 35.5 3.1 8.1 6.1 0.3827 0.4627

26

Discussion

This experiment was carried out to calculate the performance each of the equipment in the refrigerant unit. In the first experiment, the power input of the heat pump was recorded at 194kJ/s in order to absorb 0.6683kJ/s heat from the surroundings. The value of enthalpy at given temperature was calculated using the interpolation method based on the value at Table A-4. The value obtain was used to calculate the amount rate heat transfer in the system. The coefficient of performance of the heat pump used is 0.00339.

For the second experiment, the same step as the first experiment was repeated at different cooling water flow rate which is at 80%, 60% and 40%. From the experiment, the power input for the heat pump is different for each water flow rate, which are, 193kJ/s, 196kJ/s and 198kJ/s respectively. The power input varies as the cooling water flow rate decreases. The same method was used to calculate the rate of heat transfer and the coefficient of performance (COP) for the heat pump. The COP calculated for cooling water flow rate at 80%, 60% and 40% is 0.004627, 0.004268 and 0.003797 respectively. The COP of heat pump decreases as the cooling water flow rate decreases.

In the third experiment, the change in pressure and temperature for refrigerant R-134A after passing condenser and compressor was recorded. The enthalpy was calculated using interpolation to calculate the change of enthalpy at compressor and condenser. At the compressor the superheated refrigerant was compressed from 0.31 MPa at 5.9C to 0.8Mpa at 34.2 C and the enthalpy calculated is 255.26kJ/kg and 270.99kJ/kg respectively. The R-134A enters the compressor superheated then compressed at constant entropy the leaves as superheated. The refrigerant then enter the condenser at temperature of 31.3C at 0.8MPa and leave the condenser at temperature at 20.4C at 0.8MPa. The pressure is constant because the condenser undergoes the heat rejection process at constant pressure. The enthalpy calculated at 31.3C and 20.4C is 267.29/kg and 95.47kJ/kg respectively. The enthalpy was decreased because at the condenser, the heat energy is released to surrounding cause the heat energy in the refrigerant to drop.

27

Last experiment, the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency are been calculated. The systems are allowed to run at different period of time before the readings were taken. First, the systems are allowed to run for 15 minute then the steps repeated for 20 minute period. The values of compressor pressure ratio are 0.3951 and 0.3827 respectively. There is slightly difference in the ratio calculated. This is due to the difference in the reading of pressure before entering the compressor. However, the pressure leaving the compressor for both period of time is the same which is 0.81MPa. The volumetric efficiencies are then calculated, and the values are 0.4696 and 0.4627 respectively. There is also slightly difference in the value calculated that is due to the difference in the refrigerant flow rate. Higher compression ratio allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency and is most wanted. Based on the value of volumetric efficiency, we can compare the actual value of volumetric flow rate in theory to the value that obtained from this experiment. The differences of both values are high.

A several steps might be conducted inaccurately which results in all experiments in such an outrageous values. Firstly the water flow rate is not in stable condition while taking reading. Reading is been taken in the range +6 from the actual reading. Next experiment shows that the flow rate of water that we should take is 80% but the reading is not constant. Hence, the reading is been taken when it reach 80% and does not increase exceed 80%. This happen because the water source in laboratory is not enough for this apparatus and the present of pump.

As going through this experiment, time does not give much effect, but a little time difference could make a little variance from the theory

28

Conclusion

Overall this experiment is considering success. First and foremost experiment, the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour compression heat pump system are been determined. In experiment 1, the values QH and COPH are- 0.6683kJ/s and 0.00339. For second experiment, the performances of heat pump over a range of source and delivery temperature are been able to produce. The values of COPH are 0.004627, 0.004268, and 0.003797. The values are decreasing. From the results, it can be concluded that the heat pump functioning with a high percent of flow rate have higher efficiency compare to the lower flow rate. As show in experiment 3, the p-h diagram of vapour compression cycle is been plotted successfully and able to be compared with the ideal cycle and able to perform energy balances for the condenser and compressor. It clearly can be seen that the values are differ in small amount. Last experiment, ratio and volumetric efficiency are been able to be calculated. The ratio is 0.3951 and 0.3827 and for the volumetric efficiency is 0.4696 and 0.4627. There is slightly difference due to difference in pressure and refrigerant flow rate.

29

Recommendations

1. Consultation is compulsory in order to make sure the experiments are conducted properly. 2. To make sure that the machine in good conditions and the experiment are been doing wrong, we have to understand the general start up and general shut down. 3. Before the experiment begin, ensure that the mechanical heat pump should run and warm up early for 15 minutes. It should be notice that, surrounding in the laboratory also affect the result, thus it hard to get an accurate reading. 4. A trial should not be forgotten before running the experiment. This is due to get an accurate result in experiment 3. Thus, the graph of vapour compression cycle plotted on p-h diagram of R-134a is in correct order with appropriate ideal cycle. 5. While running the experiment, if some technical problems occur directly ask the technician to overcome the problems.

30

References

UiTM Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory Manual CHE 465, Chemical Engineering Lab 1 www.tyxer.hubpages.com/hub/theory-of-refrigeration www.solution.com.my/pdf/HE165(A4).pdf www.1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_deployment/pdf/heatpump.pdf
Yunus A. Cengel, Micheal A. Boles Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach ,McGraw-Hill

Book Company, 7th edition 2011.

31

Appendices

Figure 1: Compressor

Figure 2: Condenser

32

Figure 3: R-134A

Figure 4: Evaporator

33