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3KAIJ FHE ?=FEJ IE FH F A @E = = E =HA A @ FE IA F E?A A E JKEJE L F IIE>E A A FH FHEAJ @E A ?EA = @E K A? E= @E JEF M= H=IE= IJ=JE?= 1 @A E A C E IJHK A JE KJE E =JE = J= AI GKA E JEFE?E @E K ? HI E JH @KJJEL @E E?H A? E= 2AH GKAIJ CH= F=HJA @A = = EIE KJE E AH K = H=FFHAIA J= E A @A A? E= AIJHA = A JA IJE E =J= J= ? A
I?=J = @E -@CAM HJD 5A FHA = E AIF IEJELE ? E ?AHA = = EIE ? K A? E= @E FKH I?= >E HE = @= @ = = IA? @= F=HJA @A ?=FEJ GKA = HA =JEL= = K = A? E= A = GK= A C E FAH=J HE I = ?DA ? E L JE E I?A JA FH @KJJELA



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7 = A? E= @E FKH I?= >E E ? JAIJ FE IA F E?A A GK= A = = E =HA A ?EA = @A = @EIJHE>K E A @A A HEI HIA A I?= >E 1 B=JJE FHAI?E @A @ @= GKAIJE E ?DA HECK=H@= A I?A JA FH @KJJELA AII= ? IA JA @E ? IE@AH=HA


= JH=JJ= E A @E CH= F=HJA @A =JAHE= A AIF IJ E GKAIJ ?=FEJ FK JH L=HIE E K JAIJ E JH @KJJEL @E E?H A? E= ? A 8=HE= 0 E?H A? E= +=B I?=HE = % ) K ELA @A?EI= A JA FE =L= =J @= K FK J @E LEIJ= = = EJE? IKCCAHE= =I + A ) 9DE IJ /HAA E?H A? E? 6DA HO NB H@ 7 ELAHIEJO 2HAII ''#

A ?EA = F=HAJE= = A E JA HA E @A >A AIIAHA I ?E= A

? A K = @=J= GK= JEJ @E HEI HIA J J= E IE @EIJHE>KEI?A JH= E ? IK =J HE A L= K J=HA IA = ?= E A JJA KJ= A ?EA JA A 5A = FAH@EJ= @E CA AH= EJ ? IE@AHAHA A? E= ? IJHKEJ= = F=HJEHA @= = I?=J = @E -@CAM HJD

= I?=J = @E -@CAM HJD = I?=J = @E -@CAM HJD IE @A EI?A = F=HJEHA @= JKJJA A @EIJHE>K E E F IIE>E E @A A HEI HIA @EIF E>E E @E @KA AH?E JH= @KA E @ELE@KE 3KE @E IE IKFF A
 AIEIJ= @KA AH?E >A E IAHLE E x A y +E=I?K = AH?A l = x, y @EIF E>E A E K = GK= JEJ J J= A l 1 J J= A @A A HEI HIA A A? E= = ( x , y ) -IEIJ @KA E @ELE@KE ? IK =J HE A, B +E=I?K ? IK =J HA i = A, B D= ? A ?=H=JJAHE @EIJE JELE I ) K E IEA A @E ? IK F IIE>E A @=J @= E IEA A @E F= EAHE JJA E>E E A A? E= (x, y ) ( x , y ) AC=JELE A II ) @= FHABAHA A  CKIJE ?DA C E ? IA J @E H@E =HA F= EAHE = JAH =JELE 2AH IA F E?EJ IKFF E= ?DA A FHABAHA A @E C E ? IK =J HA JHA =@ AIIAHA H= E = E IE= ?HAI?A JE IJHAJJ= A JA ? LAIIA A @E AHA E=>E E ! +E IA F E ?= = JH=JJ= E A FAH?D ?E ? IA JA @E H=FFHAIA J=HA A FHABAHA A JHA ?DA =JJH=LAHI K = =FF= @E ?KHLA @E E @E AHA = @= E>H @E JAIJ @E >=IA ?DA @EHA HAC =HE = ?DA JH= EJA K = BK E A @E KJE EJ ui (x, y ) HEIFAJJ = = GK= A E ? ?AJJ @E KJE EJ =HCE = A >A @A EJ
1 CA AHA IE @E?A ?DA K H@E = A J @E FHABAHA A @E K E @ELE@K
H= E = A IA ? IA JA K H@E = A J ? F AJ @AE F= EAHE @E ? IK F IIE>E A IA HE AIIEL  A IA I ?DA GK= IE=IE F= EAHA FHABAHEJ @A> A JA = IA IJAII  A JH= IEJEL 3KAIJK JE = FH FHEAJ FEKJJ IJ =JKH= A FAH E IE C A E F E?= ?DA A ?KHLA @E E @E AHA = IE E JAHIA?DE =E +HAI?A JE =K A J @A ? IK @E = A K >A A (x , y ) (x, y ) , (x , y ) = (x, y ) F HJ= E @ELE@K = IF IJ=HIE IK K = ?KHL= FE A AL=J= LLAH ?E=I?K = ?KHL= @A?HAI?A JA A = =FF= @E ?KHLA E @E?= K >A AIIAHA ?HAI?A JA = = ?DA ?E IE IF IJ= IK K = ?KHL= = H@ AIJ @A FE= 5JHAJJ= A JA ? LAIIA @=J= GK= IE=IE ? FFE= @E F= EAHE HE CE =HE (x , y ) , (x, y ) F IJE IK = IJAII= ?KHL= @E E @E AHA = = H ? >E = E A E A=HA t (x , y ) + (1 t) (x, y ) , 0 < t < 1, IJHAJJ= A JA FHABAHEJ= =E F= EAHE HECE =HE 3KE @E FHA BAHA A ? LAIIA AIFHE K CKIJ FAH =
L=HEAJ  A FAH GKAIJ ? A LA@HA AC E E IACKEJ  D= K = FA @A = @A?HAI?A JA A FE= (x, y ), = ?HAI?AHA @E x/y ,E AHA E=>E E I FHABAHA A H=FFHAIA J=JA @= ?KHLA @E E @E AHA = EI?A FAH A GK= E E ? ?AJJ @EI=CCE =HCE = A @E I IJEJK E A >A @A EJ
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A ?EA = F=HAJE= = A E JA HA E @A >A AIIAHA I ?E= A

E ( x , y ) =

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(xA , y A ) = (1, 7), (xB , y B ) = x xA , y y A = (9, 1)

?DA A A B F II (10, 8)

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 ui (x, y ) ui (x, y ) FAH i = A A i = B A  ui (x, y ) > ui (x, y ) FAH i = A FFKHA i = B

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GK= JEJ =IIE = LK @EHA ?DA A ?= >E (dx, dy ) E >A AIIAHA J J= A @A E @ELE@K @ALA IK>EHA L=HE= E E HEIFAJJ = F= EAHA E E E= A . H = A JA (dx, dy ) @AL I @@EIB=HA du = U Mx (x, y )dx + U My (x, y )dy = 0 @E AHA E= A J J= A @E u F=HE = AH  @ LA U Mx = u/x U My = u/y I BK E E @E KJE EJ =HCE = A A du = U (x + dx, y + dy ) U (x, y ) ,= ?KE (SM S ) dy/dx = U Mx /U My EF JAIE ?DA A FHABAHA A IE= IJHAJJ= A JA ? LAIIA E F E?= ?DA FAH x/y ?DA JA @A = E EJ U Mx /U My JA @A = AH LLAH SM S @A?HAI?A JA A FE= (x, y ). 2AH HE = AHA IK = IJAII= ?KHL= @E E @E AHA = = B >=IJ=L= JJA AHA 1 K EJ @E y ? JH 1 K EJ @E x ?DA C E LEA A I JJH=JJ= E LA?A JJEA A K EJ @E y EF JAIE ?DA A FHABAHA A IE= IA FHA ?HAI?A JE U Mx , U My > 0 IK ?EA JA = C=H= JEHA ?DA GKAIJ= K EJ E FE @E y =??HAI?= A AJJEL= A JA E >A AIIAHA @E B
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3KE @E K = ?= E A E A ?EA JA IA F IIE= E @ELE@K=H A K = JH= JJA E >E A ?DA IE= 2=HAJ IKFAHE HA 1 JHA = A @E LAHE ?=HA IA K = J= A = ?= E A 2=HAJ IKFAHE HA AIEIJA F IIE= IAHLEH?E @E K JAIJ >=I=J IK ? BH J @AE I=CCE =HCE = E @E I IJEJK E A 7 = ?= E A E JAH = ? F AJ= FK AIIAHA EC E H=J= F=HAJE= = A JA IA A I IA @AJAH E = KCK=C E= = @AE SM S @AC E E @ELE@KE 3KE @E IA = ?= E A E JAH = A ? F AJ= K = ?DA @AJAH E = SM S @ELAHIE K EC E H= A J F=HAJE= IA FHA F IIE>E A LLAH = ?= E A @E F=HJA = A ?EA JA 5A =LAJA ? FHAI = @EIJE E A JH= E ? ?AJJ @E @ E = =  IKFAHE HEJ  A GKA @E A ?EA = F=HAJE= = LE I=H B=?E A HEIF @AHA = = IACKA JA ?DA b

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7 A? E= M= H=IE= = A = I?=J = @E -@CAM HJD D= @KA AH?=JE K FAH ?E=I?K = AH?A (x, y ) A@ F F =J= @= @KA E @ELE@KE i = A, B +E=I?K E @ELE@K i JHA = AIIAHA ?=H=JJAHE =J @= A FHABAHA A D= K = @ J= E A i , i ) ( , ) ?DA FK @A?E@AHA @E ? IK =HA E E E= A @E AH?E i = (x x y y I?= >E=HA 2E FHA?EI= A JA ?E=I?K E @ELE@K i @=JE E FHA E @E AH?=J p = (px , py ) D= K >K@CAJ @E IFAI= F=HE = L= HA @E AH?=J @A A IKA @ J= E E i + p i E HA@@EJ  HE??DA = I (p, i ) = l pl li = px x 3KE @E I?AC EA y y i i E F= EAHA @E AH?E (x , y ) @= ? IK =HA ?DA =IIE E = A IKA FHABAHA A JH= GKA E ?DA ? F HJ= K = IFAI= ?DA HEA JH= A IK >K@CAJ I (p, i ) 1 F= EAHA I?A J GKE @E K JJE @A ? IK =J HA i @=JE p A I (p, i ); LLAH i i i i K F= EAHA (x , y ) ? x A y ?DA IE JH L= HEIFAJJEL= A JA IK = ?KHL= i i i @E @ = @= E @ELE@K= A @E x A y x = dx p, I (p, i ) y i = di y p, I (p, ) i = GK= JEJ @E >A E ?DA i @A?E@A @E I?= >E=HA z IE JJEA A FAH @E AHA = JH= i , z i ) z i = xi i , z i = y i i 5A ? IK A @ J= E E E E E= E z i = (zx y x x x y y zli > 0 LK @EHA ?DA E @ELE@K i D= K = @ = @= AJJ= F IEJEL= @A = AH?A l = JHE A JE D= K @ = @= AJJ= K = AC=JEL= GKE @E K  AHJ= AJJ= K = F IEJEL=
A B B = @ = @= ,A E= ? Dl (p, ) = dA l p, I (p, ) + dl p, I (p, ) =CCHAC=J= @A >A A l = x, y A ? Dl (p, ) l = IK= @ = @= =CCHAC=J= AJJ= ) JEJ AIA F E ?=JEL A??AIIE @E @ = @= AJJ= I H=FFHAIA J=JE A = CKH=  "

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I?=J = 1 AII=CCE A? E? @A 16*5 J B HJA E K A? E= M= H=IE= = A B H A @A E>AH AH?=J C=H= JEI?  JJA E A J @E K = ?= E A A ?EA JA IA? @ 2=HAJ 2E FHA?EI= A JA E FHA E ? H@E = A I?A JA E @ELE@K= E E @ A ?EA JA 3K= A = H= E HK @A
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