INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Dr.TAMILVANAN MANI

CONTENTS
LAYERS OF THE SKIN CELL PRESENT IN THE EPIDERMIS. THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A HAIR FOLLICLE. SWEAT GLANDS THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, SECRETION, AND LOCATION OF SEBACEOUS GLANDS. FUNCTIONS OF SKIN.

Introduction

The skin is the largest organ in the body and serves as variety of important function in maintaining health and protect from injury. it constitutes about 16% of body weight
The integumentary system consists of a major organ, skin, and many accessory organs, which include hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails.

Integumentary System Includes:

SKIN (CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE) SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE BELOW THE SKIN ACCESSORY STRUCTURES SWEAT GLANDS SEBACEOUS OR OIL GLANDS HAIR NAILS

Layers Of The Skin

1.

EPIDERMIS OUTER COMPOSED OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM ( CUBOIDAL CELLS AND SQUAMOUS CELLS)
DERMIS INNER

2.

3.

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER THE FAT CONTENT OF THESE LAYERS VARIES WITH THE STATE OF NUTRITION, IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY EXCEED 10 CM IN THICKNESS.

LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS

STRATUM BASALE (GERMINATIVUM) STRATUM SPINOSUM

STRATUM GRANULOSUM
STRATUM LUCIDUM (ONLY IN THICK SKIN) STRATUM CORNEUM

THE SKIN
7

Thin and thick skin

10

MOST OF THE BODY SURFACE IS COVERED BY SKIN THAT IS CLASSIFIED AS THIN. SKIN COVERING THE PALMS OF THE HAND, SOLES OF THE FEET ARE CLASSIFIED AS THICK.

Epidermis
Cell Types

11

IT HAS 4 TYPES OF CELLS 1. KERATINOCYTE THE MOST IMPORTANT CELL IN THE EPIDERMIS BECOME FILLED WITH A TOUGH FIBROUS PROTEIN CALLED KERATIN. THEY MAKE UP MORE THAN 90% OF THE EPIDERMAL CELLS 2. MELANOCYTE CONTRIBUTE COLOR TO THE SKIN AND SERVE TO DECREASE THE AMOUNT OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT THAT CAN PENETRATE INTO DEEPER LAYERS OF THE SKIN.

Cell Types:
3. LANGERHANS CELL : IT PLAYS LIMITED ROLE IN IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION THAT EFFECT THE SKIN AND MAY SERVE DEFENSE MECHANISM FOR THE BODY. 4. MERKEL CELLS - COMBINES WITH DISCLIKE SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS TO MAKE MERKELS DISCS

12

Cell Types:

13

2) Dermis

14

IT IS SOME TIME CALLED TRUE SKIN , IT IS COMPOSED OF A THIN PAPILLARY AND THICKER RETICULAR LAYER. IT MAY EXCEED 4MM ON THE SOLES AND PALMS . AT VARIOUS LEVEL IN THE DERMIS , THERE ARE MUSCLE FIBERS, SWEET GLAND, HAIR FOLLICLES AND MANY BLOOD VESSELS.

Skin color

15

THE BASIC DETERMINANT OF SKIN COLOR IS THE QUANTITY OF MELANIN DEPOSIT IN THE CELL. ONLY MELANOCYTES HAVE ABILITY TO CONVERT AMINO ACID TYROSINE IN TO MELANIN PIGMENTS THROUGH TYROSINASE ENZYME.
IF THE MELANOCYTES CANNOT FORMED MELANIN THIS CONDITION CALLED ALBINISM

albinism

16

Vitiligo - partial or complete loss of melanin in an area

Factors effect on skin color

1.

17

Heredity: four to six genes control the amount of melanin formed by melanocytes. 2. Prolonged exposure to sunlight Increase melanin production. 3. Adenocorticotropic hormones. 4. Age Modify by: 1. Volume blood in skin capillaries. 2. Unoxygenated hemoglobin.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

1) PROTECTION:

18

A) FROM MICRO ORGANISM.

B) FROM DEHYDRATION.
C) FROM ULTRAVIOLET. D) MECHANICAL TRAUMA.

E) PAIN
F) HEAT AND COLD

Functions of the skin

2) SENSATION: THE WIDESPREAD OF THE MILLIONS OF DIFFERENT SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTORS THAT DETECT STIMULI. 3) EXCRETION BY REGULATING THE VOLUME AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF SWEAT. 4) VITAMIN D PRODUCTION . 5) IMMUNITY (LANGERHANS CELL). 6) REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE.

19

Accessory Structures of the Skin

Hair:
1. 2. 3.

20

HAIR IS COMPOSED OF COLUMN OF DEAD KERATINIZED. ITS CONSISTS OF SHAFT AND ROOT. HAIR COVERS THE WHOLE BODY PART BUT ITS DISTRIBUTION, COLOR, TEXTURE, DIFFER ACCORDING TO: LOCATION. AGE . GENDER.

1) Hair:
HAIR COLOR IS DETERMINED BY THE AMOUNT AND TYPE OF MELANIN PRESENT. MELANOCYTES BECOME LESS ACTIVE WITH AGE. GRAY HAIR IS A MIXTURE OF PIGMENTED AND NONPIGMENTED HAIRS. RED HAIR RESULTS FROM A MODIFIED TYPE OF MELANIN THAT CONTAINS IRON.

ALOPECIA

21

IS THE TERM FOR HAIR LOSS.

Hair

22

Each hair follicle has an associated bundle of smooth muscle, the arrector pili muscle..

2) Nail :

23

NAILS MADE OF KERATIN(PROTEIN). PARTS OF NAIL: NAIL ROOT. NAIL BODY. NAIL BED.

THE LUNULA IS PART OF THE MATRIX THAT CAN BE SEEN THRU THE NAIL BODY.

Parts of Nail

24

Glands of the Skin

25

A) SWEET GLAND ARE SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR GLANDS. THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO PRINCIPAL TYPES:

1) APOCRINE GLANDS ARE FOUND

MAINLY IN THE SKIN OF THE ARMPITS, OF THE GENITAL AREAS AND OF THE AREOLA OF THE BREASTS. THEIR SECRETARY PORTION CAN BE LOCATED IN THE DERMIS OR IN THE HYPODERMIS. THEIR EXCRETORY DUCTS OPEN INTO HAIR FOLLICLES. THEIR SECRETION IS MORE VISCOUS THAN THAT OF THE ECCRINE GLANDS. THEY START SECRETING AT PUBERTY.

Glands of the Skin

26

2) ECCRINE GLANDS ARE THE MOST COMMON. THEIR SECRETORY PORTION CAN BE LOCATED IN THE DERMIS OR IN THE HYPODERMIS. THEY PRODUCE SWEAT, A WATERY MIXTURE OF SALTS, ANTIBODIES AND METABOLIC WASTES.
FUNCTIONS IN MAINTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE, ELIMINATING WASTES, AND IMMUNITY

Glands of the Skin

OIL (SEBACEOUS) SECRETES SEBUM CONTAINING FAT, SALT, CHOLESTEROL AND PROTEIN B. MOST ARE CONNECTED TO HAIR FOLLICLES, SOME OPEN DIRECTLY ONTO THE SURFACE LIPS.

27

FUNCTION - KEEPS HAIR FROM DRYING, FORMS A PROTECTIVE FILM TO PREVENT EXCESS WATER EVAPORATION, INHIBITS BACTERIAL GROWTH

Glands of the Skin

28

CERUMINOUS (WAX) - IN EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS; SECRETES CERUMEN (WAX) WHICH PREVENTS THE ENTRANCE OF FOREIGN BODIES.