English is an alphabetic language and children crack this code as they learn about phonemes (sounds), graphemes (letters),

and graphophonemic (letter-sound) relationships. Chapter 5 offers definitions, instructional practices, and assessment tools that effective teachers use to help children crack the alphabetic code. Basic principles of phonemic awareness, phonics, and spelling are explained. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1.Define phonemic awareness and discuss its role in literacy development. 2.Explain the role of phonics in a balanced literacy program. 3.Describe components of a complete spelling program. Consider the questions below as you read chapter 5. 1.What is the difference between phonemic awareness instruction and phonics instruction? 2.Why is phonemic awareness instruction needed? 3.What is the most effective way to offer phonics instruction? 4.What is the most effective way to offer spelling instruction? 5.What assessment tools can help teachers monitor their students progress in phonemic awareness, phonics, and spelling?