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BjKUb ewj wK PvRK Kb Avavb ewj mwU Avgvi KvQ GKUv inm| mePq eo K_v
GLvb h QjgqwU PvRK Avavb ejZ wkLQ `yB eQi ciB m hLb Kvbv wekwe`vjq
c`v_wevb wkLe ZLb wK ZvK mUvK PvRB ejZ ne Zvnj Kb gv KqK eQii
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bvgjv eenvi KiwQ| evKU gvS gvS wewP bvgjv w`q iLwQ hb Qjgqiv Rvb
KvbUv Kx! BsiwR PvRK evsjv Avavb jLvq Zey Rvi Ki nqZv GKUv hyw `uvo Kivbv hvq
wK Avqbvi gZv PgrKvi GKUv evsjv kK Kb `cY ejZ ne, mwU Avgvi gv_vq wKQzZB
XzKwb Kvbvw`b XyKe bv|
GLvb mevBK Aviv GKUv wRwbm gb Kwiq w`B| c`v_wevb kLv gvb bq wKQz
msv gyL Kiv| c`v_wevb kLv gvb mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cviv| GB eBq AbKjv
mgmv D`vniY wnme `qv AvQ ZvB Kviv hw` c`v_wevb kLvi BQ nq Zv`iK GB
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eBqi wKQz Abykxjbx Zix Kivi Rb David Halliday Ges Robert Resnick Gi jLv
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GB eBwU GKUv GcwigU! hw` `Lv hvq GB GcwigU wVK wVK KvR KiQ
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12. v`k Aavq: we`yZi P^K wqv ...
13. qv`k Aavq: AvaywbK c`v_wevb I Bjwb
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AvwKwgwWm

AvwKwgwWm wQjb GKRb wMK MwYZwe`, c`v_wevbx, Bwwbqvi,

AvweviK Ges RvwZwe`| wZwb GKw`K hgb MvjKi
AvqZb, cvBqi gvb, Amxg wmwiRi hvMdj G aibi MvwYwZK
mgmvi mgvavb KiQb, wVK m iKg Abw`K cvwb Dci
Zvjvi Rb z cv, ki hy RvnvR asm Kivi Rb wewP h
wKsev `~i _K Avb awiq `qvi Rb wekl Avqbv Zwi Ki
w`qwQjb| ZuvK meKvji mek GKRb MwYZwe` wnme
weePbv Kiv njI Zuvi ewMZ Rxeb mK Lye ewk Rvbv hvq
bv| Zuvi kni ivgvb mbiv hLb `Lj Ki bq ZLb wZwb GKUv
MvwYwZK mgmv wbq e wQjb| Zuvi Kvbv wZ bv Kivi
wb`k _vKvi ciI GKRb ivgvb mb ZuvK nZv Ki
djwQj|

Archimedes(287BC212BC)


1.1 wevb I c`v_wevb (ScienceandPhysics)

wevb ejZB nqZv Zvgv`i PvL wevbi bvbv hcvwZ, Avwevi, MelYv, jveiUwi
Gmei `k dzU DV wK wevbi Avmj welq wK hcvwZ, MelYv ev jveiUwi bq,
wevbi Avmj welq nQ Zvi `wfx| GB mfZvi mePq eo Ae`vb iLQ wevb Avi
mwU GmQ cw_exi gvbyli evwbK `wfx _K|
Avgv`i Pvicvk cKw Zi h inm iqQ wevb Zvi Di LyuR eovQ Kviv Kviv
gb nqZv ck RvMZ cvi Kb GB AKviY KZ~nj? bv Rvbj Kx nq? gvbyl hw`b Zvi
gw eywgv wbq Zvi `yB cvq mvRv nq `uvwoqQ mB w`b _K Zvi wK Avi wcQb wdi
hvevi Dcvq bB, euP _vKvi Rb ZvK RvbZB ne| Rvbvi GB AvMn, GB Zvobv gvbylK mw
RMZi Ab me wKQz _K Avjv`v Ki iLQ|

12fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

wevbK Rvbvi wZbwU mywbw` c_ iqQ, c_gwU nQ hyw ZK| GKUv D`vniY `qv
hvK: GKUv fvix wRwbm AviKUv nvjKv wRwbm Dci _K Qo w`j `yUv wK GKmv_ coe
bvwK fvixUv AvM coe? GB cki Di LyuR ei Kivi Rb wK Kvbv evwbK m~iI
cqvRb bB Kvbv RwUj cixv-wbixviI `iKvi bB, Avgiv aygv hyw w`q Gi DiUv
Lyu R ei Ki djZ cvie| aiv hvK Avgvi KvQ GKUv fvix Avi GKUv nvjKv wRwbm iqQ|
Gevi c_g ai wbB Dci _K Qo w`j fvix wRwbmUv nvjKv wRwbm _K AvM wbP Gm
co| GLb fvix wRwbmUvi mv_ nvjKv wRwbmUv eua `yUv GKmv_ Qo `qv nj, nvjKv
wRwbmUv hnZy axi axi coe ZvB fvix wRwbmUvK mUv GZ ZvovZvwo coZ `e bv
KvRB eua ivLv `yUv wRwbm GKUz `wi Ki coe| welqUv Avevi Abfve `LZ cvwi, fvix
wRwbmUvi mv_ Aviv GKUv wRwbm eua `qv nqQ ZvB mUv wbqB Aviv fvix nqQ
KvRB Aviv fvix wnme Aviv
ZvovZvwo coe| KvRB `Lv hvQ
Avgiv GKB mv_ Aviv axi wKsev
Aviv ZvovZvwo `yUv DiB cZ
cvwi wK GK cki Zv `yB Di
nIqv me bv! GB RwUjZvi mgvavb
Kiv me ay GKwU Dcvq Avgiv
hw` ai wbB, fvix nvK nvjKv nvK
mewKQz GKmv_ wbP co| Zvi
gvb ay gv hyw ZK w`q Avgiv
wevbi GKUv mgmvi mgvavbUv
Lyu R cq Mjvg!
wevbK Rvbvi wZxq
Qwe 1.1: aeZvivK wNi me bjv NyiZ _vK 
DcvqwU nQ cheY| Avgiv hw`

AvKvki w`K ZvKvB Avi AvKvki
bjvK gbvhvM w`q cheY Kwi Zvnj `Le me b cye AvKvk DV cwg AvKvk
A hvQ| Avgv`i aviYv nZ cvi AvmjB eywS ZvB NUQ, A_vr wi GKUv cw_exi Pvicvk
bjv NyiQ| wK hw` Aviv fvjv Ki bjvK cheY Kwi Zvnj AevK nq `Le
Di w`K w`M _K Dci GKUv b (aeZviv) KLbv Nyi bv, mUv GK RvqMvq wi nq
_vK, Avi Ab me b Avmj GUvK K` Ki Nyi (Qwe 1.1)! Avgiv ZLb nVvr Ki eySZ
cvwi h Avmj cw_exi AUv wVK GB aeZviv eivei Ges cw_exUvB wbqB GB A NyiQ
ZvB gb nPQ me wKQz eywS aeZvivK K` Ki NyiQ! aygv cheY Ki Avgiv wevbi
GKUv Z_ ei Ki djZ cvwi|
wevbK Rvbvi ZZxq cwZwU nQ cixv-wbixv Kiv| wbDUb mePq my`i Ki GUv
Ki `wLq wevb MelYvi b~Zb GKUv aviv Zwi KiwQjb| m~hi eYnxb Avjv wcRgi
fZi w`q cvwVq mUvK AbKjv isq fvM Ki `wLqwQjb h eYnxb is Avmj bvbv is

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

13

w`q Zwi| ZviciI hw` mUv wbq Kviv gb m`n _vK mUv `~i Kivi Rb wZwb mB bvbv
isqi AvjvK wZxq GKUv wcRgi fZi w`q cvwVq Avevi eYnxb Avjv Zwi Ki
djwQjb! (Qwe 1.2)
GB wZbwU cwZi Ici wfw Ki wevbUv Lye axi axi Mo DVQ| AmsL MelK
wevbx wgj Lye axi axi wevbi wekvj GKUv myig AvwjKv Mo ZyjQb| wevbi GB
Avwevii djvdj bvbv chwy Z eenvi Ki Avgiv Avgv`i RxebK mnR Ki ZzjwQ, A_c~Y
Ki ZzjwQ| Avevi KLbv KLbv fqsKi wKQy chwy ei Ki aygv wbR`i Rxeb bq cw_exi
AwZKI wecb Ki ZzjwQ! gb
iLv chwy i gvS fvjv chwy
hgb AvQ, wVK m iKg Lvivc
chwy I AvQ, wevbi ejvq
wK KD mB K_v ejZ cvie
bv wevb nQ vb, Gi gvS
Kvbv Lvivc bB Gi gvS
Kvbv Af bB!

1.1.1c`v_wevb (Physics)
Avgiv GZb wevb wbq K_v

ejwQ Ges Zvgiv mevB Rvb
Qwe 1.2: wcRgi fZi w`q hvevi mgq Avjvi bvbv isq fvM nq
wevbi AbK kvLv iqQ|
hvIqvi wbDUbi wbRi nvZ AvuKv Qwe
mwZ K_v ejZ Kx AbK welq
hjvK GZw`b wevbi evBi iL GmwQ mjvKI AvRKvj evwbK cwZZ PPv Kiv
nq ej Avgiv Zv`i wevb ej fveZ i KiwQ| gbvwevb ev mgvRwevb Zvi D`vniY|
c`v_wevb wevbi GKUv kvLv Ges ejv hZ cvi GUv nQ cvPxbZg kvLv, Zvi
KviY Ab wevbjv `vbv evavi AbK AvMB wevbxiv c`v_wevbi iZc~Y GKUv kvLv,
RvwZwe`v PPv KiZ i KiwQjb| c`v_wevb GwU GKw`K hgb cvPxbZg kvLv wVK
mfve ejv hZ cvi GUv mePq gwjK (fundamental) kvLv| Gi Ici wfw Ki imvqb
`uvwoqQ, Avevi imvqbi Ici wfw Ki Rxewevb `uvwoqQ Avevi Rxewevbi Ici wfw
Ki Ab AbK welq `uvwoqQ|
mvaviYfve Avgiv ejZ cvwi wevbi h kvLv c`v_ Avi kw Ges G `yBqi gvS h
mK (interation) ZvK evSvi Pv Ki mUv nQ c`v_wevb| Zvgiv wbqB Abygvb
KiZ ciQ GLvb c`v_ ejZ ay Avgv`i Pvicvki `kgvb c`v_ bq, c`v_i MVb AYy
cigvYy _K i Ki BjKUb, cvUb, wbDUb ev KvqvK ws ch hZ cvi| Avevi kw
ejZ Avgv`i cwiwPZ gvavKlY ev we`yr P^Kxq kw QvovI mej wKsev `yej wbDwKqvi
kwI nZ cvi!

14fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

c`v_wevb GKw`b Mo IVwb, kZ kZ ermi Mo DVQ| c`v_wevbxiv Zv`i

Pvicvki inmgq RMrK `L c_g Kvbv GKUv m~ w`q mUv evLv Kivi Pv KiQb|
cixv-wbixv Ki mB m~K KLbv MnY Kiv nqQ, KLbv cwieZb Kiv nqQ Avevi KLbv
cwiZvM Kiv nqQ| Gfve Avgiv c`v_i z`Zg KYv _K i Ki gnvweki eng AvKvi
ch evLvv KiZ wkLwQ| GB kLvUv nqZv GLbv c~Yv bq wevbxiv mUvK c~Yv Kivi
Pv Ki hvQb, hb Kvbv GKw`b AZ A wKQz m~ w`q AvcvZ`wZ wfb wfb welqi me
wKQz evLv Kiv me nq hve|

2.1 fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc (PhysicalQuantitiesandtheirMeasurement)


cvwb Vvv nj mUv eid nq hvq, Mig Kij mUv ev nq hvq GUv Avgiv mevB Rvwb|
gvbyl AbK cvPxb Kvj _KB GUv `L AvmQ| GB vbUzKz wK cyivcywi wevb nZ cvie
bv hZY ch bv Avgiv ejZ cvie Kvb Aevq wVK KZ Zvcgvvq cvwb Rg eid nq wKsev
mUv evwoq Kvb Aevq KZ Zvcgvvq wbq Mj mUv dzUZ _vK, ev cwiYZ nZ i
Ki| Zvi A_ cKZ
wevb KiZ nj me wKQzi cwigvc KiZ nq| wevbi mePq iZc~Y
welq nQ GB cwigvc Ki me wKQzK wbLuyZfve evLv Kiv|
Uwej 1.1:SIBDwbU mvZwU wfb wfb fZ ivwk
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fi
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meter
kilogram
second
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kelvin
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wgUvi
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m
kg
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GB RMZ hv wKQz Avgiv cwigvc KiZ cvwi ZvK Avgiv ivwk ewj| GB fZ RMZ
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fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

15



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Uwej 1.2:AbK eo _K AbK QvU `~iZ
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GK fvM mgq Avjv h `~iZ AwZg Ki
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nZ cvi| Zvgv`i GKUv aviYv `qvi Rb AbK eo _K i Ki AbK QvU wKQz `~iZ
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`b Kvj: meyR Avjv

cvi GKUv eo PvgPi GK PvgP cvwbZ
`b Kvj: GK MeV
gvUvgywU GK gvj cvwbi AYy _vK| GK
Mvgv i
Kvc cvwbZ `k gvj cvwb _vK|

GKUv gvgevwZi AvjvK gvUvgywU fve
GK Kvjv ejv hvq|
`LZB cvQ Gi KvbvUvB wbLuyZ cwigvc bq wK Abyfe Kivi Rb mnR| hw` GB
cwigvc wbq Af nq hvI Zvnj fwelZ hLb Kvbv GKUv wnmve Kie, ZLb mUv wbq
Zvgv`i GKUv gvvvb _vKe!

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

17

wevb ev c`v_wevb PPv

Kivi Rb Avgv`i bvbv wKQz cwigvc
KiZ nq| KLbv Avgv`i nqZv
deca da 101  deci d 101
Mvjvwi
`N
gvcZ
nq
hecto h 102  centi c
102

3
3
Avevi KLbv GKUv
kilo
k
10   milli m 10 
6
6
wbDwKqvmi evmva gvcZ nq
mega M 10   micro  10 
9
9
`~iZi gvS GB
giga
G 10   nano n 10 
tera
T
1012  pico p 1012
wekvj cv_K gvcvi Rb me mgqB
15
15
peta
P
10   femto f
10 
GKB aibi msLv eenvi Kiv
18
18
exa
E
10
 atto a
10 
eywgvbi
KvR
bq
ZvB
AvRvwZKfve wKQz SI DcmM
(prefix) Zwi Ki bqv nqQ| GB DcmM _vKvi KviY GKUv QvU DcmM wjL AbK eo
wKsev AbK QvU msLv evSvZ cvie| DcmMjv Uwej 1.5 G `Lvbv nqQ| Avgiv
`bw`b Rxeb wK Gjv me mgq eenvi Kwi| `~iZ evSvbvi Rb GK nvRvi wgUvi bv ej
GK wKjvwgUvi ewj| Kvgivi Qwei mvBR evSvbvi Rb `k j evBU bv ej GK gMvevBU
ewj!

1.2.1 gvv (Dimensions)
Avgiv Rb MwQ h Avgv`i Pvicvk AmsL ivwk _vKjI gv mvZwU GKK w`q GB
ivwkjvK cwigvc Kiv hvq| GKUv ivwk Kvb GKK w`q cKvk Kiv hvq mwU Avgv`i
RvbZB nq, cvq mgqB ivwkwU Kvb Kvb gwjK ivwk (`N L, mgq T, fi M BZvw`) w`q
wKfve Zwi nqQ mUvI Rvbv _vKZ nq| GKUv ivwkZ wewfb gwjK ivwk Kvb m~PK ev
Kvb cvIqvi AvQ mUvK Zvi gvv ej| hgb Avgiv ci `Le ej nQ fi Ges ZiYi
Ydj| ZiY Avevi mgqi mv_ eMi cwieZbi nvi| eM Avevi mgqi mv_ Aevbi
cwieZbi nvi|
Uwej 1.5:SIBDwbU eeZ DcmM

KvRB eM Gi gvv:
ZiYi gvv:

`~iZ
mgq
`~iZ

(mgq)

BZvw`

Avgiv GB eBq hLbB b~Zb GKwU ivwkgvjvi K_v eje mv_ mv_B Zvi gvvwUi K_v ej
`Iqvi Pv Kie| `Le mUv me mgqB ivwkwUK eySZ Abfve mvnvh Kie|

18fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

1.3 cwigvci hcvwZ

GK mgq c`v_wevbi wewfb
ivwkgvjv m~fve gvcv Lye Kmva
evcvi wQj| AvaywbK BjKUwb
wbfi hcvwZi KviY GLb KvRwU
Lye mvRv nq MQ| Avgiv GB
Qwe 1.3:g~j Ges bvovbv me fvwbqvi j
eBq h cwigvY c`v_wevb kLvi
Pv Kie Zvi Rb `~iZ, fi, mgq, Zvcgv, we`yrcevn Ges fvR gvcvjB gvUvgywU KvR
Pvwjq wbZ cvie| Gjv gvcvi Rb Avgiv Kvb aibi hcvwZ eenvi Kwi mjv msc
AvjvPbv Kiv hvK :
1.3.1 j
QvULvUv `N gvcvi Rb wgUvi j eenvi Kiv nq Ges Zvgiv mevB wbqB wgUvi j
`LQ| 100cm (mwUwgUvi) ev 1m j^v ej GUvK wgUvi j ej| hnZz GLbv AbK
RvqMvq Bw dzU cPwjZ AvQ (gvwKb hyiv GKwU D`vniY `k!) ZvB wgUvi ji Abcvk
cvq me mgq Bw `vM KvUv _vK| GK Bw mgvb 2.54cm.
GKUv j mePq h m~ `vM _vK Avgiv m ch gvcZ cvwi| wgUvi j
mvaviYZ wgwjwgUvi ch fvM Kiv _vK ZvB wgUvi j eenvi Ki Avgiv Kvbv wKQzi `N
wgwjwgUvi ch gvcZ cvwi| A_vr
Avgiv hw` ewj Kvbv wKQzi `N
0.364 m Zvi A_ `NwU nQ 36
mwUwgUvi Ges 4 wgwjwgUvi| GKUv
wgUvi j eenvi Ki Gi PvBZ m~
fve `N gvcv me bq A_vr mvaviY
j Avgiv KLbvB ejZ cvie bv
GKUv ei `N 0.3643m wK gvS
gvSB Kvbv GKUv AZ m~ KvR
Avgv`i G iKg m~ fve gvcv cqvRb
nq, ZLb fvwbqvi (Vernier) j

bvg GKUv gRvi j eenvi Ki mUv
Qwe 1.4: GK, `yB Ges wZb Ni mi hvIqv fvwbqvi j
Kiv hvq|
aiv hvK Kvbv ei `N wgwjwgUvii 4 Ges 5 `ywU `vMi gvSvgvwS Kv_vI GmQ
A_vr ewUi `N 4 wgwjwgUvi _K ewk wK 5 wgwjwgUvi _K Kg| 4 wgwjwgUvi _K KZ
fMvsk ewk mUv ei KiZ nj fvwbqvi j eenvi Kiv hvq, GB jUv g~j ji cvk

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

19

jvMvbv _vK Ges mvgb cQb mivbv hvq (Qwe 1.3)| Qwei D`vniY `Lvbv nqQ g~j
ji 9 wgwjwgUvi `NK fvwbqvi j `k fvM Kiv nqQ| A_vr fvwbqvi ji cZKUv

fvM nQ
, Avmj wgwjwgUvi _K
wgwjwgUvi Kg| hw` fvwbqvi ji iUv

Qwe 1.5:QweZ fvwbqvi j hy vBW Kvwjcvm Ges GKwU zMR `Lvbv nj

Kvbv GKUv wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgwjq ivLv nq Zvnj Zvi cii `vMwU mwZKvi wgwjwgUvi

_K
wgwjwgUvi mi _vKe, Gi ciiwU
wgwjwgUvi mi _vKe ciiwU
wgwjwgUvi

mi _vKe A_vr KvbvUvB g~j ji wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgje bv, GKevi `k b^i
`vMwU Avevi Avmj g~j ji bq b^i wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgje|


Qwe 1.6:Wvqvj Ges wWwRUvj wiWAvDU jvMvbv mvBW Kvwjcvm

eySZB cviQ fvwbqvi jUv hw` Avgiv Ggbfve ivwL h iUv GKUv wgwjwgUvi `vM
_K i bv nq GKUy mi (hgb

) i nqQ (Qwe 1.4) Zvnj wVK hZ msLK

mi i nqQ fvwbqvi ji ZZ b^i `vMwU g~j ji wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgj

hve! KvRB fvwbqvi j eenvi Ki `N gvcv Lye mnR, c_g Rb wbZ nq fvwbqvi
ji GKwU fvM Ges g~j ji GKwU fvMi gvS cv_K KZUzKz GUvK ej fvwbqvi aeK
(Vernier Constant msc VC)| g~j ji mePq QvUfvMi  `~iZK
fvwbqvi ji fvMi (10) msLv w`q fvM w`jB GUv ei nq hve| Avgiv h D`vniY
wbqwQ mLvb GUvi gvb:

20fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

Kvbv `N gvcvi mgq wgwjwgUvii mekl `vM ch gc fvwbqvi ji w`K ZvKvZ nq

Zvi Kvb `vMwU g~j ji wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgj
MQ mwU ei Ki ZvK fvwbqvi aeK Y w`Z nq|
g~j j gvcv `Ni mv_ mwU hvM w`jB Avgiv
cKZ
`N cq hve| Qwe 1.4 Gi kl j h `N
`Lvbv nqQ Avgv`i GB wbqg mwU ne 1.03cm
ev 0.0103m
fvwbqvi ji cwieZ GKUv zK Nywiq
 (Qwe 1.5) jK mvgb wcQb wbqI zMR (screw
gauge) bvg wekl GK aibi j `N gvcv nq|
Qwe 1.7:wWwRUvj IRb gvcvi h
GLvb zqi NvU (thread) AZ m~ ivLv nq Ges
cyiv GKevi Nvivbvi ci j jvMvbv
wz U nqZv  AMmi nq| zqi GB miYK z qi wcP (pitch) ej| h evKvi AskwU
Nywiq jwUK mvgb wcQb bqv nq mwUK mgvb 100 fvM fvM Kiv nj cwZ GK Ni

fvMi GK fvM AMmi nq| A_vr GB j

=
N~Ybi Rb jwU wcPi

ch gvcv me nZ cvi|
AvRKvj fvwbqvi ji cwieZ Wvqvj jvMvbv wKsev wWwRUvj (Qwe 1.6) vBW
Kwjcvm ei nqQ hUv w`q mivmwi wbLuyZfve `N gvcv hvq!
1.3.2 fi gvcvi h
fi mivmwi gvcv hvq bv ZvB
mvaviYZ IRb gc mLvb
_K fiwU ei Kiv nq|
Avgiv hLb ewj Kvbv GKUv
ei IRb 1 gm ev 1 kg
ZLb Avmj evSvB ewUi
fi 1 gm wKsev 1 kg GK
mgq ei fi gvcvi Rb wbw

eenvi Kiv nZv hLvb
Qwe 1.8:mvaviY Ges BjwbK _vgvwgUvi
evULvivi wbw` fii mv_
ei fiK Zzjbv Kiv nZv|
AvRKvj BjKUwbK evji
(Qwe 1.7) eenvi AbK eo MQ| evji Ici wbw` e ivLv njB evji mi
mLvb _K wbLuyZfve IRbwU ei Ki w`Z cvi|


fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

21

1.3.3 _vgvwgUvi
Zvcgvv gvcvi Rb _vgvwgUvi eenvi Kiv nq| GjKvnj ev cvi`i _vgvwgUvii cvkvcvwk
AvRKvj BjKUwbK _vgvwgUviiI (Qwe 1.8) cPjb i nqQ| Ri gvcvi Rb h _vgvwgUvi
eenvi Kiv nq Zvi ew Lye Kg KviY gvbyli kixii Zvcgvv Lye ewk evo bv ev Kg bv|
KvRB Ri gvcvi _vgvwgUvi w`q Avmj cKZ
Zvcgvv gvcv hvq bv|

Qwe 1.9:c IqvP

1.3.4 c IqvP
mgq gvcvi Rb c IqvP eenvi Kiv nq (Qwe 1.9)| GK mgq
wbLuyZ c IqvP AbK g~jevb mvgMx njI, BKUwbi
AMMwZi KviY Ley A `vgi gvevBj UwjdvbI AvRKvj
AbK m~ c IqvP cvIqv hvq| c IqvP h Kvbv GKwU
gynZ
~ _K mgq gvcv i Kiv nq Ges wbw` mgq cvi nIqvi ci
mgq gvcv e Ki KZLvwb mgq AwZv nqQ mwU ei Ki
djv hvq| gRvi evcvi nQ c IqvP hZ wbLuyZ fve mgq
gvcZ cvi Avgiv nvZ w`q KLbvB ZZ wbLuyZ fve GUv i
KiZ cvwi bv ev _vgvZ cvwi bv|

1.3.5 fv wgUvi I AvwgUvi

we`yZi cevn gvcvi Rb AvwgUvi Ges fvR
gvcvi Rb fv wgUvi eenvi Kiv nq| GB `yUv
cwigvc hB mvaviYZ GK RvqMvq _vK Ges
`yUvK wgwjq AbK mgq gvw wgUvi (Qwe 1.10)
ejv nq| gvw wgUvi mvaviYZ GKwU Wvqvj _vK
Ges GB WvqvjwU Nywiq wewfb gvvi fvR wKsev
we`yr cevn ev KviU gvcv hvq| Avgv`i Mnvwj
fvR Gwm nIqvi KviY me gvw wgUviB Gwm
wKsev wWwm fvR Ges KviU gvcv hvq| (hviv
Gwm wKsev wWwm ejZ Kx eySvq Rvbv bv Zviv
cwiwk-1 `Lv|) AvRKvjKvi gvw wgUvi ay
fvR Ges KviU bq Aviv AbK wKQz gvcZ
cvi|

Qwe 1.10:gvw wgUvi

22fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. hywZK, cixv-wbixv Ges cheY GB wZbwU cwZi KvbwUK Zzwg wevb MelYvi Rb
mePq iZc~Y gb Ki? Kb?
2. Zzwg Kx hyw-ZK w`q `LvZ cvie cvBg msLv Amxg msLK?
3. mvZwU GKKi GKwU Abjv _K GKUz Ab iKg| KvbwU Ges Kb ejZ cvie?
4. hw` nVvr Ki Zvgvi Ges Zvgvi Pvicvki me wKQzi mvBR AaK nq hvq Zzwg Kx eySZ
cvie?
5. Zzwg wK cw_exi evmva gvcZ cvie?

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. Uwej 1.5 Gi DcmM eenvi Ki wbPi msLvjv cKvk Ki: (a) ( b)

(c) (d) (e) 

2. GK eQi KZ mK? (gRv Kivi Rb w`q cKvk Ki)

3. GK AvjvKel KZ wgUvi?
4. GKwU fvwbqvi j GKwU
`i `N gvcvi mgq 1.11
Qwei gZv `Lv MQ| `wUi
`N KZ?
5. kwi gvv ,
BDwbU Gi GKK KZ?
Qwe 1.11: fvwbqvi ji wiwWs




wZxq Aavq

MwZ
(Motion)
wbKvjvm KvcvwbKvm

wbKvjvm KvcvwbKvm wQjb ibmuv hyMi GKRb MwYZwe` Ges

RvwZwe`| GKB mv_ wZwb wQjb e fvlvwe`, wPwKrmK,
Abyev`K, K~UbxwZwe` Ges A_bxwZwe`| Ze cw_exi BwZnvm
KvcvwbKvm iYxq nq _vKeb m~hK mi RMZi K`
ewmq Mn`i Kc_ evLv Kivi Rb| cw_exK me wKQzi K`
bv aivi welqwU mB mgqi ag wekvmi wei wQj ej wZwb
Zvi m~hKw`K ZwU cKvk KiZ `wi KiwQjb| gZzi wVK
AvM AvM Zvi m~hKw`K Z `qv eBwU cKvwkZ nq Ges agv
gvbyli fq Zvi AbygwZ bv wbqB eBqi f~wgKvq jLv nqwQj
GB evLvwU eve evLv bq aygv MvwYwZK wnmve mnR Kivi
GKwU cwZ gv!

NicolausCopernicus(14731543)

2.1 Aevb (Position)

Zvgiv hviv c_NvU Pjvdiv KiQ Zviv wbqB
j KiQ ivvi cvk gvBjcv mLvb _K
bvbv RvqMvi `~iZ jLv _vK| hw` Kv_vI Kvbv
gvBjcv jLv _vK XvKv: 9 wKjvwgUvi Zvi
A_ mB RvqMv _K XvKv knii `~iZ 9
wKjvwgUvi| wK XvKv kni Zv wekvj GKUv kni|
KvRB gvBjcvi mB Aevb _K XvKv knii Qwe 2.1: gvBj cv _K ivv ai Mj
Kvb RvqMvwU 9 wKjvwgUvi `~i? GK mv_ cyiv , Do Mj 
knii me RvqMv wbqB 9 wKjvwgUvi `~i nZ
cvi bv| KvRB evSv hvQ XvKv knii Kvbv GKwU RvqMvK (AviI mwVKfve ejv DwPZ

24

MwZ

Kvbv GKUv we`yK) wbw` Ki w`Z ne hLvb _K me RvqMvi `~iZ gvcv ne| Avgiv Rvwb
XvKv kni mwPevjq Avi wRwcI-Gi gvSvgvwS b~i nvmb PZiwU nQ mB RvqMv- m
RvqMvwUK ejv nq wRiv cqU ev k~b `~iZ|
GLb aiv hvK KD GKRb 9 km `~ii gvBjcv _K XvKv knii w`K nuvUZ i
Kij, ZvK wRiv cqU cuQvZ nj cyiv bq wKjvwgUvi nuvUZ ne (Qwe 2.1)| aiv hvK
wVK mB gvBjcv _K GKUv KvK wVK Kij mI Do Do wRiv cqU hve| ivv hw`
AvuKveuvKv Nvivb-cuvPvbv nq Zvnj KvKi Zv
Avi ivv ai ai Nywiq-cuwPq Dovi cqvRb
bB, m mvRvmywR Do wRiv cqU cuQ hve!
KvRB `Lv hve KvKK cyiv 9 wKjvwgUvi DoZ
nQ bv, AbK Kg `~iZ, aiv hvK gv 3
wKjvwgUvi DoB m Me cuQ hve| Zvnj
ck nQ gvBjcvi mB Aevb _K wRiv
cqUi `~iZ wK Avgiv 9 wKjvwgUvi aie bvwK 3
wKjvwgUvi aie?
welqwUK Avgiv Aviv GKUz RwUj Ki
w`Z cvwi! aiv hvK mB KvK wRiv cqU cuQ
Qwe 2.2: g~j ev cmsM we`y _K h Kvbv
Ab GKwU KvKK Rvbvj GB wRiv cqU _K
we`yK `~iZ Ges KvY M w`q cKvk Kiv
wVK 3 wKjvwgUvi `~i GKUv gvBjcv AvQ|
hvq|
KZ~njx mB KvK 3 wKjvwgUvi Do Mj wK mB
gvBjcvwU cve? Zvi Di GKB mv_ nuv
Ges bv| c_g KvKwU h c_ Do GmQ wVK mB c_ Do Mj Di nuv Ab h Kvbv
c_ Do Mj Di nQ bv! Zvi gvb nQ Avgiv hw` Kvbv GKUv AevbK wbw` KiZ
PvB Zvnj Kvbv GKUv wbw` we`y _K mUv KZ `~i RvbvUvB h_ bq, Kvb w`K mB `~iZ
hZ ne mUvI Ki ej w`Z ne| `~iZi mv_ mv_ w`KUvI mgvb iZc~Y| Di`wY, c~e-cwg GB PviwU w`K gvUI h_ bq| (KD hw` Kvbvfve Di giZ nvwRi
nq ZLb Avwevi Kie mLb c~e-cwg ev Di ej Kvbv w`K bB Pvwiw`KB `wY- mwU
AviK Svgjv!) evSvB hvQ eywgvbi KvR ne (`~iZ mv_ mv_) GKUv wbw` w`Ki
mvc KZ wWwM KvY KZ `~iZ hZ ne mUv ej `qv (A_vr ejZ ne AgyK we`y _K
AgyK w`Ki mv_ GZ wWMx KvY GZ `~iZ nQ Aevb) 2.2 QweZ evcviUv `Lvbv nqQ,
`yUv iLv 90wWwMZ GKUv AviKUvK Q` KiQ, Q` we`ywU nQ Avgv`i g~j we`y ev cm
we`y (ReferencePoint), GKUv AK ai wbqwQ k~b wWwM, mv_ mv_ `Lvi myweavi Rb
Avgiv 90 wWwM, 180 wWwM Avi 270 wWwMUvI cq MwQ| GLb h Kvbv AevbK g~j we`y
_K `~iZ Avi g~j Ai mv_ Zwi Kiv KvY w`q cKvk Kiv hvq| 2.2 QweZ P Aevbi
`~iZ nQ r, KvY nQ M,hvi A_ Ab h Kvbv AevbKI Avgiv g~j we`y _K GKUv `~iZ
Avi GKUv KvY w`q cKvk KiZ cvwi|

MwZ25
Avgiv `LwQ mgZj GKUv AevbK cKvk
Kivi Rb `~iZ Avi KvY GB `ywU ivwki `iKvi nq|
GB `yUv ivwk w`qB h AevbK wbw` KiZ ne
Ggb Kvbv K_v bB, Avgiv BQ Kij Ab `yUv ivwk
w`qI AevbK wbw` KiZ cvwi| 2.3 QweZ Avgiv
`LZ cvwQ P we`yZ AevbwU Avgiv x Ges y GB
`yUv ivwkgvjv w`q cKvk KiZ cvwi| hviv GKUzLvwb
wKvbvwgwZI Rvb ZvivB eySZ cvie h Avmj GUv
gvUI b~Zb wKQz bq AvM `Lvbv r Ges MAvi 2.3
QweZ `Lvb xAvi yAvmj GKB evcvi! Zvi KviY
x Avi y nQ
 M
 M

Qwe 2.3: A eenvi Ki g~j ev

cmsM we`y _K h Kvbv we`yK I
M Gi cwieZ I w`q cKvk Kiv
hvq|

A_vr r AviMRvbj Avgiv mv_ mv_ x Ges y ei Ki djZ cvie| DvUvI mwZ x Ges
y Rvbj mv_ mv_ Avgiv r AviMei Ki djZ cvie|

Zvgiv AevbK x, y w`q cKvk KiZ PvI bvwK r, M w`q cKvk KiZ PvI mUv cyivcywi
Zvgvi BQ| Aewk Zvgiv wbRivB `Le Kvbv Kvbv mgmv mgvavb Kivi Rb r, M
eenvi Kiv eywgvbi KvR Avevi Kvbv Kvbv mgmv mgvavb KiZ x, y eenvi Kiv
eywgvbi KvR|
D`vniY 2.1: GKUv Mvwo Zvgvi zj _K c~ew`K
20 km wMq Di w`K 30 km wMqQ, Zvici
Avevi c~ew`K 30 km Zvici `wY w`K 20 km,
cwg w`K 10km Zvici Avevi Di w`K 10 km
wMqQ|
(a) MvwowU KZ km `~iZ AwZg KiQ?
Di: GUv ei Kiv LyeB mvRv, mejv AwZv
`~iZ hvM KijB mUv cq hve|
Qwe 2.4: MvwowU h c_ wMqQ

MwZ

26

      

(b) Zvgvi z ji mvc MvwowUi eZgvb Aevb Kv_vq?

Di : Zvgvi zji mvc MvwowUi Aevb ei Kivi AvM Avgiv GKUv Mvd (Qwe 2.4)
MvwowU KLb Kvb w`K wMqQ mUv GuK wbB Zvnj welqUv evSv mnR ne| Qwei Dci
Di `wY-c~e Ges cwg Kvb w`K `Lvbv nqQ Mvd AvuvKvi mgq BQ Ki Avgiv w`K
evSvbvi Rb x-y ewmqwQ| `LvB hvQ Di w`K nQ y (KvRB `wY w`K ne y) c~e
w`K nQ x (KvRB cwg w`K nQ x)
Qwe 2.4Gi Mvd _K Avgiv mivmwi `LwQ GUvi eZgvb Aevb x Gi gvb nQ 40 km
Ges y Gi, gvb nQ 20 km
Avgiv Mvd bv GuKI GUv ei KiZ cviZvg| MvwowU hLb c~e wKsev cwg MQ ZLb x Gi
gvbi cwieZb nqQ wK y Gi gvbi Kvbv cwieZb nqwb| Avevi MvwowU hLb Di wKsev
`wY wMqQ ZLb y Gi gvbi cwieZb nqQ wK x Gi gvbi Kvbv cwieZb nqwb| ZvB
Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :
     (c~e w`K Mj abvZK ev cwRwUf cwg w`K
Mj FYvZK ev bMwUf eenvi KiwQ|)
     (Di w`K Mj abvZK ev cwRwUf `wY w`K
Mj FbvZK ev bMwUf ai wbqwQ|)
KvRB Zvgvi zji mvc Mvwoi eZgvb Aevb nQ wKsev c~e
w`K 40 I Di w`K 20 km.
D`vniY 2.2: Qwe 2.5 G `Lvbv P Gi Aevb
Ges Mw`q cKvk Ki|

Di: Qwe 2.5 _K Avgiv `LZ cvwQ P Gi

Aevb nQ (2, 2)| Avgiv g~j we`y _K P
ch GKUv iLv UbwQ, GB iLvwUi `N nQ
r Ges GB iLvwU x Gi mvc h KvY
KiQ mUv nQ M
Zvnj      


M

KvRB M q

Qwe 2.5:P Gi Aevb GKB mv_

Ges M w`q cKvk Kiv nqQ|

Gevi Avgiv GKUv QvU RwUjZv Zwi Kwi| aiv hvK P Gi Aevb nQ (-2, -2) (Qwe 2.6)
Gevi r Ges MKZ ne?

MwZ27

Zvnj   
Ges M
KvRB M q

Avgiv e GKB Di cvwQ hw`I P Gi

AevbUv m~Y Ab RvqMvq! GLvb AevK
nIqvi wKQz bB KviY Avmj Di M q
wK hnZz q q 
KvRB M q  bv 225q mUv eySZ
cviwQjvg bv| PvL `Lj Avgiv mUv PU Ki
ai djZ cvwi Ges ejZ cvwi M qbq,
M q , GUv Rb ivLv fvjv GB Rb
Ai gZv dgj
y v ewmq wnmve KiZ nq bv me
mgqB gv_vi gvS Avmj QweUv ivLZ nq|

Qwe 2.6: P Gi Aevb hLvb M Gi

gvb q

wVK fve mgmvUv mgvavb Kij Gfve KiZ ne :



 MwKsev  M
M 

 

M 

M qwKsev q KvRB Avgiv GLbv Rvwb bv mwVK Di KvbUv!

Avevi  MwKsev  M



M qwKsev qGLb Avgiv Rvwb KvbUv mwVK Di, Avgiv hw` M q ai

wbB ZvnjB Ges ` yUvi Rb mwVK Di cve|



Qwe 2.7: A Ges A M Gi gvb

hviv wKvbvwgwZ KiQ Zv`iK Avgiv gb Kwiq w`B MAvgiv A _K gvcwQ Ges
mUv me mgq abvZK ev cwRwUf (Qwe 2.7) ai wbwQ A Gi gvb q, A 180q,

MwZ

28

A q Ges cyivUv Nyi hLb Avevi x A wdi Avm ZLb GUv q Ges mUvK

Avevi k~b ai wbwQ|

D`vniY 2.3: Qwe 2.8 G `Lvbv P Ges Q Gi Aevb Ges

w`q cKvk Ki|

Di: P Gi Rb   Ges M q


KvRB:  q   
 q   

Qwe 2.8: A P I Q we`yi

Aevb I M Gi gvb w`q cKvk Kiv
nqQ|

QGi Rb   Ges M q




  q   

 q   

Avgiv h iKg fewQjvg cwRwUf wK Gi gvb bMwUf|

KvRB Zvgiv eySZ cviQ GKwU mgZj Kvbv GKwU AevbK wbw` KiZ Avgv`i `ywU
ivwk `iKvi| hw` mwU GK mgZj bv nq? hgb GKUv MvQi Wvj em _vKv GKUv KvK, wKsev
AvKvk DoZ _vKv GKUv cb? (Qwe 2.9)
eySZB cviQ ZLb `ywU ivwk w`q
Avi mwU cKvk Kiv hve bv, DPZvUvK
`Lvbvi Rb Avgv`i Aviv GKwU ivwk
`iKvi| Gi ejvq welqUv cvwbi
gZv mvRv, Avgiv wgvwK GKUv vbvsK
KvVvgv (coordinate system) Zwi
Ki be, ZLb Gi mv_ mv_ ZZxq
ivwk Gi hvM ne, 2.9 QweZ hgb
`Lvbv nqQ| hw` Mw`q KiZ PvB?
mUvI me wK mUv Kgb Ki Kiv hvq
Zv Zvgv`i Ici Qo `qv njv|
(eySZB cviQ b~Zb AviKUv KvY ThvM
KiZ ne wgvwK RMZ ZvB Nyi-wdi
wZbwU ivwkgvjvB `iKvi! Zvi ewkI bq, Qwe 2.9: GKwU cbi Aevb evSvbi Rb A
KgI bq|)
I Gi gvb `iKvi nq|

MwZ29

2.2 wwZ I MwZ (RestandMotion)


Avgiv hnZy Aevbi welqUv eySwQ GLb wi ev wwZ Avi Pjgvb ev MwZ eySZ Kvbv mgmv
nevi K_v bq| mgqi mv_ Aevbi Kvbv cwieZb bv njB mUv wi, Avi hw` Aevbi
cwieZb nq ZvnjB mUv MwZkxj A_vr mUvi MwZ AvQ eySZ ne|
GLvb Aewk QvU GKUv RwUjZv AvQ Aevb cKvk KiZ nj GKUv g~j we`y
`iKvi, Avi mB g~j we`yUvB hw` wi bv nq ZLb Kx ne? GLb hUvK Avgiv wi fvewQ mUvB
hw` MwZkxj nq? mwZKvii wi g~j we`y cvIqv mvRv K_v bv| cw_exi c GKUv g~j we`y ai
wbj KD Avcw KiZB cvi, cw_exUv Zv wi bv mUv Zv wbRi Ai Ici NyiQ KvRB
cw_exi c me wKQz NyiQ! Avgiv eyw Ki ZLb ejZ cvwi cw_exi K`we`yywU nQ g~j we`y
wK ZLb KD GKRb Avcw Ki ejZ cvi mwUI Zv wi bq, mwU m~hi Pvwiw`K NyiQ|
Avgiv ZLb Aviv eywgvbi gZ ejZ cvwi Zvnj m~hi K`we`ywUB nvK Avgv`i g~j we`y
wK ZLb Ab KD Avcw Ki ejZB cvi, m~hI Zv wi bq, mUvI Zv Avgv`i Mvjvwi
(evsjvq bvgwU Qvqvc_, BsiwRZ MilkyWay) K`K wNi NyiQ| eySZB cviQ GLb mvnm
Ki KD Avi Mvjvwi K`K g~j we`y aie bv KviY Mvjvw wekv wi K ejQ?
Avmj GZ RwUjZvi Kvbv cqvRbI bB, Avgv`i KvR Pvjvbvi Rb Avgv`i KvQ
wi gb nq G iKg hKvbv we`yK g~j we`y ai me KvR Ki djZ cvie, ay ej `e mB
gvcRvK Kvb g~j we`y Gi mvc Kiv nqQ| wevbxiv cigvYyi fZi BjKUbi Aevb
_K i Ki gnvKvk cvVvbv DcMn ch me wKQzi gvcRvK Ki djQb, Kvbv mgmv
nqwb| mwZ K_v ejZ Kx hw` Avgv`i g~j we`ywU mgeM PjZ _vK Zvnj Avgiv Kvbvw`b
Rvi Ki ejZI cvie bv h GUv mgeM PjQ, bvKx GUv Avmj wi Ges Ab me wKQz
Dvw`K mgeM PjQ! _g _vKv Ub em cvki jvBbi Pj UbK `L wK Avgv`i
gb nq bv h IUv UbUvB wi, AvgivB PjwQ? KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi GKUv g~j we`yi
mvc hw` Kvbv ei Aevb mgqi mv_ mv_ cwieZb nq Zvnj mB ewU MwZkxj|
hnZz g~j we`ywU AvmjB wi wKbv mwU iZc~Y bq KviY Avmj me MwZB AvcwK|
Avgv`i Pvicvk Avgiv AbK aibi MwZ `LZ cvB, mePq mvRvwU nQ mij
iLvi MwZ| GKUv gvej Mwoq w`j mUv mvgbi w`K hvq MwZUv mij iLvi gvS mxgve
_vK KvRB GUvK iwLK MwZ (linearmotion) ej| GKUv ej Dci _K Qo w`j mUv
mvRv wbPi w`K co, mUvI iwLK MwZ|
Kvbv wKQy hw` GKUv we`yK wNi NyiZ _vK Zvnj mUv nQ N~Yb MwZ
(Rotation)| e`ywZK cvLv Nwoi KvUv GmeK N~Yb MwZi D`vniY wnmve ejv MjI Gi
gvS N~Yb MwZi PgKc` welqUv bB, N~Yb MwZi my`i D`vnib nQ Puv`| Puv`K Kvbv wKQz
w`q cw_exi mv_ eua ivLv bB Zey GUv cw_exK wNi NyiQ ay ZvB bq GUv AvKvk _K
Uzc Ki cw_exZ coI hvq bv!
hZ iKg MwZ AvQ Zvi gvS mePq PgKc` MwZ nQ `b MwZ (Simple
HarmonicMotion)| cKw ZZ Avgiv GB MwZUvB gb nq mePq ewk `LZ cvB| hLb

30

MwZ

GKUv czjvgK `ywjq `qv nq ZLb Avgiv GB MwZ `LZ cvB, hLb Avgiv K_v ewj ZLb
evZvmi Aby GB MwZ w`q kK GwMq wbq hvq, hLb wMUvii Zvi Avgiv VvKv w`B ZLb
wMUvii Zvi GB `b MwZ `Lv hvq|
iwLK, N~Yb Avi `b QvovI MwZi aib `L Avgiv Aviv bvbvfve MwZK wewfb
bvg WvKZ cvwi wK GB gyn~Z Avgiv hv KiZ PvBwQ Zvi Rb Nyi wdi GB wZbwU w`qB
Avmj gvUvgywUfve cqvRbxq MwZjv evLv Ki me|

2.3 jvi I fi ivwk (ScalarandVector)

Avgv`i cwiwPZ RMZ Avgiv hv wKQz cwigvc KiZ cvwi mUvB ivwk, Avb` wKsev `ytL ivwk bq
wK Zvcgvv ivwk| Zvi KviY Avb` wKsev `ytLK gc GKUv gvb `qv hvq bv wK Zvcgvv
gc gvb `qv me| Zvgvi kixii Zvcgvv 37q C wKsev 98.4q F Zvcgvv evSvbvi Rb
GKwU msLv ejjB Pj wK AbK ivwk AvQ hjvK GKwU msLv w`q cKvk Kiv hvq bv,
nq Zvi gvbi mv_ GKUv w`K ej w`Z nq, wKsev GKvwaK gvb ej w`Z nq hb mjv
wgwjq Zvi gvb Ges w`K `yUvB wbw` Ki `qv hvq| Aevb wQj m iKg GKwU ivwk, mUv
evSvbvi Rb Avgv`i ay `~iZ w`q KvR nqwb, Zvi w`KwUI wb`k KiZ nqwQj! Avgiv
w`KwU GKUv KvY w`q cKvk Ki
`wLqwQjvg, Ges w`K `yUv Ask w`qI
`Lvbv nqwQj| KvRB h ivwk ay GKwU
msLv w`q cKvk Kiv hvq mUv nQ jvi
Avi hUv cKvk Kivi Rb GKUv w`KI (Qwe
2.10) ej w`Z nq mUv nQ fi|
Zvcgvv QvovI jvii D`vniY nQ
mgq, `N wKsev fi| KviY Gjv ay GKUv
msLv w`q cKvk Ki djv hvq| Zvgiv
`Le Aevb QvovI fii D`vniY nQ
eM wKsev ej| KviY Gjv cKvk KiZ nj
gvbi mv_ mv_ w`KUvI ej w`Z nq|
fi ivwkK jvi ivwk _K Avjv`v
Ki jLvi Rb mUvK gvUv (Bold) Ki jLv
nq (x, y wKsev A, B)| eBq wKsev KwDUvi
Qwe 2.10: I fi e GK hw`I wfb
wcU Kivi mgq h Kvbv wKQz gvUv Ki jLv
Aevb iqQ, fi I _K wfb KviY
mnR| wK hLb KD nvZ KvMR wjL ZLb
Kvbv wKQzK fi evSvbvi Rb Zvi Dci gvb mgvb njI w`K wfb| fi fi _K
wfb, KviY w`K GKB njI gvb mgvb bq
QvU Ki GKUv Zxi wP `qv nq (  wKsev
)|


MwZ31
Zvgv`i GLvb hUzKz c`v_wevb
kLvbv ne mLvb Avmj mwZKvi A_
fii eenvii cqvRb ne bv, eo Rvi
KvbUv jvi KvbUv fi gvS gvS mUv
gb Kwiq `qv ne|
D`vniY 2.4: Qwe 2.11 Z `Lvbv A Ges B `ywU

fi! Zv`i hvMdj KZ?

Qwe 2.11: I `ywU fi g~j we`y _K AvuKv

nqQ

Di: fijvi gvb Ges w`K `yUvB AvQ| GwU

hfve `Lvbv AvQ ZvZ cZKUv fiKB Avgiv
`yUv ivwk w`qB cKvk KiZ cvwi| QweZ `Lvbv
fii Rb x Ges y w`q cKvk Kiv mnR|


A fii x Ges y Aski gvb h_vg

4 Ges 1
B fii x Ges y Aski gvb h_vg
2 Ges 3

AGesB hvM KiZ nj `yUv fii x

Ask Ges y Ask Avjv`vfve hvM KiZ

ne|
 nj
 

C Gi x Ask nQ

Ges CGi y Ask nQ  

Qwe 2.12: I fi hvM Ki fi

cvIqv MQ

KvRB Avgiv C fi AvuKZ cvwi|

Zvgiv BQ KijB `LvZ cvi hLvb A fi kl nqQ mLvb _K B fiwU i
Kij A fii Mvov _K B fii kl gv_v ne C fi! (Qwe 2.12)
GLvb GKUv wRwbm j Ki, Avgiv fI jLvi Rb wjwLwb A,B,C wjLwQ, GUvB
cPwjZ wbqg| LvZvq Kjg w`q hnZz A Ges  Gi cv_K evSvbv mnR bq ZvB nvZ w`q
jLvi mgq fiK wjLj evSvbv mnR nq|

D`vniY 2.5:2.13 QweZ `Lvbv mgvb KZ?

Di: AvMi evi Askjv hvM KiZ nqwQj, Gevi weqvM KiZ ne|
nj D Gi x Ask  
D Gi y Ask nQ  

MwZ

32
KvRB Avgiv D fi AvuKZ cvwi: Qwe
2.13
Avevi j Ki K jLv hvq


KvRB AvMi evii gZv Avgiv ejZ

cvwi D fi hLvb kl nqQ mLvb
_K B fi i Kij Avgiv Afi
cq hve!
D`vniY 2.6:Di, `wY, c~e Ges cwg
w`K PviwU mggvb fii hvMdj KZ?
Di: 2.14 QweZ PviwU fi `Lvbv
nqQ| Avgiv BQ Kij Zv`i x Ask
jv Ges y Askjv Avjv`vfve hvM
Ki P~ov fiUv ei KiZ cvwi| Avgiv
Aviv mnR Dcvq AbfveI mUv KiZ
cvwi| fii hvM ei Kivi mgq Avgiv
`wLqwQ GKUv fi hLvb kl nqQ
mLvb _K AviKUv fi i Kiv nj
c_gUvi i Ges wZxqUvi kl nQ hvM
Kiv fi| KvRB PviUv fi GKUvi ci
AviKUv ewmq hZ cvwi| Avgiv mfve
Ki Mj `Le hvMdj k~b!!

2.4 eM, `wZ I miY (Velocity, Speed


Qwe 2.13: _K fi weqvM Ki
fi cvIqv MQ, hvi A_ 

Qwe 2.14: Pviw`K mgvb gvbi PviwU fi

hvM Kiv nj Zvi hvMdj ne k~b|

andDisplacement)
eM ejZ Kx evSvbv nq Avgiv mevB mUv gvUvgywU Rvwb, Kvbv wKQz KZ `Z hvQ Zvi
cwigvcUv nQ eM| eM nQ fi ZvB KZ `Z hvQ ay mUv ejjB ne bv, mUv Kvb
w`K hvQ mUvI ej w`Z ne| c`v_wevb eMi cvkvcvwk Aviv GKUv ivwk eenvi Kiv
nq mUv nQ `wZ (Speed)| Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb K_v ejZ wMq eM Ges `wZ `yUvB
GKUvi cwieZ AviKUv eenvi Ki dwj wK c`v_wevbi ejvq mUv GKeviB Kiv hve
bv| hnZy eMi gvb nQ `wZ ZvB KD KD gb KiZ cvi `wZ ivwkwU Avjv`v fve Zix
bv KijI PjZ, hLb cqvRb nZv ZLb ej w`Zvg eMi gvb| wK mwU mwZ bq `wZ
ivwkwU Zwi bv Ki ay eM w`q KvR Pvjvbvi Pv Kij Kx mgmv nZv Zvi GKUv D`vniY
`qv hvK|
wevb wKsev c`v_wevb Mo GKUv Lye iZc~Y evcvi, wbLuyZfve wKQz cwigvc
KiZ nj AbKevi GKUv GcwigU KiZ nq Zvici djvdji Mo wbZ nq| AbK

MwZ33
RvqMvq cKZ
gvbwU Rvbv me nq bv ZLb Mo gvb wbqB m _vKZ nq| ZvB evSvB hvQ
eMi gZv iZc~Y GKUv ivwkgvjviI wbqB AmsLevi Mo wbZ nZ cvi|
eM nQ Aevbi cwieZbi nvi A_vr GKK mgq Aevbi KZUzKz cwieZb nqQ
Zvi gvb| Aevbi cwieZbi AviKUv bvg AvQ, mUv nQ miY (Displacement), Aevb
hnZy fi ZvB miYI fi| ZvB hw` Avgv`i eM ei KiZ nq Zvnj wbw` mgq hUzKz
miY nqQ mUvK AwZv mgq w`q fvM w`Z ne| H mgqUzKy Z eM h me mgq mgvb
_vKe Zvi Kvbv MvivwU bB, KLbv ewk ev Kg nZ cvi ZvB Avgiv hw` LvwbKUv mgq
hUzKz miY nqQ mUv _K eM ei Kwi Zvnj Avmj ei ne mB mgqi Mo eM| Gevi
Avgiv c_g D`vniYUvZ wdi hvB: GKUv gvBjcv jLv AvQ XvKv knii `~iZ 9
wKjvwgUvi Ges Zzwg wZb NUvq nuU XvKv kni cuQ| Zvgvi eM KZ?
nqZv nuvUZ nuvUZ Zzwg KLbv wekvg wbqQ, KLbv Rvi nuUQ, KLb Av nuUQ
ZvB cwZ gyn~ Zi eM Avgiv Rvwb bv| Avgiv aygv GB wZb Nvq Zvgvi Mo eM KZvUzKz
mUv ei KiZ cvwi| Mo eM ei Kivi Rb c_g `LZ ne KZUzKz miY nqQ| mUv LyeB
mvRv, KvKUv h c_ w`q Do GmQ mUvB miY A_vr kl h Aevb cuQQ mUv _K
c_g Aevbi cv_KUzKzB mib! KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi Zvgvi miY s nQ Di w`K 3 km.
 

(Di w`K)

miYi gvv L

mgq jMQ 3 Nv KvRB Mo eM (Di w`K)





eMi gvv 

KvRB Zvgvi Mo eMi gvb nQ  !Zzwg wbqB GLb gv_v PzjK fveQ Avwg wZb
Nvq 9 wKjvwgUvi nuUwQ, GKevi MvivwU w`q ejv hvq cwZ Nvq gvUvgywU 3 km Ki
nuUwQ wK Avgvi eM gv  Kgb Ki nq?
evcviUv Aviv RwUj Ki w`Z cvwi! aiv hvK Zzwg Mvwo Ki zj _K iIbv w`qQ|
WvBfvi mviv kni Nyi Pvi Nv ci zj wdi GmQ| Mvwoi gvBj wgUvi `Lv Mj GB Pvi
Nvq MvwoUv 100 wKjvwgUvi wMqQ| MvwoUvi Mo eM KZ? eySZ cviQ c_g Pvi Nvq
KZUzKz miY nqQ mUv ei KiZ ne| hLvb _K iIbv w`qQ hnZy mLvbB wdi GmQ
ZvB miY nQ k~b! KvRB Pvi Nvi Mo eM nQ k~b! gb iLv Mo eM k~b, Zvi gvb GB
bv h ZvrwYK eM k~b! MvwoUv hLb hvwQj ZLb cwZ gyn~ ZB wK Zvi GKUv eM wQj hwU
gvUI k~b bq wK Pvi Nv Mo Kivi ci mUv k~b nqQ KviY eM nQ fi| fii
w`K _vK, KvRB MvwoUvi eM KLbv wQj Di w`K, wVK m iKg KLbv wQj `wY, GKUv
AviKUvK KvUvKvwU Ki w`qQ|

MwZ

34

Zvgv`i nZvk nevi Kvbv KviY bB, eMi Mo wbq RwUjZv `~i Kivi Rb `wZ
ivwkwU Zwi nqQ| `wZ fi bq, ZvB hLb Mo bqv nq ZLb GK Ask Ab AskK KvUvKvwU
KiZ cvi bv! KvRB wZb Nvq 9 km nuU Zzwg hLb XvKv cuQQ ZLb Zvgvi Mo `wZ






`wZi gvv 

wVK Zzwg h iKg fewQj| z ji Mvwoi ejvZI mUv mwZ, Zvi Mo `wZ

hUv gvUI k~b bq| (wbqB GUvI j KiQ `wZi ejvq Kvbv w`Ki K_v ejZ nj bv!)
D`vniY 2.7: eM Avi `wZi gvS
mKUv Aviv fvjv Ki evSvi
Rb Avgiv AviKUv D`vniY bB|
aiv hvK GKUv myZv w`q QvU GKUv
cv_iK eua Zzwg mUvK gv_vi
Dci NvivQ| cv_iUv wK mgeM
hvQ bvwK mg`wZZ hvQ? bvwK
mg`wZ Ges mgeM hvQ? (Qwe
2.15)
Di: GKUz wPv KijB Zzwg eySZ
cvie h cv_iUvi `wZi Kvbv
cwieZb nQ bv wK cwZ gyn~ Z Qwe 2.15: m~Zvq ea GKwU cv_i Nvivbv nj
eMi cwieZb nQ! KviY cwZ `wZ GK _vKjI eMi cwieZb nq|
gyn~Z cv_iUvi MwZi w`K cv
hvQ| GwU hw` mvRv hZ Zvnj MwZi w`Ki cwieZb nZv bv wK hnZz NyiQ ZvB w`KUv
cv hvQ| KvRB GwU nQ mg`wZi D`vniY mgeMi bq! mgeM nj mg`wZ nZB
ne wK mg`wZ njB h mgeM nZ ne Zvi Kvbv MvivwU bB|
D`vniY 2.8: cv_iwUK nVvr Qo w`j ZLb wK mUv mgeM Ges mg`wZZ hve?
Di: cv_iwU nVvr Qo w`j GUv mvRv mgeM Ges mg`wZZ QzU hve evZvmi NlY
gvavKlY ej Gme hw` bv _vKZ Zvnj mgeM Ges mg`wZZ hZB _vKZ!
D`vniY 2.9: Qwe 2.16 Gi Mvd Kvbv GKUv ei mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZbUzKz
`Lvbv nqQ| KvbwU mgeM Ges KvbwU mgeM bq ej| Mvd mgqi mv_ eMi gvb
`LvI|

MwZ35
Di: ewU wi, mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZb nQ bv| ZvB Zvi eM k~b|
B ewU mgeM hvQ|
C wbqB ewUi eM eo hvQ|
c_g Mvd mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZbi Rb h eM ne wZxq Mvd mwU `Lvbv
nqQ| GKUz LyuwUq `L!

Qwe 2.16: Kvbv GKwU ei mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZb|

2.5 ZiY (Acceleration)

eM `wZi evcviUv Avgiv AbKUvB mvaviY vb w`q eySZ cvwi| evsjv `wZ kwU mfve bv
njI BsiwR Speed kwU `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv AbK eenviI Kwi| ZiYi welqUv
LvwbKUv wfb; Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi AbK RvqMvZB mUv Avgiv `wL, wK cwivi fve
GUv eySZ cvwi bv| Avgv`i `bw`b K_vevZvq ZiY kwU eenvi nq bv| ZviPq eo K_v
c`v_wevbi mePq PgKc` h welqjv AvQ Zvi gvS ZiY GKwU, KvRB GUv Avgv`i
meviB mwZKvi fve Abyfe Kiv `iKvi|
hLb Kvbv wKQy mgeM hvq Zvi gvS Kvbv ZiY bB| eMi cwieZb KiZ nj
ZiYi cqvRb| 2.16 QweZ c Gi eMi cwieZb nQ A_vr GLvb ZiY iqQ|
KvRB ZiY ejZ evSvbv nq eMi cwieZbi nvi| eM hnZy fi Zvi gvb Avi w`K
`yUvB AvQ KvRB w`K wVK iL gvb cwieZb nj h iKg eySZ ne ZiY nQ wVK m iKg
eMi gvb AcwiewZZ _K w`Ki cwieZb njI eySZ ne ZiY nQ| Mvwoi MwZ eo
hvIqvi A_ ZiY nIqv Mvwo Nyi hvIqv gvbI ZiY nIqv|

MwZ

36

D`vniY 2.10: Qwe 2.17 Gi Mvd Kvbv GKUv ei mgqi mv_ eMi cwieZb `Lvbv
nqQ| Kv_vq ZiY AvQ Kv_vq bB ej|
Di: A Z ZiY AvQ, B Z ZiY bB, C Z ZiY AvQ, D Z g`b ev bMwUf ZiY
AvQ|

c_g w`K AcwiewZZ iL ay gvbi

cwieZb wbq AvjvPbv Kiv hvK, Abfve ejv
hZ cvi iwLK MwZZ ZiY ejZ Kx evSvB
mUvi AvjvPbv|
ZiY nQ eMi cwieZbi nvi, hw`
mgZiY nq, A_vr mgqi mv_ mv_ ZiYi
cwieZb bv nq Zvnj Avgiv wjLZ cvwi
ZiY =

kl eM - Avw` eM
AwZv mgq

Qwe 2.17: Kvbv GKwU ei mgqi mv_

eMi cwieZb|

A_vr hw` c_g Kvbv wKQzi eM nq Ges mgq ci Zvi eM nq Zvnj ZiY nQ

ZiYi gvv 

KvRB hw` ZiY a Rvbv _vK Zvnj Kvbv

ei Avw` eM u nj t mgq ci Zvi eM v
ei Kiv Lye mvRv| (Qwe 2.18)
   

ewU hw` wi Aev _K i Ki Zvnj

Qwe 2.18: wi Aevq i Ki mgZiY MwZkxj
ei eM eo hvIqv

 

Avgiv BZvga ejwQ GLb ch hv ejv

nqQ Zvi me wKQy mwZ mgZiYi Rb| hw`
mgZiY bv nq Zvnj wK GZ mnR aygv Avw`eM Avi kl eM _K ZiY ei Ki djv
hve bv|

MwZ37
D`vniY 2.11: GKUv Mvwoi eM 1 wgwbU wi Aev _K eo 60 km/hour nqQ,
MvwowUi ZiY KZ?
Di: Avgiv mgqi Rb wgwbU ev Nv eenvi bv Ki GLb _K mK (s) Ges `~iZi
Rb gvBj ev km eenvi bv Ki m eenvi Kie|
Mvwoi P~ov eM




KvRB mgmvwU nQ G iKg 60 s G GKUv Mvwo wi Aev _K i Ki 16.67 m/s

MwZZ cuQ MQ MvwowUi ZiY KZ?
 




D`vniY 2.12:GKUv Mvwo 60mile/hour eM PjZ nVvr Zvi Bwb e nq hvq| MvwowU
_vgZ 5minute mgq bq| MvwowUi g`b KZ?
Di: ZiY _vKj eM evoZ _vK, Avi eM KgZ _vKvi A_ FYvZK ev bMwUf ZiY ev
g`b iqQ|
Avevi Avgiv mgqi Rb s Ges `~iZi Rb m eenvi Kie|


MvwowUi Avw` eM


MvwowUi kl eM  
ZiY 




A_vr MvwowUi ZiY  wKsev g`b 

Avgv`i Pvicvk Avgiv hv wKQz `wL Zvi gvS mgZiYi GKUv Lye PgKc` GKUv D`vniY
AvQ mwU nQ gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY hUvK jLv nq g w`q| cw_exi ci KvQvKvwQ Zvi
gvb nQ 9.8 m/s2. Avgiv hw` wKQz GKUv wi Aev _K Qo w`B Zvnj `LZ cvB Zvi

38

MwZ

MwZeM v = gt wnmve eo hvQ| MwZ mK Avgiv hv wKQz wkLe Zvi ewki fvM Avgiv GB
ZiYwU eenvi Ki cixv-wbixv Ki `LZ cvwi|
D`vniY 2.13: ZiY wbq GcwigU Kivi Rb Kvbv GKUv ei Ici wbw` mgq 1m/s2
ZiY cqvM KiZ PvB| Kxfve Kie?
Di: Avgiv hLb Kvbv wKQz Ici _K wi Aevq Qo w`B mUv ek eM wbP Gm
AvNvZ Ki hvi A_ Qo `qv eUvi ZiY nq| Avgiv hw` GB ZiYUv gvwc Zvnj `LZ
cve Zvi gvb nQ 9.8m/s2. GUvK ejv nq gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY, GUvK jLv nq g w`q|
(cii Aavq Avgiv gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY Kb nq Kxfve nq mUv wbq AvjvPbv Kie,
GLvb ai wbB GUv AvQ, Gi gvb 9.8m/s2 Ges GUv Lvov wbPi w`K|)
GB gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY g K eenvi Ki Avgiv h Kvbv gvbi ZiY Zwi KiZ cvwi|
Avgiv mevB `LwQ KvZ nq _vKv GKUv mgZji Ici wKQz GKUv ivLj mUv wbP Mwoq
co| hZ ewk KvZ Ki ivLv hvq wRwbmUv ZZ `Z wbP co| GUzKz RvbjB Avgiv
Avgv`i hUzKz cqvRb mBUzKz ZiY Zwi Ki djZ cvie| Avgiv `LwQ h Kvbv
fiK Avmj GKvwaK fii hvMdj wnmve jLv hvq ay Avgv`i j ivLZ nq hb
GKwU fi hLvb kl nq mLvb _K hb Ab fiUv i nq| GB QweZI g fiUvK
Avgiv `yUv fii hvMdj wnmve wjLwQ ay Ggb fve `yUv fi eQ wbqwQ hb
Zv`i gvS 90q GKUv
KvY _vK (Qwe 2.19)
GUv Kivi KviY GKUv
gRvi welq NUQ,
Avgiv ejZ cviwQ
wRwbmUvi Ici Avmj
`ywU ZiY KvR KiQ
GKwU mgZji w`K
AbwU mgZji mv_
Lvovfve Zvgiv

Qwe 2.19: GKwU ei Dci gvavKlY RwbZ ZiYK KvYi
eySZB cviQ hnZz
mgZji mv_ mgvivj Ges j^ GB `yB
mgZji Ici Lvov
wbPi
w`K
ZvB
Ask fvM Kiv hvq|
wRwbmUvi MwZZ mUvi
cZ Kvbv f~wgKv bB (wRwbmUv mgZj GKUz IRb cqvM Kie Zvi ewk wKQz bv)
wK hnZy mgZji mv_ mgvivj Ges wRwbmUv Gw`K hZ cvi ZvB ZiYUv
MwZeM evovZ cvie|
KvRB Avgiv Avgv`i mgmvi mgvavb Ki djwQ| mgZjwUi KvY TGgb fve wVK KiZ
ne hb Avgiv Gi GKUv wbw` gvb cvB| QweZ `Lvbv RvwgwZ _K Avgiv ejZ
cvwi:

MwZ39
T
T

Avgiv   ZiY PvB, A_vr 

T 

T q


A_vr Avgiv hw` GK UzKiv mgZj KvV qwWwM KvY ivwL Zvnj mB KvVi Ici hUvB
ivLe mUvi ZiY ne  ! Gfve Avgiv h Kvbv wKQzi Ici 0 _K  ch
h Kvbv ZiY cqvM KiZ cvie|
ay GKUv eve welq gb ivLZ ne, GKUv wRwbmi Dci AviKUv wRwbm ivLv nj `yUvi
fZi NlYi KviY Avgiv ZiY cqvMi djUv cyivcywi bvI `LZ cvwi| GRb
GcwigU Kivi Rb hv GKUv wKQz bv iL GKUv gvej wKsev GKUv Ljbv Mvwo ivLZ
cvwi Zvnj NlYUv Avi eo mgmv ne bv|
D`vniY 2.14: GKUv mgZj KvVi UzKiv 45q KvY ivLv nqQ| Ici _K GKUv gvej
Qo `qv nqQ| `yB mK ci gveji MwZeM KZ ne?

Di: 45q KvY ivLv KvVi Ici ZiYi gvb ne

 q   
hnZz gveji Avw`eM  , KvRB ci gveji MwZeM
        

2.6 N~Yb MwZ (Circularmotion)

GZY Avgiv iwLK MwZZ ZiY wbq AvjvPbv

KiwQ| AvjvPbvUv mxgve iLwQ mgZiYi
gvS| Gevi Avgiv w`K cwieZbi Rb h ZiY
nq mUv wbqI GKUz Lvwb AvjvPbv Kwi| mePq
mnR D`vniY nQ hLb Kvbv wKQz evKvi Nyi|
m~hK wNi cw_exi N~Yb ev Zzwg hw` QvU GKUv
cv_iK myZv w`q eua NvivI mUv Zvi D`vniY
nZ cvi| iwLK MwZi ejvq evcviUv mnR wQj,
cwieZbUv wQj MwZeM eo hvIqv ev Kg hvIqvi
gvS| N~Ybi gvS m iKg wKQz bB eMi gvb
(ev `wZ) AcwiewZZ, ay w`KUvi cwieZb nQ


Qwe 2.20: Kvbv ei N~Yb MwZ evLv KiZ
ay gv Ges cqvRb

MwZ

40

Gi gvS h ZiY nQ mUvI mvaviYfve PU Ki evSv hvq bv| (Qwe 2.20)

PzjPiv weklb Ki N~YbRwbZ ZiY ei Kiv hvq wK Avgiv mUv bv Ki GKUv kUKvU
cwZ eenvi Kwi| Avgiv Rvwb ZiYi gvv nQ  KvRB N~Ybi ejvq h ZiYwU ne
ZviI gvv nZ ne N~Ybi mgq hv NUQ mwU evLv Kivi Rb gv `ywU ivwki cqvRb
mjv nQ `wZ Ges evKvi N~Ybi evmva , Gi evBi wKQz bB| GLvb hnZy Avi
wKQzB bB ZvB evKvi N~Ybi ZiYwU aygv Ges eenvi Ki Zwi KiZ ne| GLb
Avgiv BQ gZv Ges r eenvi Kiv i Kwi hZY ch Zvi gvv  bv nQ| hgb
nqwb, KviY gvv: 
nqwb, KviY gvv:  

nqwb, KviY gvv: 

nqQ! gvv Avgiv hUv PqwQ!
KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi meZ nQ N~YbRwbZ ZiY! AvmjB ZvB N~YbRwbZ ZiY
nQ
N~YbRwbZ ZiYi gvv



Avwg Rvwb Zvgv`i AbKi KzPK DVQ AbKi PvL eoeo nq DVQ wK GUv mwZ!
`Le Avgiv GB QvU wbixn msvwU w`q weqKi me Kv Ki dje!
D`vniY 2.15: Puv`i ZiY KZ? (cw_ex _K Puv`i `~iZ 384,400 km)
Di: Puv` hnZy cw_exK wNi NyiQ ZvB cwZ gyn~Z Ges w`K cwieZb nQ ZvB Gi
wbqB GKUv ZiY iqQ| Avgiv Rvwb N~Ybi Rb ZiY nQ:

hLvb nQ eMi ZvrwYK gvb ev `wZ Ges nQ evKvi Kc_i evmva ej

`qv nqQ mUv nQ  ZiY ei Kivi Rb c_g ei KiZ ne|

S nQ Kc_i cwiwa Ges nQ GB cyiv cwiwawU GKevi Nyi Avmvi mgq| Avgiv
hviv AvKvki w`K ZvwKq Puv` `wL, c~wYgv Agvekv j Kwi Zviv Rvwb GK c~wYgv _K
Ab c~wYgv AvmZ mgq bq 29.5 w`b| Puv` Avmj 27 w`b cw_exK GKevi Nyi Avm wK
cw_ex hnZy wbR _g bB ZvB cw_ex _K Puv`K wVK GKB RvqMvq GKBfve `LZ

MwZ41
GKUy ewk mgq (29.5 w`b) bq| KvRB 29.5 w`b bv ai mwZKvii mgq 27 w`b ai
wbj:

S
 

AvbygvwbK 1km/s! KvRB ZiY :

GB ZiYi gvbwU Avgiv ci Aviv GKevi eenvi Kie!

2.7 MwZi mgxKiY (EquationofMotions)

MwZ mK AvjvPbv KiZ wMq Avgiv GLb ch h h ivwkjvi K_v ejwQ mjv nQ :
: Avw` eM, mgqi iZ h eM
: ZiY
: h mgqUzKz AwZv nqQ
: AwZv mgqi ci eM
: AwZv mgq h `~iZ AwZg KiQ|
GB ivwkjvi gvS h mK iqQ Zvi cvq mejv Gi gvS Avgiv ei Ki djwQ, ay
GKwU evwK iq MQ mwU nQ ev AwZv `~iZ| hw` Kvbv ZiY bv _vK Zvnj eMi
cwieZb nq bv ZvB Avw` eM Avi kl eM mgvb (   )Avi AwZv `~iZ nQ
 
hw` mg ZiY _vK Zvnj
   
hvi A_ mgqi mv_ mv_ eMi cwieZb nQ|
KvRB AwZv `~iZ ei KiZ nj cwZ
gyn~Zi eMi mv_ mB gyn~Zi mgq Y Ki
Ki cyiv mgqi Rb wnmve KiZ ne| GB
aibi wnmve-wbKvk Kivi Rb wekl MwYZ
(KvjKzjvm) RvbZ nq Avgiv mjv QvovB
KvRUv Ki dje| mUv me ne KviY Avgiv
aygv mgZiY wbq gv_v NvgvwQ|
cwZ gyn~ Z eMi cwieZb nQ ZvB Avgiv Qwe 2.21: mgZiYi MwZZ Mo eM nQ Avw`
  wjLZ cviwQ bv wK Avgiv hw` GKUv eM I kl eMi gvSvgvwS eM

MwZ

42

Mo eM ai wbB Zvnj wK wjLZ cvwi 

 

GLb ay Avgv`i Mo eM wVK Ki ei Ki wbZ ne| mgZiYi Rb welqwU mnR| Kvbv

wKQz hw` mg nvi evoZ _vK Zvnj Zvi Mo gvb nQ wVK gvSvgvwS mgqi gvb| Abfve
ejv hvq hw` Kvbv wKQz mg nvi evoZ _vK Zvnj i Ges kl gvbi Mo nQ Mo gvb|
A_vr

KvRB AwZv `~iZ

 

GwU gb ivLv fvjv AmsLevi GUv eenvi Kiv ne! MwZ-msv mgxKiY mejvB ei nq
MQ| Gevi QvU GKUz Lvwb GjReiv Ki ivwL hUv AvcvZZt wnmve-wbKvk Kivi KvR
jvMe, ci fZiKvi gRvi c`v_wevb ei Ki `Lvbv hve|
   

D`vniY 2.16: mgZiY Pjgvb Kvbv GKwU ei eMi gvb cwZ 2 mK ci ci gc

wbP Uweji gvS `Lvbv nqQ| Mo eM KZ?

mgq (s)
eM (m/s)

0
2

2
4

4
6

6
8

8
10

Di: Mo bqv Lye mvRv, mejv ivwk me hvM Ki gvU msLv w`q fvM w`Z nq| GLvb
cuvPwU eM AvQ KvRB Mo eM:




hw` Avgv`i KvQ cwZ mK gvcv eM _vKZ Zvnj Mo eM KZ ne?

mgq (s) 0
eM(m/s) 2

1
3

2
4

3
5

4
6

5
7

6
8

7
9

8
10

MwZ43
GLvb 9 wU wfb mgqi eM `qv AvQ; KvRB Mo eM




Avgiv GKB Di cqwQ!

hw` ay c_g Avi kl gvcv eM _vKZ Zvnj Mo eM KZ?
mgq (s)
eM (m/s)

0
2

8
10

Zvnj Mo eM nZv :




Avevi GKB Di cqwQ| KvRB `Lv hvQ hw` mgZiY _vK Zvnj Mo eM ei Kiv
mvRv ay c_g I kl eM hvM Ki Zvi Mo wbjB nq|
Zvgiv GKUz j KijB eySZ cvie GB mgmvUvZ eMUv wQj G iKg
  
A_vr    .

Gevi Ab GK aibi eM `Lv hvK|

D`vniY 2.17: hw` mgZiY bv nq Zvnj eMi Mo wbj Kx ne?

Di : aiv hvK   A_vr mgqi mv_ ZiYwUi cwieZb nQ|   nj
  
Gevi AvMi gZv 2 s ci ci eM gvcv nvK nj Avgiv cve :
mgq (s)
eM (m/s)

0
2

2
10

4
34

6
74

8
130

Mo ei Kivi wbqg w`q hw` Mo eM ei Kwi Zvnj Avgiv cve :

Gevi GKB Pjgvb ewUi eM cwZ mK gvcv nj Avgiv cve :

MwZ

44
mgq (s)
eM (m/s)

0 1
2 4

2
10

3
20

4 5
34 52

6
74

7
8
100 130

Gevi hw` Mo wbB Zvnj Mo eM

`LvB hvQ GUv AvMi _K wfb gvb w`qQ!

hw` mgZiYi gZv c_g Avi kl eM hvM Ki Mo wbZvg Zvnj Kx nZv? Avgiv cZvg :
mgq(s)
eM (m/s)

0
2

8
130




cZKevi Avgiv Avjv`v Di cqwQ|

KvbUv mwZ? Di nQ KvbvUvB bv! ay gv ejZ cvwi hZ ewk evi eM gc Mo Kie
DiUv ZZ ewk mwVK Dii KvQvKwQ hve|
2 evi gc cqwQ : 
5 evi gc cqwQ : 
9 evi gc cqwQ : 

hw` mwVKfve Mo wbZvg (mwU Kxfve KiZ nq Zvgiv RvbZ cvie hLb KvjKzjvm
wkLe ZLb) Zvnj cZvg : 

KvRB Rb ivLv Avgiv MwZi h mgxKiYjv ei KiwQ mjv ay mgZiYi Rb mwZ!

GZ Zvgv`i nZvk nevi Kvbv KviY bB mgZiY w`qB PgrKvi c`v_wevb Kiv me|
D`vniY 2.18: GKwU eyjU  eM QzU GKwU `Iqvji gvS  XzKZ
ciQ| eyjUi g`b KZ?
Di: GUv Kivi GKgv Dcvq nQ m~wU eenvi Kiv:
kl eM  

g`b : a = 1.69 m/s2 (wKsev ZiY -1.69 m/s2)

MwZ45
D`vniY 2.19: GKUv j^v mgZj KvVi UzKiv `qvji mv_ 30q KvY njvb w`q
ivLv AvQ (Qwe 2.22)| KvVi UzKivi Ici _K GKUv Ljbv Mvwo Qo w`j KZ eM
wbP bg Avme|
Di: Ljbv Mvwoi ZiY  q   

Avgiv Rvwb :

GLvb    
 

Ges

Qwe 2.22: q KvY ivLv GKUv KvVi UzKiv

eq GKUv Ljbv Mvox bg AvmQ

KvRB         

Avgiv AbfveI GUv KiZ cvwi| Avgiv Rvwb

 


Avgiv GKB Di cqwQ Ges Ljbv MvwowU KZY wbP bg GmQ mUv bv RbB eM
ei Ki djwQ|
Ljbv MvwowU KZb wbP wbg GmQ mUv BQ Kij Avgiv GLvb _K Ab fveI ei
KiZ cvwi|
AwZv `~iZ  Mo eM mgq 
Mo eM  (Avw` eM+kl eM)/

mgq

MwZ

46

D`vniY 2.20: (Qwe 2.23) QweZ `Lvbv `ywU mgZj KvVi UzKiv 30q Ges 45q KvY
ivLv AvQ| 30q KvY ivLv KvVi Dci 1 dzU DPZv _K GKwU gvej Mwoq `qv njv|
wVK hLb wbP cuQve ZLb MwZeM KZ? 45q KvY ivLv KvVi UzKivZ mwU KZ DPZvq
cuQve?
Di: hLb Avgiv kw, kwi wbZZvi m~jv wkLe ZLb GB mgmvUv Lye mnR mgvavb
Kiv hve, AvcvZZ Avgiv Avgv`i kLv ZiY eM Avw`eM, P~ov eM AwZv `~iZ,
AwZv mgq Gme eenvi Ki mgmvwU mgvavb Kwi|
mgmvwU Gfve mgvavb Kiv ne : gvejwU wi Aev _K Qvov ne| 30q Z ivLv KvVi
UzKiv eq wbP bvgvi mgq Zvi eM evoZ _vKe KviY GLvb GKUv ZiY iqQ|

Qwe 2.23: q Ges q Z ivLv `yUv mgZj KvVi UzKivi GKUv gvej
Mwoq `qv nqQ|

GKevi wbP cuQvbvi ci

Zvi GKUv eM mw ne mB
eM gvejwU 45q Z ivLv
KvVi UzKiv eq Dci
DVZ i Kie| GLvbI
GKUv ZiY AvQ wK Gevi
GUv hnZz MwZi Dv w`K
KvR KiQ ZvB GUv MwZ
KgvZ _vKe Ges gveji
MwZ KgZ KgZ kl ch
GK RvqMvq _g hve|

30q KvVi UzKivi kl eM ei Kivi Rb Avgv`i AwZv `~iZ ei KiZ ne| 1ft
DPZv Ges 30q KvY _K GUv ei Kiv hvq| `~iZwU s1 nj wKvbvwgwZ ev RvwgwZ _K
q 






wK Avgiv ft w`q mgmv mgvavb KiZ PvB bv SI cwZ eenvi KiZ PvB,
    

30q KvVi UzKivq ZiY nQ

 q  

gvej hLb wbP cuQve ZLbKvi MwZeM v1 nj Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :

MwZ47

Avw` eM  , KvRB

Gevi 45q Z ivLv KvVi UzKivi mgmvwU mgvavb KiZ cvwi| GUvi Rb g`b

 q  

Avgiv hnZz g`b ejwQ ZvB bMwUf wP bB| KvRB GUvi Rb Avw`eM , kl eM
AwZv `~iZ  nj

hnZz g`bwU eMi wecixZ w`K KvR KiQ ZvB Gevi GKwU bMwUf wP| Avgiv Rvwb
Ges


Avevi GKUz Lvwb wKvbwgwZ w`q DPZvUzKz ei KiZ cvwi :
  q 

hw` GUvK ft G wjwL?

Zvgiv wK AevK nqQ h GUv 45q KvVi UzKivZ wVK 1ft DciB DVQ?

AevK nevi wKQz bB GUvB nIqvi K_v! KvVi UzKivwj 30q wKsev 45q bv nq h Kvbv
KvY nvK bv Kb Ges h Kvbv DPZv _KB Zzwg gvejUv Qvo bv Kb GUv wVK mB
GKB DPZvZ DVe! wekvm bv nj Ab Kvbv KvY Ges Ab Kvbv DPZv w`q wnmve
Ki `L| Gi GKUv KviYI AvQ mUvI Zvgiv Rvbe|
(GLvb GKUv wRwbm ej ivwL gvejUv hLb 30q Z ivLv KvVi UzKiv eq bg GmQ
ZLb eMi w`KwU hw`K wQj, 45q Z ivLv KvVi UzKiv eq IVvi mgq w`KwU wK Ab
w`K nqQ A_vr eMi cwieZb nqQ mB gyn~ZwUi Rb wfb GKUv ZiY KvR KiQ, KvV
`yUvi Aevb mB ZiYUv Zwi Ki w`qQ GB mgmvi Rb Avgv`i mUv wbq gv_v bv

MwZ

48

NvgvjI wZ bB| gvejwU hw` NyiZ NyiZ wbP bg Avm ZLb Nvivi Rb mwU GKUz
kw wbq bq| Avgiv mUvI weePbv KiwQ bv|)

2.8 co ei m~ (LawsofFallingBodies)
Avgiv mgZiYi D`vniY wnmve ev gvavKlYRwbZ ZiYi K_v ejwQjvg| MwZ mK
Avgiv h mgxKiYjv ei KiwQ mjvK Lye mnRB Avgiv co ei MwZ ei Kivi Rb
ei KiZ cvwi! AwZv `~iZi ejvq eenvi Kiv nqwQj, Gevi DPZv evSvbvi Rb
eenvi Kie ZiYi Rb bv wjL wjLe aygv G `yUvB ne cv_K!
   

MvwjwjIi co ei h wZbwU m~ AvQ mjv Avmj GB m~jv Qvov Avi wKQz bq!
D`vniY 2.21:wKUi GKRb fvjv cm evjvi Nvq  eM ej QzoZ
cvi| m hw` Lvov Dcii w`K ejUv Qzo ejUv KZ Dci DVe?
Di:
 





ej Dci Qzoj gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY GB ejUvi Ici g`b wnmve KvR Kie| kl ch
ejwU _g hve| mB DPZvUvK h wnmve wjLj


 

KvRB

(cvq 30 Zjv `vjvbi Qv` ch!)

D`vniY 2.22: cw_exK wNi gnvKvkhvb hLb NyiZ _vK Zv`i `wZ AbK ewk, cvq 10
km/s! G iKg MwZZ hw` AvKvki w`K GKUv Kvgvbi Mvjv Qzo w`B mUv KZ Dci
DVe?

MwZ49
Di: wKU eji gZv ei Kivi Pv Kwi, ay Avw`eM  Gi e`j ne


KvRB

 

hw`I `L gb nQ Kv_vI Kvbv fzj nqwb wK Avmj DiUv mwVK bq! Zvi KviY nQ
Avgiv gvavKlYRwbZ ZiYi gvb aiwQ , cw_exi KvQvKvwQ `~iZi Rb GUv
mwVK wK hw` cw_ex _K AbK Dci DV hvIqv hvq Gi gvb KgZ _vKe! Avgiv hLb

mgxKiYwU ei KiwQ mLvb ai wbqwQ Gi gvbi cwieZb nQ bv| GB mgmvi ejvq

mUv mwZ bv| ZvB Avgiv GLb ch hUzKz wkLwQ mB we` w`q GUv mgvavb KiZ cvie
bv! KvRB Avgiv PvjvwK Ki Abfve cki Di w`B :
GZ Zxe MwZZ Kvbv wKQz Qyo w`j evZvmi mv_ NlY h Zvc mw ne mB Zvc GUv
Rj cyo kl nq hve!

MwZ

50

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. MwZ k~b wK ZiY k~b bq GwU wK me? me nj `LvI|
2. eMi cwieZb nQ wK `wZi cwieZb nQ bv| GUv wK me? me nj `LvI|
3. Puv` gvavKlY RwbZ ZiY cw_exi gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY _K Y Kg| cw_exZ GKUv
cv_i GKUv DPZv _K Qo w`j GwU h eM wbP AvNvZ Kie, Puv` GKB DPZv _K
Qo w`j wK Qq Y Kg eM AvNvZ Kie? (aiv hvK cw_ex wKsev Pv` Kv_vI evZvmi
evav mgmv bq|)
4. cw_exZ wK Ggb Kvbv RvqMv AvQ hLvb _K Zzwg `wY w`K  wMq hw` c~e
w`K  hvI Ges ZLb Di w`K  Mj AvMi RvqvMvq cuQ hve?
5. mgZiYi ejvq wY mgq wK wY `~iZ AwZg Kwi?

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. GKwU Mvwo Zvgvi zj _K  c~e w`K wMqQ, Zvici  Di w`K wMqQ
Zvici  cwg w`K wMqQ, Zvici  `wY w`K wMqQ, Zvici 
c~e w`K wMqQ, Zvici  Di w`K wMqQ, Zvici cwg w`K wMqQ,
Zvcici  `wY w`K wMqQ| MvwowU Zvgvi _K Kvb w`K KZ `~i AvQ?
2. Qwe 2.24 G , , Ges
Z KLb eM Ges ZiY cwRwUf
bMwUf Ges k~b mwU `LvI|
3. Qwe 2.24 G A hw` eM bv nq
Aevb nZv Zvnj eM Ges ZiYi
gvb , , Ges Z Kx
nZv ej|
4. GKwU Mvwoi eM ,
 ci MvwowUi MwZeM
mgZiY eo njv .
GB mgq MvwowU KZ `~iZ AwZg
Qwe 2.24: eM I mgqi jLwP
KiQ?
5. Zzwg eM GKUv ej AvKvki w`K Qzo w`qQ| mUv KZY KZ DuPzZ DVe?

ZZxq Aavq

ej
(Force)
MvwjwjI Mvwjwj
MvwjwjI wQjb GKRb BZvwjI c`v_wevbx, MwYZwe`, RvwZwe`
Ges `vkwbK| ZuvK AvaywbK wevbi RbK ejv nq| wZwb c_g
Uwjvc eenvi Ki eenvwiK RvwZwevbi m~Pbv KiwQjb|
KvcvwbKvmi m~hKw`K mi RMZi evLvwU wZwb c_g mwZKvi
A_ evwbK RMZ cwiwPZ Kib| G KviY wZwb Kv_wjK PvPi
ivlvbj cob, Zuviv ZuvK `vlx mve Ki Ges ZuvK evwK Rxeb
Mnew` nq KvUvZ nq| Zuvi gZz i 366 eQi ci 2008 mvj
ivgvb Kv_wjK PvP wbR`i `vl ^xKvi Ki wbq ZuvK gv Ki!


GalileoGalilei(15641642)

3.1 RoZv, ej I fi (Inertia,ForceandMass)

Gi AvMi Aavq Avgiv eM, `wZ, ZiY (Ges g`b), AwZv `~iZ Ges Zv`i fZiKvi
mKjv wkLwQ, mgxKiYjv ei KiwQ Ges eenvi KiwQ| GB Aavq Avgiv c_gevi
mwZKvii wKQz c`v_wevb wkLe| i Kiv hvK wbDUbi c_g m~ w`q:
wbDUbi c_g m~ : ej cqvM bv Kij wi e wi _vKe Ges mgeM PjZ _vKv
e mgeM PjZ _vKe| (eySZB cviQ eM hnZy fi ZvB mgeM PjZ nj
w`K cwieZb KiZ cvie bv mvRv mij iLvq mgvb `wZZ hZ ne|)
wbDUbi c_g m~i c_g Ask wbq Kviv mgmv nq bv KviY Avgiv me mgqB `wL
wi eK avvavw bv Kiv ch mUv bo bv wi _K hvq| wZxq AskUv wbq mgmv, KviY
Avgiv KLbvB Kvbv Pj eK AbKvj PjZ `wL bv, avv w`q Kvbv eK Qo w`jI
`Lv hvq Kvbv ej cqvM bv KijI kl ch eUv _g hvq| Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi

52

ej

AwfZv _K gb nq h Kvbv wKQzK mgeM Pvwjq wbZ nj gvMZ eywS mUvZ ej

cqvM Ki hZ nq| wbDUbi c_g m~ _K Avgiv RvbZ ciwQ mUv mwZ bq mgeM
PjZ _vKv Kvbv e hw` _g hvq Zvnj eySZ ne mLvb Kvbv bv Kvbvfve ej cqvM
Kiv nqQ| NlY, evZvmi evav G iKg AbK wKQz Avmj Dvw`K _K ej cqvM Ki
Pjgvb GKUv eK _vwgq `q hw` mwZ mwZ me ej e Ki `qv hZ Zvnj Avgiv mwZB
`LZ cZvg mgeM PjZ _vKv GKUv e AbKvj ai PjQ|
wbDUbi c_g m~ c_gevi ej kUv eenvi Kiv nqQ wK gRvi evcvi nQ ej
ejZ Avgiv Kx evSvB mUv GLbv ejv nqwb GUv hw` c`v_ wevbi eB bv nq Ab Kvbv
eB nZv Zvnj ej cqvM -Gi RvqMvq kw cqvM K_vUv eenvi KijI evKUvq A_i
Kvbv Dwbk-wek nZv bv| wK hnZz GUv c`v_wevbi eB ZvB Avgiv GLvb kw K_vUv
eenvi KiZ cvie bv c`v_wevbi fvlvq kw m~Y wfb GKUv ivwk! GLvb Avgv`i ej
K_vUvB eenvi KiZ ne! wK ej gvb Kx? Avgiv Zv GLb ch eji Kvbv msv w`Bwb!
Avmj wbDUbi c_g m~UvB eji msv nZ cvi! h KviY wi e PjZ i Ki
Avi mgeM PjZ _vKv ei eMi cwieZb nq mUvB nQ ej| wbDUbi c_g m~ _K
ejUv Kx, mUv eySZ cvwi wK cwigvc KiZ cvwi bv| wZxq m~ _K Avgiv ej cwigvc Kiv
wkLe|
ej cqvM bv Kiv ch wi e h wi _vKZ Pvq wKsev MwZkxj e h MwZkxj _vKZ
Pvq mUvB nQ RoZv| nVvr Mvwo PjZ i Kij Avgiv hfve cQbi w`K GKUv SuvKzwb
LvB mUv nQ RoZvi D`vniY| kixii wbPi Ask Mvwoi mv_ jM AvQ Mvwoi mv_ mv_
mUv PjZ i KiQ wK kixii Dcii Ask GLbv wi Ges wi _vKZ PvBQ! ZvB
kixii Dcii Ask cQbi w`K SuvKzwb LvQ| hnZy GUv wi _vKvq RoZv ZvB GUvK ej
wwZ RoZv|
MwZ RoZvi KviY Avgiv gvbylRbK Pj evm Ub _K bvgZ wMq AvQvo LZ
`wL| Pj evm Ubi gvbylwUi cyiv kixiUvB MwZkxj, m hLb gvwUZ cv w`qQ ZLb wbPi
Ask _g wMqQ, Dcii Ask MwZ RoZvi KviY ZLbv QyUQ ZvB m gwo Lq coQ!
RoZvi welqwU hw` aygv GKUv msv nZv Zvnj GUvK GZ iZ w`q kLvbv
nZv bv Avmj GUv c`v_wevbi `wKvY _K Lye iZc~Y GKUv welq| Avgiv GLb ch
fi wbq GKwU K_vI ewjwb wK Kvbv wKQzi MwZ mK RvbZ PvBj Avgv`i mwUi fi
mK RvbZ nq| GKB MwZZ QzU Avmv GKUv nvjKv mvBKj Avi GKUv fvix UvKK Avgiv
GK`wZ `wL bv, Zvi KviYUv nQ fii cv_K| wK fiUv Avmj Kx? Avgiv AbK mgqB
ewj fi nQ KZUv e AvQ Zvi GKUv cwigvc! Gi PvBZ AbK wevbmZ Di nQ fi
nQ RoZvi cwigvc| (Zvgiv welqUv fvjv Ki j Kiv Lye iZc~Y GKUv K_v ejv
nqQ!) Kvbv wKQzi RoZv hw` ewk nq Zvnj eySZ ne Zvi fiI wbqB ewk! RoZv hw`
Kg nq Zvnj fiI Kg| Zvgiv wbqB GUv j KiQ mgvb cwigvY ej cqvM Kiv nj hvi
fi ewk mUvK ewk wePzZ Kiv hvq bv| wK hvi fi Kg mUvK ewk wePzr Kiv hvq| wKsev
Abfve ejv hvq fi Kg nj RoZvi cfveUv Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg nq|

ej53

D
`
v
n
i
b
3
.
1

Qwe 3.1 Aevb mgq I eM mgqi `ywU jLwP|

D`vniY 3.1: Qwe 3.1 Gi Mvd `ywUZ mgqi mv_ miY Ges eMi gvb `Lvbv nqQ,
Kv_vq KZY ej cqvM Kiv nqQ evLv Kiv|
Di: `ywU MvdB `LZ GKB iKg wK G`i gvS m~Y wfb Z_ iqQ|
(i) c_g Mvd _K wKsev _K kl ch mgq `ywUZ Aevbi cwieZb nQ bv,
hvi A_ Kvb eM bB, KvRB eMi cwieZbi ckB Avm bv hvi A_ G `yUv mgq wbqB
Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv nQ bv| _K mgq Aevbi cwieZb nQ wK hnZz mg
nvi cwieZb (iLvwU hnZz mij iLv) nQ Zvi A_ mgeM A_vr eMi Kvbv cwieZb
bB KvRB _K mgqI Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv nQ bv| aygv gyn~Z Kvbvfve
ej cqvM Ki wi ewUK mgeM MwZkxj Kiv nqQ| Avevi wVK gyn~ Z ej cqvM Ki
MwZkxj ewUK _vwgq `qv nqQ, Ab Kv_vI Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv nqwb|
A_vr , Ges Z Kvbv ej bB|
aygv Ges Z gyn~Zi Rb ej cqvM Kiv nqQ|

(ii) wZxq Mvd _K Ges _K kl ch ewU mgeM hvQ, KvRB Kvbv ej

cqvM Kiv nqwb| _K mgq eMwU mgnvi cwiewZZ nQ KvRB GLvb wbqB ej
cqvM Kiv nQ|







A_vr Ges Kvbv ej bB|

Z ej cqvM Kiv nqQ|

54

ej

3.2 eji cKvi f` (DifferentkindsofForces)

cw_exZ KZ aibi ej AvQ wRm Kiv nj Zvgiv wbqB eje AbK aibi! Kvbv
wKQzK hw` avv w`B mUv GKUv ej, UvK hLb evSv Ub wbq hvq mUv GKUv ej, So hLb
MvQ Dco co mUv GKUv ej, Pz^K hLb jvnvK AvKlY Ki mUv GKUv ej, evgv weviY
hLb Ni evwo Dwoq `q mUv GKUv ej, b hLb Kvbv wKQzK Ub Zzj mUv GKUv ej
GKUzLvwb mgq w`jB G iKg bvbv aibi eji Zvgiv GKUv wekvj ZvwjKv Zwi KiZ cvie|
wK PgKc` evcviwU Kx Rvb? cKw ZZ gv Pvi iKgi ej iqQ, Dci h ZvwjKv
`qv nqQ mjvK weklY Kiv nj `Lv hve Gjv Nyi-wdi GB Pvi iKgi evBi
KvbvUv bq! Avmj gwjK ej gv PviwU! mjv nQ :
3.2.1 gnvKl ej (Gravitation)
GB mwRMZi mKj e Zv`i fii KviY GK AciK h ej w`q AvKlY Ki mUvB nQ
gnvKl ej| GB gnvKl eji KviY Mvjvwi fZi biv NyicvK Lvq wKsev m~hK wNi
cw_ex Nyi, cw_exK wNi Puv` Nyi! cw_exi gnvKl ej hLb Avgv`i Ici KvR Ki Avgiv
mUvK ewj gvavKlY| GB gvavKlY ej Avgv`iK wbPi w`K Ub iLQ Ges Gi KviYB
Avgiv wbR`i IRbi Abyfw~ Z cvB|
3.2.2 Zwor P^K ej ev we`yr P^Kxq ej (ElectroMagneticForce)
wPiwb w`q Pzj AvPo mUv w`q KvMRi UzKivK AvKlY Kiv ev Pz^K w`q Ab Pz^KK
AvKlY-weKlY Avgv`i AbKB KLbv bv KLbv KiwQ| hw`I Zwor ev we`yr Ges Pz^Ki
ejK Avjv`v aibi ej gb nq Avmj `ywU GKB ej aygv `yBfve `Lv hvq| ay gv GB
ejUv AvKlY Ges weKlY `yUvB KiZ cvi Abjv ay AvKlY KiZ cvi weKlY KiZ
cvi bv| gvavKlY kwi Zzjbvq GUv AbK kwkvjx (  Y ev wUwjIb wUwjIb wUwjIb
Y kwkvjx!) K_vUv h mwZ mUv wbqB Zvgiv Abygvb KiZ cvie KviY hLb GKUv wPiwb
w`q Pzj AvPo GKUv KvMRK AvKlY Ki Zyj bvI ZLb wK mB KvMRUvK cyiv cw_ex Zvi
mg fi w`q Zwi gvavKlY ej w`q Ub ivLvi Pv Ki ZeyI Zvgvi wPiwbi A GKUz
we`yr mB wekvj cw_exi cyiv gvavKlYK nvwiq `q|
3.2.3 `yej wbDKxq ej (WeakForce)
GUvK `yej ejv nq KviY GUv Zwor P^K ej _K `yej (cvq wUwjIb Y) wK gvUI
gnvKl eji gZv GZv `yej bq| gnvKl Ges Zwor P^K ej h Kvbv `~iZ _K KvR
KiZ cvi wK GB ejUv LyeB A `~iZ ( ) KvR Ki! ZRwq wbDwKqvm _K h
eUv () iwk ev BjKUb ei nq mUvi KviY GB `yej wbDKxq ej|


ej55
3.2.4 mej wbDKxq ej (StrongNuclearForce)
GwU nQ mw RMZi mePq kwkvjx ej, Zwor P^K ej _KI GKkY ewk kwkvjx
wK GUvI LyeB A `~iZ ( ) KvR Ki| cigvYyi K` h wbDwKqvm iqQ Zvi
fZiKvi cvUb Ges wbDUbi wbR`i gvS GB cP kwkvjx ej KvR Ki wbR`i AvUK
ivL| cP ej AvUK _vKvi KviY Gi gvS AbK kw Rgv _vK ZvB eo wbDwKqvmK
f wKsev QvU wbDwKqvmK Rvov w`q AbK kw Zwi Kiv me| wbDwKqvi evgv m Rb
GZ kwkvjx| m~h _K Avjv ZvcI GB ej _K Zwi nq|
wevbxiv aviYv Kib GB Pvi aibi eji g~j GK RvqMvq Ges Zviv mejvK GK
m~ w`q evLv Kivi Pv KiQb| Zwor P^K (we`yr P^Kxq) Ges `yej wbDwKqvi ejK Gi
gvS GKB m~ w`q evLv Kiv me nqQ Ges mwU ZvwK c`v_wevbi GKwU AvKvkQuvqv
mvdj! (KvRB Zzwg BQ Kij ejZ cvi ej wZb aibi: gnvKl, BjKUv DBK (Electro
weak) Ges wbDwKqvi KD GUvK fzj ejZ cvie b!) AbjvKI GK m~ Muv_vi Rb
wevbxiv KvR Ki hvQb|
Zvgiv hLb Zvgv`i `bw`b Rxeb bvbv KvR ej eenvi Kiv ZLb Zvgv`i gb
nZ cvi Kvbv Kvbv ej cqvM KiZ nj k KiZ nq (b w`q fvix wRwbm Zvjv,
Kvbv wKQzK avv `Iqv, wKsev PjZ PjZ NlYi Rb Pj ei _g hvIhv) Avevi Zvgiv
j KiQ Kvbv Kvbv ej cqvMi Rb k KiZ nq bv Kvbv wKQz Qo w`j gvavKlY
eji Rb wbP cov, Pz^Ki AvKlY!) KvRB Avgiv ejK k Ges Ak `yB aibi ej
fvM KiZ cvwi| wK Zvgiv wbqB eySZ cviQ Avgiv hLvb k KiwQ ej aviYv KiwQ,
mLvb wK ciii AYy-cigvYy, Zv`i wNi N~Yvqgvb BjKUb mivmwi k w`q bq Zv`i
Zwor P^K ej w`q GK Abi mv_ KvR KiQ! Ab K_vq ejv hvq Avgiv hw` cvigvYweK
chvq Pj hvB Zvnj me ejB AkK! GK cigvYy Ab cigvYyK AvKlY-weKlY Ki `~i
_K, Zv`iK AvwiK A_ k KiZ nq bv!

3.3 wbDUbi wZxq m~ (NewtonsSecondLaw)

Avgv`i Pvicvk Avgiv hv wKQz `wL mwU Mn-b nvK Avi Mvwo Ub-wegvb nvK wKsev
Kvigi wU nvK Zvi me wKQzB wbDUbi wZxq m~ w`q evLv Kiv hvq| wbDUbi wZxq m~
c`v_wevbi RMZ h Ac~e wece mw KiwQj Zvi Kvbv Zzjbv bB| Avjvi eMi
KvQvKvwQ hvIqvi mgq wKsev AYy-cigvYyi z` RMZ hvIqvi AvM ch wbDUbi wZxq m~i
evBi wKQz cqvRb nq bv| GB AmvaviY m~wU LyeB mnR, GUv G iKg :




ej

56

wbDUbi wZxq m~: ei fieMi cwieZbi nvi Zvi Dci ch

y eji mvgvbycvwZK
Ges h w`K ej cqvM Kiv nq fieMi cwieZbUvI NU mw`K|
m~UvZ eMi cwieZbi nvi bv ej fieMi cwieZbi nvi K_vUv ejv nqQ| fi eM
mnR fve fi Ges eMi YdjK ejv nq| A_vr fi hw` nq , eM hw` nq Zvnj
fieM nQ
 

evSvB hvQ hnZz nQ fi ZvB I GKwU fi| Zvgiv aviYv KiZ cvi h
mvaviYfve hLb Kvbv wKQz MwZkxj nq ZLb Zvi fii Kvbv cwieZb nq bv, ZvB fieMi
cwieZbUzKz Avme eMi cwieZb _K| LyeB wekl Kvbv nqZv Avgiv `Le eMi
cwieZb nqwb wK fii cwieZb nqQ ej fi eMi cwieZb nq MQ! fieM bvg GKUv
b~Zb ivwk Avwevi bv Ki fi Ges eMi Ydj K_vUv ejj Kx mgmv wQj? eo Kvbv mgmv
bB wK Zvgiv Rb ivLv AvjvK hLb KYv wnme `Lv nq ZLb Zvi wK fi _vK bv wK
fieM _vK! KvRB fi Ges eMi _K fieM ewk gwjK GKwU ivwk!
D`vniY 3.2: Zywg GKwU Uwbm ej  eM GKUv `qvj Qzo `qvi ci GUv GKB
`wZZ wVK Zvgvi w`K wdi GmQ| ejUvi fi nj fieMi cwieZb KZ?

Di: ejwU Qzo `qvi mgq fieM , `qvj AvNvZ Ki wVK Dv w`K wdi
Avmvi mgq fieM nQ KvRB fieMi cwieZb:

GB cwieZbi Rb Uwbm ejUvi Dci `qvjUv Lye A mgqi Rb ej cqvM KiQ|

wKU Ljvi mgq evUmgvbiv Gfve evU w`q Lye A mgqi Rb wKU ejK AvNvZ
Ki mUvi fieMi cwieZb Ki dj| Avgiv hjvK evDvwi wKsev Qv ewj!

Gevi Avgiv wbDUbi wZxq m~ wdi hvB| aiv hvK Kvbv GKUv ei Avw`eM wQj
Ges mgq ci mB eM cwiewZZ nq (eo wKsev Kg) nqQ , KvRB fi eMi
cwieZb nQ :

KvRB fieMi cwieZbi nvi :

ej57
hnZy GLvb ai wbqwQ fii Kvbv cwieZb nqwb ZvB Gfve wjLZ cvwi Avi Avgiv Rvwb
ZiY nQ

mZ
y ivs cqvM Kiv ej hw` nq Zvnj Avgiv wbDUbi wZxq m~K wjLZ cvwi:


wK Avgiv m~UvK mgvbycvwZKfve wjLZ PvB bv, mgxKiY wnme wjLZ PvB!
Zvgiv mevB Rvb mgvb Ges mgvbycvwZK K_v `ywUi A_ Kx| GKwU ivwk h nvi evo ev
Kg AbwUI hw` mB nvi evo ev Kg Zvnj Avgiv ewj ivwk `ywU mgvbycvwZK| h Kvbv
GKwU ivwkK mwVK GKUv mvgvbycvwZK aeK w`q Y Ki `ywU mgvbycvwZK ivwkK mgvb Ki
djv hvq|
A_vr hw` Gi mgvbycvwZK nq, A_vr  nq Zvnj GKUv mgvbycvwZK ae
Lyu R ei Kiv me hLb Avgiv wjLZ cvie
 


wbDUbi wZxq m~wUi ejvq Gevi GKUv PgKc` evcvi NUvbv me| hnZy ej
welqUvB Gi AvM Kv_vI evLv Kiv nqwb, (wbDUbi c_g m~ w`q ay mUvi GKUv aviYv
`Iqv nqQ) wZxq m~ w`q mUvK c_gevi cwigvc Kiv ne ZvB Avgiv ejZ cvwi wbDUbi
wZxq m~ cqvM Kivi mgq mgvbycvwZK aeKK 1 aiv nj hUv cve mUvB nQ eji
cwigvc! Kx mnR mgvbycvwZK mKK mgxKiY evwbq djv hvq|
myZivs Avgiv wbDUbi wZxq m~UvK GKUv mgxKiY wnme wjLZ cvwi| ej hw` F
nq Ges mgvbycvwZK aeKK hw` 1 ai bB Zv nj
 

eji gvv:

GB QvU Ges mnR mgxKiYwU h c`v_wevbi RMZ Kx wece Ki w`Z cvi mwU wekvm Kiv
KwVb|




D`vniY 3.3: 3.2 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq GKwU fii `yB cvk `ywU KwcKj eenvi Ki
Ges fii `ywU IRb Szwjq `qv nqQ| fiwUi Dci KZ ej KvR KiQ?

ej

58

Di:  Ges  fi Kvbv ej bq,

Gjv fi KvRB GjvK c_g w`q Y
w`q ej cwiYZ Ki wbZ ne|





Qwe3.2:KwcKj w`q GKwU fiK `ycvk _K `ywU IRbi

gvag ej cqvM Kiv nQ 

KvRB fiwUi Dci evg w`K  w`q

Ges Wvb w`K  w`q Uvbv nQ|

`yUv hvM nq ejv hvq evg w`K  KvR

KiQ| ( fiwUi Dci AviKwU ej mvRv bPi w`K KvR KiQ, wK mwU Uweji
cwZwqv ej w`q KvUvKvwU nq AvQ)
D`vniY 3.4: fii GKUv eK Qwe
3.3 G `Lvbv Dcvq Szwjq ivLv nqQ|
Ges eji gvb KZ?
Di: hnZz GLvb me wKQz wi Aevq
AvQ ZvB evSv hvQ we`yZ gvU eji
cwigvY k~b| fiK c_g w`q Y
w`q ej cwiYZ Ki wbZ ne:

 

wbPi w`Ki GB  ejwU Dci w`Ki

`ywU ej Ges w`q mvg Aevq ivLv
Kiv AvQ| A_vr: Dci wbP Kvbv ej
bB, Wvb evgI Kvbv ej bB| Wvb
evq eji Rb wjLZ cvwi:

Qwe3.3:`yUv myZv w`q Svjvbv GKwU fi 

KvRB

Dci wbP eji Rb wjLZ cvwi 

c_g mgxKiY _K  

ej59
  KvRB

D`vniY 3.5: fii GKwU wi ei Ici ej ch cqvM Kiv njv|

(a) ej cqvM Kivi KviY ZiY KZ? (b) ci eM KZ? (c) ci eM KZ? (d)
mgq KZUzKz `~iZ AwZg KiQ? (e) eM Ges AwZv `~iZ Mvd GuK `LvI|
Di: (a) ZiY

(b) ci eM

 


       

Qwe3.4:eM mgq Ges Aevb mgqi `ywU Mvd ev jLwP 


(c) ch ej cqvM Kiv nqQ Gici hnZy Avi ej cqvM Kiv nqwb KvRB
 eM cuQvbv ci eM AcwiewZZ _vKe| A_vr ci eM 
(d) G AwZv `~iZ `yBevi ei KiZ ne| c_g G AwZv `~iZ:
          

wZxq 10 G AwZv `i~ Z (Qwe3.4)

     

gvU AwZv `~iZ      

(e)3.4 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ|



ej

60

D`vniY 3.6: wi Aev _K i Ki GKUv e `~iZ AwZg KivZ

ej w`Z nqQ| ewUi fi KZ?

Di:



 

D`vniY 3.7: Zvgiv mevB AvBbvBbi mB weLvZ m~wUi K_v Rvb GLvb
nQ kw (Avgiv cii Aavq coe) nQ fi Ges nQ Avjvi eM| AvBbvBbi
AvcwK m~ _K Avgiv Rvwb


hLvb nQ MwZkxj Aevi fi Avi  nQ wi Aevi fi, A_vr AvBbvBbi

AvcwK Z Abyhvqx wi Aevi fi _K MwZkxj Aevi fi ewk! `LvI h AvjvK
KYv wnme weePbv Kij Gi fi k~b njI Gi fi eM k~b bq!
Di: fieM nQ
KvRB 
`yB cvkB eM Kwi:

`yB cvk hvM Kwi:

w`q Y Kwi:

ej61

`yBcvk eMgj
~ bB

 

Avgiv Rvwb

KvRB
hw`  nq

KvRB

A_vr fi k~b njI fieM k~b bq! KZ mnR KZ wewP welq `Lvbv hvq!

3.4 gnvKl ej (GravitationalForce)



Avgiv ej Kx mUv ejwQ (hUv ZiYi Rb `q) mUv Kgb Ki cwigvc KiZ nq mUvI
ejwQ (fi Avi ZiYi Ydj) wK GLbv Zvgv`iK mwZKvi Kvbv eji mv_ cwiPq
Kwiq w`Bwb| c`v_wevbi GKwU PgKc` ej nQ gnvKl ej, fi AvQ m iKg h Kvbv
e Ab eK gnvKl ej w`q AvKlY Ki| aiv hvK `ywU fi Ges Zv`i gvS `~iZ
Zvnj Zv`i gvS h ej mw ne mUvK hw` Avgiv ewj Zvnj

GLvb nQ gnvKlxq aeK Ges Zvi gvb nQ :




gvv:

ej

62

GLvb gb ivLZ ne fiwU  K wbRi

w`K ej AvKlY Ki Avevi  fiwU K
wbRi w`K AvKlY Ki|
GB `yUv fii GKUv hw` Avgv`i cw_ex nq
Ges Avgiv hw` ai wbB Zvi fi , Ges cw_exi
Dci fii Ab GKUv wRwbm ivLv nq Zvnj Qwe3.5: `ywU fii fZi gvavKlY ej
cw_ex fiK Zvi K`i w`K ej AvKlY
Kie

GB ejwUB Avmj ewUi IRb| gb ivLZ ne GLvb cw_exi K` _K fiwU ch

`~iZ| cw_exc _K fii `~iZ bq| hnZz cw_exi evmva AbK (cvq 6000 km)
KvRB cw_exi c QvULvUv DPZvK aZei gvS Avbvi cqvRb bB| cw_exi K` _K
`~iZ gvcv nq KviY hw` MvjvKvi Kvbv e nq Zvnj Zvi mg fi K`we`yZ Rgv nq
AvQ ai wbj Kvbv fzj nq bv| (Zvi KviY cw_exi cZKUv we`yB fiK wbRi w`K
AvKlY Ki Ges mejv AvKlY GK Kiv nj gb nq hb cw_exi mg fiUzKBz K`we`yZ
Rgv nq AvQ!)
wbDUbi wZxq m~ _K Avgiv Rvwb
 , KvRB

cw_exi gvavKlY eji Rb fiwU GKwU ZiY Abyfe Kie| gvavKlYi Rb h ZiY nq
mUvK bv wjL jLv nq mUv Avgiv AvMB ejwQ| KvRB

cw_exi fi , cw_exi evmva 





Avgiv Gi AvMi AavqB MwZi mgxKiY Gi GB gvb eenvi KiwQ, GLb Zvgiv RvbZ
cvij Kb Gi GB gvb eenvi Kiv nqwQj|

ej63

D`vniY 3.8: m kbi DPZv cw_exc _K AvbygvwbK . mLvb Gi gvb

KZ?
Di: m kb gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY nj

GLvb cw_exi evmva  Ges m kbi DPZv 

Gi gvb gvUB k~b bq Zvnj

mLvb gnvKvkPvixiv IRbnxb (Qwe
3.6) Kb?
D`vniY 3.9: cw_exi K` _K Puv`i
`~iZ . Puv`i GKevi
cw_exK c`wY KiZ KZ mgq
jvMe?

Qwe3.6: gnvKvkhvb fvmgvb GvbU| 

Di: Puv`K cw_ex gvavKlY ej

UvbQ| mwU nj

cw_exi fi
Puv`i fi
cw_ex _K Puv`i `~iZ

cw_exi AvKlYi Rb Puv`i ZiY nj

GLvb



ej

64

cw_exK GKevi Nyi AvmZ Puv`i h

mgq jvM
eenvi Ki
S

Avgiv GLvb cZKUvi gvb ewmq wnmve

KiZ cvwi wK mUv bv Ki GLvb

Qwe3.7:cw_exK wNi N~Yvqgvb Puv`|

eenvi Ki dwj :

GLvb cw_exi evmva  Ges






cw_ex _K gb nq Puv` eywS 29.5 w`b cw_exK c`wY Ki (D`vniY 2.15) Avmj
mgqUv 27 w`b|
Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ cw_exK wNi Puv`i c`wY KiZ KZ mgq jvM mUv ei KiZ
Avgv`i Kv_vI Puv`i fi eenvi KiZ nqwb| KvRB


m~Uv Avgiv cw_exK wNi NyiZ _vKv h Kvbv DcMni RbI eenvi KiZ cvie|
D`vniY 3.10: m~h _K wewfb Mni `~iZjv nQ (cw_exi `~iZi Zzjbvq)

ej65
Mn
`~iZ

eya
0.387

0.723

cw_ex
1

gj
1.524

enwZ
5.203

kwb
9.539

BDibvm
19.18

bcPzb
30.06

Kvb Mn KZ mgq m~hK GKevi Nyi Avm?

Di: Mni fi Ges m~hi fi nj, GKwU MnK m~h Zvi w`K h ej UvbQ:


GB ej Uvbvi KviY mB Mni ZiY:

S 

GLvb nQ m~hK GKevi Nyi Avmvi mgq|

hnZz 
S

KvRB h Kvbv Mni Rb m~hK GKevi Nyi AvmZ h mgq jvM

m~h _K cw_exi `~iZ nj ne m~hK GKevi Nyi AvmZ cw_exi h

mgq jvM,
S

KvRB h Kvbv Mni Rb mh~ K GKevi Nyi Avmvi mgq

S S

 




ej

66

GLb Avgiv wfb Mni Rb Gi gvb ewmq mivmwi cw_exi Zzjbvq Abvb Mni m~hK wNi
AvmZ KZ mgq jvMe ei Ki djZ cvwi| hnZz cw_exi m~hK wNi Avmvi mgqUvK
Avgiv ermi ewj KvRB ZvwjKvUv ermi ei ne|
hgb eya Mni Rb

Gfve AbjvI ei KiZ cvwi| Di ne :

Mn
ermi

eya
0.24

0.614

cw_ex
1

gj
1.881

enwZ
11.86

kwb
29.46

BDibvm
84.00

bcPzb
164.81

Zvgiv BUvibU eBc NuvUvNuvwU Ki wgwjq `L Zvgvi wnmve wK mwZ wK bv! KZ A

Rb Kvb MnK m~hK wNi AvmZ eQi jvMe ei KiZ cviQ fe `LQ?

3.4.1 cw_exi K` g Gi gvb

Avgiv `LwQ cw_exi c Gi gvb

hw` cw_exi K`i Gi gvb ei Kivi Rb GB mgxKiY   ewmq w`B Zvnj

gvUI mwVK Di cve bv, KvRB wVK Ki GUv ei KiZ ne|
aiv hvK cw_exi evmva Ges Avgiv cw_exi c _K MZ Ki cw_exi Mfxi XyK
MwQ Ges mLvb cw_exi K` _K `~iZ |Avgiv K emva ai AviKUv MvjK Kbv
Ki wbB| GLb Avgiv cw_exUvK `By fvM fvM Ki wbZ cvwi, evmvai MvjK Ges Zvi
evBii AskUzKz| (Qwe 3.8)
cw_exi Mfxi K` _K ~` iZ hw` Kvbv fi _vK Zvnj Zvi Ici gvavKlY
ejwUK Avgiv `ywU wfb eji hvMdj wnme ei KiZ cvwi| evmvai MvjKi KviY
gvavKlY ej Ges evBii AskUzKiz KviY gvavKlY ej| Qwe `LB Zvgiv eySZ cviQ
evBii Aski KviY h gvavKlY ej Zwi nq mUv hgb wbPi w`K AvQ wVK m iKg
Icii w`KI AvQ| Avgiv hw` wVK Ki wnme Kwi Zvnj `Le evmvai c h Kvbv
we`yZ wbPi wcQi w`K h gvavKlY ej UvbQ mUvK KvUvKvwU Ki djQ Dci w`K _K
Uvbv gvavKlY ej Ges me wgwjq GB gvavKlY eji gvb nQ k~b! KvRB K` _K
`~iZ _vKv fii Ici gvavKlY ej Avme aygv MvjKi fZiKvi fiUzKiz Rb evBi
_K wKQz Avme bv|

ej67


Qwe3.8:cw_exi fZi GKwU MvjKi Dci Ges MvjKi evBii Ask fii KviY Zix nIqv g
S

cw_exi fi Ges AvqvZb ZvB Zvi NbZ

myZivs evmvai MvjKi fi

S
S

U 
S

myZivs cw_exi fZi K` _K ~` iZ ivLv fii Ici gvavKlY ej nQ

nQ cw_exi c gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY| myZivs cw_exi fZi K` _K ~` iZ

gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY nj gvavKlY ej ne , KvRB




ej

68

KvRB GKevi K` (  )  Gi gvb k~b| A_vr cw_exi K` h Kvbv e

IRbnxb|
D`vniY 3.11: cw_exi
Afi K` _K Ki
i cw_ex _K evBi
Gi gvb `~iZi mv_ wKfve
cwiewZZ nq `LvI|
Di: cw_exi Afi K`
_K r `~iZ:

cw_exi evBi K` _K r
`~iZ:

Qwe3.9:cw_exi K` _K evBii w`K gGi gvb|

g Gi gvb 3.9 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ

3.5 wsqi ej
aiv hvK ^vfvweK Aevq GKUv wsqi `N GB wsUvK Uwej Bq ivLv nqQ Ges
aiv hvK GB wsqi GK gv_v GKwU `qvj jvMvbv Ab gv_vq GKUv fi jvMvbv AvQ|
^fvweK Aevq fiwUi Ici wsqi KviY Kvbv ej bB| wsqi cyiv `N Rvbvi Pq
Zvi msKvPb wKsev cmviY RvbZ Avgiv ewk AvMnx ZvB wsqi ^vfvweK `N we`ywUK
Ai K`we`y wnme Kbv Ki wbqwQ| (Qwe3.10)
KvRB hw` Avgiv fiwUK Avyj w`q wsqi w`K Pc awi, A_vr ej cqvM Kwi
Zvnj wsUv msKzwPZ nq hve| Avgiv hw` Pvc w`q ai ivwL A_vr ej cqvM Kwi Zvnj
wbDUbi wZxq m~  Abyhvqx ZiY nIqvi K_v| wK hnZy fiwU wi Kvbv ZiY
nQ bv Zvi gvb wbqB Ab GKwU ej wecixZ w`K _K KvR KiQ Ges `ywU eji hvMdj
k~b nq hvIqvi KviY ewUi gvU ej k~b Ges ewUi ZiY bB| Zvgiv wbqB eySZ cviQ
wecixZ w`K _K ejwU AvmQ ws _K hvi A_ ws hw` msKzwPZ nq Zvnj mwU ej cqvM

ej69
Ki| cZKUv wsqiB GKUv ws aeK _vK Ges `Lv MQ wsK Zvi ^vfvweK Aev
_K wePzZ Kiv nj msKvPb A_ev cmviY GKUv ej c`vb Ki| wePzwZi cwigvY nj
 

GLvb GKwU bMwUf wP iqQ hvi A_ eji w`KwU wePywZi wecixZ w`K| A_vr
ws hw` msKzwPZ nq Zvnj Gi gvb bMwUf Ges m KviY cwRwUf A_vr Gi w`K
nQ Ai cwRwUf w`K QweZ hgb `Lvbv nqQ| Avevi hw` fiwUK Ub aiv nq Zvnj
wsUvi wePzwZ ne cwRwUf KvRB Gi gvb ne bMwUf A_vr ejUv ne Ai wbMwUf
w`K, QweZ hgb `Lvbv nqQ|
wsqi GB ejwU c`v_wevbi Lye
iZc~Y GKwU ej| Avgiv fiwUK Qo w`Bwb,
ZvB eji jw k~b Ges fiwUZ Kvbv ZiY
nqwb| wK wswUK msKzwPZ wKsev cmvwiZ Ki
Avgiv QoI w`Z cviZvg Zvnj ws _K
cqvM Kiv eji KviY fiUvi ZiY nZv, eM
eoZv Ges fiUv boZ i KiZ| GLvb ejwUi
gvb me mgq mgvb _vKe bv, eo hvIqv, Kg
hvIqv, cwRwUf wKsev bMwUf nIqvi KviY
ejwUI evoe Kge GgbwK w`KI cwieZb Kie,
KvRB ZiYUv ne ewPgq Ges fiwUi MwZ
Aviv ewk ewPgq|
wsqi KviY fiwUi eM Kgb nq mwU
Avgiv Avgv`i AwfZv _K Rvwb, mwU mvgb
wcQb KiZ _vKe Ges NlYi KviY GK mgq
Qwe3.10:^vfvweK Aev, msKzwPZ Ges cmvwiZ
_g hve| hw` NlY bv _vKZ fiwU Zvnj
xs|
AbKvj mvgb wcQb KiZ _vKZ|
D`vniY 3.12: 3.10 QweZ h fve `Lvbv nqQ mfve GKUv (NlYnxb) Uwej GKUv
fi ivLv AvQ| Kvbv wKQz Kiv bv nj wsUvi `N GLb wsUvK hw` ~` iZ Ub wbq
Qo w`B Zvnj Kx ne?




Di: wsUv fiUvK ej Uvbe A_vr ejUv fiUvK evg w`K Uvbe| GB eji
Rb fii ZiY ne Ges ZiYi Rb eM evoZ i Kie| eMi KviY fiUv evg w`K
boZ i Kie Ges Gi gvb KgZ _vKe A_vr ejUvI KgZ _vKe KvRB ZiYI

ej

70

KgZ _vKe| GUv nQ mgZiY bv Pjvi GKUv D`vniY| ZiY KgZ _vKjI hnZz ZiY
AvQ ZvB eM wK evoZ _vKe| hLb fiUv wsqi Avmj `N G cuQve ZLb
KvRB ej Ges ZiY A_vvr eM Avi ew cve bv| wK ew bv cjI
Gi gvS wK eM mevP gvb eo MQ KvRB GUvi _g hvevi Kvbv myhvM bB| GUv
wsUvK msKzwPZ KiB PjZ _vKe| hLb wsUvK msKvPb Kie ZLb wsUv Dvw`K
ej cqvM Ki fiUvK _vgvbvi Pv Kie| Abfve ejv hvq Gevi Dvw`K ZiY (ev
g`b) nZ i Kie Ges fiUvi MwZ KgZ i Kie| hLb Avevi ~` iZ wsUvK
msKvPb Kie ZLb eM KgZ KgZ k~b nq hve|
wsUv hnZy msKywPZ nq AvQ mUv wK
fiUvK Wvb w`K ej cqvM KiB hvQ, KvRB
ZiY Zwi ne Ges Avevi eM evoZ _vKe,
Ze Gevi Dv w`K| Gfve cyiv cwqvUv
evievi NUZB _vKe| QweZ hiKg `Lvbv
nqQ|
D`vniY 3.13: cw_exi gvSLvb w`q hw` GKUv
dzUv Ki Zzwg Svc `vI (Qwe 3.12) Zvnj Kx
ne?
Di: wVK wsqi gZv GLvbI GKB evcvi
ne, iZ Zvgvi eM k~b Av Av mUv
evoZ _vKe K` mePq ewk, Zvici mUv
KgZ _vKe Ab cvk cuQvZ cuQvZ eM
k~b nq hve| Zvici w`Ki cwieZb ne, Avevi
GKB evcvi| Zvi gvb Zzwg GK w`K _K
Abw`K hZ AvmZ _vKe|
Zvgiv `LZB cvQ wsqi ejvq ejUv wQj
GLvb hLvb

Qwe 3.11:xsqi MwZ|


3.5 wbDUbi ZZxq m~ (NewtonsThirdLaw)
Kvb ej cqvM bv Kij Kx nq mwU Avgiv RvbZ ciwQ wbDUbi c_g m~ _K| ej
cqvM Kij Kx nq mUv Avgiv RbwQ wbDUbi wZxq m~ _K| hLb GKwU e Ab ei
Ici ej cqvM Ki ZLb e `ywUi gvS Kx aibi cwZwqv nq, mwU Avgiv RvbZ cvie
wbDUbi ZZxq m~ _K| m~wU GiKg :

ej71
wbDUbi ZZxq m~ : hLb GKwU e Ab GKwU ei Ici ej cqvM Ki ZLb mB
ewUI c_g ewUi Ici wecixZ w`K mgvb ej cqvM Ki|
c`v_wevbi eBq mvaviYZ hfve wbDUbi ZZxq m~ jLv nq, cZKwU wqvi (action)
GKUv mgvb Ges wecixZ cwZwqv (reaction) _vK, Avgiv GLvb mfve wjwLwb| Avgv`i
GZY ej mK LvwbKUv aviYv nqQ nVvr
Ki ejK wqv wKsev cwZwqv ejj
wevw nZ cvi! Zvi PvBZ eo K_v hviv
b~Zb c`v_wevb kL Zv`i c_g ckB nq h
hw` mKj wqvi (Kvbv GKwU ej) GKwU
wecixZ cwZwqv (AviKwU ej) _vK Zvnj
wqv-cwZwqv GK AciK KvUvKvwU Ki k~b
nq hvq bv Kb! GRb ZZxq m~wUZ Lye
Ki wjL `qv `iKvi h ZZxq m~ ejQ h
hw` `ywU e Ges _ vK Zvnj hLb
eji Dci ej cqvM Ki ZLb ej cqvM
Ki Gi Ici! wecixZ `ywU ej wfb wfb
eZ KvR Ki KLbvB GK eZ bq| hw` Qwe3.12:cw_exi gvSLvb w`q Qo `qv GKRb
GKB eZ `ywU ej cqvM Kiv nZv ay gvbyl Dci wbP KiZ _vKe|
ZvnjB GK AbK KvUvKvwU KiZ cviZ|
GLvb KvUvKvwUi Kvbv myhvM bB|
KqKUv D`vniY w`j welqUv cwivi ne| aiv hvK Ici _K Avgiv fii GKUv
e Qo w`qwQ (Qwe 3.13)| Avgiv Rvwb cw_exi gvavKlY eji Rb fi cw_exi w`K
GKUv ej Abyfe Kie:

Avgiv AvMB `LwQ GB ejUvK wnme jLv hvq|

wbDUbi ZZxq m~ kLvi ci Avgiv Rvwb fiwUI wekvj cyiv cw_exUvK wbRi
w`K AvKlY KiQ! mB ejwUI aygv wecixZ w`K! Avgiv GB ejwUK wbq gv_v NvgvBbv,
Zvi KviY GB ejUvi KviY cw_exi KZUzKz ZiY nQ mUv BQ Kij ei KiZ cvwi :




ej

72

GLvb nQ cw_exi fi Ges nQ cw_exi ZiY

KvRB

hw` cw_exi fi  nq Zvnj Avgiv hw`  fii GKUv ei Dci

_K Qo w`B Zvi Rb cw_exi ZiY ne

GwU GZ z` h KD GUv wbq gv_v Nvgvq bv!

Zywg hLb cii evi Kvbv RvqMvq jvd `e
ZLb gb iLv wbP covi mgq cyiv cw_exUvK
Zzwg AvKlY Ki wbRi w`K Ub wbqwQj!
(hZ KgB nvK Zzwg mviv cw_exK wbRi w`K
UbwQj, mUv wbq GKUz Me KiZ cvi|)
wbDUbi ZZxq m~ evSvi mePq mvRv
Dcvq nQ Avgiv Kxfve nuvwU mUv evSv| Avgiv
mevB nuvUZ cvwi Gi cQb wK c`v_wevb AvQ
mUv bv RbB mevB nuvU| wK Zvgiv hnZz

c`v_wevb wkLZ i KiQ Zvgv`i Lye mnR
GKUv ck Kiv hvq| Zzwg hnZy wi Aev _K Qwe3.13:GKwU fiK cw_ex hgb AvKlY Ki
nuvUZ cvi KvRB Avmj Zvgvi GKwU ZiY fiwU cw_exKI mfve AvKlY Ki| 
nQ, hvi A_ Zvgvi Dci ej cqvM Kiv nQ|
wK Avgiv mevB Rvwb KD Avgv`i Dci ej
cqvM Ki bv| Avgiv wbRivB nuvwU| Kgb Ki mUv me?
wbDUbi ZZxq m~ bv Rvbv _vKj Avgiv KLbvB nuvUvi welqUv evLv KiZ cviZvg
bv| Avgiv hLb nuvwU ZLb Avgiv cv w`q gvwUZ avv w`B (A_r ej cqvM Kwi) ZLb gvwUUv
wbDUbi ZZxq m~ Abyhvqx Avgv`i kixi mgvb Ges wecixZ ej cqvM KI (Qwe3.14)| GB
mgvb Ges wecixZ ejUv w`qB Avgv`i ZiY nq, Avgiv nuvwU!

ej73

Qwe3.14:GKRb gvbyl nuvUvi mgq cv

w`q hLb gvwUK avv `q ZLb gvwUI
gvbylwUK cvv avv `q|

welqUv hv`i eySZ GKUz mgmv nQ

Zv`iK gb Kwiq `qv hvq, k gvwUZ nuvUv
mvRv wK SziSzi evjyi Dci nuvUv mvRv bv Zvi
KviY evjyi Ici ej cqvM Kiv hvq bv, evjy mi
hvq ZvB wbDUbi ZZxq m~i cvv ejUvI wVK
fve cvIqv hvq bv| evcviUv Aviv AbK Ki
`qv hvq hw` KvDK Ame gmY GKUv gSZ
mvevb cvwb wKsev Zj w`q wcwQj Ki nuvUZ `qv
nq! mLvb NlY Lye Kg, ZvB Avgiv wcQb ej
cqvM KiZB cvie bv, Ges m Rb Zvi cwZwqv
wnme Avgv`i Ici Kvbv ejI cve bv! Avi ZvB
nuvUZI cvie bv (wekvm bv nj Pv Ki `LZ
cvi)| ej cqvM Kij wecixZ Ges mgvb ej cvIqv
hvq, hw` cqvM KiZB bv cvwi Zvnj Zvi cwZwqv
ej cve Kgb Ki? Avi nuvUe Kgb Ki?

wbDUbi ZZxq m~ eySZ wMq AbKB c_g

c_g GKUv fzj Ki| mUv nQ Avgiv hw` gvwUZ GKUv cv_i ivwL ZLb Kx nq mUv mwVKfve
evLv KiZ cvi bv. cv_iwU hnZz boQ bv KvRB Zvi ZiY bB KvRB Gi Dci wbqB
Kvbv ej KvR KiQ bv A_vr gvU eji cwigvY k~b wKsev ejjv GKUv AviKUvK
KvUvKvwU KiQ| welqUv evLv KiZ wMq Avgiv cvqB ej dwj cv_iUv gvwUK Zvi IRbi
mgvb ej cqvM KiQ wbDUbi ZZxq m~ Abyhvqx
gvwUUvI Zvi wecixZ cv_iUvK mgvb Ges wecixZ
ej cqvM KiQ Ges GB `yUv ej GKUv
AviKUvK KvUvKvwU Ki djQ| wK Zvgiv
wbqB eySZ cviQ GB evLvUv mwVK bv KviY
ZZxq m~ ej w`qQ GKwU e AbwUi Ici ej
cqvM Kie| KvRB KvUvKvwU KiZ nj GKB
ei Ici `ywU ej cqvM KiZ ne wbDUbi
ZZxq m~ hUv wbwl Ki w`qQ!
Gi mwVK Di ei Kivi Rb Avgiv c_g
cv_i Ges gvwUi gvSLvb GKUv ws Kbv Ki
wbB (Qwe3.15)| cv_ii IRbi Rb sUv GKUz Qwe3.15:gvwUi Ici ivLv cv_iK GKUv
msKzwPZ nq cv_iUvi Ici wecixZ w`K ej cqvM wsqi Ici iqQ Kbv Kiv hvq|



ej

74

Kie Ges cv_iUvZ `ywU mgvb Ges wecixZ ej GK AbK KvUvKvwU Ki jw k~b Ki
`e| wVK GKBfve wsUvi Ab AskI gvwUK ej cqvM Kie, gvwUI wecixZ w`K ej
cqvM Kie! KvRB cZKUv eZB `yUv wecixZ ej GK AbK KvUvKvwU Ki wi Aevq
_vKe|
^vfvweK fveB Zvgiv ck KiZ cvi, Avgiv hLb gvwUZ GKUv cv_i ivwL wKsev hLb
GKUv Pqvi ewm ZLb Zv Avmj gvSLvb Kvbv ws _vK bv ZLb Kx nq? ws bv
_vKjI ws h `vwqZUv cvjb Ki KwVb e cqvRb GKUz weKZ, wePzZ, evuKv (deform)
nq mB KvRUzKz Ki dj! KvRB KwVb e wsqi gZvB cvv GKUv ej mieivn Ki|
D`vniY 3.14: (a) aiv hvK Zywg m~Y NlYnxb GKUv mgZj `uvwoq AvQ| Zvgvi IRb
Ges Zvgvi mvgb GKUv fii cv_i| Zzwg wVK Kij Zzwg cv_iUvK
ej w`q avv w`q GK gv_v _K Ab gv_vq wbq hve| ci cv_iUvi eM KZ ne?
(Qwe 3.16)
Di: Zzwg hLb cv_iUvK
ej w`q avv `e
cv_iUvI wK wbDUbi ZZxq
m~ Abyhvqx ZvgvK ej
w`q avv `e| cv_iUvi ZiY
ne Wvb w`K





wVK m iKg ZvgviI ZiY ne

evg w`K

Qwe3.16:GKRb gvbyl hLb GKUv cv_iK avv `qv ZLb

cv_iwUI gvbylwUK cvv avv `q| 

 

KvRB Zzwg Ges cv_i `ywU `yw`K mi hve! cv_iUvK avv w`q GK gv_v _K Ab gv_vq
Zzwg wbq hZ cvie bv! KviY cv_i Avi Zvgvi fZi GKUv `~iZ Zwi nq hve KvRB
Uvbv cv_iUvK avv `qv me bv!
(b) aiv hvK Zzwg cv_iUvK avv w`Z ciQ ZLb Kx ne?

Di : G cv_iUvi eM eo ne:

ej75
 
Gici c_iUv mgeM hZ _vKe|
G Zvgvi eM ne :

 
Gi ci Zzwg mgeM wcQb mi hZ _vKe|


3.6 NlY ej (FrictionalForce)

Avgiv Gi AvM gnvKl wKsev gvavKlY ej Ges

wsqi ej wbq AvjvPbv KiwQ, Gevi m~Y wfb
GKwU ej wbq AvjvPbv Kie, mwU njv NlY ej|
aiv hvK GKUv Uwej Kvbv GKUv KvVi
UzKiv iqQ Ges mB KvVi UzKivi Dci ej
cqvM Ki mLvb ZiY mw KiZ PvwQ| aiv hvK Qwe3.17:GKwU fii Dci ej cqvM
3.17 QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mfve fiwUi Kij NlYi Rb wecixZ w`K GKwU ej
Dci evg _K Wvb ej cqvM KiwQ, `Lv hve Zix nZ cvi|
KvVi UzKivq Uweji mv_ KvVi UzKivi NlYi
KviY GKUv NlY ej Zwi nqQ Ges mwU Wvb _K evg w`K KvR Ki cqvM Kiv
ejwUK Kwgq w`Q|
GLb Zzwg hw` gb Ki NlYi dj Wvb
_K evg w`K GKUv NlY ej Zwi nq KvRB
KvVi UzKivi DciI hw` evg w`K ej cqvM
Kwi Zvnj cqvM Kiv ej Avi NlY ej GKB
w`K nIqvi KviY evowZ GKUv ej cq hve!
wK `Lv hve GeviI wVK wecixZ w`K NlY
ej KvR KiQ NlY ej me mgqB cqvM Kiv
eji wecixZ w`K KvR Ki! KvVi UzKivi
Dci hw` LvwbKUv IRb ewmq w`B `Lv hve
NlY ej Aviv eo MQ hw`I IRb Ges NlY
ej ciii Dci j^!
NlY ej Kxfve Zwi nq evcviUv eySZ
Qwe3.18:NlY cKZ
c `yUv Geov _eov
cvijB Avgiv `Le GZ AevK nevi wKQz bB|
ci KviY Zix nq| 
hw`I AvcvZ `wZ KvV, UwejK (wKsev h



ej

76

`yUv Zj`ki gvS NlY nQ) AbK gmY gb nq wK AbyexY h w`q `Lj `Lv hve
(Qwe 3.18) me Zj`kB Geov_eov Ges GB Geov_eov Askjvi Askjv GK
AbK k Ki ev LuvRjv GK Abi mv_ AvUK hvq mUvi KviYB MwZ evavcv nq Ges
Avgiv ewj wecixZ w`K _K NlY eji Rb nqQ| hw` `yUv Zj`kK Aviv Pvc `qv nq
Zvnj Geov_eov Ask Aviv ewk GK AbK k Kie, GKwUi LuvR AbwUi Aviv Mfxi
LuvR XzK hve Ges NlY ej Aviv eo hve|
NlYi Rb Zvc mw nq| mUv AbK mgqB mgmv| hgb Mvwoi wmwjvi wcbK
IVvbvgv Kivi mgq mLvb NlYi Rb Zvci mw nq Avi mB Zvc wbqY Kivi Rb Mvwoi
BwbK kxZj ivLZ nq| ZvB mLvb NlY Kgvbvi Rb bvbv aibi eev bqv nq|
wK Zvgiv hb gb bv Kiv Avgiv me mgqB NlY ej KgvZ PvB| Zvgiv wbqB
KLbv bv KLbv Kv`vi gvS Kvbv Mvwo ev UvK AvUK hZ `LQ| ZLb Mvwoi PvKv NyijI
NlY Kg ej Kv`v _K Mvwo ev UvK DV AvmZ cvi bv, PvKv wcQwjq hvq| NlY evwoq
AbK K Ki Mvwo ev UvKK Zzj AvbZ nq| m Rb Mvwoi PvKvi hb ivvi mv_ NlY ej
AbK ewk nq Zvi Rb AbK Pv Kiv nq, Mvwoi Uvqvi AbK aibi LuvR KvUv nq| hviv
Mvwo Pvjvq Zviv me mgq j ivL Zv`i Uvqvii LuvR Kg gmY nq hvQ wK bv KviY ZLb
eK Kivi ciI Mvwo bv _g wcQj GwMq hve! wVK GKB KviY Avgv`i RyZvi Zjvq
AbK aibi LuvR _vK hb wcQj bv hvB|
AbK aibi NlY ej iqQ, c`v_wevb ei eM Ges MwZZ wwZ NlY Ges MwZ
NlY eo f~wgKv cvjb Ki| `yUv e GK Abi mvc wi _vKv Aevq h NlY ej _vK
mUv nQ wwZ NlY (staticfriction)| `yUv e GK Abi mvc Pjgvb nj mvaviYZ
NlY ej GKUy Kg hvq Ges mUvK ej MwZ NlY (DynamicFriction)
D`vniY 3.15:NlYnxb GKwU mgZj hw` Kvbv fi _vK Zvnj Zvi fi hZB nvK bv
Kb Zvi Dci ej cqvM Kiv nj Zvi ZiY ne


hw` ewk nq Zvnj ZiY ne Kg, hw` Kg nq ZiY ne ewk| fiwU h mgZj AvQ
mLvb hw` NlY _vK Zvnj `Lv hve ej cqvM KijB ZiY nQ bv, GKUv wbw` ej
cqvM Kiv nj nVvr Ki fiwU boZ i Ki| GB nQ NlYRwbZ ej| KvRB Kv_vI
hw` NlY _vK Zvnj Avgv`i wjLZ ne

NlYRwbZ ej ei IRbi Ici wbfi Ki| ei IRb  hZ ewk ne NlY

RwbZ ej ZZ ewk ne|

A_vr

GLvb P nQ NlY mnM

ej77
hw` fii GKUv eK ej cqvM bv Kiv ch bovbv me bv nq Zvnj P KZ?
Di:




ej

78

ck :

Abykxjbx

1. Pj Ub _K bvgvi Pv Kij Zzwg Kb mvgbi w`K AvQvo Lq

co?
2. Qwe3.19G `Lvbv myZvq nuvPKv Uvb w`j myZvwU wQoe axi axi
Uvb w`j myZvwU wQoe| Kb?
3. ewk fii ei IRb ewk ev ej ewk ZvB Dci _K Qo w`j
Zvi ZiY ekx ne K_vwU wK mwZ?
4. Zzwg GKwU wjdUi fZi IRb gvcvi hi Ici `vuwoq AvQ|
wjdUi Kvej wQo Mj Zvgvi IRb KZ `Lve ?
5. cyivcywi NlYnxb GKUv c GKUv cv_iK `wo w`q eua Ub
wbRi w`K Avbvi Pv Kij Kx ne?

MvwYwZK mgmv :

Qwe3.19: `yUv myZv

w`q Svjvbv GKwU fi

1. Qwe3.20G `Lvbv  fii GKwU eMmgq jLwP ev Mvd `Lvbv nqQ| ej-mgq
jLwPwU AvuK|
2. wi Aevq _vKv  fii GKUv ei Ici ej KvR KiQ Zvi ci
 GKwU ej KvR KiQ| ewU KZUzKz `~iZ AwZg KiQ?
3. wi Aevq _vKv  fii GKUv ei
Ici ej KvR KiQ Zvi 
ci ej wecixZ w`K  KvR
KiQ| ewU KZUzKz `~iZ AwZg
KiQ?
4. GKwU bKv _K Zzwg eM Zxi
jvd w`qQ| Zvgvi fi , bKvi
fi nj bKvwU Kvb w`K KZ

eM hve?
5. gSZ ivLv GKwU KvVi UzKivi NlY
Qwe3.20: eM I mgqi GKwU jLwP
mnM P Gi gvb , KvVi fi
nj mUvK bvovZ KZ ej cqvM KiZ ne? KvVi Dci fii GKwU cv_i
ivLv nj KZv ej cqvM Ki bvovbv me? gS NlY nxb nj Kx nZv?


PZz_ Aavq

KvR, gZv I kw
(WorkPowerandEnergy)
AvBRvK wbDUb

AvBRvK wbDUb wQjb GKRb wewUk c`v_wevbx Ges MwYZwe`

Ges ZuvK meKvji mek GKRb wevbx wnme iY Kiv
nq| wZwb ejwe`v Ges gnvKl m~ Avwevi Kib hwU cieZx
wZbkZ ermi MwZwe`vi mKj mgmvi evLv `q| k Avi
AvjvK ZI Zuvi `Zv wQj Ges Rvgvb MwYZwe` wjewbRi
cvkvcvwk wZwbI MwYZi AZ cqvRbxq welq KvjKzjvm
Dveb Kib| wbDUb eenvwiK MelYvZI cvi`kx wQjb Ges
c_g cwZdjb Uwjvc Zwi KiwQjb| wZwb GKB mv_
GKRb cvjvgUi m`m wQjb|

IssacNewton(16421727)

4.1 KvR (Work)

Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb KvR kUv AbKfve eenvi Kwi wK c`v_wevbi fvlvq KvR
K_vUvi Lye mywbw` GKUv A_ AvQ| Kvbv ei Ici hw` ej cqvM Kiv nq Ges ewU hw`
eji w`K ~`iZ AwZg Ki Zvnj H ej w`q Kiv KvRi cwigvY

KvRi gvv  

KvRi Kvbv w`K bB GUv jvi ivwk Ges Gi GKK nQ msc A_vr ej
cqvM Ki Kvbv wKQzK hw` eji w`K `~iZ AwZg Kivbv hvq Zvnj ejv ne ejwU
KvR KiQ|
Zvgiv welqwU nqZv j KiQ cZKevi KvR Kivi K_v ejvi mgq Avgiv ejwQ
ejwU KvR KiQ| Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv KvR Kwi wKsev GKUv h KvR Ki|
c`v_wevbi fvlvq wK me mgq ej KvR Ki mB ejwU nqZv Avgiv cqvM Kwi wKsev
Kvbv h cqvM Ki|

80KvR, gZv I kw

Gevi KvRi Aviv wKQz D`vniY `Lv

hvK| Kvbv GKRb GKwU fi K ej
w`q
KvY Ub w`Q (Qwe 4.1)| hw`
fiwUK ~` iZ Ub bq KZUzKz KvR Kiv
ne?
gvbylwU fiUvK ej w`q KvbvKzwb
fve UvbQ, mgZji mv_ KvY, Avgiv
KvRi msv mgq Ki ejwQ eji w`K
hUzKz `~iZ AwZg KiQ mB `~iZUzKz
eenvi KiZ ne| ~` iZ eji w`K bq,
ejv hZ cvi Gi GKUv Ask eji
w`K| hnZy GKUv fi Avgiv Zvi
eji w`Ki AskUzKz ei KiZ cvwi mUv nQ
T

Qwe4.1:GKRb gvbyl GKwU fiK Ub wbQ 

KvRB  T

KvRB gvbylwU h ej cqvM KiQ mB ej  T cwigvY KvR KiQ| GLvb AviKUv

welq j KiZ ne| fiwUi GKUv IRb AvQ, mUvI ej, Zvi cwigvYGes mB ejwU
wbPi w`K KvR KiQ| GB ejwU KZUzKz KvR KiQ?
ejwU Ges ~` iZwU ciii mv_ q KvY Ki AvQ KvRB ~` iZi Kvbv
Ask Gi w`K bB| ( q ) KvRB ej w`q Kiv KvRi cwigvY k~b!
GUv gb ivLv fvjv, me mgqB GUv mwZ, hw`K ej cqvM Kiv nqQ miY hw` Zvi mv_
j^fve A_vr 90 0 KvY Ki nq Zvnj KvRi cwigvY k~b A_vr mB ej Kvbv KvR Ki bv!
gb iL GKUv ei Ici GKB mv_ ek KqKUv ej cqvM Kiv hZ cvi Ges cZKUv
ejB Avjv`v Avjv`v fve wfb wfb KvR KiZ cvi!
D`vniY 4.1: GKUv wbw` mgq ch GKUv ei Ici ej cqvM Kivi ci mwU _ K
Z wMqQ (Qwe4.2)| Kv_vq KvR nqQ Kv_vq nqwb ej|

Di: (a) Z KvR nqQ KviY eji w`K miY nqQ| (b) Z ej Ges miY wecixZgyLx
KvRB wbMwUf KvR nqQ A_vr cqvM Kiv ej KvR Kiwb, cqvM Kiv eji Ici KvR
nqQ (c) Z Kvbv KvR nqwb KviY ej Avi miY ciii Ici j^ (d) ej KvR
KiQ KviY miYi w`K GB eji GKUv Ask iqQ|

KvR, gZv I kw81

Qwe 4.2: GKwU fi, Zvi Dci ch

y ej Ges miY
D`vniY 4.2: cw_exi gvavKlY eji Rb Puv` cw_exK wNi NyiQ, KZ KvR nQ?
Di: Kvbv KvRB nQ bv KviY Pv`i MwZ gvavKlY eji mv_ 90 0 KvY Ki _vK|
D`vniY 4.3: fvi DvjbKvix hLb GKwU fvix eviej Dci Zzj ai ivL (Qwe 4.3) ZLb
Kvbv KvR Kiv nQ bv, Zvnj cwikg nq Kb?
Di: Zvi KviY eviejUv GKevi wi _vK bv,
kixi, nvZ hZ KgB nvK Kb nq, fvix eviej GKUz
wbP bvg Avevi Dci ZzjZ nq ZvB cZKevi mB
A GKUz Dci ZzjZ wMq KvR KiZ nq|
D`vniY 4.4: Zvgvi fi  Zzwg Zvjv
wewsqi Dci DVQ, Zzwg KZ KvR KiQ? (cwZ
Zvjvi DPZv )

Di: Zvgvi fi  nj IRb 

 GB IRb GKUv ej, mUv wbPi w`K KvR
KiQ| Zzwg hw` Dci DVZ PvI Zvnj ZvgvK
GB eji mgvb GKUv ej Dcii w`K cqvM Ki
wbRK Dci ZzjZ ne|

Qwe 4.3: fvi DvjbKvix

KvRB Dcii w`K Zvgvi cqvM Kiv ej .

Dci w`K AwZv `~iZ:
KvRB mB KvRi cwigvY  

D`vniY 4.5: GKRb GKUv  fiK mvRvmywR Dci ZzjQ Ab GKRb fiwUK q
KvYi GKUv XvjyZ iL Ub  Dci Zzjj (Qwe 4.4)| K KZUzKz KvR KiQ?

82KvR, gZv I kw

Di:  fii IRb  (a) hw` GUvK
 DuPzZ ZzjZ nq Zvnj Dcii w`K ej cqvM KiZ ne| Kwc Kji
gvag GKRb mB cqvM Ki fiUvK Dci ZzjQ|
ej Ges miY GKB w`K KvRB KvR

(
b
)

n
Zz
f
i
U
v

Qwe 4.4: Lvovfve Ges q Kvb GKwU fiK Dci Ub Dci Zvjv nQ

q
KvYi XvjyZ ivLv AvQ KvRB GUvK Ub ZzjZ Kg ej cqvM Kiv me ne :
q q

eji w`K `~iZ nQ

KvRB KvRi cwigvY

q

A_vr GKB cwigvY KvR Kiv nqQ|

q
q

Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ XvjyUv q bv nq Ab h Kvbv KvY njI GKB Di nZv!

A_vr KvRi cwigvY Kvb c_ Dci Zvjv nqQ mUvi Ici wbfi Kibv, wbfi Ki
KZUzKz Dci Zvjv nqQ Zvi Ici|

KvR, gZv I kw83

Avgiv AvMi Aavq NlY eji K_v cowQ| NlY ej Kx cwigvY KvR Ki? aiv hvK
GKUv ei fi Ges mUvi Ici ej cqvM Ki `~iZ bqv njv, KvRB ej viv
Kiv KvR

wK GB mgq NlY ej KvR KiQ Dv w`K ZvB miY ev AwZv `~iZ NUQ NlY ej
Gi wecixZ w`K| ZvB NlY ej w`q Kiv KvR nQ

KvR Kivi cwigvY bMwUf| Zvnj Avgiv `LwQ GKUv ej abvZK ev cwRwUf cwigvY KvR
KiZ cvi, Avevi FYvZK ev wbMwUf cwigvY KvRI KiZ cvi? cwRwUf Ges wbMwUf
cwigvY KvR Kivi A_ Kx?
GB welqUv evSvi AvM Avgv`i kw mK cwivi GKUv aviYv _vKZ ne|

4.2 kw (Energy)
Avgv`i `bw`b RxebI Avgiv kw kUv AbKfve eenvi Kwi wK c`v_wevbi fvlvZ
kw kUvi GKUv wbw` A_ AvQ| mvaviY gyLi fvlvq ej cqvM Kiv Avi kw cqvM Kivi
gvS Kvbv cv_K bB, wK c`v_wevbi fvlvq GB `ywU evKvsk m~Y wfb welq evSvq|
ej ejZ Kx evSvq mUv Avgiv AvMi Aavq co GmwQ, GB Aavq kw ejZ Kx evSvq
mUv wbq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
kw ejZ Kx evSvq Avgv`i mevi gvS Zvi GKUv fvmvfvmv aviYv AvQ, KviY Avgiv
K_vevZvq we`yr kw, Zvc kwi K_v ej _vwK| gvS gvS Avgiv ivmvqwbK kw ev wbDwKqvi
kwi K_vI b _vwK| AvjvK kw wnme mfve ejv bv njI Avgiv Abygvb KiZ cvwi
AvjvI nQ GK aibi kw| `bw`b K_vevZvq h kwUvi K_v Lye ewk ejv nq bv wK
c`v_wevb AmsLevi h kwi K_v ejv ne mUv nQ MwZ kw! KvRB Avgv`i aviYv nZ
cvi cKw ZZ eywS AbK aibi kw AvQ, wK gRvi evcvi nQ me kwB wK GK Ges
Avgiv ay GK aibi kwK Ab aibi kwZ icvi Kwi! Zvnj kwUv Kx?
kw nQ KvR Kivi gZv! ay ZvB bv hLb Kvbv ei Ici Kvbv ej cqvM Ki
abvZK KvR Kiv nq ZLb mB ejwU Avmj ewUi gvS GKUv kw mw Ki| ewUi gvS
hUzKz kw mw nq ej cqvM Kivi mgq h ej cqvM KiQ ZvK wVK ZZUzKz kw w`Z nq!
`iKvi nj Zzwg GB evKUv Aviv KqKevi co KviY GUv c`v_wevbi Lye iZc~Y GKUv
welq!

84KvR, gZv I kw

^vfvweKfveB ck DVe Zvnj wbMwUf KvR gvb Kx? hLb Kvbv ej Kvbv wKQzi
Ici wbMwUf KvR Ki ZLb eySZ ne mB ejwU ewUi kw mwiq wbqQ! wKsev h ej
cqvM KiQ Zvi Kvbv kw w`Z ne bv Dv m LvwbKUv kw cq hve! NlYi mgq NlY
ej wbMwUf KvR Kivi A_ GLb wbqB eySZ cviQ, NlY ej eUvi LvwbKUv kw wbq wbQ
(hUv nqZv Zvc kwZ icvi nQ)| aiv hvK GKUv Mvwo Zvgvi w`K AvmQ, Zywg
MvwoUvK _vgvbvi Rb Dvw`K ej cqvM KiQ wK ZviciI MvwoUv ZvgvK `~iZ
Vj wbq Mj| KvRB MvwoUv Zvgvi `qv eji Dvw`K `~iZ AwZg KiQ| KvRi
cwigvY , A_vr Zzwg MvwoUvK kw `vIwb, MvwoUvi kw wbq wbqQ| Zzwg hw` ej cqvM
bv KiZ Zvnj MwZ kw Aviv ewk nZv Zzwg kwUv Kwgq w`qQ|
D`vniY 4.6: GKUv cv_ii Ici ej
cqvM Ki wbq MQ NlY ej hw` wecixZ
w`K nq Zvnj Zzwg KZUzKz KvR KiQ?
NlY ej KZUzKz KvR KiQ? (Qwe 4.5)
Di: Zzwg
KvR KiQ|
NlY ej
KvR KiQ|

Qwe 4.5: GKwU fii Dci ej cqvM

Kiv nj NlYej Dv w`K KvR Ki|

Zvgvi KvRi KviY cv_iUv kw ARb KiQ|

NlY eji KviY kw q nqQ, nqZv Zvc mw nqQ|
D`vniY 4.7: GKwU DPz KwcKji `yB cvk
DPzZ fii `ywU e SzjQ (Qwe 4.6)|
GKwU e wbP gvwUZ bvgvi mgq AbwU
Dci DV Mj| Kvb fi KZUzKz KvR njv? (ai
bvI cyiv evcviUv NUQ LzeB axi axi A_vr
Kvbv eM mw bv Ki)

Qwe4.6:KwcKji `yB cvk `ywU e SzjQ 

Di: `ywU ei DciB IRbi mgvb ej Dcii

w`K cqvM Kiv nqQ|
evg w`K fiwU eji w`K DV MQ KvRB KvRi
cwigvY

KvRB GB fiwUi Ici KvR Kiv nqQ Ges fiwU kw ARb KiQ|

KvR, gZv I kw85

Wvb w`Ki fiwU wbP, A_vr eji wecixZ w`K bg MQ

A_vr GB fiwU _K kw wbq bqv nQ| eySZB cvQ Wvb w`Ki fiwU _K
kw wbq evg w`Ki fiwUZ `qv nqQ|

4.2.1: MwZ kw (KineticEnergy)

kwi mePq mnR B`vniY nQ MwZ kw| mvaviYfve ejv hvq MwZi Rb h kw mUvB
MwZ kw| c`v_wevbi fvlvq fii GKwU e hw` MwZZ hvq Zvnj Zvi MwZ kw

kwi gvv  

MwZ kwi GKK Avi KvRi GKK GKB, A_vr Ryj (J)

D`vniY 4.8: fii GKUv wi ei Ici evcx ej cqvM Kiv nqQ

(a) ewUi MwZ kw KZ? (b) ci MwZ kw KZ? (c) hw` cyiv ej cqvM Kiv
nq Zvnj MwZ kw KZ?
Di: ej cqvM Kij ZiY :
KvRB ci eM
(a) KvRB MwZ kw


(b) ch ZiY ne Gi ci ZiY bB ej eM AcwiewZZ KvRB ci MwZ kw

GKB _vKe|
(c)cyiv ej cqvM Kiv nj
KvRB MwZ kw

86KvR, gZv I kw

D`vniY 4.9: fii GKwU eK ej cqvM Ki MwZkxj Kivq Zvi MwZ kw nqQ
, ewUi eM KZ?
Di: MwZkw

Avgiv AvM ejwQ KvR Kivi gZv nQ kw| Avgiv mevB Rvwb Kvbv e MwZkxj nj mUv
Ab eK avv w`q mUvKI MwZkxj Ki LvwbKUv `~iZ Vj wbq hZ cvi| Ab eK
MwZkxj Ki djvi A_ wbqB mLvb ej cqvM nqQ Ges mB eji Rb LvwbKUv `~iZ
hvIqvi A_ wbqB mLvb KvR nqQ! KvRB Avgiv wbwZfve ejZ cvwi MwZi Rb ei
h kw nq mUv wbqB GK aibi kw ev MwZ kw| Avgiv ivvNvU h fqsKi `yNUbv NUZ
_vwK mLvb h qwZ nq Zvi cavb KviY GB MwZ kw| GKUv evm-UvK ev Mvwo hLb cP
eM QzUZ _vK ZLb Zvi AbK eo MwZ kw _vK| AvKwmWUi mgq GB cyiv kwUv w`q
Mvwo fOPzi hvq, cP avvq gvbyl gviv hvq|
MwZ kwZ Gi eM iqQ hvi A_ hw` Kvb Mvwoi eM wY Ki djv nq Zvnj
kwi cwigvY wK wY nq bv, PviY nq| GRb Mvwoi MwZ evovbv GZ wecbK wec`wU
eM wnme evo|
Gevi Avgiv `wL Kb Kvb eZ KvR Kiv nj mLvb kw mw nq| aiv hvK ej
fii Ici cqvM Ki `~iZ wbq Mj| A_vr KvRi cwigvY :

GLvb
KvRB

ej cqvM Kivi AvM hw` fiwU wi _vK Zvnj AwZv `~iZ :

KvRB
wK Avgiv Rvwb

KvR, gZv I kw87

KvRB

A_vr ejwU h cwigvY KvR KiQ ewUi wVK mB cwigvY MwZ kw nqQ!
D`vniY 4.10: GLvb Avgiv ai wbqwQ iZ ewU wi wQj| Avgiv hw` ai wbB iZ
ewUi Avw`eM Zvnj `LvZ cvie ej cqvM Ki `~iZ wbq Mj hUzKz MwZ kw
eo hve mUv nQ

'

GUv `LvI|

Di: MwZ kwi m~jv ei Kivi mgq Avgiv `LwQ

`yB cvk

w`q Y `vI

GLvb wjL
wKsev 
wK


KvRB

Avgiv `LwQ ej cqvM Kiv nj fi eMi cwieZb nq| hw` GK ev GKvwaK e MwZkxj
_vK Ges evBi _K hw` Zv`i Ici Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv bv nq Zvnj Zv`i mwwjZ fi
eMi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv| hw` wbR`i gvS avv avw nq Zvnj GKwUi fieM eo
hZ cvi AbwUi Kg hZ cvi wK mwwjZfve Zv`i fieMi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv|
GUvi bvg fieMi wbZZv (momentumconservation) |

88KvR, gZv I kw

fieMi Rb hUv mwZ MwZkwi RbI mUv mwZ| hw` Kv_vI GK ev GKvwaK
Kvbv e MwZkxj _vK Zvnj Zv`i GKUv mwwjZ MwZ kw _vKe| hw` evBi _K Zv`i
Ici Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv bv nq Zvnj Zv`i GB mwwjZ MwZkwi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv|
GKwUi mv_ AbwUi avv avw nq wbR`i KvbvwUi MwZ kw eo hZ cvi KvbvwUi
Kg hZ cvi wK mwwjZ MwZkw AcwiewZZ _vKe| GUvi bvg kwi wbZZv (energy
conservation)

4.3 msNl (Collision)

Avgiv hw` Dcii GB `yUv wbZZvi K_v
gb ivwL Zvnj c`v_wevbi msNl ej
AZ PgKc` welqwU weklY KiZ cvie|
gb Kwi GKwU mgZj Ges
fi Ges eM mij iLvq
hvQ| Zv`i eMi wfbZvi KviY aiv hvK
Zv`i gvS msNl njv, Ges m KviY
Zv`i eM cv Mj, fiwUi eM GLb
Ges fiwUi eM | Avgiv msNli
ci eM Ges KZ mUv ei KiZ
PvB|
GKUzLvwb GjReiv Kij Avgiv Lye
gRvi wKQz djvdj cve, Pv Ki `Lv hvK|

Qwe 4.7: m1 Ges m2 ciiK AvNvZ Kivi ci

Zv`i eM cwiewZZ nq v1 Ges v2 nqQ|

msNli AvM fi `ywUi mwwjZ fieM

msNli ci fi `ywUi mwwjZ fieM
KvRB fieMi wbZZvi Kvib . . . . . (1)

wVK m iKg msNli AvM mwwjZ MwZ kw

msNli ci mwwjZ MwZ kw

MwZkwi wbZZvi Kvib

Avgiv mgxKiY (1) K GKUz Abfve wjwL:

. . . . . .(2)

KvR, gZv I kw89

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
wKsev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)

GKBfve mgxKiY (2) K Abfve wjwL:

wKsev


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . (5)

A_vr

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)

GLb (6) K (4) w`q fvM w`B:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7)

(7) K w`q Y Ki mLvb _K (3) weqvM Kij cve

GLvb _K ei Kiv hvq|



GKB fve (7) K w`q Y w`q (3) Gi mv_ hvM Kwi

90KvR, gZv I kw

KvRB GLvb _K Avgiv ei KiZ cvwi

hnZz m~jv ei nq MQ GLb GLvb _K AZ gRvi wKQz djvdj Avgiv cZ cvwi|

mgvb fii MwZkxj ei mv_ wi ei msNl :
A_vr `wy Ui fi mgvb|
wi (A_vr ) msNli AvM Gi eM Gi eM
msNli ci Gi eM ei Kivi Rb G ewmq:

msNli ci Gi eM Ges ewmq:

A_vr hw` wi GKUv gvejK wZxq Ab GKUv (mgvb fii) gvej w`q VvKv `qv nq Zvnj
wZxq gvejUv wi nq hve, c_gUv mB eM wbq ei nq hve| welqUv mwZ wK bv Zvgiv
GLbB cixv Ki `LZ cvi|
MwZkxj nvjKv ei mv_ wi fvix ei msNl :

A_vr Gi fi _K GZ ewk h K k~b aiv hZ cvi|

wi (A_vr )

Gi m~wUi Wvb cvk Dci I wbP , w`q fvM `vI Ges Zvici

emvI

KvR, gZv I kw91

A_vr fvix ewU wi wQj mUv wiB _vKe|

Gevi Gi m~wUi Dci wbP w`q fvM `vI Ges

m2
= 0 emvI
m1

A_vr fiwU h eM G AvNvZ KiQ mB eM Dv w`K wdi Avme| Zzwg QvU

GKUv Uwbm ej `vwoq _vKv wekvj GKUv UvKi Mvq Qzo gviv, `Le Uwbm ejUv avv Lq
wVK Zvgvi w`K wdi Avme|
MwZkxj fvix ei mv_ nvjKv wi ei msNl :
A_vr Gi fi _K GZ ewk h
wi (A_vr )

Avevi I Gi m~jvi Dci wbP w`q fvM `vI Ges

K k~b aiv hZ cvi|

m2
= 0 emvI
m1

A_vr wekvj GKUv UvK ( ) hw` `uvwoq _vKv QvU GKUv mvBKjK ( ) AvNvZ Ki Zvnj
UvKi MwZi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv, wK mvBKjUv UvKi MwZi wY MwZZ wQUK hve!
Avgiv gv wZbwU D`vniY w`qwQ Zvgiv G iKg Aviv bvbv aibi D`vniY wbZ
cviv, GKUv fvix Ges GKUv nvjKv Mvwoi gyLvgywL msNl nj KvbUvi fieMi KZ cwieZb
nq ei KiZ cvq, mLvb _K KvbUvi ewk wZ nq mUvI Zzwg Abygvb KiZ cvie|

92KvR, gZv I kw

D`vniY 4.11: fii GKUv UvK `uvwoq AvQ, Zzwg Ges Zvgvi mvBKji fi
, Zywg eM UvKwUK AvNvZ KiQ| AvMvZ `qvi ci Kvi eM KZ
ne?
Di: UvKi fi Ges mvBKji fi nj



GUvK k~b ai bqv hZ cvi| KvRB MwZkxj nvjKv ei mv_ wi fvix ei msNli
D`vniY _K ejZ cvwi UvKi eM v1 0 m s Ges mvBKji eM
v2 30 km hour
D`vniY 4.12: fii GKUv UvK eM hZ hZ 
fii GKUv mvBKjK avv w`j| msNli ci Kvi eM KZ?
Di: aiv hvK UvKi fi Ges mvBKji fi KvRB
GUvK k~b aiv hvq|

MwZkxj fvix ei mv_ wi nvjKv ei msNli D`vniY _K ejZ cvwi msNli ci

UvKi MwZeM AcwiewZZ, , mvBKji eM


D`vniY 4.13: fii GKUv Mvwo Ges fii GKUv UvK

eM ciiK gyLvgywL avv w`j| msNli ci Kvi MwZeM KZ ne?
Di: UvKi fi , eM




Mvwoi fi , eM
hnZz wecixZ w`K _K AvmQ ZvB wbMwUf ai bqv
nj|

GwU Lye QvU bq| KvRB GUvK k~b bv aiZ cvie bv|

KvR, gZv I kw93

msNli ci UvKi MwZeM Lye ewk cwiewZZ ne bv|

A_vr MvwowUi eM _ K cwiewZZ nq  nq hve| A_vr avv

Lq wecixZ w`K cKZ
eMi cvq wZb Y eM QzU hve|
GB wekvj kw Avmj QvU MvwowUK cyivcywi asm Ki `e| A_vr gyLvgywL
msNl eo UvKi Kvbv wZ nq bv, QvU Mvwo cyivcywi asm nq hvq|

4.4 wefe kw (PotentialEnergy)

KvR mK ejZ w`q Avgiv ejwQjvg hLb Kvbv ej
Kvbv wKQzi Ici cwRwUf KvR Ki ZLb mLvb kwi
mw nq| MwZ kw mK ejvi mgq Avgiv Zvi GKUv
D`vniYI w`qwQjvg, `wLqwQjvg GKUv ei Ici ej
cqvM Ki mUvK LvwbKUv `~iZ wbq Mj MwZ kw

eo hvq|
Gevi Ggb GKUv D`vniY `qv ne, hLvb ej

cqvM Ki LvwbKUv `~iZ AwZg Kivi ciI Kvbv
Qwe 4.8: wsqi wivev Ges ej
MwZkw Zwi ne bv| gb Ki Uwej GKUv ws 4.8
cqvM Ki msKzwPZ Kiv
QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq ivLv AvQ, Zzwg wsqi Lvjv gv_vq
Avyj w`q ej cqvM Ki wsUvK ~` iZ msKzwPZ
Ki w`qQ| G iKg Aevq Zvgvi nvZ ev ws KvbvUvB MwZkxj bv ZvB Kv_vI Kvbv MwZ
kw bB! hnZz hw`K ej cqvM Kiv nqQ AwZv `~iZI mB w`K ZvB KvRwU
cwRwUf, Avgv`i KvRi msv Abyhvqx GLvb kw mw nIqvi K_v wK mB kwwU Kv_vq?
Kvbv wKQz MwZkxj bq ZvB GLvb wbwZ fve Kvbv MwZkw bB|

94KvR, gZv I kw

Avgiv hviv ws eenvi KiwQ Zviv Abygvb KiZ cviwQ h msKywPZ wsqi fZi
wbqB kwUzKz jywKq iqQ| KviY Avgiv Rvwb msKzwPZ wsUvi mvgb GKUv fii e
iL wsUv Qo w`j wsUv fiUvi Ici ej cqvM Ki GKUv `~iZ AwZg KivZ cviZ
hvi A_ KvR KivZ cviZ| A_vr GwU GKwU kw, MwZkw bv njI GwU Ab GK aibi kw|
GB aibi mwZ kwK ej wefe kw (potentialenergy)|
Avgiv BQ Kij wefe kwi cwigvYUvI ei KiZ cvie| ej Ges `~iZi Ydj
nQ KvR, Avyj w`q hUzKz ej `qv nqQ mUv hw` me mgq mgvb nZv Zvnj KvRUv mnR
nZv, wK Avgiv Rvwb wsqi ejvq mUv mwZ bv| ws h ej cqvM Ki Zvi cwigvY nQ

A_vr ewk nj Gi gvb ewk, Kg nj Gi gvb Kg| (gvBbvm mvBb _vKvi KviY
Avgiv eySZ cviwQ hw`K msKzwPZ Kiv nq ejUv Zvi Dvw`K KvR Ki|) hnZz ejUv me
mgq mgvb bq ZvB Avgiv c_g GKUv Mo (average) ej ai wbq KvRi cwigvYUv ei
KiZ cvwi| hnZz hw`K ej cqvM Kiv nqQ AwZv `~iZ mB w`K ZvB KvR
cwRwUf| hw` Avgiv `~iZ ch msKvPb Kwi Zvnj
msKvPb

hw` wsUvK `~iZ msKvPb bv Ki wsUvK `~iZ Ub aiZvg Zvnj ej Ges miY
`ywUB w`K cwieZb KiZ ZvB Ydj Avevi cwRwUf nZv A_vr GKB Di cZvg A_vr GKB
gvb cZvg| GLvb DjL Kiv `iKvi Mo ej ei Ki Avgiv mwVK djvdj cvB KviY ejwU
Gi mv_ mgnvi cwiewZZ nq (Linear)| mgnvi ZiYi eMi ejvZI Avgiv AvM GB
welqwU GKevi `LwQjvg (D`vniY 2.16)|
D`vniY 4.14:  fii GKUv e  eM GKUv wsqi Ici coj| ws
aeK mwU KZUzKz msKzwPZ ne?
Di: ewUi MwZ kw

KvR, gZv I kw95

GB kwUzKz wsUvK msKzwPZ Kie A_vr



KvRB

Avgiv hLb Kvbv wKQyK Dci Zzwj ZLbv mUv wefe kw ARb Ki| GK UzKiv cv_i Ici
_K Qo w`j mUv wbP bvgvi mgq Zvi MwZ evoZ _vK ZvB mUvi gvS MwZ kwi Rb
nq| GwU me nq KviY cv_iUv hLb Dci wQj ZLb GB Dci Aevbi Rb Zvi gvS GK
aibi wefe kw Rgv nqwQj| GKUv cv_iK Dci Zvjv nj Zvi fZi Kx cwigvY wefe
kw Rgv nq GLb mUvI Avgiv ei KiZ cvwi| eySZB cviQ GKUv eK Dci ZzjZ nj
h cwigvY KvR KiZ nq mUvB wefe kw wnme cv_ii gvS Rgv nq hve| KvRi cwigvY
nj

GLvb nQ ch
y ej Ges nQ DPZv| ejwU Avgv`i cqvM KiZ nq Dcii w`K
Ges AwZv `~iZI Dcii w`K, KvRB cwRwUf| Dci Zvjvi Rb h ej cqvM KiZ
nq Zvi gvb wsqi eji gZv cwieZb nq bv Ges GB ejwU cv_iwUi IRbi mgvb|
cv_iwUi IRb nj

Ges

gb ivLZ ne, cv_iwUi IRb GKwU ej Ges mwU wbPi w`K KvR Ki| cv_iUvK Dci
ZzjZ nj GB IRbi mgvb GKUv ej Avgv`i Dcii w`K cqvM KiZ nq|
fii GKUv cv_iK DPZvq Zyj Zvi wfZi wefe kw mw Ki hw` cv_iUvK
Qo w`B Zvnj mUv hLb wbPi w`K `~iZ bg Avme ZLb Zvi fZi Kx cwigvY MwZ
kw Rb be?
kw Awebki, ZvB Zvi wefe kwi cyivUzKBz MwZ kwZ cwiYZ ne| Avgiv Rvwb

MwZ kw nQ ZvB Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :

96KvR, gZv I kw

mwZ K_v ejZ Kx Avgiv co ei mgxKiY ei Kivi mgq e GB m~wU BZvga GKevi
ei KiwQjvg! kwi aviYv w`q w`q m~Y Abfve Avgiv Avevi GKB m~ ei KiwQ!
D`vniY 4.15: fii GKUv eK eM Dcii w`K Qzo w`j GUv KZ
Dci DVe?
Di: GwU AvM MwZ m~ w`q Kiv nqQ| GLb kwi icvi w`q Kiv hZ cvi|
MwZkw :

ewU hLb h DPZvq cuQve ZLb hw` cyiv MwZkwwU wefe kwZ icvwiZ nq Zvnj,

Zvgv`i evSvbvi Rb GLvb fi K_vwU ejv nqQ| GUv wK fii Dci wbfi
Ki bv| hKvb fiK eM Dci Qzo w`j Avgiv GB Di cve|

D`vniY 4.16: fii GKUv eK eM Dcii w`K Qzo w`j Kvb DPZvq
Gi wefe kw Ges MwZ kw mgvb ne?
Di: ewUi cv_wgK MwZ kw


hLb MwZ kw wefe kwi mgvb ne ZLb mB DPZvq Avgiv ejZ cvwi
MwZ kw = wefe kw
MwZ kw + wefe kw = cv_wgK MwZ kw
wefe kw = MwZ kw = cv_wgK MwZ kw/ 2

KvR, gZv I kw97

Zvgiv wbqB Abygvb KiQ GB mgmvwUI Avmj fii gvbi Dci wbfi Ki bv|

4.5 kwi icvi (TransformationofEnergy)

kw Awebki Gi Kvbv q bB, GwU aygv GKwU ic _K Ab ic cwieZb nq| GKUv
cv_i Dci Zzjj Zvi fZi GK aibi wefe kwi Rb nq, cv_iUv Qo w`j wefe kw

Qwe 4.9: GKwU fimshy xs msKywPZ Ges cmvwiZ nQ, MwZ kw Ges wefe kwi gvS kw
wewbgq nQ

98KvR, gZv I kw

KgZ _vK Ges MwZ kw evoZ _vK| gvwU k Kivi c~e gyn~ Z cyiv kwUvB MwZ kwZ
icvwiZ nq| wK gvwUK k Kivi ci cv_iwU hLb _g hvq ZLb Zvi fZi wefekwI
_vK bv MwZ kwI _vK bv Zvnj kwUzKz Kv_vq hvq?
Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ cv_iUv hLb gSZ AvNvZ Ki ZLb mwU k Ki, hLvb
AvNvZ KiQ mLvb Zvci mw Ki A_vr MwZkwUzKz k kw ev Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nq
hvq|
wefe kw Ges MwZ kwi GK aibi kw _K Ab aibi kwZ icvii
D`vniYwU Lye PgKc` KviY wVK wVKfve eev Kiv nj GwU GKwU _K AbwUZ icvwiZ
nq kl nq hvq bv| wefe kw _K MwZ kw Avevi MwZ kw _K wefe kw GB icvi

Qwe 4.10:GKwU czjvg `yjQ, gvU kw MwZkw Ges wefe kwi gvS vb e`j KiQ|

cwqv PjZB _vK| Avgiv Gi gvSB Zvi GKwU D`vniY `LwQ, wsqi mv_ GKwU fiK
Ryo `qv| Qwe 4.9 G Kxfve fii MwZ kw Ges wsqi wefe kw GKwU _K AbwUZ

KvR, gZv I kw99

icvwiZ nZB _vK mwU `Lvbv nqQ| Zvgiv QwewUi (a) _K (h) ch cZKwU avc
GKUz LyuwUq `L|
Avgiv hw` GK UzKiv cv_iK myZv eua Szwjq iL `ywjq w`B ZvnjI wVK GKB
evcvi NUZ _vK| GLvbI MwZ kw Ges wefe kwi gvS icvi NUZ _vK|
D`vniY 4.17: ws Ges fii gZv czjvgi wfb wfb Aevb GuK Kxfve wefe kw
Ges MwZ kwi fZi icvi NU mwU `LvI|
Di: 4.10QweZ `Lvbv nqQ

GKwU wsqi mv_ jvMvbv GKwU fiK msKzwPZ Ki Qo w`j AbKvj GwUi mvgb
wcQb hvevi K_v, wVK m iKg GKwU czjvg `ywjq Qo w`jI mwU AbKvj `yjZ _vKvi
K_v| eve mUv KLbvB NU bv, Av Av mUv _g hvq| Zvi KviY me mgqB NlY ej
_vK Ges GB NlY ej Avmj kwUzKz wbq mUvK Zvc kwZ icvwiZ Ki axi axi
kwUzKy LiP Ki dj| NlY h Zvc Zwi nq Avgiv wbRiv mUv Rvwb, kxZi w`b nvZ Nl
Avgiv mevB KLbv bv KLbv nvZK Mig KiwQ|
KvRB kwi icvi LyeB ^vfvweK GKUv cwqv| Avgiv wewfb aibi kwi icvii Aviv
KqKwU D`vniY w`B :

(i) we`yr ev Zwor kw

kwi icvii D`vniY w`Z nj Avgiv mevi AvM we`yr ev Zwor kwi D`vniY w`B Zvi
KviY GB kwK mePq mnR Abvb kwZ icvi Kiv hvq| ay ZvB bq GK RvqMv _K
Ab RvqMvq we`yr kw mieivn Kiv mePq mnR| ZvB Avgv`i Pvicvk bvbv aibi kw
_vKvi ciI Avgiv Avgv`i evmvq Ab Kvbv kw mieivn bv Ki mevi c_g Zwor kw ev
BjKwUwmwU mieivn Ki _vwK| Avgiv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb e`ywZK cvLv ev Abvb gvUi
Zwor ev e`ywZK kwK hvwK kwZ icvwiZ nZ `wL| (hw`I P^K kw Avmj we`yr
ev Zwor kw _K wfb wKQz bq ZviciI Avgiv gvUi ev e`ywZK cvLvi fZi we`yr kwK
c_g P^K kwZ icvi Ki mLvb _K hvwK kwZ icvi nZ `wL|) e`ywZK Bw
ev wnUvi GUv Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nq| jvBU evj, wUDejvBU ev Gj. B. wW. Z Zwor kw
AvjvZ icvwiZ nq| k kw Zwi Kivi Rb mvaviYZ Kvbv wKQzK KvucvZ nq mwU GK
aibi hvwK kw ZviciI Avgiv ejZ cvwi wKvi we`yr kw k kw icvwiZ nq|
Avgiv mevB Avgv`i gvevBj Uwjdvbi evUvwiK we`yr w`q PvR Kwi hLvb Avmj Zwor
kw ivmvqwbK kwZ icvwiZ nq|

100KvR, gZv I kw

(ii) ivmvqwbK kw
kw icvii D`vniY wnme iZc~Y kw wbqB ivmvqwbK kw| Avgiv Avgv`i evmvq
ivbv Kivi Rb h Mvm eenvi Kwi mUv ivmvqwbK kwi Zvc kwZ icvii D`vniY| m
KviY Avgv`i evmvq e`ywZK kw mieivn Kivi mv_ mv_ MvmI mieivn Kiv nq|
ivmvqwbK kwK Zvc icvi Kivi KviY Avgiv AvjvI cq _vwK gvgevwZi Avjv Zvi
GKUv D`vniY| Mvm cUj wWRj ev G aibi Rvjvwb eenvi Ki Avgiv bvbviKg Bwb
hvwK kwZ icvwiZ nZ `wL hw`I fvjv Ki `Lj Avgiv `Le ivmvqwbK kw c_g
Zvc kw Ges mB Zvc kw hvwK kwZ icvwiZ nQ| Ze AvaywbK chwy i hyM
ivmvqwbK kwi icvii mePq eo D`vniYwU nQ evUvwi hLvb GB kw e`ywZK kwZ
icvwiZ nq| gvevBj Uwjdvb _K i Ki Mvwo wKsev Nwo _K gnvKvkhvb Ggb Kvbv
RvqMv LuyR cvIqv hve bv hLvb evUvwi eenvi Ki ivmvqwbK kwK we`yr kwZ icvwiZ
Kiv nqwb| ivmvqwbK kwi mePq PgKc` D`vniY Aek Avgv`i ev Rxe cvYxi kixi
hLvb Lv` _K ivmvqwbK kw hvwK wKsev we`yr kwZ icvwiZ nq|
(iii) Zvc kw
cwigvYi w`K _K weePbv Kij wbtm`n cw_exZ mePq ewk kwi icvi nq Zvc kw
_K| hveZxq hi hveZxq Bwb Zvc kwK hvwK kwZ icvi Kiv nq| _vgvKvcj
(Thermocouple) (`ywU wfb avZe c`v_i mshvM j Zvc c`vb Kiv) mivmwi Zvc _K
we`yr Drcv`bi D`vniY _vKjI cKZ c cvq meB Zvc kw _K hvwK kw Ges
hvwK kw w`q we`yr kw Zwi Kiv nq| (cwiek iv Kivi Rb Avgiv AvRKvj kwi
AcPq KiZ PvB bv| ZvB Zvc w`q Avjv Zwi nq m iKg jvBU evj eenvi bv Ki AvRKvj
ewk we`yrmvkqx evj eenvi Kiv nq|) Avgiv gvgevwZ ev evji wdjvgU ZvcK AvjvK
kwZ icvwiZ nZ `wL|
(iv) hvwK kw
RbviUi hLb we`yr Zwi nq ZLb Avmj hvwK kw eenvi Ki Zvii KzzjxK P^K
Nywiq we`yr kwZ icvi Kiv nq| NlYi KviY me mgqB Zvc kw Zwi nQ,
mLvb Avmj hvwK kw Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nQ|
(v) AvjvK kw
Avjv nQ we`yr P^Kxq Zi Ges GB Zii GKUv wbw` gvvi Zi `N Avgiv PvL
`LZ cvB mUvK Avgiv Avjv ewj| Gi PvBZ ewk Ges Kg Zi `NI cKw ZZ iqQ
Ges Avgiv bvbv fve ZwiI KiwQ| hgb gvBvIqf Ifb Avgiv GB we`yr P^Kxq
ZiK Zvc kwZ icvi Kwi| AvRKvj mvjvi mj eenvi Ki mivmwi Avjv _K we`yr
Zwi Kiv nq| GLb hw`I dUvMvwdK KvMR axi axi DV hvQ wK Avgiv mevB Rvwb AvjvK
mse`x dUvMvwdi wdj Avjvi DcwwZ ivmvqwbK kwi Rb `q|

KvR, gZv I kw101

(vi) fi
Zvgiv wbqB wewfb aibi kwi icvii gvS nVvr Ki fi kwU `L PgK DVQ|
Avgiv hLb kwK evSvB ZLb KLbv mivmwi fiK kw wnme Kbv Kwi bv wK
AvBbvBb Zvi AvcwK m~ w`q `wLqQb Ges GB m~wU w`q fiK kwZ
icvii mvebvi K_v RvwbqQb| wbDwKqvi evgvZ fi _K kw icvi Kiv nqwQj,
mLvb cP Zvc Avjv Ges k kw wnivwkgv I bvMvwmwK kni asm Ki w`qwQj! kwi
icvii GB cwZwU ay evgvZ bq wbDwKqvi we`yrK`I eenvi Kiv nq| mivmwi Zvc
kw Zwi njI mB ZvcK eenvi Ki ev Ges evK eenvi Ki UvievBb Nywiq mB
UvievBb w`q RbviUi we`yr Zwi Kiv nq|
kwi GB aibi icvi Avgv`i Pvicvk NUZ _vKjI Avgv`i GKwU Lye iZc~Y
welq Rvbv `iKvi| kw _vKjB wK me mgq mB kw eenvi Kiv hvq bv| cw_exi mgy`
wekvj cwigvY Zvc kw iqQ mB kw Avgiv eenvi KiZ cvwi bv| (N~wYSo gvS gvS mB
kw bMi jvKvjq asm Ki `q!) Avevi hLbB kwK GKwU ic _K Ab ic cwieZb
Kiv nq ZLb LvwbKUv njI kwi AcPq nq| g~jZ GB AcPqUv nq Zvc kwZ Ges mUv
Avgiv eenvi Kivi Rb wdi cvB bv| kwi GB AcPqwU Avmj chwy i mxgveZv bq GwU
c`v_wevbi eua `qv wbqg!
wevb kLvi c_wgK chvq AbKB GUv Rvb bv Ges Zviv GK kwK Ab kwZ
icvi Ki AbKvj Pjvi DchvMx GKUv gwkb Zwi Kivi Pv Ki (GKwU gvUi
RbviUiK Nywiq we`yr Zix KiQ mB we`yr w`qB Avevi gvUiwUK Nvivbv nQ GwU
AbKvj Pjvi GKwU gwkbi D`vniY hwU KLbvB KvR Kie bv!)

4.6 gZv (Power)

Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb gZv kUv AbK eenvi nq Ges me mgqB h kUv fvjv wKQz
evSvbvi Rb eenvi nq Zv bq! wK c`v_wevb gZv kUvi mywbw` A_ AvQ, gZv nQ
KvR Kivi nvi| A_vr mgq KvR Kiv nq _vKj gZv nQ :


Avgiv AvMB `LwQ KvR Kivi A_ nQ kwi icvi| kwi hnZz asm bB ZvB KvR
Kivi gvS w`q kwi icvi Kiv nq gv ZvB BQ Kij Avgiv ejZ cvwi gZv nQ
kwi icvii nvi! KvR ev kw hnZz jvi ZvB gZvI jvi|

102KvR, gZv I kw

c`v_wevb wkLZ w`q Avgiv bvbv aibi ivwk mK RbwQ Zv`i GKKi bvg
RbwQ Ges Pv KiwQ cvq cZK mB ivwkwUi gvv mK RvbZ| gZv ivwkwU
Avgiv c_g RvbjI Gi GKKwU Avgv`i Lye cwiwPZ| hw` cwZ mK Ryj KvR Kiv nq
Zvnj Avgiv ewj  (IqvU) KvR Kiv nqQ ev kwi icvi nqQ| Avgiv hw`
IqUi GKwU evwZ RvjvB Zvi A_ GB evwZZ cwZ mK  kw eq nQ| hLb
Avgiv Leii KvMR cwo `k gMvIqvUi wbDwKqvi we`yrK` Zwi nQ Zvi A_
GLvb cwZ mK  we`yr kw Drcv`b Kiv ne|
D`vniY 4.18: Zvgvi fi  Zvgvi bv`ym by`ym ezi fi . aiv hvK Zvgvi
zji wmuwo w`q  Dcii Qv` DVZ Zvgvi mgq jMQ , Zvgvi ez Zvgvi
_K  ci Qv` DVQ| Zzwg AvM DVQ mwZ wK Kvi gZv ewk?
Di: Zvgvi fi , KvRB IRb  
Zvgvi ezi fi  KvRB Zvi IRb  

Zvgiv `yRbB  Dci DVQ| KvRB

Zvgvi KvRi cwigvY  

Zvgvi ezi KvRi cwigvY  
Zvgvi gZv



Zvgvi ezi gZv






KvRB ezK nvwiq w`qQ ej Zvgvi Avbw`Z nevi wKQz bB, Zvgvi ezi gZv Zvgvi
_K ewk!

D`vniY 4.19: gZv ejZ Avgiv Kx evSvB mUv fvjv Ki Abyfe Kivi Rb Avgiv GKUv
D`vniY wbB| aiv hvK Zzwg 1000 kg fii GKUv eo cv_iK Dci Zvjvi Rb GKUv b
fvov Ki GbQ| GB bwU h Kvbv eK mK Ub wbZ cvi| aiv hvK
bwUi gZv . Zywg wK cv_iwUK Dci ZzjZ cvie?

KvR, gZv I kw103

Qwe 4.11: GKwU b w`q Lvovfve Ges Kvb GKUv eK Dci Zvjvi
Pv Kiv nQ|
Di:
wK

gZv

hLvb cqvM Kiv ej Ges AwZv `~iZ KvRB

hLvb bi Ub bqvi eM,

GB  fii GKwU eK  eM Dci ZzjZ gZvi cqvRb :

wK bwUi gZv 5u 10 3W hwU cqvRbxq gZv _K Kg, KvRB bwU cv_iwUK

ZzjZ cvie bv| wK cv_iwUK hw` T Kvbi GKUv Xvjy eq Zvjv nq Zvnj ch
y ej
Gi gvb ne :
T
KvRB cqvRbxq gZv :

hw`

T T
  nq

 T

104KvR, gZv I kw


T

T q

A_vr T q KvYi GKUv Xvjy eq cv_iUvK GKB b w`q Ub Zvjv me|

4.7 Kg`Zv (Efficiency)

Avgiv GKUz AvM ejwQjvg h kwK Zvi GKwU ic _K Ab ic icvwiZ Kivi ejvq
me mgqB LvwbKUv kwi AcPq nq| KvRB me mgqB Avgiv h cwigvY KvR KiZ PvB Zvi
mgcwigvY kw w`j nq bv, GKUy ewk kw w`Z nq| Avgiv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb bvbv
aibi h eenvi Kwi, bvbv aibi Bwb eenvi Kwi Zvi me mgqB `Lv hvq mjvZ NlY
ev Abvb KviY kwi AcPq nq| m Rb cvq mgqB GKwU h ev Bwb KZUzKz `Zvi mv_
kw eenvi KiQ Avgv`iK Zvi cwigvc KiZ nq| m Rb Avgiv Kg`Zv ej GKwU b~Zb
ivwk eenvi Ki _vwK| Kg`ZvK kZKiv wnmve Gfve jLv hvq :
Kg`Zv =

c` kw-kwi AcPq
c` kw

D`vniY 4.20: Gi GKwU gvUi eenvi Ki G GKwU fii eK

Dci Zvjv njv kwi AcPq KZ? Kg`Zv KZ?

Di: KvRi cwigvY :

c` kw : 
kwi AcPq :   
Kg`Zv :

Zvgiv b AevK ne GKUv we`yrK` we`yr Drcv`b Kivi mgq cwZwU avcB kwi AcPq
nq Ges mejv AcPq wnme bqvi ci we`yrK`i Kg`Zv G bg AvmZ cvi!
D`vniY 4.21: cZKwU avc AcPq nj Pvi avc KZ Kg`Zv?
Di:

KvR, gZv I kw105

4.8 kwi wewfb Drm (SourcesofEnergy)

cw_exi mfZvi BwZnvmK mnRfve ejv hvq kw eenvii BwZnvm| gvUvgywUfve ejv hvq,
Kvb `k KZUv DbZ mUv evSvi GKUv mnR Dcvq nQ gv_vcwZ Zviv KZUzKz we`yr kw
eenvi Ki Zvi GKUv wnmve bqv| cw_exi wewfb aibi kwi ic 4.12 QweZ `Lvbv
nqQ|
4.8.1 AbevqbhvM kw (NonRenewableEnergy)
cw_exi mfZvi BwZnvmUv hnZz kw eenvii BwZnvm ZvB Avgiv `LZ cvB mviv cw_exZB
me `k me RvwZi fZiB kwi Rb GK aibi zav KvR KiQ| h hfve cviQ mfve
kwi Abymvb KiQ, kwK eenvi
KiQ| GB gyn Z cw_exi kwi mePq
eo Drm nQ Zj, Mvm ev Kqjv| Zj
Mvm ev Kqjv wZbwUB nQ dwmj Rvjvwb,
A_vr j KvwU eQi AvM MvQcvjv gvwUi
wbP Pvcv co `xNw`bi Zvc Avi Pvc
GB ic wbqQ| Zj, Mvm Avi Kqjv
wZbwUZB Kvebi cwigvY ewk Avi
Gjv cywoq hLb Zvc kw Zwi nq
ZLb Kveb WvB-AvBW Zwi nq hwU
cwieki Rb wecbK| gvwUi wbP

_K Kqjv, Zj Avi MvmK ZzjZ nq|
gvwUi wbP _K h Zj Zvjv nq
Qwe 4.12: kwi wewfb Drm
(crude oil) cv_wgK Aevq mjv
AbK Nb _vK, widvBbvwiZ mjv cwikvab Ki cUj, wWRj ev Kivwmb icvi Kiv
nq Ges mv_ mv_ Aviv eenvihvM c`v_ ei nq Avm| gvwUi wbP _K h Mvm ei nq
mwU g~jZt wg_b
, Gi mv_ Rjxq ev Ges Abvb Mvm gkvbv _vKZ cvi Ges
mjv Avjv`v Ki wbZ nq| Avgv`i evsjv`ki Mvm Zzjbvg~jKfve AbK cwivi Ges
mivmwi eenvi Kivi DchvMx|
AbK `k wbDwKqvi kwK eenvi KiQ mLvbI GK aibi Rvjvwbi `iKvi nq, mB
Rvjvwb nQ BDiwbqvg| Zj, Mvm, Kqjv ev BDiwbqvg, GB kwjvi gvS GKUv wgj
iqQ, Gjv eenvi Kij LiP nq hvq| gvwUi wbP KZUzKz Zj, Mvm, Kqjv AvQ wKsev
cw_exZ Kx cwigvY BDiwbqvg AvQ gvbyl Gi gvS mUv Abygvb Ki ei Ki djQ| `Lv
MQ cw_exi gvbyl h nvi kw eenvi KiQ hw` mB nvi kw eenvi KiZ _vK Zvnj
cw_exi kwi Drm Zj, Mvm, Kqjv ev BDiwbqvg w`q UbUzb eo Rvi `yBkZ ermi Pje|
Zvici Avgv`i cwiwPZ Drm hve dzwiq| ZLb Kx ne cw_exi gvbyl mUv wbq Lye ewk

106KvR, gZv I kw

`yfvebvq bB, Zvi KviY gvbyl gvUvgywU wbwZfveB Rvb wevb Avi chwy eenvi Ki Gi
gvS Ab wKQy ei Ki djv ne hgb wbDwKqvi wdDmvb, hUv eenvi Ki m~h wKsev
biv Zv`i kw Zwi Ki| wdDmvbi Rb Rvjvwb Avm nvBWvRbi GKUv AvBmvUc
_K, Avi cvwbi cZKUv AYyZ `yUv Ki nvBWvRb, KvRB mUv dzwiq hvevi Kvbv Avkv
bB|
4.8.2 bevqbhvM kw (RenewableEnergy)
ay h fwelZ b~Zb aibi kwi Ici gvbyl fimv Ki AvQ Zv bq, GB gynZI Zviv
Ggb kwi Ici fimv Ki AvQ hjv KLbv dzwiq hve bv| mB kw Avm m~hi Avjv
_K, mgy`i Rvqvi-fvUv wKsev XD _K, Dby cvii evZvm _K, cw_exi Mfxii D
gvMgv _K wKsev b`xi engvb cvwb _K| Avgv`i eySZ Kvbv Amyweav nq bv h GB
kwjv ejZ Mj Adzi| GjvK ejv nq bevqbhvM (RenewableEnergy) kw
A_vr h kwK bevqb Kiv hvq, h KviY GUvi dzwiq hvevi Kvbv Avkv bB|
GB gynZ cw_exi me gvbyl h cwigvY kw eenvi Ki Zvi cuvP fvMi GK fvM nQ GB
bevqbhvM kw| hZ w`b hvQ gvbyl ZZB cwiek mPZb nQ ZvB G iKg kwi eenvi
Aviv eo hvQ| evZvm eenvi Ki h kw Zwi Kiv nq cwZeQi Zvi eenvi evoQ cvq
wZwik kZvsk, GB msLvwU wK Kvbv QvU msLv bq|
cw_exi cyiv kwi cuvP fvMi GK fvM nQ bevqbhvM kw| mB GK fvMi ewki fvM
nQ Rjwe`yr, b`xZ euva w`q we`yr Zwi Kiv| b`xi cvwb hnZz dzwiq hvq bv ZvB G iKg
we`yrK`i kwi DrmI dzwiq hvq bv GUv nQ cPwjZ aviYv| wK b`xZ euva `qv nj
cwieki AbK eo wZ nq m KviY cw_exi gvbyl AbK mZK nq MQ| hv`i GKUz
`yi`w AvQ Zviv G iKg Rjwe`yrK` Avi Zwi Ki bv| Rjwe`yZi ci mePq eo
bevqbhvM kw Avm evqvgvm (Biomass) _K, evqvgvm ejZ evSvbv nq jvKwo,
LoKzUv GmeK| cw_exi GKUv eo Aski gvbyli KvQ Zj, Mvm, we`yr bB, Zv`i `bw`b
Rxeb KvU jvKwo, LoKzUv Rvwjq| GB `wi` gvbyljvi eenvix kw cw_exi cyiv kwi
GKUv eo Ask| hw`I Kbv MvQ LoKzUv cywoq djj mUv kl nq hvq ZviciI
evqvgvmK bevqbhvM kwi Drm ejvi KviY b~Zb Ki Avevi MvQcvjv Rbvbv hvq| Zj,
Mvm ev Kqjvi gZv cw_ex _K GUv wPiw`bi Rb A`k nq hvq bv|
bevqbhvM kwi GB `ywU ic, Rjwe`yr Avi evqvgvmi ci iZc~Y kwi Drmjv nQ
mikw, evqykw, evqv dzqj Avi wRI_vgvj|
b AbKB AevK nq hve, gv GK eMwKjvwgUvi GjvKvq m~h _K Avjv Zvc wnme
cvq nvRvi gMvIqvU kw cvIqv hvq hUv GKUv wbDwKqvi kw K`i KvQvKvwQ| m~h _K
Avmv Avjv Avi Zvci GKUv Ask evqygj kvwlZ nq hvq, ivZi ejv mUv _vK bv, gN
ewi KviY mUv AwbqwZ| Zv QvovI kwUv Avm Zvc wKsev Avjv wnme we`yZ icvi
Kivi GKUv avc AwZg KiZ nq ZviciI ejv hvq GUv Avgv`i Lye wbfikxj GKUv kwi
Drm| m~hi ZvcK eenvi Ki mUv w`q we`yr Zwi Kiv hvq| Zvi PvBZ ewk Rbwcq cwZ

KvR, gZv I kw107

nQ mUvK mivmwi we`yZ icvi Kiv| AvRKvj cw_exi GKUv cwiwPZ `k nQ mvjvi
cvbj, evmvi Qv` jvwMq gvbyl Zvi wbRi cqvRbxq we`yr wbRi evmvq Zwi Ki bq|
mikwi ciB hwU Lye `Z
y iZc~Y vb `Lj Ki djQ mUv nQ evqykw| Avgv`i
`k Avgiv GLbv evqy we`yZi wekvj UvievBb `L Af bB wK BDivci AbK `kB
mUv Lye cwiwPZ GKUv `k| hLvb evqy we`yZi wekvj UvievBb emvbv nq mLvb _K ay
GKUv Lv^v Dci DV hvq, ZvB gvUI RvqMv b nq bv m Rb cwiekev`xiv GUv Lye cQ`
Kib GKUv evqy UvievBb _K KqK gMvIqvU ch we`yr cvIqv me! cw_exi gvbyl ew`b
_K cvb Kivi Rb AvjKvnj Zwi Ki AvmQmUv GK aibi Rvjvwb| fzv, AvL G
aibi Lvevi _K Rvjvwbi Rb AvjKvnj Zwi Kiv gvUvgywU GKUv MnYhvM cwZ| ivbv
Kivi Rb Avgiv h Zj eenvi Kwi mUv wWRji cwieZ eenvi Kiv hvq| cw_exZ AbK
aibi MvQcvjv AvQ hLvb _K mivmwi Rvjvwb Zj cvIqv hvq| cw_exi AbK `kB GUv
wbq MelYv nQ, AbK `kB (hgb evwRj) G aibi evqvdzqj ek eo AvKvi eenvi
KiZ i KiQ| bevqbhvM kwi iZc~Y AviKwU nQ wRI_vgvj (geothermal)|
Avgv`i cw_exi fZii Ask D, AMqwMwi w`q hLb mUv ei nq Avm ZLb Avgiv mUv
Ui cvB| ZvB KD hw` KqK wKjvwgUvi MZ Ki hZ cvi ZvnjB Zvckwi GKUv wekvj
Drm cq hvq| cwqvUv GLbv mnR bq ZvB evcKfve eenvi i nqwb| Kvbv Kvbv
RvqMvq Zvi f-cKw Zi KviY mLvb G aibi kw mnRB cvIqv hvq mLvb mjv eenvi
i nqQ|
mviv cw_exZB GLb gvbyliv cwiek wbq mPZb nq DVQ| DbwZi Rb `iKvi kw,
wK kwi Rb hw` cwiekK asm Ki `qv nq AvaywbK cw_exi gvbyl wK mUv gb bq
bv| cw_exi gvbyl GLb h Kvbv kw h Kvbvfve eenvi KiZ cZ bq| cw_exi mebvk
bv Ki, cKwZi mv_ weiva bv Ki Zviv cw_exi gvS jyKvbv kwUzKz eenvi KiZ Pvq|

108KvR, gZv I kw

Abykxjbx
ck :
1. NlYRwbZ ej w`q Kiv KvR me mgqB
wbMwUf nq Kb?
2. GKUv wsK KU `yUzKiv Kij
UzKivjvi ws aeK wK evoe bv
Kge?
3. cw_ex mPj ivLZ wK kwi cqvRb bvwK
gZvi cqvRb?
4. fiK wK kw wnme weePbv Kiv hvq?
5. eM kZvsk evoj MwZ kw KZ kZvsk
evoe?

Qwe 4.13: eM Ges mgqi jLwP|

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. GKUv ei Ici wewfb mgq wewfb ej cqvM Kivi KviY Zvi eMi cwieZb nq Ges mwU
4.13 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ| Ges Gi ga KLb cwRwUf KvR KLb
wbMwUf KvR ev KLb k~b KvR Kiv nqQ?
2. fii GKwU gq G wmuwo eq Dci DVQ| m KZUzKz KvR KiQ?
Zvi gZv KZ?
3.
fii GKUv wi ei Ici GKwU ej
cqvM Kivi ci Zvi MwZ kw nj . Kx
cwigvY ej cqvM Kiv nqwQj?
4. GKwU KwcKji GKcvk Ges Ab cvk
fii `ywU eK wVK Dci wi Aevq
ai ivLv nqQ| Zzwg e `ywUK Qo w`j, ZLb
fiwU wbPi w`K Ges fiwU Dcii
w`K DVZ i Kie| hLb fiwU
wbP Ges fiwU Dci DVQ

ZLb fi `ywUi eM KZ?
5. Ici _K fii GKwU e Qo Qwe 4.14: `ywU wfb fi KwcKj w`q
`qv nqQ, Kvb DPZvq ewUi MwZ kw Zvi Svjvbv|
wefe kwi wY ne?

cg Aavq

c`v_i Aev I Pvc

(PressureandStatesofMatter)
Rgm KvK gvIqj
Rgm KvK gvIqj GKRb wUm c`v_wevbx wQjb| Zuvi
mePq eo Ae`vb nQ we`yr Ges P^K Zi gZv
AvcvZ`wZ wfb welqK GK m~i AvIZvq wbq Avmv Ges we`yr
P^Kxq Zi wnme AvjvK evLv Kiv| AvYweK MwZ ZI
Zuvi eo Ae`vb AvQ| wZwb mec_ g iwOb dUv Zvjvi cwZ
Avwevi KiwQjb|


JamesClerkMaxwell(18311879)

5.1 Pvc (Pressure)

Avgiv Avgv`i `bw`b K_vevZvq Pvc kUv bvbvfve eenvi KijI c`v_wevb Pvc kUvi
GKUv mywbw` A_ iqQ| Avgiv AvMi AavqjvZ bvbv mgq bvbv aibi ej cqvM Kivi
K_v ejwQ, Ze ejwU wVK Kxfve cqvM Kiv ne, mwU ejv nqwb| hgb Zzwg GKUv cv_iK
GK nvZ VjZ cvi, `yB nvZ VjZ cvi wKsev Zvgvi mviv kixi w`q VjZ cvi (Qwe
5.1)| cZKevi Zzwg mgvb cwigvY ej cqvM KijI Pvc wK ne wfb| c_g Zzwg
Zvgvi nvZi Zvjyi dji fZi w`q ej cqvM KiQ, hw` Zvgvi cqvM Kiv ej nq
Ges nvZi Zvjyi dj nq Zvnj Pvc nQ

Pvci gvv

110c`v_i Aev I Pvc

KvRB wZxq `yB nvZ eenvi Kivq ej cqvMKvix dj wY eo hve ej Pvc

AaK nq hve, ZZxq mviv kixi eenvi Ki ej cqvM Kivq ej cqvMKvix dj
Aviv eo hve ZvB Pvc Aviv Kg hve|
ej GKwU fi, ZvB Zvgv`i aviYv
nZ cvi Pvc eywS fi! wK gRvi evcvi
nQ Pvc wK GKUv jvi ivwk Ges Avgiv
hw` mwVK fve wjLZ PvB Zvnj GwU jLv DwPZ
Gfve

A_vr djKB fi wnme aiv nq! fii

cwigvY Avi w`K _vKZ nq, dji cwigvY
UzKz nQ fii cwigvY, dji Dci j^
nQ fii w`K!
Pvc jvi nIqvi KviY Gi Kvbv w`K
bB| GwU LyeB cqvRbxq, KviY Pvc aviYvwU
KwVb c`v_ _K AbK ewk cqvRbxq Zij
wKsev evqexq c`v_| Zij ev evqexq c`v_ hLb
Pvc cqvM Ki ZLb Avmj mwU w`Ki Dci
wbfi Ki bv GB welqwU Avgiv GKUz ciB
`Le|

D`vniY 5.1 : aiv hvK Zvgvi fi

, Zvgvi kixii GK cvki
dj  Ges `yB cvqi
Zjvi dj  | Zywg wPZ
nq q _vKj gSZ KZ Pvc
cqvM Kie Ges `uvwoq _vKj
gSZ KZ Pvc cqvM Kie?

Qwe 5.1: KZUzKz RvqMvq ej cqvM Kiv nQ Zvi

Dci Pvc wbfi Ki|

Di : fi  KvRB IRb   
hLb q _vK ZLb Pvc

c`v_i Aev I Pvc111

hLb `uvwoq _vK ZLb Pvc

`LZB cvQ q coj AbK Kg Pvc `qv nq| GRb gvbyl hLb PvivevwjZ co ZLb
wbRK euvPvbvi Rb me mgq q coZ nq hb m AbK Kg Pvc `q Ges PvivevwjZ
mnR Wze bv hvq|
Pvci GKKi AviKwU bvg cvj ()|  ej  dji Dci cqvM
Kij  (cvj) Pvc cqvM Kiv nq|
5.2 NbZ (Density)

Uwej 5.1: wewfb c`v_i NbZ

Zij Ges evqexq c`v_i Pvc evSvi AvM Avgv`i NbZ

mK aviYvwU AbK _vKv `iKvi| NbZ nQ GKK
AvqZb fii cwigvY A_vr Kvbv ei fi hw` Ges
AvqZb nq Zvnj Zvi NbZ

c`v_
evZvm
KK
KvV
gvbe `n
cvwb
KvP
jvnv
cvi`
mvbv

NbZ (gm/cc)
0.00127
0.25
0.40.5
0.995
1.00
2.60
7.80
13.6
19.30

Uwej 5.1 G Zvgv`i cwiwPZ KqKwU c`v_i NbZ `qv

njv| GLvb GKUv welq gb ivLv fvjv, Zvcgvv evoj wKsev Kgvj c`v_i AvqZb evoe
wKsev KgZ cvi| hnZz fii Kvbv cwieZb nq bv ZvB c`v_i NbZ Zvcgvvi mv_
cwieZb nZ cvi| mRb c`v_i NbZi K_v ejZ nj mvaviYZ mwU Kvb Zvcgvvq gvcv
nqQ mwUI ej w`Z nq|
D`vniY 5.2:  cvwbZ  jeY j bqvi ci Zvi AvqZb njv 
GB cvwbi NbZ KZ?
Di: nQ KvRB

112c`v_i Aev I Pvc

KvRB jeb Mvjv cvwbi NbZ




D`vniY 5.3: RWvbi WW mx (Deadsea) Gi NbZ GB mgy`i 

cvwbi AvqZb KZ?
Di:  nQ  ev KvRB RWvbi WW mx Gi cvwbi NbZ




KvRB cvwbi AvqvZb:

wKsev




D`vniY 5.4: wbDwKqvmi NbZ KZ? Pv PvgyP wbDwKqvmi fi KZ?

Di: wbDwKqvm Zwi nq wbDUb Avi cvUb w`q| Zv`i GKUvi fi ,

Zv`i evmva AvbygvwbK  KvRB hw` wbDUb wKsev cvUbi
NbZ ei KiZ cvij mUvKB wbDwKqvmi NbZ wnme aiZ cvwi!
wbDwKqvmi NbZ

GB msLvwU h KZ wekvj mUv Zvgv`i AYygvb Kiv `iKvi! GK Pv PvgP gvUvgywU

wRwbm AvU, KvRB GK Pv-PvgP wbDwKqvmi fi :
 

GUv gvUvgwy Ufve cw _exi me gvbyli mwwjZ fi!

Avgvi AbfveI GUv `LZ cvwi| GKUv cigvYyZ wbDwKqvm wbDUb-cvUb _vK, evBi
_vK BjKUb| BjKUbi fi wbDUb cvUbi fi _K cvq Y Kg, KvRB h

c`v_i Aev I Pvc113

Kvbv wRwbli fiUv Avmj wbDwKqvmi fiBjKUbjvK bv aij Lye GKUv wZew
nq bv| wK Avgiv Pvicvk hme `wL Zvi AvKvi wK wbDwKqvmi AvqZb bq Zvi
AvqZb GmQ cigvYyi AvqZb _K| Lye QvU GKUv wbDwKqvmK wNi Zzjbvg~jK fve
AbK eo GKUv Kc_ BjKUb NyiZ _vK| wbDwKqvmi evmva _K cigvYyi emva cvq
GK j Y eo|
KvRB hw` Kvbvfve Pvc w`q Zvgvi kixii h KqwU cigvY AvQ mjv fO Zvgvi
mg wbDwKqvmjv GK Ki djv hvq Zvnj Zvgvi AvqZb KZUzKz ne AYygvb KiZ
PvI? hnZz ZLb Zvgvi NbZ ne wbDwKqvmi NbZ ZvB Zvgvi AvqZb ne :




hw` ai bB ZvgvK GKUv QvU MvjK Zwi Kiv nqQ Zvnj Zvgvi emva ne:
S


A_vr ZvgvK Lvwj PvL `Lv hve bvgvBvvc `LZ ne!

5.3 evZvmi Pvc (AirPressure)

evZvmi GKUv Pvc AvQ| Avgiv GB Pvc Avjv`vfve Abyfe Kwi
bv KviY Avgi`i kixii fZi _KI evBi GKwU Pvc `qv
nQ ZvB `yUv Pvc GKUv AviKwUK KvUvKvwU Ki `q|
gnvKvk evZvm bB ZvB evZvmi PvcI bB, ZvB mLvb kixii
fZii PvcK KvUvKvwU Kivi Rb wKQz bB Ges G iKg
cwiek gyn~ Zi gvS gvbyli kixi Zvi fZiKvi Pvc wevwiZ
nq hZ cvi| m Rb gnvKvk gnvKvkPvixiv me mgqB Pvc
wbivaK m myU ci _vKb| cw_ex c evZvmi GB Pvc
hvi A_ Zzwg hw` cw_ex c dji
LvwbKUv RvqMv Kbv Ki bvI Zvnj Zvi Dci evZvmi h wU
ihQ Zvi IRb . GUv gvUvgywUfve GKUv nvwZi IRb!
GLvb GKUv welq GLbB Zvgv`i Lye fvjv Ki eySZ
ne, GwU mwZ, IRb nQ ej Ges GB ejwU wbPi w`K KvR

Qwe 5.2: evZvmi PvcwU

Avm evZvmi i IRb
_K|

114c`v_i Aev I Pvc

Ki| ej nQ fi ZvB Gi gvb Ges w`K `yUviB cqvRb AvQ| Pvc fi bq Zvi Kvbv
w`K bB ZvB h Kvbv RvqMvq Pvwiw`K mgvb| Zzwg hLvb GLb `vwoq wKsev em AvQ
Zvgvi Ici evZvm h Pvc cqvM KiQ, mUv Zvgvi Dci Wvb evg mvgb wcQb ev wbP
Pvwiw`KB mgvb| evZvm wKsev Zij c`v_i Rb GUv me mgqB
mwZ|

Qwe 5.3: (a) Z `Lvbv wKDewUi fZi _K cv Ki evZvm mwiq wbj hw` ay Dci _K Pvc w`Zv
Zvnj (b) Qwei gZ Pvv nq hZv| wK hnZz Pvwiw`K _K Pvc Avm ZvB (c) Qwei gZ msKzwPZ nq

cvZjv wUb ev Avjywgwbqvgi Zwi Kvbv wbwQ` wUb ev KUv hw` Kvbvfve evqyk~b
Kiv hvq Zvnj mUv `ygogyPo hve, Zvi KviY ^vfvweK Avevq evBii evZvmi PvcK
KUvi fZii evZvmi cvv Pvc w`q GKUv mgZv eRvq iLwQj| fZii evZvm cv Ki
mwiq bevi ci fZi evBii evZvmi Pvc cwZnZ Kivi gZv wKQz bB ZvB evBii evZvmi
Pvc wUb ev KUvUvK `ygogyPo w`e (Qwe 5.3)| Zvgiv h wRwbmUv j Kie mwU nQ
KUvUv ay Dci w`K _K `ygo gyPo hve bv Pvwiw`K _K `ygogyPo hve| Pvc hw` ay
Dci _K AvmZ Zvnj wUbUv ay Dci _K `ygo gyPo hZ Pvc hnZz Pvwiw`KB mgvb
ZvB wUbUv Pvwiw`K _KB AvmQ Ges Pvwiw`K _K `ygo gyPo hvQ| cw_ex c evZvmi
PvcwU AvmQ Gi Dcii wUi IRb _K| ZvB Avgiv hw` Dci DwV Zvnj Avgv`i Dcii
i DPZvUzKz Kg hve, IRbUvI Kg hve Ges mRb mLvb evZvmi PvcI Kg hve|
welqwU mwZ Ges 5.3QweZ Zvgv`i `Lvbv nqQ DPZvi mv_ mv_ evZvmi Pvc Kgb
Ki Kg hvq| h welqUv Zvgv`i Avjv`v Ki j Kivi K_v mwU nQ cuvP wKjvwgUvi
DPZvq cuQvbvi ci evZvmi Pvc AaK Kg wMqQ mvaviYfve gb nZ cvi Zvnj
cii cuvP wKjvwgUvi evwK AaK Kg mLvb evZvmi Pvc k~b nq hvQ bv Kb? Gi GKUv
mywbw` KviY AvQ| evZvm ev MvmK Pvc w`q msKzwPZ Kiv hvq ZvB cw_exi c, hLvb
evZvmi Pvc mePq ewk mLvb evZvm mePq ewk msKzwPZ nq AvQ A_vr evZvmi NbZ

c`v_i Aev I Pvc115

mLvb mePq ewk| Avgiv hZB Dci DVZ _vKe evZvmi Pvc h iKg KgZ _vKe Zvi
NbZI m iKg KgZ _vKe|
DPZvi mv_ mv_ evZvmi NbZ Kg hvIqvi AbKjv eve w`K AvQ| AvKvk
hLb cb Do ZLb evZvmi NlY cbi Rb AbK eo mgmv| hZ Dci IVv hve evZvmi
NbZ ZZ Kg hve Ges NlYI Kg
hve ZvB mwZ mwZ eo eo hvxevnx
cbjv AvKvk AbK Ici w`q
Dovi Pv Ki| mvaviYfve gb nZ
cvi Zvnj cbjv Aviv Dci w`q
GKevi gnvKvk w`q Do hvq bv
Kb, Zvnj Zv NlY Aviv Kg hve|
Zvi KviY cbK Iovbvi Rb Zvi

kwkvjx Bwb `iKvi Avi mB Bwb
Qwe 5.4: DPZvi mv_ evZvmi Pvc Kg hvq
Rvjvwb Rvjvbvi Rb AwRb `iKvi|
Dci hLvb evZvmi NbZ Kg mLvb AwRbI Kg ZvB ewk DPZvq AwRbi Afve nq
hvq ej cbi Bwb KvR Kie bv!
hviv ceZk IV Zv`i RbI mB GKB mgmv| hZ Dci DVZ _vK mLvb
evZvmi Pvc Kg hvIqvi mgmv _K AbK eo mgmv evZvmi NbZ Kg hvIqvi KviY
AwRbi cwigvY Kg hvIqv| hviv ceZvivnY Ki mRb Zv`i AZ Kg AwRb ay
euP _vKv bq ceZvivnYi gZv AZ Kmva KvR Kiv wkLZ nq, mRb Zv`i kixiKI
cZ KiZ nq|
D`vniY 5.5: Gfvii P~ovq ( )evZvm KZUzKz AwRb AvQ?
Di: 

Qwei Mvd _K `LwQ GB DPZvq evZmi Pvc cw_ex c evZvmi Pvci gv

KvRB mLvb AwRbi cwigvYI cw_ex ci AwRbi cvq ev GK-ZZxqvsk|

5.3.1 Uwimwji cixv

y
Zvgiv wbqB w`q KLbv bv KLbv Kv wWsKm LqQ| KLbv wK wPv KiQ Z PzgK
w`j Kb Kv wWsKm Zvgvi gyL Pj Avm? Avmj evcviwU NU evZvmi Pvci Rb|
evcviwU evSv Lye mnR nZv hw` Zzwg KLbv dzU j^v GKUv w`q Kv wWsKm LvIqvi

116c`v_i Aev I Pvc

Pv KiZ| (evcviwU gvUI evemZ bq wK hywi LvwZi gb bvI!) Zvnj Zzwg

Avwevi KiZ wWsKUv dzU ch DV nVvr Ki _g MQ Avi hZB PzgyK `Iqvi Pv
Ki wWsKUv Dci DVQ bv| (Avgiv ai wbwQ Kv wWsKi NbZ cvwbi NbZi KvQvKvwQ!)
cvi` gyL bqvi gZv Zij bq wK hywi LvwZi Kbv Kiv Zzwg w`q cvi` PzgK
y
w`q gyL Avbvi Pv KiQ hw` wU  _K ewk j^v nq Zvnj Zzwg Avwevi Kie
cvi` wVK  DPZvq Gm _g MQ Zwz g hZB PzgK
y `Iqvi Pv Ki cvi` Avi Dci
DVe bv! cvwbi NbZ _K cvi`i NbZ Y ewk, ZvB cvwb hUzKz DPZvq DVQ cvi`
DVQ Zvi _K Y Kg|
GgwbZ GKwU gyL wbq Kv wWsKmi evZj
ai ivLj Kv wWsKmUv Dci DVe bv KviY Zvgvi
gyLi fZi evZvmi h Pvc Wzweq ivLv ZijI mB
GKB evZvmi Pvc `yUv PvcB mgvb, KvRB Gi fZi
Kvbv KvhKi ej bB| GLb hw` Zzwg PzgyK `vI hvi A_
Zzwg gyLi fZi k~bZv Zwi Kivi Pv Ki ZLb mLvb
evZvmi Pvc Kg hvq| ZLb Ziji Dci evZvmi Pvci
Rb ZijUv eq Dci DV|
cvi` eenvi Ki evZvmi Pvci GB cixvwU
wevbx Uwimwj KiwQjb 1643 mvj| wZwb Aewk gyL
w`q cvi`K GKwU bj eq Ub Zvjvi Pv Kibwb, wZb
GK gyL e GKUv bji fZi cvi` fi, bjwU cvi` fiv
GKUv cv Dv Ki iLwQjb| cvi`i DPZv bvgZ Qwe 5.5: evZvmi Pvci KviY cvi`
bvgZ wVK  Gm _g Mj| Zzwg PzgyK w`q Lvevi wVK 76cm DPZvq wi nq hvq|
mgq gyyLi fZi h k~bZv Zwi Kivi Pv Ki KvPi
bji Dci wVK mB k~bZv Zwi nq wMqwQj| evZvm cvi`i Dci Pvc w`Q Ges mB Pvc
Ziji me RvqMvq mvwjZ nq bji wbPI GmQ| bji Dci Kvbv dzUv bB ZvB
mw`K w`q evZvm Pvc w`Z cviQ bv| KvRB mgZv Avbvi Rb bji wbP GK gv Pvc nQ
 fi cvi`i IRbi Rb Zwi nIqv Pvc!
evZvmi Pvc gvcvi hi bvg evivwgUvi (Qwe 5.5) Ges Uwimwji GB cwZ w`q
Zwi evivwgUvi GLbv evZvmi Pvc gvcv nq| evZvmi Pvc eoj cvi`i DPZv 
_K ewk nq Pvc Kgj DPZv  _K Kg hvq|

c`v_i Aev I Pvc117

5.3.2 evZvmi Pvc Ges AvenvIqv
evZvmi Pvci mv_ AvenvIqvi Lye Nwb GKUv mK AvQ| Zvgiv wbqB AvenvIqvi Lei
AbKevi mgy` wbPvc mw nIqvi K_v bQ, hvi A_ mLvb evZvmi Pvc Kg MQ| ZLb
Pvc mgvb Kivi Rb Avkcvki DP Pvc GjvKv _K evZvm mB wbPvci w`K AvmZ _vK
Ges gvS gvS GKUv N~wYi mw nq, mB N~wYwU wekl Aevq N~wYSoi mw Ki| Avgv`i
`k N~wYSoi fqvenZvi Lei Zvgiv wbqB
Rvb|
Zvgiv hLb cii Aavq Zvc Ges
Zvcgvv mK coe ZLb Zvgiv RvbZ
cvie h eZvmi Zvcgvv eo Mj mwU
cmvwiZ nq ej Zvi NbZ Kg hvq Ges Pvc
Kg hvq| evZvmi Pvc Aviv KvhKifve Kg
hw` Zvi gvS Rjxq evi cwigvY eo hvq|
Rjxq ev nQ cvwb hLvb cvwbi AYyZ GKwU
AwRb Ges `ywU nvBWvRb _vK Ges cvwbi
AYyi AvYweK fi nQ |
evZvmi g~j Dcv`vb nQ bvBUvRb

(cvigvbweK fi ) `yUv cigvYy w`q Zwi nq
ZvB Zv`i AvbweK fi  Qwe 5.6: Ziji DPZvi Rb wbPi c Pvc
Ges AwRb (cvigvYweK fi 16), GwUI `ywU mw nq|
cigvYy w`q Zwi ZvB AvYweK fi  hv cvwbi AvYweK fi _K AbK
ewk| ZvB hLb evZvm Rjxq ev _vK ZLb ewk AvbweK fii bvBUvRb Ges AwRbi
e`j Kg AvbweK fii cvwbi AYy vb Ki bq Ges evZvmi NbZ Kg hvq| evZvmi NbZ
Kg nj evZvmi PvcI Kg hvq| KvRB evivwgUvi eZvmi Pvc `LB vbxq AvenvIqv
mK fwelvYx Kiv me| evivwgUvi DP Pvc `Lvj evSv hvq evZvm Kbv Ges
AvenvIqv fvjv| Pvc KgZ _vKj evSv hvq Rjxq evi cwigvY evoQ| Pvc ewk Kg
`Lvj eySZ ne Avkcvki GjvKv _K evZvm QzU Gm So-ew i nZ hvQ|

5.4 Ziji fZi Pvc (PressureinLiquid)

118c`v_i Aev I Pvc

hviv cvwbZ SvcvSvwc KiQ Zviv mevB Rvb cvwbi Mfxi Mj GK aiYi Pvc AYyfe Kiv
hvq (hw`I evqygj Avgv`i Ici GKUv Pvc `q wK Avgiv mUv AYyfe Kwi bv KviY
Avgv`i kixiI mgvb cwigvY Pvc `q| cvwb wKsev Ab Kvbv Ziji Mfxi Mj wVK KZUzKz
Pvc Abyfe Kiv hve mwU BZvga Zvgv`i ejv nqQ Zvgvi Dci Ziji h UzKz
_vKe Zvi IRb _KB Zvgvi Dcii Pvc wbYq KiZ ne| aiv hvK Zzwg Ziji MfxiZvq
Pvc wbYq KiZ PvBQ| mLvb dji GKwU c Kbv Ki bvI (5.6 Qwe)| Zvi Dci
Ziji h UzKz ne mLvbKvi ZijUzKiz IRb c ej cqvM Kie|
ci Dcii ZijUzKiz AvqZb Ziji NbZ hw` nq Zvnj GB Ziji
IRb ev ej
U

KvRB Pvc :

A_vr wbw` NbZi Zij MfxiZvi


mv_ mv_ Pvc evoZ _vK| cvwbi
Qwe 5.7: cvwbi MfxiZvi mv_ mv_ cvwbi Pvc eo hvq|
ejvq AvbygvwbK cwZ `k wgUvi
MfxiZvq evZvmi Pvci mgcwigvY
Pvc eo hvq|
evZvm ev MvmK h iKg Pvc w`q msKzwPZ Ki Zvi NbZ ewoq djv hvq Ziji
ejvq wK mwU mwZ bq (KwVbi ejvq Zv bqB!) ZijK Pvc w`q m iKg msKzwPZ Kiv
hvq bv ZvB Zvi NbZ evovbv wKsev Kgvbv hvq bv| 5.7 QweZ mgy`i Zj`k _K mgy`c
IVvi mgq cvwbi Pvc Kxfve KgZ _vK mUv `Lvbv nqQ hnZz cvwbi NbZ cvq mgvb
ZvB PvcUv mgvb nvi KgQ| mgy`i Zj`k _K Dci DVZ DVZ mgy`c cuQvbvi ci
mUv k~b nq hvQ|

c`v_i Aev I Pvc119

D`vniY 5.6: wZwg gvQ m`y`c
_K MfxiZvq hZ cvi mwU KZ

Pvc mn KiZ cvi?

Di : wZwg gvQ

Pvc mn KiZ cvi|

5.4.1 AvwKwgwWmi m~
Zvgiv mevB AvwKwgwWmi m~ Ges mB
m~ i cQbi MwU Rvb! m~wU mnR,
Kvbv e Zij wbgwZ Kij ewU h
cwigvY Zij AcmviY Ki mBUzKz Ziji
IRbi mgvb IRb nvivq| Avgiv GLb GB
m~wU ei Kie|
cvki QweZ `Lvbv nqQ
LvwbKUv Zij c`v_ GKUv wmwjvi
Wvevbv iqwQ| (GwU wmwjvi bv nq Ab
h Kvbv AvKwZi e nZ cviZ, Avgiv
wnmvei myweavi Rb wmwjvi wbqwQ|) aiv
hvK wmwjvii DPZv
Ges Dcii I

Qwe 5.8: GKwU e hZUzKz Zij AcmvwiZ Ki Zvi

mgcwigvb IRb nvivq|

wbPi cQ`i dj Avgiv Kbv

Ki wbB wmwjviwU Ggbfve Zij Wzweq ivLv nqQ hb Zvi Dcii cwUi MfxiZv Ges
wbPi ci MfxiZv .
Avgiv AbKevi Zvgv`i ejwQ h Zij (wKsev evqexq) c`v_ Pvc Kvbv wbw` w`K
KvR Ki bv GwU me w`K KvR Ki| KvRB wmwjvii Dcii c wbPi w`K h Pvc KvR
Ki Zvi cwigvb
U
Ges wbPi c Dcii w`K h Pvc KvR Ki Zvi cwigvY
U
KvRB wmwjvi Dci c wbPi w`K Ges wbPi c Dcii w`K cqvM Kiv ej h_vg :

U

120c`v_i Aev I Pvc

U

cvki ci ej wbq Avgv`i gv_v NvgvZ ne bv KviY GK w`K _K h ej Abf

y e Ki
Abw`K _K wVK Zvi wecixZ cwigvb ej Abyfe Ki Ges GK AbK KvUvKvwU Ki `q|
hnZy Gi gvb _K ewk ZvB `LZ cvwQ Gi gvb _K ewk| KvRB gvU
ejwU ne Dcii w`K Ges Zvi cwigvY:
U
U

hnZz nQ wmwjvii AvqZb, Ziji NbZ Ges gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY KvRB Dcii
w`K cqvM Kiv eji cwigvY nQ wmwjvii AvqZbi mgvb Ziji IRb wVK hwU
AvwKwgwWmi m~ bvg cwiwPZ|
D`vniY 5.7:cvwbi wbP cwZ  MfxiZvq  Pvc eo hvq| WvBfviiv
mevP  Mfxi ch wMqQb, mLvb Zuv`i KZUzKz Pvc mn KiZ
nqQ?
Di : cwZ G  ev  Pvc eo Mj MfxiZvq
 Pvc mn KiZ ne|

D`vniY 5.8: Kivwmb (NbZ  ) cvwb (NbZ  ) Ges ci`

(NbZ  ) GB wZbwU Ziji Rb 50cm wbP Pvc ei Ki|

Di: Pvc U
Kivwmbi Rb
  
cvwbi Rb
   
cvi`i Rb
  

D`vniY 5.9:Kivwmb cvwb Ges cvi` GB wZbwU Ziji KZv MfxiZvq  Gi mgvb
Pvc ne?

c`v_i Aev I Pvc121

Di: Avgiv Rvwb cvi`i Rb  MfxiZvq  Pvc nq| cvwbi NbZ cvi` _K
Y Kg KvRB cvwbi MfxiZv Y ewk ne| A_vr cvwbi MfxiZv :


Kivwmbi NbZ cvwbi NbZ _K Y Kg KvRB Kivwmbi Rb MfxiZv cvwbi

MfxiZv _K Y ewk ne

5.4.2 ei fm _vKv ev Wze hvIqv

GLb Zvgiv wbqB eySZ ciQ Kb GKUv e fm _vK Avevi Ab GKUv e Wze hvq|
cvwbZ Wvevbv nj mUv hZUzKz cvwb mwiqQ Dcii w`K mB cvwbi IRbi mgvb
mgcwigvb ej Abf
y e Ki| mB ejwU eUvi IRbi ewk nj eUv fm _vKe| wVK h
cwigvY Wze _vKj ei mgvb IRbi cvwb AcmviY Kie ZZUzKBz Wzee evwK AskUzKz
cvwbZ Wze hve bv|
hw` eUvi IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb _K ewk nq Zvnj mwU cvwbZ Wze hve|
Ze cvwbZ Wze _vKv Aevq Zvi IRb wK mwZKvi IRb _K Kg gb ne|
hw` Kvbvfve eUvi IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRbi wVK mgvb Ki djv hvq Zvnj
eUvK cvwbi fZi hLvbB ivLv ne mUv mLvbB _vKe, DciI fm DVe bv, wbPI
Wze hve bv| `bw`b Rxeb m iKg wKQz PvL bv cojI mvegwib GwU Kiv nq cvwbi wbP
w`q PjvPj Kivi Rb|
D`vniY 5.10: GK UzKiv KvV cvwbZ fvwmq w`j Zvi KZ kZvsk Wze _vKe?
Di : KvVi NbZ U cvwbi NbZ U
KvVK fm _vKZ nj Zvi Wze Aski mgcwigvY cvwbi fi KvVi fii mgvb nZ ne|
A_vr hw` KvVi AvqZb nq Ges Ask cvwbZ Wze _vK Zvnj,
U U

122c`v_i Aev I Pvc

D`vniY 5.11: fii GKUv KvV b`xi cvwbZ fm fm mgy` Mj| b`xi cvwbZ
mwU AaK Wz ewQj, mgy` KZUzKz Wzee? (mgy`i cvwbi NbZ U
)

Di : b`xi cvwbi NbZ U ,

KvVi AvqZb NbZ U nj KvVi IRb U
b`xi cvwbZ AaK Wze _vK KvRB

U U

KvVi NbZ

U U

mgy`i cvwbZ cwigvY Wze _vKj

U U

D`vniY 5.12: aiv hvK AvwKwgwWmi mvbvi gyKz Ui IRb evZvm  Ges cvwbZ
Wzweq IRb Kij  nqQ| gyKzUi NbZ KZ?
Di: gyKzUi AvqZb NbZ U nj
Ges U U 

U 

U U

mvbvi Avmj NbZ  KvRB evSvB hvQ GB gyKzU Lv` gkvbv AvQ!!

5.4.3 cvji m~
GB Aavq Avgiv AbKevi `wLqwQ h Zij c`v_i Pvc cqvM Kij mUv Pvwiw`K mvwjZ
nq| Zvgiv GKUz wPv KijB eySZ cvie GUvB ^fvweK| Zvi KviY GB PvcUzKz hw` cyiv

c`v_i Aev I Pvc123

Zij c`v_ mvwjZ bv nq Zvnj Ziji GK Ask Pvc ewk Ges Ab Ask Pvc Kg _vKe,
KvRB mLvb GKUv c Q` Kbv Ki wbj
GK w`K _K AvivwcZ ej Abw`K _K
AvivwcZ ej _K ewk ne Ges GB eji
KviY ZijwU cevwnZ ne hZY ch bv Pvc
mgvb nq hvq| cvj GB welqwU GKUv m~
wnme w`qwQjb, mwU G iKg :
cvji m~: GKUv Ave cv Zij
ev evqexq c`v_ evBi _K Pvc `qv nj
mB Pvc mgvbfve mvwjZ nq cvi msjM

Mvq j^ fve KvR Kie|
Qwe 5.9: ej cqvM Kij cQ`i Dci
cvji GB m~wU eenvi Ki wbfi Ki Ab w`K ej cvIqv hvq|
AZ PgKc` wKQz h Zwi Kiv hvq| 5.9
QweZ m iKg GKUv h `Lvbv nqQ, GLvb cvkvcvwk `ywU wmwjvi GKUv bj w`q mshy|
aiv hvK GKwU wmwjvii cQ` AbwUi Ges Zzwg cQ`i wmwjvi ej
cqvM KiQ Zvnj Zvgvi cqvM Kiv Pvc

GLb GB Pvc GB Ziji gvag Pvwiw`K mvwjZ ne Ges wZxq wmwjvii cQ`I cqvM
Kie|
KvRB wZxq wmwjvi cqvM Kiv eji cwigvY ne

KvRB Zzwg PgrKZ nq `LZ cvQ hw` ( ) Gi gvb nq Zvnj Zzwg c_g wmwjvi h

cwigvY ej cqvM KiQ wZxq wmwjvi Zvi _K Y ewk ej cq hvQ!

GB cwZwU Lye KvhKi, eo eo KjKviLvbv wKsev wegvbi wbqY GB cwZ eenvi

Kiv nq| Ze Zvgiv GKUv wRwbl Rb ivLv GUv ejewKiY bxwZ GB cwZZ kw wK
gvUI evovbv hvq bv Zzwg c_g wmwjvi h cwigvY kw cqvM Kie wZxq wmwjvi wVK
mB cwigvY kw wdi cve!

124c`v_i Aev I Pvc

D`vniY 5.13: `LvI h ej ew Kiv njI h cwigvY kw cqvM Kiv nQ wVK mB
cwigvY kw wdi cvQ|
Di : aiv hvK QvU wcb ej cqvM Kiv nqQ Ges wcbwU `~iZ AwZg KiQ,
KvRB KvRi cwigvb

eo wcb eji cwigvY

hnZz QvU wcb AcmvwiZ ZijUzKz eo wcbUzKzK l2 `~iZ Vj wbq hvq, KvRB

eo wcb AwZv `~iZ:

KvRB KvRi cwigvY



A_vr QvU wcbi mgvb|

5.5 wwZvcKZv (Elasticity)

Zvgiv mevB KLbv bv KLbv GKUv ws wKsev
GKUv ievi ev Ub j^v Ki Avevi Qo
w`qQ| Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ ws wKsev
ievi evK Ub Qo `qv nj mUv Avevi
AvMi `N wdi GmQ| Ub aivK
c`v_wevbi fvlvq ejv nq ej cqvM Kiv Avi
`N cwieZb nIqvK ejv nq weKwZ NUv|
`bw`b Rxeb weKwZ kwU LyeB bwZevPK
wK GLvb GUvK Zvgiv bwZevPK wnme
`Lv bv GUv nQ Aevi cwieZb gv!
KvRB Zvgiv eySZ cviQ hLb Kvbv
eK ej c`vb Kiv nq ZLb Zvi wfZi GKUv
weKwZ NU (Ges GB weKwZi Rb GKUv cvv
eji Zwi nq) ejwU mwiq wbj weKwZi

Qwe 5.10: ej cqvM cqvM Ki cxob mw Kij

`i weKwZ nq|

c`v_i Aev I Pvc125

Aemvb NU Avi ewU Avevi Zvi AvMi Aevq wdi hvq| c`v_i GB agi bvg
wwZvcKZv| Ze gb ivLZ ne KZUzKz ej cqvM Kiv hve Zvi GKUv mxgv AvQ GB mxgv
AwZg Ki djj c`v_ Zvi AvMi Aevq wdi AvmZ cvie bv Zvi gvS GKUv vqx
weKwZ NU hZ cvi| GB mxgvK wwZvcK mxgv ej| GKUv iWK A GKUz euvKv Ki
Qo w`j mUv mvRv nq hvq ewk euvKv Kij euvKv nqB _vK Avi mvRv nq bv| KvRB
Avgiv welqUv Gfve ejZ cvwi :
weKwZ: evBi _K ej cqvM Kij c`v_i AvKvi ev `Ni h AvcwK cwieZb nq mUv
nQ weKwZ| A_vr `Ni GKwU ei Ici ej cqvM Kiv nj Zvi `N hw` nq Zvnj
weKwZ nPQ

`LvB hvQ weKwZi Kvbv GKK bB, GwU GKwU msLv gv

cxob: GKK dj weKwZi KviY c`v_i fZi h ej Zwi nq mUvB nQ cxob| A_vr
cQ`i GKUv eZ ej cqvM Kiv nj hw` Zvi weKwZ NU mB weKwZ hw` cwZiva
ej Zwi Kii Zvnj cxob nQ

`LZB cvQ GUv Pvci gZv Ges Gi GKK ev

cvj| Avgiv hw` cxob Ges weKwZ eyS _vwK Zvnj
Uwej 5.2: wewfb c`v_i Bqvsm
gWzjvm
Ki m~wU evSv Lye mnR: cxob Ges weKwZ mgvbycvwZK
GPa
c`v_
cxob weKwZ
0.010.1
ievi
KvRB cxob = aeK weKwZ
9
nvo
A_vr cZK c`v_i cxob Ges weKwZi mv_ mK hy
10
KvV
GKUv aeK _vK mB aeKUvi bvg wwZvcK Yv|
5090
KvP
Avjywgwbqvg 69
`ywU D`vniY w`j welqUv evSv Aviv mnR ne :
117
Zvgv
(i) aiv hvK cQ`i GKUv Zvii `N , Gi mv_
200
jvnv
IRbi GKUv fi Szwjq `qv njv GB ejwU
1220
nxiv
Svjvbi KviY ` NwU eo njv ( Qwe 5.10) GB

ewaZ `N ZviwUi fZi GKUv cvjUv ej Zwi KiQ

126c`v_i Aev I Pvc

(GLvb AiwU eenvi Kiv nq Ubkb Tention kwUi Rb| mvaviYZ hLb Kvbv ZviK

Uvbv nq ZLb Zvi fZi h ej KvR Ki Zvi bvg Ubkb!) KvRB cxob nQ
nQ

KvRB

wKsev

Ges weKwZ

GLvb nQ GKUv aeK GB aeKi bvg Bqvsm gWzjvm (Youngs Modulus)| hnZz
weKwZi Kvbv GKK bB ZvB Gi GKK nQ . Uwej 5.2 G KqKwU c`v_i Bqvsm
gWzjvm `qv njv|
D`vniY 5.13: Bqvsm gWzjvmi gvb ewk nj c`v_ Kxfve `N cwieZb Ki|
Di: `Ni cwieZbi nvi

KvRB hw` mgvb nq hZ ewk ne `Ni cwieZb ZZ Kg ne|

(ii) aiv hvK GKwU wmwjvi mvaviY Aevq AvqZbi Mvm AvQ| GB Mvm Pvc `qvi
KviY wmwjvii AvqZb Kg nq Mj
. GLvb cxob nQ Ges weKwZ
nQ:

KvRB Avgiv wjLZ cvwi



Qwe 5.11: Ave evZvm Pvc cqvM Kij evZvm msKzwPZ

c`v_i Aev I Pvc127





GLvb nQ aeK Ges GB aeKi bvg ev gWzjvm (BulkModulus)| Gi GKK nQ
wKsev cvj!

5.6 c`v_i AvYweK MwZZ (KineticTheoryofMolecule)


Zvgiv wbqB Rvb weki mewKQz Zwi nqQ AYy w`q! (Aewk AYy gwjK KYv bq, AYy Zwi
nqQ cigvYy w`q, cigvYy Zwi nqQ BjKUb Ges wbDwKqvm w`q wbDwKqvm Zwi nqQ
cvUb Ges wbDUb w`q, cvUb Ges wbDUb Zwi nqQ KvqvK w`q Ges wevbxiv aviYv
KiQb BjKUb wKsev
KvqvK Zwi nqQ
ws w`q!) hnZz
GKUv c`v_i ag Zvi
AYyZ eRvq _vK ZvB
Avgiv AYyKB c`v_i
mePq QvU GKK

wnme ai bB| hgb
Qwe 5.12:(a) KwVb, (b) Zij Ges (c) Mvm|
cvwbi AYyZ cvwbi me
ag AvQ wK cvwbK Zvi cigvYyZ f wbj mwU Avi cvwb _vK bv mUv nq hve GKUv
AwRb Avi `yBUv nvBWvRbi cigvYyZ, `yUvB Mvm|
GKUv c`v_ Zvi AYyjv Kxfve AvQ Zvi Ici wbfi Ki mwU wK KwVb Zij bvwK
Mvm| Gi mePq cwiwPZ D`vniY nQ cvwb, GwU KwVb Zij wKsev Mvm wZb icB _vKZ
cvi Zvi AYyjv Kxfve AvQ Zvi Dci wbfi KiQ GwU wK eid, cvwb bvwK Rjxq ev|
hLb Kvbv c`v_ Mvm Aevq _vK ZLb Zvi AYyjv _vK gy Aevq GKwU _K AbwUi
gvS `~iZ AbK ewk| hLb Zij Aevq _vK ZLb AYyjv Zzjbvg~jK fve KvQ njI
GKUvi mvc AbwU boZ cvi| KwVb Aevq AYyjv KvQvKvwQ _vK wK GKwU AYy Ab
AYyi mvc boZ cvi bv|
GKUv Mvmi AYyjvi gvS `~iZ AbK ewk mjvi Kvbv wbqwgZ AvqZb ev
AvKvi bB| Zij c`v_i Mvmjv KvQvKvwQ, Zv`i wbw` AvqZb _vKjI Kvbv wbqwgZ

128c`v_i Aev I Pvc

AvKvi bB| KwVb c`v_i AYyjv cvq Mvq Mvq jM _vK ZvB Zv`i wbw` AvqZb Ges
wbqwgZ AvKvi AvQ|
Mvm AYyjv gyfve QvUvQzwU KiZ cvi, Zij AYyjv Kuvc Ges GKUvi cvk
w`q AbwU Pj hZ cvi, KwVb c`v_ AYyjv wbR Aevb _K KvucjI vb cwieZb
KiZ cvi bv|
GgwbZ Avgiv KwVb Zij ev Mvm KvbvwUiB AYyK `LZ cvB bv, GUvK KwVb Zij
ev Mvm wnme `wL| Dci AYyjvi h ewki K_v ejv nqQ, Zv`i KwVb Zij ev Mvmxq
AevZI mUv cKvk cvq| hgb :
Mvm:
AvbweK ag
Abyjv GKUv AviKUvi cvk QzUZ cvi
Abyjvi gvS `~iZ ewk duvKv RvqMv iqQ
GKUz AYy Ab AYyi mvc QzUZ cvi

Mvm Zvi cwZdjb

h cv ivLv nq Zvi cyiv AvqvZb Qwoq co|
MvmK Pvc w`q msKzwPZ Kiv hvq|
Mvm mnR cevwnZ nq|

Zij:
AvbweK ag
AYyjv GKUv AviKUvi cvk w`q hZ cvi
AYyjv KvQvKvwQ ej duvKv RvqMv bB

KwVb:
AvbweK ag
AYyjv wbR Aevb `p
AYyjvi gvS `~iZ bB
AYyjv wbR Aevb AvUKv co _vK

Zij c`v_ Zvi cwZdjb

mnR cevwnZ nq, h cv ivLv nq Zvi AvKvi aviY
Ki|
ZijK Pvc w`q msKzwPZ Kiv hvq bv|
KwVb c`v_ Zvi cwZdjb
wbw` AvKvi _vK
Pvc w`q msKzwPZ Kiv hvq bv|
Xj cevwnZ Kiv hvq bv|

5.6.1 c`v_i PZz_ Aev

KwVb Zij Ges Mvm GB wZbwU wfb Aevi evBiI c`v_i PZz_ AviKwU Aev nZ cvi
Gi bvg cvRgv| Avgiv Rvwb AYy wKsev cigvYyi wbDwKqvm h KqwU cwRwUf PvRi cvUb _vK
Zvi evBi wVK mB KqwU bMwUf PvRi BjKUb _vK| m KviY GKUv AYy wKsev cigvYyi
mwwjZ PvR k~b| wekl Aevq AYy wKsev cigvYyK AvqwbZ Ki djv hvq wKQz cigvYyi GK
ev GKvwaK BjKUbK gy Ki djv hvq ZLb Avjv`v Avjv`vfve cigvYyjv Avi PvR
wbic _vK bv BjKUb Ges Avqbi GK aibi wgkb Zwi nq| GwU hw`I Mvmi gZv
_vK wK Mvmi me ag Gi Rb mwZ bq| hgb Avgiv Rvwb Mvmi Kvbv wbw` AvKvi bB
wK P^K w`q cvRgvi wbw` AvKvi Zwi Ki djv hvq|

c`v_i Aev I Pvc129

cP Zvc w`q MvmK cvRgv Kiv hvq, kwkvjx e`ywZK cqvM KiI cvRgv
Kiv hvq| Avgv`i Ni wUDejvBUi fZi cvRgv Zwi nq, wbIb jvBUi h Dj wevcb
`Lv hvq mjvi fZiI cvRgv _vK| eRcvZ nj h weRjxi Avjv `Lv hvq mwUI cvRgv
Avevi `~i bi gvSI h c`v_ mwUI cvRgv Aevq AvQ| Avgiv eZgvb wdDkvb cwZZ
fvix wbDwKqvmK f wbDwKqvi kw eenvi Kwi| nvjKv wbDwKqvmK GK Ki wdDmvb
cwZZ kw Zwi Kivi Rb cvRgv eenvi Kivi Pv Kiv nq Ges GwU GLb c`v_wevbi
MelYvq GKwU iZc~Y !

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. GK Mvm cvwbZ GK UzKiv eid fvmQ, eidwU
Mj hvevi ci Mvm cvwbi DPZv wK eo hve
bvwK mgvb _vKe?
2. GKUv Av wekvj RvnvRK gv KqK evjwZ
cvwbi gvS fvwmq ivLv me| Kxfve?
3. GKUv mBy gscyj GKUv QvU bKvi gvS Zwz g
GKUv eo cv_i wbq em AvQ| cv_iUv bKvi
fZi _K wbq myBwgscyji cvwbZ dj

w`j| myBwgscyj cvwbi DPZv wK eo hve,
Qwe 5.13: GKRb mvay ciKi weQvbvq em
mgvb _vKe bvwK Kg hve?
4. mvayiv ciKi weQvbvq q _vK| PvBj ZzwgI AvQ|
cvie| Kb?
5. Uwimwji cvi`i Zwi evivwgUvii KvPi bjwU hw` mvRv bv nq AvuKveuvKv nq Zvnj Kx
KvR Kie?

130c`v_i Aev I Pvc

MvwYwZK mgmv :

1. evZvmi NbZ , mvbvi NbZ

, GKUv wbwZ  mvbv gvcv
nj Zvi cKZ
fi KZ?
2. cvi`i cwieZ Kivwmb w`q evivwgUvi Zwi Kij
Zvi DPZv KZ ne? Kivwmbi NbZ
)
3. mvbvi gyKzU Ges Zvi IRbi mgvb LvwU mvbv GKwU
`i `yB cvk Szwjq mUv cvwbZ Wvevbv nj (Qwe
5.14) hw` `Lv hvq cvwbi wbP mvbvi gyKz Ui IRb
Kg Zvnj Zywg gyKUz wU mK Kx eje? LuvwU bv Lv`

gkvbv? Kb?
4. cvwbfwZ `ywU wmwjvi GKwU bj w`q jvMvbv| wmwjvi Qwe 5.14: mvbvi gyKzU I LuvwU mvbv
`ywUi cQ` Ges Ges wbwQ`fve `ywU cvwbZ Wzevbv nQ|
wcb jvMvbi
AvQ| eo wcbi Dci IRbi GKRb
gvby~l em AvQ, ZvK Ici ZzjZ QvU wcb
ZvgvK KZ ej cqvM KiZ ne?
5. Dci _K Svjvbv j^v Ges
c Q`i GKUv avZe `i wbP GKwU
fi Svjvbvi ci Zvi `N nqQ . GB
avZe `wUi Bqvsm gWzjvm KZ?


Qwe 5.15: nvBWvwjK cm Pvc w`q GKwU

gvbylK Dci Zvjv|

l Aavq

ei Dci Zvci cfve

(EffectofHeatonMatter)
jyWDBM evRgvb
jyWDBM evRgvb wQjb GKRb Awqvb c`v_wevbx Ges
`vkwbK| ZuvK vwUwKvj gKvwbi RbK ejv hvq hLvb
AYy-cigvYyi MwZwewa _K c`v_wevbi m~ ei Ki wbq
Avmv hvq| wZwb GKB mv_ eo `vkwbK wQjb Ges Zuvi
wekwe`vjq AZ Rbwcq GKRb ev wQjb| Zuvi GK aibi
gvbwmK mgmv wQj Ges Zuvi KviYB AvZnZv Ki gZzeiY
Kib|


LudwigBoltzman(18441906)

6.1 Zvc I Zvcgvv (HeatandTemperature)

Zvc GK aibi kw| Avgiv `LwQ kw KvR KiZ cvi A_vr ej cqvM Ki eK eji
w`K mivZ cvi, hgb Ub ev MvwoZ Avmj Rvjvwb Zj Rvwjq Zvc Zwi Kiv nq hUv Ub
MvwoK QzwUq wbq hvq| mRb Avjv, we`yr ev MwZkwi gZv Avgiv b~Zb aibi GB kwi
bvg w`qwQ Zvc kw|
gRvi evcvi nQ, Avgiv hw` AvYweK chvq `LZ cZvg A_vr h Kvbv c`v_i
w`K ZvKvjB Zvi AYyjvK `LZ cZvg Zvnj meZ Zvc kw bvg GKUv b~Zb bvg bv
w`q GUvK MwZ kw bvgB iL w`Zvg| Zvi KviY Zvc kw ejZ Avgiv hUv evSvB
mUv Avmj c`v_i AYyjvi mwwjZ MwZkw Qvov wKQz bq| GKUv KwVb c`v_ AYyjv hLb
D nq ZLb AYyjv wbRi wbw` Aevb _K KuvcZ _vK| hZewk D ne AYyjvi
Kuvcybx ZZ eo hve| hw` AbK ewk D nq Zvnj AYyjvi wbR`i fZi h

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ei Dci Zvci cfve

AvtAvYweK ej iqQ AYyjv mB ejK Qvwoq gy nq hve| ZLb Avgiv mUvK ewj
Zij| ZLb AYyjv Gjvgjvfve GK Abi fZi w`q QvUvQzwU KiZ _vK Zv`i
GKUv MwZ _vK, KvRB MwZ kw _vK| hZ D Kiv nq AYyjv ZZ Rvi QvUvQzwU Ki|
hw` Aviv D Kiv nq ZLb AYyjv AvYweK eb _K cyivcywi gy nq hZ cvi Avgiv
ZLb mUvK ewj Mvm| GKUv MvmK hZ D Kiv ne AYyjv ZZ Rvi QvUvQzwU Kie|
MwZ hZ ewk ne MwZ kw ZZ ewk ne|
hnZy Lvwj PvL Avgiv AYyjvK `wL bv Zv`i QvUvQzwU `wL bv ZvB Avgiv
civfve cyiv wRwbmUv evSvi Pv Kwi, Avgiv mUvK Zvc kw bvg w`B Ges Zvcgvv
ej c`v_i Aev evLv Kivi Pv Kwi| KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi c`v_i AYyjvi Kb ev
MwZi KviY h kw cvIqv hvq mUv nQ Zvc| hnZy GUv kw ZvB ^vfvweKfve Ab kwi
gZvB Zvi GKK nQ Ryj (). Zvci Aviv GKwU GKK AvQ, Zvi bvg Kvjvwi ()
 cvwbi Zvcgvv q evoZ nj h cwigvY Zvci `iKvi mUv nQ Kvjvwi|
Kvjvwi nQ Gi mgvb|
Zvgiv nqZv Lvevii Rb Kvjvwi kwU eenvi KiZ bQ dzW Kvjvwi ejZ
Avmj evSvbv nq gvbyl wbw` Lvevi _K Kx cwigvY kw cvq Ges GUvi Rb GKK Avmj
 ev Kvjvwi| Ze mUv wbq Avgiv gv_v Nvgve bv GLvb Avgiv Lvevi _K
cvIqv kw bq Zvc kw wbqB AvjvPbv Kie|

6.2 AvfixY kw (InternalEnergy)

Avgiv hw` ZvcK GKUv kw wnme gb wbB, Zvnj mv_ mv_ Gi cii h welqUv Avgv`i
RvbZ ne mUv nQ Kxfve Zvc kw GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq vbvwiZ nq| mvaviY
fve Avgv`i aviYv me mgqB kwi cevn nq eywS ewk kw _K Kg kwZ| QvU GKUv
Mig Avjwcb h cwigvY Zvc kw iqQ Zvi _K AbK ewk Zvc kw iqQ GK Mvm
cvwbZ| wK Mig AvjwcbUv Avgiv hw` cvwbZ Wzweq `B Zvnj wK Avjwcbi A Zvc
kw _KB LvwbKUv Pj hve Mvmi cvwbZ| Zvi KviY Zvc kwi cevnUv Zvci cwigvYi
Ici wbfi Ki bv, GUv wbfi Ki Zvcgvvi Dci| `yUv wfb Zvcgvvi wRwbm hw` GK Abi
msk Avm Zvnj me mgqB ewk Zvcgvv _K Zvc Kg Zvcgvvi wRwbm hZ _vKe
hZY bv `yUvi Zvcgvv mgvb nQ|

ei Dci Zvci cfve133

Avgiv GLbv wK Zvcgvv bvgi ivwkwU
msvwqZ Kwiwb wK `bw`b Rxeb GwU GZ eenvi
nq h welqwU Kx eySZ KvivB mgmv nq bv|
c`v_wevbi fvlvq ejZ cvwi GUv nQ c`v_i
fZiKvi AYyjvi Mo MwZkwi GKUv cwigvc|
Avgv`i AwfZv _K Avgiv ejZ cvwi, Zvcgvv
nQ mB Zvcxq Aev hwU wVK Ki GKUv e Ab
ei msk Gj mwU wK Zvc `e bvwK Zvc be|
welqUv evSvbi Rb Avgiv cvwbi c`ki DPZvi
mv_ Zyjbv KiZ cvwi (Qwe 6.1)| hw` cvwbi `ywU cv

cvwbi c `ki DPZv wfb nq Zvnj cv `ywUK
GKwU bj w`q GK Kivi ci Kvb cv cvwb ewk Qwe 6.1: Zvcgvv Ziji DPZvi gZ,
Kvb cv cvwb Kg mwU cvwbi cevn wVK Kie bv| Zvc Ziji AvqZbi gZ
Kvb cv _K Kvb cv cvwb hve mUv wbfi Kie Kvb cvi cvwbi c `ki DPZv
KZ Zvi Ici| me mgqB ewk DPZv _K cvwb Kg DPZvq cevwnZ ne hZY ch bv `ywU
DPZv mgvb nq hvQ| GLvb cvwbi cwigvYUvK
Zvc kwi mv_ Zzjbv KiZ cvwi, cvwbi c
`ki DPZvK Zzjbv KiZ cvwi Zvcgvvi
mv_| Zvcgvvi ejvZI GUv mwZ h hZY
ch bv `ywU ei Zvcgvv mgvb bv nQ ZZY
Zvc cevwnZ nZ _vKe|
Avgiv hw` Zvcgvvi aiYvUzKz wVK Ki
cq hvB Zvnj Gi ciB Avgv`i RvbZ ne
Gi GKK Kx wKsev Zvi _KI iZc~Y ck,
Avgiv Kgb Ki Zvcgvv gvce| Zvcgvvi
cPwjZ GKK nQ mjwmqvm (q )mvaviYfve
ejv hvq GB j GK GUgwqvi evZvmi Pvci
h Zvcgvvq eid Mj cvwbZ cwiYZ nq mUvK
Qwe 6.2: mjwmqvm Kjwfb Ges dvibnvBU
q Ges h Zvcgvvq cvwb dzUZ _vK mUvK
Zvcgvvi j|
q aiv nqQ| Ze gRvi evcvi nj wevbx

134

ei Dci Zvci cfve

mjwmqvm hLb Zvcgvvi j Zwi KiwQjb ZLb k~b wWwM aiwQjb dzU cvwbi Zvcgv,
wWwM aiwQjb eid Mjbi Zvcgvv eZgvb ji wVK Dv!
Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv mvaviYZ mjwmqvm j eenvi KijI AvRv wZK
GKKwUi bvg nQ Kjwfb ( |)mjwmqvm ji mv_ q hvM KijB Kjwfb
j cvIhv hvq| hw` aygv Zvcgvvi cv_K wbq gv_v NvgvB Zvnj mjwmqvm j Avi
Kjwfb j Kvbv cv_K bB A_vr Zvcgvv q eoQ ejv h K_v Zvcgvv
eoQ ejv mB GKB K_v| wK hw` wRm Kiv nq GB Nii Zvcgvv KZ, Zvnj hw` mUv
nq q Zvnj Kjwfb j mUv ne (30 + 273.5 =)  Zvgv`i gb nZ
cvi `yUv j e GKB iKg aygv q cv_K Gi wcQb KviYwU Kx?
GwU Kivi wcQbi KviYwU LyeB PgKc`| mvaviYfve Avgv`i gb nZ cvi Avgiv
eywS hZ ewk ev hZ Kg Zvcgvv Kbv KiZ cvie, wK Avmj mwU mwZ bq| Zvcgv hZ
BQ ewk Kbv KiZ mgmv bB wK hZ BQ Kg Kbv Kiv me bq, mePq Kg GKUv
Zvcgvv AvQ Ges Zvcgvv Gi _K Kg nIqv hvq bv| ay ZvB bq Avgiv GB Zvcgvvi
KvQvKvwQ hZ cvwi wK KLbvB GB Zvcgvvq cQvZ cvie bv| GB ZvcgvvK cig k~b ev
absolute zero ejv nq| mjwmqvm j GB Zvcgvvi gvb q KvRB Kjwfb
j Gi gvb nQ k~b wWwM| Abfve ejv hvq Kjwfb jwU Zwi nqQ Pig k~b
ZvcgvvK k~b wWwM ai|
Zvcgvvi h Kvbv j Zwi KiZ nj `yUv wbw` Zvcgvv (ev wiv) `iKvi|
Kjwfb j GKwU nQ Pig k~b hUvK k~b wWwM aiv nqQ| AbwU nQ cvwbi a we`y
ev triple point. GB Zvcgvvq GKUv wbw` Pvc  eid cvwb Ges Rjxq
ev GK mv_ _vKZ cvi ej ZvcgvvK AbK ewk m~fve wbw` Kiv hvq| q
mjwmqvm j Gi gvb q, Ges GB ji mv_ wgj ivLvi Rb Kjwfb j Gi gvb
q.
Kjwfb Ges mjwmqvm ji cvkvcvwk dvibnvBU j ejI GKUv j AvQ
hLvb eid Mjb Ges cvwbi evxfebi Zvcgvv h_vg q Ges q, 6.2 QweZ
wZbwU jK Zzjbv Kivi Rb `Lvbv njv, Kjwfb jq Zvcgvv  njI
Avgiv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb AbK mgqB GUvK  ai wbB `bw`b wnme mUv
Kvbv iZ&i mgmv Ki bv|

ei Dci Zvci cfve135

6.2.1 wfb ji gvS mK
hw` GKwU wbw` Zvcgvv mjwmqvm, Kjwfb Ges dvibnvBU j h_vg , Avi
`Lvq Zvnj Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :

wKsev

Gi mvc Kjwfb j Ges dvibnvBU j h_vg :

q

D`vniY 6.1: Kvb Zvcgvvq mjwmqvm Ges dvibnvBU j mgvb?

Di: mjwmqvm Ges dvibnvBU Zvcgvvi mKwU G iKg:

Ges mgvb nj:


q q
q

A_vr h Zvcgvv q` Lvq mB GKB Zvcgvv q` Lvq|

D`vniY 6.2: Kvb Zvcgvvq Kjwfb Ges dvibnvBU j mgvb|

Di: Kjwfb Ges dvibnvBU Zvcgvvi mKwU G iKg:

q q

q q

hw` Ges mgvb nq:

ei Dci Zvci cfve

136
q q
q

D`vniY 6.3: my `ni Zvcgvv q , mjwmqvm mUv KZ?

Di: mjwmqvm Ges dvibnvBU Zvcgvvi mKwU G iKg:

KvRB q nj

q q q

(A_vr qGi KvQvKvwQ)

D`vniY 6.4: Kvb Zvcgvvq mjwmqvm Ges Kjwfb j mgvb?

Di: KLbvB bv!

6.3 c`v_i Zvcxq cmviY (ThermalExpansion

ofMatter)
Zvc w`j cvq me c`v_i AvqZbB GKUz eo hvq|
Zvc Zvcgvv GB welqjv hw` Avgiv Avgv`i
AvYweK gWj w`q evLv Kwi Zvnj Gi KviYUv
evSv KwVb bq| GKUv KwVb c`v_K Avgiv

AbKjv AYy wnme Kbv KiZ cvwi Zv`i fZi
Qwe 6.3: KwVb c`v_i AYyjvK xsqi
h AvYweK ej mUvK Avgiv wsqi mv_ Zzjbv mvnvh GKwU AbwUi m mshy Kbv Kiv
KiZ cvwi| KwVb c`v_ AYyjv Kxfve _vK mUv hvq!
`Lvbvi Rb Avgiv AYyjvi gvS GKUv ws Kbv KiwQ Ges 6.3 QweZ mUv `Lvbv
nqQ| KwVb c`v_wUK D Kij AYyjv KvucZ _vKe Zvcgvv hZ ewk ne AYyjv
ZZ ewk Kvuce| mwZKvii KwVb c`v_i cKw Z evLv KiZ nj Avgv`i GB ws
gWjUvK GKUzLvwb DbZ KiZ ne| wsqi ejvq Avgiv `LwQ GKUv wsK Kvbv wbw`
`~iZ cmvwiZ Kij mwU h cwigvY ej UvbZ _vK mB GKB `~iZ msKzwPZ Kij GwU wVK
GKB ej VjZ _vK| KwVb c`v_i AYyjvi Rb GwU cyivUzwi mwZ bq AYyjvK GKwU
ewk `~iZ mwiq wbj GUv h cwigvY ej UvbZ _vK mB GKB `~iZ KvQvKvwQ Avbj

ei Dci Zvci cfve137

AbK ewk ej VjZ _vK| A_vr wswU hb GKwU wekl aibi ws GUv cmvwiZ KiZ
Kg ej cqvM KiZ nq wK msKzwPZ KiZ ewk ej cqvM KiZ nq|
GLb Zzwg Kbv Ki bvI GKwU wbw` Zvcgvvq _vKvi KviY AYyjv KuvcQ| wekl
aiYi ws nIqvi Kvib Kuvcvi mgq AYyjv KvQvKvwQ hvq Kg wK `~i mi hvq ewk|
Gevi KwVb c`v_wUK Aviv D Kiv nj, AYyjv Aviv ewk KvucZ _vKe Ges Zvgiv
eySZB cviQ AYyjv GB wekl aibi wsqi Rb hnZy ewk KvQ hZ cvi bv wK
mnRB ewk `~i hZ cvi ZvB me AYyjvB GK Abi _K GKUz `~i mi b~Zb GKUv
mvg Aev Zwi Kie| me AYy hLb GK Ab _K `~i mi hve ZLb Avgv`i KvQ cyiv
KwVb eUvB GKUz cmvwiZ nq MQ ej gb ne|

Qwe6.4: Zvc cqvM Kij KwVb c`v_i `N, cQ` Ges AvqZb eo hvq|

Zvc cqvM Kij KwVb ei `N c I DPZv wZb w`KB mgvbfve cmvwiZ nq|
c`v_i GB cmviYK weklY Kivi Rb `N, dj Avi AvqZb cmviY mnM bvg wZbwU
ivwk Zwi Kiv nqQ|
Zvcgvvq Kvbv ei `N hw` nq Ges Zvcgvv ew Ki mwU Kivi ci
hw` `N ew cq mwU nq Zvnj `N cmviY mnM D nQ:

D

KvRB
D
GKBfve Zvcgvvq Kvbv ei dj hw` nq Ges Zvcgvv ew Ki Kivi ci
djI hw` eo nq Zvnj dj cmviY mnM E nQ:

ei Dci Zvci cfve

138

KvRB

wVK GKBfve Zvcgvvq hw` AvqZb nq Ges Zvcgvv ew Ki Kivi ci hw`

AvqZb eo nq Zvnj AvqZb cmviY mnM J nQ:
KvRB

Zvgiv `LZB cvQ D E Ges wZbwU iwki GKKB nQ

D`vniY 6.4: q Zvcgvvq Zvgvi `i `N , q Zvcgvvq `wUi `N

Gi `N cmviY mnM KZ?
Di: `N cmviY mnM
GLvb

q
q

q
q q

Zvgiv Dcii D`vniY jv _K `LQ KwVb c`v_i cmviY mnMi gvb Avmj LyeB
Kg| m Kvib D E Ges
GB wZbwU wfb wfb mnMi wK cqvRb wQj bv Avgiv KvR
Pvjvbvi Rb ay `N mnMwU evLv Ki wbjB cviZvg| hgb aiv hvK dj cmviYi
evcviwU| Avgiv `LwQ:
E

ei Dci Zvci cfve139

wK dj Avmj `N Ges ci Ydj hw` Ges Avgiv eMvKwZi dj ai wbB hvi
evi `N Zvnj
D 
wKsev
D D
wK

KvRB
D D

Avgiv `LwQ D Gi gvb LyeB QvU, KvRB D Gi gvb AviI QvU, mwZ K_v ejZ Kx GwU
GZ QvU h Dcii mgxKiY D mn cyiv AskUzKz Avgiv hw` cyivcywi ev` w`B Avgv`i
weklY ev wnmve Ggb wKQz wZ ew ne bv| ZvB Avgiv wjLZ cvwi:
D
wK Avgiv Rvwb
E
KvRB wbqB:
E D
wVK GKBfve Avgiv `N, c, DPZv wbq GKUv wKDe Kbv KiZ cvwi
Zvcgvvq hvi AvqZb Ges Zvc gvv evwoq Kivi ci hvi AvqZb nqQ , KvRB
D
GKB hywZ GLvbI hw` D Ges D mn AskjvK ev` w`B Avgv`i weklY ev wnmvei
Ggb Kvbv wZew ne bv| KvRB ay c_g `wy U Ask _vKe A_vr
D
wK Avgiv Rvwb

A_vr
D
KvRB
J

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140

KvRB wbqB:

J D
eve Rxeb Avgv`i KwVb c`v_i cmviYi welqUv me mgqB gb ivLZ nq|
Zvgiv wbqB ijjvBbi gvS dvuKvwU `LQ Zvcgvvi cmviYK gb iL GUv Kiv nqQ
cmviYi GB myhvMwU bv w`j D w`b ijjvBb AuvKv euvKv nq hZ cviZ! ewk wgw Lq
Ges wbqwgZ `uvZ evk bv Ki Zvgv`i hv`i `uvZ KwfwU nqQ Zviv hLb WwUi KvQ
wMqQ Zviv nqZv j KiQ GKUv wekl c`v_ w`q `vuZi MZwU eyuR `qv nqQ| GB
c`v_wUi cmviY mnM AbK hZ Ki `uvZi cmviY mnMi mgvb Kiv nqQ| hw` cmviY mnM
`vuZ _K Kg nZv Zvnj Mig wKQz LvIqvi mgq GUv `uvZi mgvb cmvwiZ bv nq Lyj AvmZ|
Avevi cmviY mnM ewk nj Vvv wKQz LvIqvi mgq ewk QvU nq `uvZ _K Lyj AvmZ!
c`v_wevb bv coI AbK mvaviY gvbylI Zvcgvvq cmviYi welqUv Rvb| Zvgiv j Ki
`Le Kvbv KUvi gyL AvUK Mj mUvZ Mig cvwb Xvjv nq hb GUv cmvwiZ nq mnR
Lyj Avm|
D`vniY 6.5: KvPi Mvm Mig cvwb Xvjj Mvm dU hvq Kb?
Di: Kvbv Kvbv Ask nVvr Ki Zvcgvv eo hvIqvq Kv_vI cmviY ewk nq, m
KviY Mvm dU hvq|

D`vniY 6.6: mvbvi NbZ  , Gi `N cmviY mnM q Gi

Zvcgvv q evovj NbZ KZ ne?
Di: NbZ

hLvb nQ AvqZb Ges nQ fi Zvcgv evovj fi GK _vKjI AvqZb eo hvq|

KvRB q Zvcgvv evovj Zvi AvqZb ne:
J D

D q

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U  

D`vniY 6.7: Zvcgvv hw` Aviv q evovbv nq Zvnj NbZ KZ ne?

Di: mvbvi MjbvsK q KvRB GB Zvcgvvq mvbv Mj hve!


6.3.2 Zij c`v_i cmviY

Zij c`v_i `N ev dj ej KQz bB Zij c`v_i ay AvqZb
AvQ| KvRB Zij c`v_i cmviY ejZ Zvi AvqZb cmviYKB
evSvq| Zij c`v_i cmviY gvcvi mgq GKUz mZK _vKZ nq KviY
Zij c`v_K me mgqB Kvbv cv ivLZ nq KvRB cmviY mnM
gvcZ PvBj hLb ZijwUK D Kivi Pv Kiv nq ZLb ^vfvweK
fve cvwUI D nq IV Ges cvwUiI GKwU cmviY nq| KvRB
cv Zij h cmviY `Lv hvq mUv mwZKvii cmviY bv, mUv nPQ
AvcvZ cmviY| KvRB cKZ
cmviY ei KiZ nj cvi cmviYi
evcviUv me mgqB gb ivLZ ne| mvaviYZ Ziji cmviY KwVb
c`v_i cmviY _K ewk nq hw` Zv bv nZv Zvnj Avgiv AcvZ
cmviYwU nqZv `LZB cZvg bv gb nZv AvcvZ msKvPb!
Zij c`v_i cmviYi mePq mnR D`vniY nQ Qwe 6.5: Ri gvcvi
_vgvwgUvi! bvbv iKg _vgvwgUvi iqQ Zve Ri gvcvi _vgvwgUvi _vgvwgUvi cvi` hb
(Qwe 6.5) meZ Zvgv`i KvQ mePq cwiwPZ| _vgvwgUvii bg hZ bv cvi
mRb wUDe my
Mvovq GKUv KvPi wUDe cvi` _vK| Zvc `qv nj cvi`i AvqZb
eZv Zix Kiv nq|
eo hvq Ges GKUv Lye mi bj eq DVZ _vK, KZ`~i DVQ mUv
nQ Zvcgvvi cwigvc| Ri gvcvi mgq hnZz _vgvwgUviK eMj _K wKsev gyL _K ei
Ki Zvcgvv `LZ nq ZLb hb cvi`i KjvgUzKz Kg bv hvq mRb mi bjwUi Mvovq
bjwUK GKUv Lye mi eZv ivLv nq G Kvib GKevi cmvwiZ nq Dci DV Mj Zvcgvv
Kg hvevi ciI bg AvmZ cvi bv| SuvwKq bvgvZ nq!
6.3.3 Mvmi cmviY
KwVb c`v_i AvKvi Avi AvqZb `ywUB AvQ ZvB Zvi cmviY eySZ Kvbv mgmv nqwb|
Ziji wbw` AvKvi bv _vKjI Zvi AvqZb AvQ ZvB Zvi cmviYI Avgiv evLv KiZ cvwi
wKsev gvcZ cvwi| Mvmi ejvq welqUv ek gRvi Zvi KviY Zvi wbw` AvKvi Zv bBB
Zvi wbw` AvqZbI bB, MvmK h cv XvKvbv ne MvmwU mv_ mv_ mB cvi AvqZb

ei Dci Zvci cfve

142

wbq be! GKB cwigvY Mvm wfb wfb AvqvZbi cv XvKvbv nj Zvi Pvc nq wfb KvRB
Avgiv wVK Ki wbZ cvwi Avgiv hw` Mvmi AvqZb ew gvcZ PvB Zvnj j ivLZ ne Zvi
Pvci hb cwieZb bv nq 6.6 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ| GKUv wmwjvii wcbi Ici
wbw` IRbi wKQz GKUv ivLv nqQ hb GUv me mgqB wmwjvii Ave MvmK mgvb Pvc
`q|
Zij wKsev KwVb c`v_K Pvc w`q Lye ewk msKzwPZ Kiv hvq bv wK MvmK Lye
mnR msKzwPZ Kiv hvq ZvB c_gB Avgv`i Mvmi
Pvc Avi AvqvZbi gvS mKUv Rvbv `iKvi GUvK
ej Av`k Mvmi m~ Ges GUv nQ

GLvb nQ Pvc, nQ AvqZb, nQ Mvmi

cwigvY
(gvj
gvcv)

GKwU
aeK

(  )Ges nQ Kjwfb j
Qwe 6.6:Zvc cqvM Kij evZvmi
Zvcgvv|
AvqZb eo hvq|
GLb Avgiv Mvmi Rb cmviY mnM ei KiZ
cvwi| GKUv wbw` Pvc hw` Zvcgvvq Mvmi AvqZb nq Ges Zvcgvvq Mvmi
AvqZb nq Zvnj Mvmi AvqZb cmviY mnM E nQ:
Avgiv Rvwb

KvRB

 


 

evg cvk Ges Wvb cvk w`q fvM w`q:

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KvRB

A_vr

 

KvRB `LZB cvQ Mvmi cmviYi mnM gvUB Kvbv ae msLv bq GUv Zvcgvvi
wecixZ A_vr Zvcgvv hZ Kg ne Mvmi cmviY ne ZZ ewk! Abfve ejv hvq Zvcgvv
hZ Kg ne MvmK ZZ ewk msKzwPZ Kiv hve|
Zvgiv hviv Mvwoi WvBfvi`i wm.Gb.wR. kb _K wmwvi Mvm fiZ `LQ Zviv
nqZv Rb _vKe kxZKvj Zvcgvv Kg ej Mvmi cmviY Ges msKvPb ewk ZvB ZLb
Zviv GKB Pvc Mvm wbqI ewk Mvm fiZ cvi|

6.4 c`v_i Aevi cwieZb Zvci cfve (EffectofTemperatureonChange

ofState)


Zvgiv BZvga Rb MQ me c`v_ AYy w`q Zwi Ges KwVb c`v_ AYyjv wbw` Aevb
_K GK AbK AvUK ivL| Zvc `qv nj Gjvi Kb eo hvq Ges AvYweK eb
wkw_j nq GK Abi Ici MovMwo Lq boZ i Ki Ges GUvK Avgiv ewj Zij|
Zvcgvv hw` Aviv eo hvq ZLb AYyjv gy nq QvUvQzwU i Ki ZvK Avgiv ewj Mvm|
GB evcviwU Avgiv GLb AviKUz Mfxi fve `Le Ges c`v_i Aevi cwieZbi mv_ mK
AvQ G iKg wewfb ivwki mv_ cwiwPZ ne|
GKUv KwVb c`v_K hLb Zvc `qv nq ZLb Zvi Zvcgvv evoZ _vK| (Kx nvi
Zvcgvv evoe Ges mUv wKmi Ici wbfi Ki mUv Avgiv GKUz coB Rb hve|) Zvcgvv
(GKUv wbw` Pvc) GKUv wbw` gvb cuQvj KwVb c`v_wU MjZ i Ki GB cwqvUvi bvg
Mjb Ges h Zvcgvvq Mjb i nq mUvK ej Mjbv| Avgiv hw` KwVb c`v_i Zvcgvv
gvcZ _vwK Zvnj GKUz AevK nq j Kie hLb Mjb i nqQ ZLb Zvc `qv mI
LvwbKUv KwVb LvwbKUv Ziji GB wgkYi Zvcgvv Avi evoQ bv, (6.7 QweZ h iKg

144

ei Dci Zvci cfve

`Lvbv nqQ) GB mgqwUZ Zvc KwVb c`v_i AYyjvi fZiKvi AvtAvYweK ebK wkw_j
KiZ eq nq ZvB AYyjvK Aviv MwZkxj KiZ cvi bv ej Zvcgvv evoZ cvi bv| Mjb
PjvKvjxb mgq wbw` MjbvsK h cwigvY Zvc w`q cyiv KwVb c`v_K Zij icvi KiZ
nq mB ZvcK ejv nq Mjbi myZvc|
GKevi cyiv KwVb c`v_wU Zij icvwiZ nIqvi ci Zvcgvv Avevi evoZ i Ki
(6.8 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ) Zvcgvv evoZ evoZ GK mgq Zij c`v_wU Mvm
cwieZb nZ i Ki GB cwqvwUi bvg evxfeb Ges h Zvcgvvq evxfeb NU mUvK
ej zUvbv| Avevi mevBK gb Kwiq `qv nQ GB zUbv Pvci Ici wbfi Ki|
hLb evxfeb cwqv i nq ZLb Ziji AYyjv Zvc kw wbq ciii mv_ h
AvYweK eb AvQ mUv _K gy nZ i Ki| Mjbi gZv GLvbI hw`I Zvc `qv nQ
wK Ziji Zvcgvv wK evo bv| ZijK evxf~Z Kivi mgq h cwigvY Zvc w`q cyiv
Zij c`v_K Mvm cwiYZ Kiv nq mB ZvcK ejv nq evxfebi myZvc|
cyiv ZijUv Mvm icvi Kivi ci Zvc w`Z _vKj Mvmi Zvcgvv Avevi evoZ _vK|
Zvcgvv gvUvgywU AwPbxq chvq wbZ cvij AYyjv AvqwbZ nZ i Kie Gevs cvRgv
bvg c`v_i PZz_ Aev i ne wK mwU Ab evcvi!
Zvc w`q KwVb _K Zij Ges Zij _K Mvm icvii GB cwqv AZ GKwU
D`vniYwU Avgiv mevB `LwQ mwU nQ eid cvwb Ges ev| Avgiv hw`I mivmwi Mjbi
myZvc wKsev evxfebi myZvc `wL bv wK Zvi GKUv cfve AbK mgq Abyfe KiwQ|
AbK wfo wKsev Ave RvqMvq Mig QUdU Ki Avgiv hw` nVvr Lvjv RvqMvq wKsev evZvm
Avwm ZLb kixi kxZj nq Rywoq hvq| Zvi KviY Lvjv RvqMvq Avmvi ci kixi _K Nvg
evxf~Z nIqvi mgq evxfebi myZvcUzKz kixi _K wbq bq Ges kixiUvK kxZj Ki
`q|
Zvc w`q KwVb _K Zij, Zij _K Mvm h iKg icvi Kiv nq Zvi Dv
cwqvwUI wK NU| Zvc mwiq wbj GKUv Mvm c_g Zij, Zvici KwVb nZ cvi|
Avgiv c`v_i Aevbi cwieZbi mgq ejwQ KwVb _K Zij wKsev Zij _K
Mvm icvii Rb GKwU wbw` Zvcgvvq cuQvZ nq| wK mB Zvcgvvq bv cuQI wK
KwVb _K Zij, Zij _K Mvm wKsev mivmwi KwVb _K Mvm icvi nZ cvi| Avgiv
hw` c`v_i AvYweK gWj wdi hvB Zvnj welqUv evSv gvUI KwVb bq| GKUv AYy hw`
Kvbvfve h_ kw cq hvq Ges Zvi KviY hw` Zvi MwZkw h_ eo hvq h mwU
KwVb c`v_ wKsev Zij c`v_i c`k _K ei nq AvmZ cvi| KwVb wKsev Ziji
c`k hnZz evBii evZvm _K AmsL AYy gvMZ AvNvZ KiQ ZvB Zv`i AvNvZ KLbv
KLbv KwVb wKsev Ziji Kvbv Kvbv AYygy nq hvevi gZv kw cq hZ cvi| ZvB

ei Dci Zvci cfve145

c`k hZ weZ
ne GB cwqvwU ZZ ewk KvR Kie| Avgiv mevB GB cwqvwU `LwQ
GKUv wfR wRwbm GgwbZB wKq hvq Gi Rb GUvK zUbvsKi Zvcgvvq wbZ nq bv|
wKq hvIqv gvbB Zij c`v_i AYyi evvwqZ nq hvIqv h Kvbv Zvcgvvq GB cwqv
NUZ cvi Ges GB cwqvUvi bvg evvqb (evaporation) |
GKUv Ziji c`k weZ nIqv QvovI, Zvcgvv Kg zUbvsK, evZvmi cevn, evZvm
Rjxq evi cwigvY evZvmi Pvc, GB welqjvi Ici evvqb wbfi Ki|
cvwbi evvqbi mgq cvwb h iKg Zvi evxfebi myZvcUzKz wbq bq Gi
DvUvI mwZ| hw` Kvbv cwqvq ev cvwbZ icvwiZ nq ZLb mwU Zvc mieivn Ki|
N~wYSoi mgq mgy`i Rjxq ev fiv evZvm Dci DV hLb RjKYvq icvwiZ nq ZLb
evxfebi myZvcUv kw wnme ei nq Avm GB kwUv N~wYSoi cP kw wnme KvR
Ki|

6.5 AvcwK Zvc (SpecificHeat)


Zvc Zvcgvv Ges Gi mv_ mK iqQ G iKg AbKjv welq wbq AvjvPbv Kiv njI,
GKUv ei Zvcgvv KZUzKz evoZ nj mLvb KZUzKz Zvc w`Z ne mwU GLvbv AvjvPbv
Kiv nqwb| Zvgiv nqZv j Ki _vKe LvwbKUv cvwbK D KiZ ek AbY Pzjvi Ici
iL mUvZ Zvc w`Z nq| cvq mg cwigvY avZe Kvbv eK mB GKB Zvcgvvq D
KiZ wK gvUI ewk mgq D KiZ nq bv| Gi KviY cvwbi AvcwK Zvc ewk mB
Zzjbvq avZe c`v_i AvcwK Zvc AbK Kg|  c`v_i Zvcgvv q evovZ h cwigvY
Zvci cqvRb mwU nQ H c`v_i AvcwK Zvc| A_vr hw` fii Kvbv
c`v_K _K Zvcgvvq wbZ Zvci cqvRb nq Zvnj AvcwK Zvc nQ:

AvcwK Zvci GKK

Zvc aviY gZv ejZ evSvbv nq GKUv ei Zvcgvv q evovZ KZ Zvci cqvRb|
AvcwK Zvc nQ  fii q evovZ KZ Zvci cqvRb ZvB ei AvcwK Zvc

ei Dci Zvci cfve

146

Rb wbj Avgiv Lye mnRB h Kvbv ei Zvc aviYgZv ei KiZ cvie| KviY ei
fi hw` nq, AvcwK Zvc nq Zvnj

 mvbvi Zvc aviYgZv nQ
 

m Zzjbvq cvwbi Zvc aviYgZv

  cvq Y ewk|

Zvi A_ mvbv wKsev Ab Kvbv avZzK PU Ki D Kiv hvq wK cvwbK GZ mnR D Kiv
hvq bv|

6.6 KvjvwiwgwZi g~jbxwZ (FundaamentalprincipleofCalorimetry)

kxZKvj Mvmj Kivi mgq
AbK mgqB Avgiv evjwZi
Vvv cvwbZ LvwbKUv cvq
dzU Mig cvwb Xj w`B|
dzU Mig cvwb evjwZi kxZj
cvwbK Zvc w`Z w`Z Vvv
nZ _vK| evjwZi kxZj
cvwbI Mig dzU cvwb _K
Zvc wbZ wbZ D nZ
_vK| wKQzYi gvS `Lv
Qwe 6.7: Zvc cqvM Kivi mgq MjbvsK Ges zUbvsKi Zvcgvvi
hvq D cvwbi Zvcgvv Kg cwieZb nq bv|
Ges kxZj cvwbi Zvcgvv
eo cyiv cvwbUzKBz GKUv Avivg`vqK DZvq Pj GmQ|
Avgiv BQ KijB Kvb c`v_i Kvb Zvcgvvi ei mv_ Ab Kvb Zvcgvvi Kvb
e gkvj K KZUzKz Zvc `e ev be Ges kl ch KZ Zvcgvvq cuQve GB welqjv
ei Ki djZ cvie| Zv KiZ nj Avgv`i ay KqKUv wbqg gb ivLZ ne:

ei Dci Zvci cfve147

(i) ewk Zvcgvvi e Kg Zvcgvvi ei KvQ Zvc w`Z _vKe hZb ch bv `yUv
ZvcgvvB mgvb nq| (ii) D e hZUzKz Zvc cwiZvM Kie, kxZj e wVK ZZUzKz Zvc MnY
Kie| (Avgiv ai wbqwQ GB cwqvZ Ab Kvbvfve Kvbv Zvc b nQ bv|)
D`vniY 6.8: q Zvcgvvq  cvwbZ IRbi GK UzKiv eid Qo
`qv nj| cyiv eidwU Mj hvevi ci gvU cvwbi Zvcgvv KZ ne? (eidi my Zvc
)
Di : eidi Zvcgvv q ai wbB|
eidi fi
 cvwbi fi
cvwbi AvcwK Zvc q

eidUzKz MjZ h Ges eid Mjv cvwbi P~ov Zvcgvvq cuQvZ h Zvci cqvRb ne mB
ZvcUzKz cvwbK mieivn KiZ ne| aiv hvK cvwbi P~ov Zvcgvv , Zvnj eid h
cwigvY Zvc MnY Kie mjv njv :
Mjvi Rb cqvRbxq Zvc:
Mjvi ci q_ K ch Zvcgvv evovi Rb Zvc:
GB Zvcjv mieivn Kie evwK cvwb, KvRB Zvi Zvcgvv Kg hve| A_vr:
Zvc mieivn Kiv ne: q

`yUv Zvc mgvb nZ ne| KvRB:

q

D`vniY 6.9: q Zvcgvvi  cvwbZ q Zvcgvvi  cvwb hvM

Kiv nj P~ov Zvcgvv KZ?
Di : aiv hvK P~ov Zvcgvv Zvnj  cvwbi Zvcgvv q_ K Kg mwU
Z cuQve| GB ZvcUzKz MnY Ki  cvwbi Zvcgvv q_ K eo Z
cuQve| KvRB
 cvwbi fi

ei Dci Zvci cfve

148
 cvwbi fi
cvwbi AvcwK Zvc q

q q

q
q q

D`vniY 6.10: q Zvcgvvq D IRbi GK UzKiv jvnv GKUv cv

ivLv q Zvcgvvi cvwbZ Qo `qv njv| cvwbi Zvcgvv KZ ne?
jvnvi fi
cvwbi fi
jvnvi AvcwK Zvc  q
cvwbi AvcwK Zvc q

Di:

jvnvi UzKiv hZUzKz Zvc nvive cvwb wVK ZZUzKz Zvc MnY Kie| KvRB
jvnvi P~ov Zvcgvv njv

q q

q


6.7 MjbvsK Ges zUbvsKi Ici

Pvci cfve (Effect of Pressure
on Melting Point and Boiling
Point)

Pvc `qv nj c`v_i MjbvsK Kg hvq,
ZvB `yB UzKiv eidK Pvc w`q GK

UzKiv eid cwiYZ Ki djv hvq|
eidi hLvb Pvc coQ mLvb Qwe 6.8: GKwU eid LK my Zvii Pvc w`q KvUv me|

ei Dci Zvci cfve149

MjbvsK Kg hvq ej eidi ZvcgvvZB mLvbKvi eid Mj hvq, Pvc mwiq wbj MjbvsK
AvMi gvb wdi cvq ZLb Mj hvIqv cvwb Avevi eid cv wMq GKUv eid L nq hvq|
GKUv eidi Ici GKUv Zvi Ges Zvii `yB cvk `ywU IRb Szwjq w`j gb ne ZviwU
eidK KU `yB UzKiv Ki djQ, wK eidwU cixv Kij `Lv hve mwU AL GK
UzKiv eidB AvQ (Qwe 6.8:)|
Pvci KviY zUvbvsKi cwieZb nq| Pvc Kg nj zUvbvsK Kg hvq, Pvc ewk nj
zUvbvsK eo hvq| GRb hviv ceZvivnb Ki AbK DPZvq hvq Zv`i wKQz ivbv KiZ mgq
ewk bq evZvmi Pvc Kg ej mLvb cvwb Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg Zvcgvvq dzUZ _vK ZvB
Zvcgvv evovbv hvq bv mRb ivbv KiZ mgq ewk jvM| GKB KviY ckvi KzKvi Zwi
nqQ, GwU Avmj GKwU wbwQ` cv, ZvB ivbv Kivi mgq ev Ave nq Pvc evwoq `q Ges
m Kvib cvwbi zUvbvsK eo hvq ej ewk Zvcgvvq cvwb dzUZ _vK| Zvcgvv ewk ej
ivbvI Kiv hvq ZvovZvwo|
MvmK Pvc w`j Zvi MjbvsK eo hvq ZvB Lye ewk kxZj bv KiB Pvc evwoq
MvmK Zij Kiv hvq| ZLb Aewk AbK Zvci mw nq mB ZvcK mwiq bqvi eev
KiZ nq|

ei Dci Zvci cfve

150

Abykxjbx
ck :
1. GKwU KvPi cv cvi` iL D Kiv nj c_g cvi`i DPZv Kg Zvici evoZ
_vKe| Kb?
2. gnvk~b hLvb Kvbv AYy-cigvYy bB mLvb wK Zvcgvvi Aw AvQ?
3. AbK wfoi fZi fvcmv Mig _K Lvjv RvqMvq Gj kxZj Abyfe Kwi Kb?
4. KvPi Mvm cvwbZ eid w`j Mvmi Mvq we`y we`y cvwb Rg Kb?
5. ckvi KzKvi ZvovZvwo ivbv Kiv hvq Kb?

MvwYwZK ck :
1. wevbx mjwmqvm h _vgvwgUvi ceZb KiwQjb mB _vgvwgUvi eidi MjbvsK wQj
q, cvwbi evxfeb wQj q ! mB _vgvwgUvii Kvb Zvcgvvq mjwmqvm Ges
dvibnvBU Zvcgvvi mgvb?
2. Kvb Zvcgvvq mvbvi NbZ Kg hve?
3. GKUv D IRbi jvnvi UzKiv q Zvcgvvq  cvwbZ Qo `qvi ci
cvwbi Zvcgvv q eo Mj| jvnvi UzKivwUi Zvcgvv KZ wQj?
4. q Zvcgvvi eid cwZ mK Ki Zvc c`vb Kiv nj KZY ci cyivwU
evxf~Z ne?
5. GKwU wbwQ` wmwjvi Ave Mvmi Zvcgvv q_ K evwoq q Kiv nj Mvmi
Pvc KZ kZvsk eo hve?




mg Aavq

Zi I k
(WavesandSound)
gix Kzwi
gix Kzwi GKRb cvwjk c`v_wevbx Ges imvqbwe` wQjb| Zuvi Lye
kL wbR `k KvR Kieb wK gwnjv ej wbR `k Kvbv KvR LyuR
cvbwb ZvB dv Zvi ^vgx wcqvi Kzwii mv_ KgRxeb KvwUq
w`qQb| ZRqZvi Ici Zuvi KvR ZuvK c`v_wevb Ges imvqb
`ywU bvej cyivi Gb `q| wZwb GKB mv_ wQjb c_g gwnjv
bvej cyivi weRqx| Zvi Rxeb wQj NUbvej Ges agv gvbyliv
ZvK bvwK ejI bvbv fve hYv w`qwQj| ZRqZv wbq KvR
Kivi KviY wZwb ivMvv nq gZzeiY Kib|


MarieCurie(18671934)


7.1 mij `b MwZ (SimpleHarmonicMotion)
GKUv wsqi wbP GKUv fi jvwMq mUv Ub Qo w`j GUv Dci wbP KiZ _vK| (ZZxq
Ges PZz_ Aavq Avgiv GB MwZwU evLv KiwQ|) Avgiv `LwQ NlYi Rb ev Abvbfve
kwq nq ej GUv GKmgq _g hvq Zv bv nj GUv AbKvj Ici wbP KiZ _vKZ|
Avgiv GUvI `LwQ mij `b MwZZ wsqi mv_ jvMvbv fiwUi kw MwZkw Ges wefe
kwi gvS wewbgq Ki Ges G mejv NU KviY wsqi ejwU K Gi m~ gb Pj| Ki
m~wU Avevi gb Kwiq `qv hvq, wsqi ae hw` nq , fi hw` nq Ges Aevb hw` nq
Zvnj Zvi Ici AvivwcZ ej nQ

152Zi I k

Ki m~i KviY h Qw`Z ev `b MwZ nq mUvK ej mej `b MwZ| c`v_wevbi

mePq iZc~Y MwZjvi GKwU nQ GB MwZ|
Zvgv`i GB eBq GUv ei Ki `Lvbvi myhvM bB wK Rvwbq ivLZ wZ Kx? hw`
GKUv wsqi ae nq Ges fi nq Zvnj fiwUi `vjbKvj ne

hw` GUv ws bv nq GKUv myZvq Szjvbv czjvg nZv Ges myZvi `N nZ Avi
gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY nZv Zvnj `vjb Kvj nZv :
S

(bv Kvbv fzj nqwb Zzwg GKUv nvjKv fiB SvjvI Avi fvix fiB SvjvI `vjb Kvj GKB
_vKe GUv fii Ici wbfi Ki bv|) Zvi Pq eo K_v GKUv myZvq GKUv fi Szwjq `ywjq
w`qwQ Zvi `vjb Kvj Ab me wKQz AvmZ cvi wK SKv_v _K Pj Gj? Kb Gj?

D`vniY 5.1:  j^v GKUv myZv w`q fii GKUv cv_i Szwjq `vI| Zvi `vjb
Kvj KZ?
Di:

S S

cv_iUvi IRb bv nq Ab wKQz njI `vjbKvj GKB _vKZ| BQ Kij Zzwg

GLbB `vjb Kvj gc Zzwg mLvb _K Gi gvb ei KiZ cvie Pv Ki `Lv!

GKUv wsqi wbP GKUv fi jvwMq iL w`j fiUv wsUvK Ub GKUz j^v Ki mB
Aevb wi nq _vK| wsqi GB `NUvK ejv hvq mvg Aev (Qwe 7.10)|
GLb hw` fiUvK Ub GKUz wbP `~iZ bvwgq Gb Qo w`B (Qwe 7.11) Zvnj
fiUv Dcii w`K DVZ _vKe, mvg Aev cvi nq GUv Dci `~iZ DV hve Zvici Avevi
wbP bvgZ _vKe mvg Aev cvi nq wbPbg hve Ges GUv PjZB _vKe|
fiUv hLb Aevb kl Ki h Aevb i KiwQj wVK GKB
Aevb (2) GKBfve (Dcii w`K eM MwZkxj) wdi Avm ZLb Avgiv ewj GKUv c~Y

Zi I k153
`b nqQ| gb ivLZ ne njI wK h Aevb _K i KiQ mB
Aevb wdi Avme wK GUv c~Y `b bq KviY c_g wUZ Dcii w`K hvQ Ges cii
wUZ wbPi w`K hvQ, KvRB GK Aevb GKBfve wdi Avmv njv bv|
mij w`Z MwZ weklY KiZ nj Avgv`i KqKUv ivwk evLv Ki bqv fvjv|
c_gwU nZ cvi chvq Kvj ev `vjb Kvj | GKUv c~Y `b nZ h mgq bq mUv nQ
chvqKvj ev `vjb Kvj | Kv nQ cwZ mK c~Y `bi msLv A_vr

Qwe 7.1:(0) nQ mvg Aev| Ub (1) Aevb wbq Qo `evi ci wswU mij w`Z eM `yjQ|

chvqKvj hw` mK cKvk Kwi Zvnj Gi GKK nQ nvUR ()

mij w`Z MwZZ wevi nQ mvgvev _K mePq ewk Dci IVv (wKsev wbP
bvgv) `~iZ| 7.1 QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mLvb wevi nQ .

Gi cii ivwkwU nQ `kv (Phase), wsq jMvbv fiwU hLb IVvbvgv KiQ, ZLb
Kvbv GK gyn~ Z hw` fiwUi w`K ZvKvB Zvnj Avgiv `Le mwU mvgvev _K Kvbv GKwU
`~iZ _vKe mB AevbwU nQ Zvi `kv| mij `b MwZZ fi Ges wsqi GB wbw`
AevwU e GKBfve wdi Avme Avevi wVK GKchvq Kvj ci| c`v_wevbi fvlvq ejv
hvq mij w`Z MwZZ Kvbv GK gyn~Z h `kv nq GK `vjb Kvj ci Avevi mB `kv wdi
Avm|




154Zi I k

7.2 Zi (Wave)
Avgiv mevB Zi `LwQ, GKUv cvwbZ wXj Qzo w`j mB we`y _K cvwbi Zi Pvwiw`K
Qwoq co| Ni evwZ Rvjvj h Avjv Ni Qwoq co mUvI Zi| Avgiv hLb K_v ewj Avi
kUv hLb GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq cuQ hvq mUvI Zi| GKUv wsK msKzwPZ Ki
Qo w`j Zvi fZi w`q h wePzwZwU QzU hvq mUvI Zi, GKUv Uvb Ki ivLv `woi gvS
SuvKzwb w`j h wePzwZwU `wo w`q QzU hvq mUvI Zi| GK K_vq ejv hvq ZiwU Kx Avgiv
mUv Abyfe KiZ cvwi, wK hw` Zvi Rb c`v_wevbi fvlvq GKUv my`i msv w`Z PvB
Zvnj Kx eje?
mnR fvlvq ejv hvq Zi nQ, GKUv gvagi fZi w`q GK RvqMv _K Ab
RvqMvq kw cvVvbvi GKUv cwqv, hLvb gvagi KYvjv Zvi wbRi Aevb w`Z nZ
cvi wK mLvb _K mi hve bv|
Avgiv Gevi hvPvB Ki `LZ cvwi Avgv`i GB msvwU Avgv`i AwfZvi mv_
gj wK bv| b`xi gvSLvb w`q GKUv j hvevi mgq h XD Zwi Ki mB XD b`xi K~j
Gm AvNvZ Ki, KvRB wbwZfve ejv hvq GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq kw cvVvbv
nqQ| mB mgq b`xi cvwbZ fvmgvb Kvbv KPzwi cvbvi w`K ZvKvj Avgiv `Le hLb
XDwU hvQ mB gyn~ Z KPzwi cvbvwU Dci DVQ Ges wbP bgQ Ges XD Pj hvevi ci
Avevi AvMi gZv wi nq MQ Ges gvUI XDqi mv_ mv_ Zxi Gm AvQo cowb|
mij `b MwZi mv_ Zii mKUv GLb wbqB Zvgiv eySZ cviQ| GKUv
gvagi Kvbv GKUv wbw` we`yi w`K hw` Avgiv ZvwKq _vwK Zvnj hLb Zvi fZi w`q
GKUv Zi hZ _vK ZLb mB we`ywUi mij `b MwZ nq| KPzwi cvbvi ejvq hUv
NUwQj, hZY Zvi fZi w`q cvwbi ZiUv wMqQ ZZY mLvb mij `b MwZ nqQ|
mij `b MwZi gvS Zi bB, wK Zii cZKUv we`y GKUv GKUv mij `b MwZ|
KvRB Zii Rb Avgv`i `qv msvwU mwVK| Ze gb ivLZ ne Aviv AbK
aibi Zi AvQ hvi Rb GB msvwU cyivcywi mwVK bvI nZ cvi| Avgiv Zi hvevi Rb
GKUv gvagi K_v ejwQ wK m~h _K Avjv hLb cw_exZ cuQvq ZLb Zvi Rb Kvbv
gvagi cqvRb nq bv| Avjv nQ we`yr P^Kxq Zi mUv wbq beg Aavq Avgiv
AvjvPbv Kie| MvwfwU Iqf bvg GK aibi Zii K_v wevbxiv ejQb, mwU GLbv `Lv
me nqwb wK Zvi RbI Kvbv gvagi cqvRb bB| c`v_wevbi PgKc` kvLv KvqvUvg
gKvwb Iqf dvskb ej Ab GK aibi Zii K_v ejv nq mwU Aviv wewP, mLvb
mivmwi ZiwU `Lv hvq bv ay Zvi cwZwqv Abyfe Kiv hvq|

Zi I k155
KvRB Avgiv AvcvZZ Avgv`i AvjvPbv mxgve ivLe ay mB me Zii gvS hvi
Rb KwVb Zij ev Mvmi gZv gvagi `iKvi nq| GB aibi Zii bvg hvwK Zi|
7.2.1 Zii ewk
Zi wbq AvjvPbv Kivi mgq Zvi KqK aibi ewki K_v DV GmQ, GLvb Avgiv
Zii, wekl Ki hvwK Zii me ewk wbq AvjvPbv Kie|
(i) hvwK Zii Rb gvagi `iKvi nq| cvwbZ XD nq, GKUv wsq Zi cvVvbv hvq,
GKUv `woZ Zi mw Kiv hvq| Avgiv h k wb mUvI GKUv Zi Ges Zvi gvag nQ
evZvm|
(ii) GKUv gvagi fZi w`q hLb Zi hZ
_vK ZLb KYvjv wbR Aevb _K w`Z
nq (Kvuc wKsev Ici-bxP hvq) wK KYvjv
wbR Zii mv_ mv_ mi hvq bv|
(iii) Zii fZi w`q kw GKvb _K Ab
vb hZ cvi| kw hZ ewk nq Zii wevi
ZZ ewk nq| kw Zii wevii eMi
mgvbycvwZK A_vr wevi hw` wY nq kw nq
Pvi Y|

Qwe 7.2: wfb cQ`i Zvii fZi GKwU

Zi cwZdwjZ Ges cwZmwiZ nQ| mi Zvi
_K gvUv Zvi Mj GK aibi cwZdjb nq
(a) Avevi gvUv Zvi _K mi Zvi Mj Ab
aibi cwZdjb nq (b)

(iv) me ZiB GKUv eM _vK mB eM Zvi

gvagi cKw Zi Ici wbfi Ki| evZvm ki eM  cvwbZ GB eM !
wXj GKUv `woZ GKUv Zii hZ eM ne Uvb Uvb Ki ivLv `woZ ne Zvi _K ewk|
(v) Zii cwZdjb wKsev cwZmiY nq, cii Aavq Avjvi Rb GwU AbK eo Ki
AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ AvcvZZ Rb ivL GK gvag _K Ab gvag hvevi mgq Zii
LvwbKUv hw` c_g gvag wdi Avm mUv nQ cwZdjb| (Qwe 7.2) Zi hLb c_g gvag
_K wZxq gvag hvq mUv nQ cwZmiY| Avgiv hLb ki cwZawb wb mUv nQ ki
cwdjb| cvwbZ Wze _vKv Aevq hw` evBii k wb mUv nQ cwZmiY|




156Zi I k

(vi) Zii hZjv ewk AvQ, Zvi gvS mePq iZc~Y ewk nQ DcwicvZb, hw`I
Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb mUv Avgv`i Lye ewk PvL cobv| aiv hvK `ywU wfb wfb RvqMv

Qwe 7.3: `ywU Zi hvM nq Aviv eo Zi nZ cvi, Avevi GKwU AbwUK wbtklI Ki w`Z cvi|

_K GK RvqMvq `ywU Zi Gm nvwRi nqQ GKwU Zi hLb gvagwUK Dci ZzjZ Pv

KiQ AbwU ZLb ZvK bvgvbvi Pv KiQ, ZLb Kx ne? GB jv nQ DcwicvZbi welq,
hLb Zii Aviv Mfxi hve ZLb welqjv Aviv fvjvfve Rb hve, AvcvZZ aygv
mnR `ywU welq Qwe 7.3 G `Lvbv nqQ| `yUv Zi GKwU AviKwUK asmI Ki w`Z cvi
Avevi GKwU AviKwUK Aviv eoI Ki w`Z cvi|
7.2.2 Zii cKvi f`
GKUv wsqi fZi w`q GKUv
Zi hvevi mgq ZiwU wsK
msKzwPZ Ges cmvwiZ Ki GwMq
hvq| Avevi GKUv `woi GK cv
GKUv SuvKzwb w`q GKUv Zi Zwi
Ki `woi gvS w`q cvVvbv hvq|
`ywU Zii gvS wK GKUv
Qwe 7.4: k nQ evZvmi Pvci Kvi msKvPb Ges cmviYi
gwjK cv_K AvQ| wsq GKwU Aby`N Zi| GLvb O nQ Zi `N|
ZiwU wQj msKvPb Ges
cmviYi, wswUi msKvPb Ges cmviYi w`K Ges Zii eM GKB w`K GB aibi Zii
bvg Aby`N Zi| k nQ G iKg Aby`N Zi (longitudinalwave)| (Qwe 7.4)
`woi ejvq Avgiv hLb `wowUZ SuvKzwb w`q Zi Zwi KiwQ mLvb `woi KbwU
wK Zii eMi w`K NU bv| Kbi w`K A_vr `woi IVv Ges bvgv Zii eMi mv_

Zi I k157
j^| GiKg Zii bvg Abyc Zi (transverse wave)| cvwbi XD nQ Gi GKwU
D`vniY|
7.2.3 Zi mswk ivwk
mij w`Z MwZZ Avgiv h mKj ivwki K_v ejwQ Zvi mejvB Avmj Zii ejvq
eenvi KiZ cvie| GKUv ZiiI c~Y `b nq, Zvi chvqKvj AvQ, Kv AvQ Ges
wevi AvQ| Avgiv `LwQ Kvbv GKUv Zi hvevi mgq Avgiv hw` gvagi Kvbv GKUv
KYvi w`K ZvwKq _vwK Zvnj `Le mB KYvwUi mij w`Z Kb nQ! Zii ejvq
Avgiv b~Zb `ywU ivwki K_v ejZ cvwi hvi GKUv nQ Zi `N| Zii h Kvbv GKwU `kv
_K Zvi cieZx GKB `kvi gvS `~iZ nQ Zi `N| (Qwe 7.4) A_vr GKchvq Kvj GKUv
Zi hUzKz `~iZ AwZg Ki mUvB nQ Zi `N|
Zii gvS wZxq Aviv GKwU ivwk iqQ hUv mij w`Z Kb bB, mwU nQ
Zii eM| cwZ mK GKUv Zi hUzKz `~iZ AwZg Ki mUvB nQ Zii eM| cwZ
mK h KqwU chvq Kvj _vK mwU nQ KvsK, Kv hw` Ges Zi `N hw` O nq
Zvnj eM
O

GKUv Zi hLb GKUv gvag _K Ab gvag

hvq ZLb Zvi eMi cwieZb nq hnZz Kv
me mgq mgvb _vK ZvB Zi hLb GK gvag
_K Ab gvag hvq ZLb Zvi Zi `Ni
cwieZb nq| A_vr Zi wewfb gvagi fZi
w`q hvevi mgq Zvi Zi `N wKsev eMi
cwieZb nq wK Kvi ev chvqKvji KLbv
cwieZb nq bv|

Qwe 7.5: Aevbi mvc GKwU Zi|

D`vniY 7.2: Qwe 7.5 G GKwU Zi

`Lvbv nqQ Gi wevi, Zi `N `vjb Kvj Kb Ges eM ei Kiv|
Di: ZiwUi wevi Ges Zi `N GB QweZ h Z_ `qv AvQ mLvb _K
chvq Kvj, Kb ev eM ei Kiv me bq! Dcii ZiwU AbKUv GKUv Zii AvjvK
wPi gZv GLvb _K Avi Ab wKQz ei Kiv me bqGwU GKwU wbw` mgq Zii
Aev| mgqi mv_ Aevbi wKfve cwieZb nqQ GLvb m mK Kvbv Z_ bB!




158Zi I k

D`vniY 7.3:QweZ Ab GKwU Zi `Lvbv nqQ Gi wevi Zi `N chvq Kvj Kb

Ges eM ei Kiv|
Di: GB Zii wevi , chvq
Kvj , GB Qwe _K Ab Kvbv Z_
ei Kiv me bv| GB QwewUZ GKUv
wbw` vb mgqi mv_ mv_ ZiwU
Kxfve cwiewZZ nQ mwU `Lvbv
nqQ KvRB GLvb _K Zi `N KZ
ejv me bq|
Qwe 7.6: mgqi mvc GKwU Zi

D`vniY 7.4: 7.7 QweZ GKwU wbw`

mgq wewfb Aevb Ges GKwU wbw`
Aevb wewfb mgq GKwU Zii wewfb Aev `Lvbv nqQ| Gi wevi, Zi `N,
`vjbKvj Kb Ges eM ei Kiv|
Di: c_g Qwe _K Avgiv `LZ cvwQ ZiwUi
wevi Zi `N O

wZxq Qwe _K Avgiv `LZ cvwQ ZiwUi

wevi
`vjb Kvj
`vjb Kvj _K Kb ei KiZ cvwi

Qwe 7.7: Aevb Ges mgqi mvc GKwU Zi

KvRB `ywU Qwei Z_ eenvi Ki Avgiv ejZ cvwi

ZiwUi eM

Zi I k159
O

D`vniY 7.5: Qwe 7.8 G GKwU

Zii wewfb Aev `Lvbv nqQ,
Kvb Kvb Aevb `kv GK?
Di: Ges Z `kv GK
Ges Z Zii gvb mgvb
njI `kv wecixZ
Ges Z gvb mgvb njI `kv
GK bq|

Qwe 7.8: wfb wfb Aevb GKwU Zii `kv

7.3 k Zi (SoundWave)
k Zi Zwi KiZ Zvi GKUv Drmi `iKvi, mUvK cvVvbvi Rb GKUv gvagi `iKvi
Ges mB k MnY Kivi Rb Kvbv GK aibi wiwmfvi `iKvi| Avgv`i Pvicvk AmsL
ki Drm iqQ| AekB mePq cwiwPZ Drm Avgv`i K, mLvb h fvKvj KW AvQ
Avgiv Zvi fZi w`q evZvm ei Kivi mgq mLvb h Kb nq mUv w`q k Zwi nq| K_v
ejvi mgq Avgiv hw` Mjvq k Kwi Zvnj Avgiv mB KbUv Abyfe KiZ cvie| Avgv`i
K QvovI wKvi ki Drm wnme KvR Ki, mLvb h cvZjv Wvqvdvg iqQ mwUK
mywbw`fve Kvuwcq k Zwi Kiv nq| zji Nvi gvS AvNvZ Kij mwU KvucZ i Ki
k Zwi Ki Ges ZLb nvZ w`q mUvK Pc ai Kb e Ki djv hvq mv_ mv_ kI
e nq hve| wMUvii Zvi VvKv w`j mwU KvucZ _vK Ges k Zwi Ki| jveiUwiZ myi
kjvKv w`q wbw` Kb k Zwi Kiv hvq|
Kb w`q k Zwi Kivi ci mwUK GK RvqMvq _K Ab RvqMvq cvVvbvi Rb
GKUv gvagi `iKvi nq| k Zij wKsev KwVb c`v_i fZi w`qI cvVvbv hvq wK Avgiv
evZvmK gvag wnme eenvi KiB k b Af| gvag Qvov h k hZ cvi bv mwU
`Lvbvi Rb jveiUwiZ 7.9 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq GKUv Kwjs ej iL mUvK evBi
_K we`yr mieivn Ki evRvbv hZ cvi| Zvici GKUv cv w`q axi axi evqyk~b Kiv
i Kij Kwjs eji k g`y nZ i Kie| ejRviwU cyivcywi evqyk~b Kiv nj fZi
Kwjs ejwU evRZ _vKjI evBi _K gvb ne mwU Kvbv k Zwi KiQ bv|




160Zi I k

Avgiv Avgv`i Kvb w`q k bZ cvB| ki

Kb hw` _ K  Gi gvSLvb
_vK Zvnj mB k kvbv hvq| (Ze Kvb nWdvb
jvwMq AweiZ Mvb b wKsev cP k `~lY _vKj
AbK mgq kvbvi gZv Kg hvq|) ki Kb
_ K Kg nj mUvK Bbdv mvD Ges 
_K ewk nj AvjUv mvD ej| _ K Kg
wKsev _ K ewk Kb Zwi Kiv nj
mwU evZvm h Avjvob mw Kie Avgiv mwU bZ
cvie bv| Ze G aibi ki AwZ eySZ nj Avgiv
wekl aibi gvBvdvb ev wiwmfvi eenvi KiZ
cvwi| AbK ckycvwL Kg Kvi k bZ cvq|
f~wgKi AvM AvM G aibi Kg Kvi k Zwi
nq Ges AbK mgq ccvwL mB k b AvZsK
QvUvQzwU KiQ m aibi NUbv NUQ ej Rvbv MQ|

Qwe 7.9: ejRvi _K evZvm cv

Ki mwiq wbj Kwjs ej kwU
Avi kvbv hve bv

D`vniY 7.6: Kbi GKwU myi kjvKv ev wUDwbs dK w`q k Zwi Ki mwU
evZvm cvwbZ Ges jvnvi fZi w`q cevwnZ nZ w`q Zvi eM wbYq Ki `Lv MQ
ki eM evZvm , cvwbZ Ges jvnvi fZi Kvb
gvag Zi `N KZ?




Di: Zii eM O hLvb O Zii `N Ges Kb| GLvb Kb ev

. KvRB

evZvm


O

cvwbZ


O

jvnvq

O

Zi I k161
7.3.1 cwZawb
k hnZz GK aibi Zi ZvB Zvi cwZdjb nZ cvi| mvaviYZ eo duvKv `vjvbi fZi
K_v ejj GK aibi MgMg AvIqvR nq mwU cwZdjb Qvov Avi wKQz bq| `vjvbi fZi `~iZ
ewk bq ej kUv Avjv`vfve bZ cvB bv| Avgiv hLb wKQz wb Zvi Abyf~wZUv  ch
_K hvq ZvB `ywU k Avjv`vfve bZ nj `ywU ki gvS Kgc  Gi GKUv eeavb
_vKv `iKvi| ki eM  KvR  Gi eeavb Zwi KiZ kK Kgc
 `~iZ AwZg KiZ nq| GKwU eo `qvj, `vjvb wKsev Lvov cvnvoi mvgb Kgc
GB `~iZi AaK `~iZ () `uvovj kwU wMq cwZdwjZ nq wdi AvmZ  mgq
jvMe Ges Avgiv ki cwZawb bZ cve|
ev`yii PvL AvQ Ges mB PvL ek fvjv `LZ cvq ZviciI Zviv Iovi mgq
ki cwZawb eenvi Ki| ev`yi Iovi mgq Zvi K _K k Zwi Ki, mvgb Kvbv wKQz
_vKj kwU mLvb cwZdwjZ nq wdi Avm, KZY ci kwU wdi GmQ mLvb _K ev`yi
`~iZUv Abygvb KiZ cvi| G Rb AKviI ev`yi Kv_vI avv bv Lq Do hZ cvi|
ev`yii Zwi GB k Avgiv bZ cvB bv KviY kwU AvjUv-mvD A_vr Avgv`i kvbvi
evBii Kvi k|
7.3.2 ki eMi cv_K :
evZvm ki eM Zvcgvvi eMg~ ji e
AvbycvwZK| A_vr

Uwej 7.1 wewfb gvag ki eM

gvag
m/s
evZvm
330
1,284
nvBWvRb
1,450
cvi`
1,493
cvwb
5,130
jvnv
12,000
nxiv

GLvb Zvcgvv wK mjwmqvm Zvcgvv bq

Kjwfb j Zvcgvv|
ki eM evZvmi Pvci Ici wbfi Ki
bv Ze evZvmi NbZi eMg~ji Ici
evbycvwZK fve wbfi Ki| ZvB evZvm Rjxq
ev _vKj evZvmi NbZ Kg hvq m Rb ki
eM eo hvq|
k GKwU hvwK Zi| GwU gvagi wwZvcKZvi Ici wbfi Ki| Zij Ges KwVb
c`v_i cKwZ evZvm _K wfb Ges ^vfvweK KviYB ki eM mLvb wfb| Zij ki eM




162Zi I k

evZvm _K ewk Ges KwVb c`v_ ki eM Zij _KI ewk| Uwej 5.1G wewfb gvag
ki eM `Lvbv nqQ|
D`vniY 7.7: Kvbv RvqMvq kxZKvj Zvcgvv q Ges ki eM ,
MxKvj Zvcgvv eo q nj ki eM KZ?
Di:

7.3.3 ki eenvi

AvjUvmbvMvwd: ki cPwjZ eenvii K_v wbqB Avi

KvDK Avjv`v Ki ejZ ne bv, Avgiv K_v ewj, Mvb
wb, Wvviiv ``b kvbb, Bwwbqviiv hcvwZi
k kvbb BZvw` BZvw`| ki Aviv wKQz eenvi
AvQ, hvi K_v Zvgiv nqZv kvbvwb| mvbmev gvqi
Mf h beRvZKwU eo nq evBi _K ZvK `Lvi Kvbv
Dcvq wQj bv, GLb AvjUv mbvMvwd bvg GKwU cwqvq
gvqi Mf AvjUvmvD cvVvbv nq, wki kixi _K
cwZdwjZ nq hUzKz wdi Avm mUvK eenvi Ki wki

kixii GKUv ic ei Ki Avbv nq| ay mvbmev
gvq`i Rb bq kixii fZii AcZI GwU eenvi Qwe 7.10: gvqi Mf wbLyZ
AvjUvmvD wgvwK Qwe
Ki `Lv me nQ| AvaywbK AvjUvmbvMvwdi AbK
DbwZ nqQ Ges GKB mv_ wfb wfb w`K _K AvjUvmvD cvwVq mUvK aviY (Detect)
Ki GKUv wbLuZ
y wgvwK Qwe cvIqv me nQ(Qwe 7.10)|
wgvwK wmmwgK mvf: gvwUi wbP Mvm ev Zj AvQ wK bv `Lvi Rb wmmwgK mvf Kiv nq|
GwU Kivi Rb gvwUi LvwbKUv wbP QvU weviY Kiv nq, weviYi k gvwUi wbPi wewfb

Zi I k163

Qwe 7.11: k Zi cwZdjb _K f~c i wfb wfb

i mK Z_ Rvbv hvq|

i AvNvZ Ki cwZdwjZ nq Dci wdi

Avm| wRIdvb (Geophone) bvg wekl
GK aibi wiwmfvi mB cwZdwjZ ZiK
aviY (Detect) Kiv nq| mg Z_-weklY
Ki gvwUi wbPi wbLyuZ wgvwK Qwe ei Ki
Kv_vq Mvm ev Kv_vq Zj AvQ ei Ki
bqv nq| ki DrmwU Kv_vq AvQ Ges
wRIdvb Kv_vq AvQ `ywUB Rvbv _Kvi KviY
Drm _K wRIdvb k AvmZ KZUzKz mgq
jMQ RvbZ cvijB wewfb ii `~iZ
wbLuyZfve ei Kiv hvq|

AvjUvmvD wKbvi: jveiUwiZ hLb QvULvUv hcvwZ wbLuyZfve cwivi KiZ nq ZLb
AvjUvmvD wKbvi eenvi Kiv nq| GLvb Kvbv GKwU Zij QvULvUv hcvwZ Wzweq iL
Zvi fZi AvvmvD cvVvbv nq, Zvi Kb hcvwZi me gqjv ei nq Avm|
7.3.4 myihy k
Avgv`i Pvcvk bvbv aibi k iqQ
Zvi gvS wKQz wKQz k bZ Avgv`i
fvjv jvM Avevi wKQz wKQz bZ
Avgv`i weiw nq| h mKj k bZ
Avgv`i fvjv jvM Zvi gvS mePq
cavb nQ wewfb ev`hi k| 7.12
QweZ ek KqKwU ev`hi ki
Zi `Lvbv nqQ| Zvgiv `LZB
cvQ Gi mejvB chve Kb|
Qwe 7.12: wfb wfb ev`hi k Zi|
myikjvKv ev wUDwbsdK _K wbLuyZ GKwU
Kbi k ei nq wK myihy k
ay GKwU Zi _vK bv GKvwaK Zi ciii Ici Dcvcb Ki kUvK myyijv Ki
Zvj| myijv kK evLv Kivi Rb AbKjv ewk msvwqZ Kiv nqQ| mjv nQ:




164Zi I k

Uvb (Tone): Avjv`vfve kvbv me m iKg myijv k (mv i Mv gv cv av wb mv)

wcP (Pitch): Kv
wi`g (Rhythm): Zvj
Uv (Tempo): KZ `Z
KbUzi (Contour): myii ZviZg
wU^vi (Timbre): wfb wfb ev`hi _K Avmv ki gvS cv_K h ewk w`q
evSv hvq mwU nQ myii Y ev RvZ
cvej (Loudness): myijv ki cvej KZ Rvi kvbv hvQ
Aevb (Spatial location): myijv k Kv_v _K Avm Zvi Aevb
wifvieivkb (Reverberation): cwZavbi cwigvc
myijv k Zwi Kivi Rb bvbv aibi ev`hi eenvi Kiv nq, mjvK gvUvgywU wZb fvM
fvM Kiv hvq :
Zvi w`q Zwi ev`h: GKZviv, envjv, mZvi
evZvmi cevn w`q Zwi ev`h: evuwk, nvigvwbqvgK
AvNvZ (Percussion) w`q k Zwi Kivi ev`h: Xvj, Zejv
AvRKvj Bjwb eenvi Ki m~Y
wfb Dcvq myijv k Zwi Kiv nq|

Uwej 7.2: wewfb aibi ki cwigvb

RU Bwb

UvwdK

Mvox

Uwjwfkb

K_vevZv

wbtkvm

gkvi cvLvi k


7.3.5 ki `~lY
k Avgv`i Rxebi Lye cqvRbxq
GKwU welq, wK Gi evovevwo Avgv`i
RxebK Amnbxq Ki ZzjZ cvi|
Avgiv hviv kni _vwK, wekl Ki hviv
eo GKwU ivvi cvk _vwK Zviv wbqB
j KiwQ ivvq evm, Mvwo UvKi
Bwbi k Ges AbeiZ nbi k cvq
mgqB mnbkxj mn mxgvi evBi Pj hvq| `xNw`b GB k `~lY _vKZ _vKZ Avgiv AbK
mgq ZvZ Af nq hvB ZLb hw` k `~lY bB m iKg Kvbv wbwiwewj RvqMvq hvIqvi

Zi I k165
mfvM nq ZLb nVvr Ki k `~lY Qvov Rxebi AbKUzKiz iZUzKz aiZ cvwi| wewfb
aibi ki cwigvY 7.2 Uwej `Lvbv nqQ|
GwU ejvi Acv ivL bv k `~lYi KviY Avgv`i kvbvi gZvi AbK wZ nq|
mgmvwwUK evwoq Zvjvi Rb Avgv`i AbK AcqvRbI Kvb nWdvb jvwMq Mvb kvb|
k `~lY Kgvbvi Rb c_g cqvRb `k Gi wei AvBb Zwi Kiv hb KD k
`~lY KiZ bv cvi Ges Kiv nj Zvi wei AvBwb eev bqv hvq| Gi ci cqvRb
RbmPZbv| mevBK welqwU evSvZ ne, h_vme Kg nb eenvi Ki PjvPj, KjKviLvbvq
k kvlYi h Pvjy, gvBKi eenvi Kwgq Ksev e Ki `qv, Kg ki hvbevnb eenvi
BZvw`| GKB mv_ knii dvuKv RvqMvq cPiz MvQ jvwMq kK kvlY Kivi gZv eevI
bqv DwPZ|




166Zi I k

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. `LvI h GKwU Zi kwK GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq wbZ cvi|
2. kxl w`j k nq Kb?
3. Zi cevwnZ nIqvi mgq gvag cevwnZ nq bv, wbR Aevb Zvi mij Qw`Z `b nq
mZ bv wg_v?
4. eRcvZ nj k nq Kb?
5. Iovi mgq AvjUv-mvD k Zwi bv Ki Bbdv-mvD k Zwi Kij ev`yoi Kx mgmv
nZv?

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. 7.13QweZ Aevb Ges mgqi mvc GKwU Zi `Lvbv nqQ| ZiwUi eM KZ?

Qwe 7.13: Aevb Ges mgqi mvc GKwU Zi|

2. eM Ges ki eM-Gi AbycvZK ej| hywegvbi MwZeM KZ?

3. Kvbv GKwU kni MxKvj ki eM eo MQ| kxZKvj Zvcgvv q nj
MxKvj Zvcgvv KZ?
4. Avgiv _ K  ch k bZ cvwi| Ges ki Zi
`N KZ?

5. , RU Bwbi k Ges gkvi cvLvi k nj, RU Bwbi k

gkvi cvLvi k _K KZv Y ewk?

Ag Aavq

Avjvi cwZdjb
(ReflectionofLight)
Avib iv`vidvW

Avib iv`vidvWi Rb wbDwRKjv Ges KgRxebi GKUv

eo Ask KvwUqQb Bsjv| ZRwqZv wbq KvR Kivi Rb
ZuvK imvqb bvej cyivi `qv nq| wZwb Zvi eo KvRjv
KiwQjb bvej cyivi cvIqvi ci| c`v_wevb Zuvi mePq
eo Ae`vb cigvYyi K` AZ z` wbDwKqvmi evLv `qv|
wZwb h ay wbR AZ eo GKRb eenvix c`v_wevbx wQjb
Zv bq, wZwb Zuvi mnKgx Ges Qv`i w`qI AbK eo MelYv
KwiqQb| wZwb Zuvi nvwbqvK Aenjv Ki h_vh_ wPwKrmv bv
Kivq GK aibi RwUjZvq gviv hvb|

ErnestRutherford(18711937)

8.1 Avjvi cKw Z (NatureofLight)

Avgiv PvL hUv `LZ cvB mUv nQ Avjv| Avgiv PvL MvQcvjv `wL, AvKvk `wL,
Pqvi-Uwej gvbyl `wL Zvi gvb GB bq h MvQcvjv AvKvk Pqvi-Uwej wKsev gvbyl nQ
Avjv! Gjv _K Avjv cwZdwjZ nq mB AvjvUv Avgv`i PvL co, PvLi iwUbv _K
mB Avjv w`q Zwi msKZ Avgv`i gw cuQvq Avi Avgv`i gw eySZ cvi KvbUv
MvQcvjv wKsev KvbUv gvbyl| cyiv evcviUv i nq PvLi gvS Avjv XvKv _K|
Avjv nQ we`yr P^Kxq Zi| Zi njB Zvi GKUv Zi `N _vK Zvi gvb
AvjviI wbqB Zi `N AvQ| Avgiv hviv cyKz i wXj Qzo wKsev GKUv `woZ SuvKzwb w`q
Zi Zwi KiwQ Zviv Rvwb h BQ KijB QvU eo Zi `Ni Zi Zwi Kiv hvq, ZvB
AvjviI wbqB bvbv `Ni Zi `N _vKZ cvi| K_vUv mwVK, we`yr P^Kxq Zii `N
hv wKQz nZ cvi| mUv KqK wKjvwgUvi _KI ewk nZ cvi Avevi GK wgUvii wUwjIb
wUwjIb fvMi GK fvMI nZ cvi| h welqUv Avgv`i fvjv Ki Rvbv `iKvi mwU nQ GB

168 Avjvi cwZdjb

mve wekvj Zi `Ni QvU GKUv Ask Avgiv `LZ cvB, Zi `N Gi _K ewk njI
Avgiv `LZ cvB bv Avevi Gi _K QvU njI Avgiv `LZ cvBbv| Zi `N 400nm
_K 700nm Gi wfZi nj Avgiv we`yr P^Kxq Zi `LZ cvB Ges mUvK Avgiv ewj
Avjv| Avgiv h PvL bvbv is `LZ cvB mjvI Avmj wewfb Zi `Ni Avjv| Zi

Qwe 8.1: Avjvi KUvg Ges wfb wfb isq PvL mse`bkxjZv

`N hLb QvU nq mUv nq ebx| hLb Zi `N evoZ _vK ZLb mUv bxj meyR njy`
Kgjv jvj nq PvLi KvQ A`k nq hvq! gvbyli PvL GB evwi Gi evBi Zi `N
`LZ cvq bv wK cvKv gvKo ev Abvb AbK cvYx Gi evBiI `LZ cvq! wewfb AvjvZ
gvbyli PvLi mse`bkxjZv 8.1 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ|
8.1 QweZ Avjvi wewfb Zi `Ni bvgjv `Lvbv nqQ| Zi `N hw` `kgvb
Avjvi mePq QvU Zi `N _KI QvU nq mUvK Avgiv ewj AvjUv fvqvjU Avjv,
Aviv QvU nj G i Aviv QvU nj Mvgv i hUv ZRq wbDwKqvm _K ei nq| Avevi
Zi `N hw` `kgvb Avjvi mePq eo Zi `N _KI eo nq mUvK Avgiv ewj

Avjvi cwZdjb



169

BbdviW Aviv eo nj gvBvIqf Aviv eo nj iwWI Iqf! c`v_ wevb wkLZ nj h

welqjv RvbZ nq, we`yr P^Kxq Zii GB wefvRbwU nQ Zvi mePq iZc~Y GKUv
welq|
Zvgiv `LZB cvQ Avgiv Avgv`i PvL h Avjv `LZ cvB Zvi Zi `N LyeB
QvU wK c`v_wevbi AbK PgKc` cixv AvQ hjv w`q Avgiv GB Zii bvbv
PgKc` GcwigU KiZ cvwi|
Avjv mK Avgiv hw` RvbZ PvB Zvnj i KiZ cvwi cwZdjb w`q|

8.2 cwZdjb (Reflection)

cwZdjb K_vUv ejZB Avgv`i cvq mevi PvLB
Avqbvi mvgb `uvwoq _vKvi QweUv fm IV wK
gb ivLZ ne cwZdjb welqUv Aviv AbK
evcK| hLbB GK gvag _K Ab gvag
AvjvK cvVvbv nq ZLbB Avmj wZbwU wfb wfb
NUbv NU, Zvi GKwU nQ cwZdjb| Ab `ywU
Qwe 8.2: GK gvag _K Ab gvag Avjvi
nQ cwZmiY Avi cwZkvlY| (Qwe 8.2)
cwZdjb, cwZmiY I cwZkvlY|
c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag hvevi mgq
LvwbKUv Avjv Avevi c_g gvagB wdi Avm mUvi bvg nQ cwZdjb| LvwbKUv Avjv wZxq
gvag XzK hZ cvi mUv nQ cwZmiY| Avevi LvwbKUv Avjv kvwlZ nq hvq mUvi bvg
nQ cwZkvlY| GB Aavq Avgiv cwZdjb Ges cii Aavq cwZmiY wbq AvjvPbv Kie|
Avjv GK aibi Zi, mvaviYfve Zii hvIqvi Rb gvagi cqvRb nq, (cvwb bv
_vKj cvwbi XDUv ne Kv_vq?) wK Avjvi welqUv m~Y wfb, GUv hnZz we`yr Ges P^K
i Zi ZvB GUvi Rb Kvbv gvagi `iKvi bB, Avjv Zvi we`yr Avi P^K `ywUi
Zi Zwi Ki wbRivB Pj hZ cvi| KvRB cwZdjb ev cwZmiY evLv Kivi Rb hLb
c_g Ges wZxq gvagi K_v ejv nqQ ZLb GKwU gvag Avmj k~b gvagI nZ cviZ|
mwZ K_v ejZ Kx Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv KvP ev cvwbZ Avjvi cwZdjb Ges
cwZmiYi h D`vniYjv `wL mLvb GKUv gvag evZvm AbwU KvP (wKsev cvwb)| evZvm
GZ nvjKv gvag h mUvK k~b gvag ai wbj Ggb wKQz eo fzj nq bv|

170 Avjvi cwZdjb

8.2.1 cwZdjbi m~
cwZdjbi m~ evSvi AvM Avgv`i
KqKUv welqK msvwqZ Ki bqv
`iKvi| hLb GK gvag _K Ab gvag
Avjv Gm co Avgiv AvcvZZ ai wbB
mwU nQ GKUv mgZj| welqwU evSvi
Rb Avgiv ai wbB h AvjvUv cwZdwjZ
ne mUv GKUv AvjvK iLv ev AvjvK
iwk| hLb GKUv AvjvK iwk GK gvag
_K Ab gvagi Ici GKUv we`yZ Gm
co c_gB mB we`y _K GKUv j^
Kbv Ki wbZ ne| h AvjvK iwkwU Qwe 8.3: c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag Avjvi
cwZdjb|
Gm mB we`ywUZ coQ Ges h j^wU
Kbv KiQ mB `ywU iLvK wbq GKwU mgZj Kbv Ki bvI| (Qwe 8.3)
h iwkwU c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag XvKvi Rb GKUv we`yZ AvcwZZ nqQ
Avgiv mUvK eje, AvcvZb iwk ()| h iwkwU cwZdwjZ nqQ () mUv nQ
cwZdwjZ iwk (evSvB hvQ hUv wZxq gvag XzK hve mUv cwZmwiZ iwk GB Aavq
mUv wbq Avgiv AvjvPbv Kie bv|) AvcwZZ iwk j^i mv_ h KvY Kie mUvK eje
AvcvZb KvY T , cwZdwjZ iwk j^i mv_ h KvY (T ) Kie mUvK eje cwZdwjZ
Kvb| GLb Avgiv cwZdjbi m~ `ywU ejZ cvwi :
c_g m~: AvcvZb iwk Ges j^ w`q Avgiv h mgZjwU Kbv Ki wbqwQjvg
cwZdwjZ iwkwU mB mgZjB _vKe|
wZxq m~: cwZdjb KvYwU ne AvcvZb KvYi mgvb|
D`vniY 8.1:8.4 QweZ `Lvbv Aevq `ywU Avqbv ivLv AvQ| gvSLvb we`yZ GKwU
gvgevwZ ivLv nqQ| gvgevwZi cwZwe^ Kv_vq ne?
Di: Avqvbvq cwZwe^ `Lv hve| mB cwZwe^i cwZwe^wUI Avqbv `ywUZ `Lv hve Gfve
PjZB _vKe| KvRB QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mfve AmsL cwZwe^ `Lv hve|

Avjvi cwZdjb



171

cwZdjbi `ywU m~ ejv njB cwZdjb wbq me wKQz ejv nqwb, mwZ K_v ejZ Kx cwZdjbi

Qwe 8.4: `ywU mgvivj Avqbvi gvSLvb GKwU gvgevwZ ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^ Ges cwZwe^i cwZwe^
Zix nZ _vK|

mePq iZc~Y welqUvB ejv nqwb, KZUzKz cwZdjb ne? cwZdjbi Rb hw` Avqbv eenvi
Kiv nq Zvnj cvq cyivUvB cwZdwjZ nq, wK cwZdjb K_vwU Zv ay Avqbvi Rb Zwi Kiv
nqwb GUv Zv h Kvbv `yUv gvagi gvS nZ cvi| KZUzKz cwZdjb ne mUvi Rb
m~wUi bvg dbji (Fresnel) m~| m~Uv Zvgiv AviKUz eo nq wkLe, GLb GUvi g~j
welqUv Rb ay ivL AvcvZb KvY hZ ewk ne cwZdjbI ne ZZ ewk| Zvgiv `LQ
mvaviY GK UzKiv KuvP cwZdjb nq Kg gv _K , evKxUv fZi w`q cwZmvwiZ
nq hvq| wK cwZdjb KvY hw` ewk nq q wKsev q Gi KvQvKvwQ, Zvnj cwZdwjZ
Avjv AbK ewk eo hvq| Rvbvjvi KvPi cvk `uvwoq Zvgiv GLbB mUv cixv Ki
`LZ cvi|
8.2.2 cwZkvlY
Avgv`i Pvicvki RMZi
m`hi eo GKUv Ask Avm
wewfb is _K| wK iswU Avm
Kgb Ki? Avgiv hLb meyR
cvZvi gvS GKUv jvj Mvjvc
dzj `wL, mwU Kb jvj wKsev
Qwe 8.5: AvcvZb KvY ewk nj cwZdjb AbK ewk nq
Zvi cvZvwU Kb meyR? welqUv
Aviv weqKi gb nZ cvi
hLb Zvgiv `Le meyR AvjvZ jvj dzjUvKB `Lve KzPKzP Kvjv wKsev jvj AvjvZ
meyR cvZvK `Lve KzPKzP Kvjv!

172 Avjvi cwZdjb

welqUv Avmj mnR mvaviY AvjvZ (AbK mgq ej mv`v Avjv), Avmj mejv
Zi `NB _vK, is hnZz Zi `Ni Ici wbfi Ki ZvB ejv hZ cvi mLvb me isqi
Avjv iqQ| hLb mejv is _vK ZLb mLvb Avjv`vfve Kvb is `Lv hvq bv ZLb
AvjvUvK Avgiv ewj eYnxb wKsev mv`v Avjv| GB AvjvUv hLb GKUv jvj Mvjvc dzj co
ZLb Mvjvc dzjUv jvj is Qvov Ab mejv is kvlY Ki bq ZvB h AvjvUv cwZdwjZ
nq Avgv`i PvL co mLvb jvj Qvov Avi Kvbv is _vK bv Ges Mvjvc dzjUvK gb nq
jvj| wVK m iKg meyR cvZvUvZ me
is Gm co Ges cvZvUv meyR Qvov Ab
me is kvlY Ki bq ZLb h isUv
cwZdwjZ nq mUvZ meyR Qvov Ab
Kvbv isqi Avjv _vK bv ej
cvZvUvK `Lvq meyR| (Qwe 8.6)
hw` m~Y jvj AvjvZ GB
Mvjvc dzj Ges cvZvUvK `Lv nZv
Zvnj dzjUvK wVKB jvj `Lv hZ
KviY GUv jvj is kvlY Ki bv wK

cvZvUvK Zvi mwVK isq bv `wLq
`Lve Kvjv| Kvib cvZvUv jvj isK Qwe 8.6: GKUv e me is kvlY Ki hUv cwZdwjZ Ki
mUvKB Zvi is ej gb nq
kvlY Ki dje Ges Kvbv is
cwZdwjZ Kie bv| wVK GKB Kvib meyR AvjvZ cvZvUv meyR `LvjI mB isUv Mvjvc
dzj cyivcywi kvlY Ki be ej Mvjvc dzj _K cwZdwjZ nevi gZv Kvbv is _vKe bv
ej mUvK `Lve Kvjv|
8.2.3 gmY Ges AgmY c cwZdjb
Avqbv wKsev Avqbvi gZv gmY c
Avjvi mgvivj iwk jv cwZdjbi
ciI mgvivj _vK KviY cZKUv

iwkB cwZdjbi m~ gb AvcvZb
KvYi mgvb cwZdjb KvY cwZdwjZ Qwe 8.7: gmY c Avjv cwZdwjZ nq wK AgmY c Avjv
nq| wK cwU hw` gmY bv nq Zvnj weQywiZ nq
cwZdjbi ci AvjvK iwkjv Avi mgvivj bv _K Pvwiw`K Qwoq co| (Qwe 8.7)

Avjvi cwZdjb



173

8.3 Avqbv (Mirror)

Avgiv mevB Avqbv (`cY) `LwQ| Avqbvq wbqwgZ cwZdjbi KviY cwZwe^i Zwi nq|
Avqbv Zwi Kivi Rb KvPi wcQb cwZdjbi DchvMx icvi cjc `qv nq| KvPi mvgbi
c _K Avjv cwZdwjZ njI wcQbi c
_K cyiv Avjv cwZdwjZ nq ej mwU g~j
cwZwe^wU Zwi Ki| Uwjvc ev Ab AcwUKvj
(optical) h hLb g~j cwZwe^wU Lye iZc~Y nq
ZLb KvPi DciB icv ev Avjywgwbqvgi cjc
`qv nq hb GKwU nvjKv AviKwU
, G iKg `ywU cwZwe^ Zwi bv nq GKUv
cwZwe^ Zwi nq|

8.3.1 cwZwe^:
Qwe 8.8: X ewUi cwZwe^ X Aevb `Lv
Zywg hLb Avqbvi mvgb `uvovI ZLb Zzwg wbRi hve
cwZwe^ `LZ cvI Zzwg Avqbvi hZUzKz mvgb
AvQ, Zvgvi gb ne cwZwe^wU eywS wVK ZZUzKz wcQb AvQ| 8.8 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ X
nQ GKwU e mLvb _K wZbwU iwk Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nqQ (A_vvr AvcvZb KvY =
cwZdwjZ KvY)| cwZdwjZ iwkjvK Avgiv hw` Avqbvi wcQb evwoq w`B Zvnj gb ne
mejv X' GK we`yZ K`xf~Z nqQ| GB we`ywUB nQ X ewUi cwZwe^| mwZKvi eZ
GKUv we`y bv _K AbKjv we`y _vK Ges cwZKUv we`yi GKUv Ki cwZwe^ nq cyiv
ewUi cwZwe^ Zwi nq|
Avgiv hw` RvwgwZ eenvi Ki cwZwe^wUi Aevb `LvZ PvB Zvnj Kgc `ywU iwk
AuvKZ ne| QweUv AvuKv AbK mnR nq hw` Avgiv GKwU iwk wnme wbB mvRv j^fve hvIqv
iwk Ges Zvi mv_ Ab h Kvbv GKUv iwk QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ|
Ges wfyR `ywU memg| A_vr  Zvi gvb we`yi cwZwe^wU Avqbv
_K ewUi mgvb `~iZ Zwi nqQ|
D`vniY: `LvI Ges wf~R `ywU memg|

174 Avjvi cwZdjb

Di: GLvb KviY `ywUB GK mgKvY hnZz nQ Avqbvi c
AvuKv j^| cwZdjbi wbqg Abyhvqx AvcvZb KvY cwZdjb KvYi mgvb KvRB
Avevi KvRB wf~R Ges Gi gvS
mvaviY ev Ges GB evi `yB w`Ki KvY `ywU mgvb| Ges wf~R `ywU
memg, ZvB

Kvbv Avqbvq Avgiv hw` GKwU ei

cwZwe^ `wL Zvnj Avgv`i gb nq cwZwe^ _K
eywS AvjvK iwk AvmQ Avmj wK gvUI mB
we`y _K Avjv AvmQ bv| Avgiv ci `Le AbK
mgq wK mwZ mwZ Ggbfve GKUv cwZwe^ Zwi
nq hLvb mwZ mwZ Avjv K`xf~Z nq Ges
mLvb _K AvjvK iwk ei nq Avm| G iKg
cwZwe^K ej eve cwZwe^ Ges GB aibi
cwZwe^ w`q AbK KvR Kiv me| Avqbvq h
Qwe 8.9: X Aevbi ewUi cwZwe^ `Lvi
cwZwe^ Zwi nq mLvb mwZKvii Avjv K`xf~Z
Rb XP Ges XO GB `ywU AvjvK iwk
nq bv ZvB Gi bvg Aeve cwZwe^|
eenvi KivB h_
8.10 QweZ GKwU gv we`y bv nq GKUv
weZ
ei cwZwe^ Kxfve Zwi nq `Lvbv nqQ| Ges we`y _K Avjv Avqbvq
cwZdwjZ nq h_vg Ges G
Aeve cwZwe^ Zix KiQ A_vr gb
nQ PvL AvjvK iwk AvmQ Ges
_K| `LvB hvQ Gi h `N
Gi mB GKB `N| Z Zxii
gv_vwU hw` Dcii w`K nq Zvnj
ZI Zxii gv_vwU Dcii w`K ne|
A_vr mvaviY Avqbvq cwZwe^:
(a) Avqbv _K mg`~iZ
Qwe 8.10: ewUi cwZwe^
(b) Aeve
(c) mvRv Ges
(d) mgvb `Ni

Avjvi cwZdjb



175

Avgiv Avjv`v Avjv`vfve GB welqjv gb

Kwiq w`wQ KviY GKUz ciB `Le mvaviY
Avqbvi e`j Ab aibi Avqbv eenvi
Kij cwZwe^ wfb `~iZ nZ cvi, eve
nZ cvi, Dv nZ cvi GgbwK QvU
wKsev eoI nZ cvi|
D`vniY 8.3: c~Y `N cwZwe^ `Lvi Rb Avqbv
KZv eo nZ nq ?
Di: 8.11 Qwei RvwgwZ _K ejv hvq
wgUvi| gRvi evcvi nQ Zzwg Avqbv _K 1 wgUvi
`~iB _vKv wKsev wgUvi `~B _vKv Zvgvi
Avqbvi `N wK memgqB ne Zvgvi `Ni AaK| Zvgvi gv evev wKsev Ab KD hw`
mvRMvR Kivi ci Zv`i Kgb `LvQ `Lvi Rb dzj js_ wgii wKbZ hvq Zv`iK
ejv AaK js_ wKbjB KvR Pj hve!

Qwe 8.11: c~Y`N cwZwe^ `Lvi Rb c~Y`N Avqbvi

cqvRb nq bv

D`vniY 8.4:`ywU Avqbv ciii mv_ q KvY

ivLv AvQ| c_g Avqbvq q Z Avjv djv nj
AvjvK iwk Kvb w`K hve?
Di: RvwgwZ _K ejv hvq iwkwU we`yZ
AvcwZZ ne Ges wVK wecixZ w`K cwZdwjZ ne|

Qwe 8.13: m~ dzUv w`q KvY ei cwZwe^ Zwi

Kiv me

Qwe 8.12: 60 KvY ivLv `ywU

D`vniY 8.5: GKUv
Avqbvi GKwUZ A we`yZ 60
AKvi Ni GKUv
KvY Avjv AvcwZZ nQ
evWi gvS Lye QvU
GKUv dzUv Ki GKUv Rj gvgevwZi mvgb ivL| QweZ
`Lvbv Dcvq evWUvi Abcvk GKUv mv`v KvMR ivL| mv`v
KvMR hw` Ab Kv_v _K Avjv coZ bv `vI Zvnj
mLvb gvgevwZi wkLvi GKUv cwZwe^ `Le| wcQbi mv`v
KvMRwU mvgb wcQb mwiq cwZwe^wU QvU eo KiZ cvie|
cwZwe^wU wK eve bvwK Aeve? mvRv bv Dv mg`~iZ
bv wfb `~iZ? eo bv QvU?

176 Avjvi cwZdjb

Di: eve, Dv, mKj `~iZ , hZ `~i
ZZ eo| GB cwZZ wcb nvj Kvgiv Zix
nq|
D`vniY 8.6: 8.14 QweZ hfve `Lvbv
nqQ mfve `ywU Avqbv AO Ges BO
j^fve ivLv AvQ| Zvi mvgb GKwU e ivLv
njv| ewUi cwZwe^ AvuK|
Di: Ges AvqbvZ `ywU cwZwe^
`Lv hve| cwZwe^i cwZwe^
`Lv hve|

Qwe 8.14:mgKvb ivLv `ywU Avqbvq

Avjv kwUi wfb wfb cwZdjb

8.4 Mvjxq Avqbv (SphericalMirror)

mvaviY mgZj Avqbv Avgiv mevB `LwQ wK mwZKvii Mvjxq Avqbv Avgiv mevB bvI
`LZ cvwi Ze Mvjxq Avqbvi g~j welqwU wK PKPK b~Zb PvgP AbKUv `Lv hvq!
Mvjxq Avqbv `yB iKgi nq _vK AeZj Ges Dj| GKUv duvcv MvjKi LvwbKUv KU Zvi
c icv ev Avjywgwbqvgi cjc jvwMq AeZj wKsev Dj Mvjxq Avqbv Zwi Kiv hvq|
Kvb c icv ev Avjywgwbqvgi cjc `qv ne Zvi Ici wbfi Kie GB Mvjxq AvqbvwU
AeZj bv Dj Mvjxq Avqbv ne|

8.5 Dj Avqbv (ConvexMirror)

Zvgiv hw` KLbv GKUv PKPK PvgyPi wbPi ev
wcQbi Ask wbRi Pnviv `Lvi Pv Ki _vK (Qwe
8.15) Zvnj wbqB j KiQ h mLvb Zzwg Zvgvi
PnvivUv mvRv `LvjI mwU ne Zzjbvg~jKfve
QvU| PvgPi GB AskUv Dj Avqbvi gZv KvR Ki|
mwZKvii Dj Avqbv GKUv cKZ
MvjKi Ask nq|
aiv hvK MvjKwUi evmva ( Qwe 8.16) Ges Zvi
GKUv Ask KU Zvi Dj AskwUi w`K _K Avjvi
cwZdjbi eev Kiv nqQ| GB Avqbvq GKUv

Qwe 8.15: GKwU PvgPi Dv cv

Dj MvjK Avqbvi gZv|

Avjvi cwZdjb



177

mgvivj Avjv djv nj AvjvwU Pvwiw`K Qwoq hve, Qwoq hvIqv AvjvK iwkjv hw`
Avqbvi K`i w`K ewaZ Kwi Zvnj gb ne mUv eywS GKUv we`y _K Qwoq MQ| H
we`ywUK ej dvKvm we`y| Dj Avqbvi h c _K cwZdjb nq Zvi K` we`ywUK ej
gi we`y Ges GB we`y _K dvKvm
we`yi `~iZwUK ej dvKvm `~iZ
|
D`vniY 8.7: mgZj
AvqbvK hw` Avgiv
Mvjxq Dj Avqbv
wnme Kbv Kwi Zvnj
Zvi dvKvm `~iZ KZ?

Qwe 8.16: Dj Avqbvi dvKvm `~iZ MvjKi evmvai AaK

Di: Amxg!

GKUv Mvjxq AvqbvK Avgiv me mgqB GKUv MvjKi Ask wnme Kbv KiZ cvwi| H

MvjKwUi emva hw` nq Zvnj dvKvm `~iZ ne .

D`vniY 8.8: cgvY Ki

Di: gRvi evcvi nQ Zzwg wK GUv cyivcywi cgvb KiZ cvie bv Gi KvQvKvwQ cgvY
KiZ cvie| aiv hvK Mvjxq Avqbvi g~j Ai mv_ mgvivj `ywU iwk A Ges B _K
gi we`y Ges Ab GKwU we`y GmQ (Qwe 8.17)| h
iwkwU we`yZ GmQ mwU cwZdwjZ nq hw`K GmQ
wVK mw`KB wdi hve| Avgiv GB iLvwUK MvjKi K`
we`y ch ewaZ Kwi, `LvB hvQ ( MvjKi
emva) h iwkwU we`yZ GmQ mwU mB we`yZ j^
Gi mv_ T AvcvZb KvY KiQ| cwZdjb KvY T =T
Ges mwU w`K hve| Avgiv K ewaZ Kij mwU
iLvK we`yZ Q` Kie|

Qwe 8.17: GKUv Mvjxq Dj Avqbv Avmj

GKUv MvjKi Ask

KviY wfyRi hnZy

T Ges T

178 Avjvi cwZdjb

hLb evmva _ K AbK QvU nq ZLb GwU mZ| ewki fvM Dj
Avqbvq GUv mwZ|
KvRB

8.5.1 Mvjxq Dj Avqbvq cwZwe^

Avgiv AvMB ejwQ PvgPi evBii AskUv Mvjxq Dj Avqbvi gZv KvR Ki Ges mLvb
Zzwg wbRK `LZ PvBj QvU Ges mvRv GKUv cwZwe^ `LZ cvI| hvi A_ Avgiv Mvjxq
Dj Avqbvi cwZwe^wU me mgqB QvU `Lvi K_v| QweZ GKUv Dj Avqbvi mvgb
GKwU e ivLv AvQ we`y _K Avjv we`yZ Gj mwU j^fve cwZdwjZ nq Avevi
we`yi w`KB wdi hvq hvi A_ ei we`yi cwZwe^wU GB iLvi Kv_vI ne| mwU
wVK Kv_vq RvbZ nj we`y _K
Ab w`K AviKwU iwk AuvKZ ne
Avgv`i mwU Kivi cqvRb bB
KviY we`ywUi cwZwe^wU ei Ki
mLvb _K Avgiv GwU Rb be|
we`yi cwZwe^ ei Kivi
Rb `ywU iwk AvuKZ ne, GKwU
AvMi gZv mivmwi we`yi mv_ hy

Kwi| iwkwU h iKg j^fve
cwZdwjZ nq Gi w`K wdi
Qwe 8.18: Dj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvm `~iZi
fZi ivLv nj cwZwe^wU eo `Lvq|
wMqwQj GB iwkwUI wVK GKBfve
we`yZ cwZdwjZ nq Gi w`K
wdi hve| wZxq iwkwU Gi mv_ mgvivjfve AvuKv hZ cvi mUv Dj Avqbvi
we`yZ k Kij gb ne hb we`y _K Qwoq hvQ KvRB Avgiv K hy Ki
Gi w`K evwoq w`Z cvwi|
iLvUv iLvK we`yZ Q` KiQ hvi A_ we`yi cwZwe^wU ne
we`yZ| hnZz Avgv`i gb ne we`yi cwZdjbwU AvmQ we`y _K| _K
iLvi Ici j^ Uvbj mUv we`yZ Q` KiQ KvRB ne Gi cwZwe^| `LvB
hvQ me mgq _K QvU Ges Dj Avqbv _K hZ `~i _vKe ne

Avjvi cwZdjb



179

ZZ QvU! cwZdjbi wbqg eenvi Ki Dj wKsev AeZj Avqbvq cwZwe^ AvuKvi GB cwZwU
fvjv Ki Rb ivLv `iKvi, GwU c`v_wevbi Lye cqvRbxq GKUv cwZ|
evSvB hvQ _K Avmj mwZKvii Avjv weQzwiZ nQ bv, Avgv`i gb nQ
eywS cwZwe^wU GLvb AvQ! KvRB GUv Aeve cwZwe^| mvaviY Avqbvi cwZwe^i mv_ Zzjbv
Ki Avgiv ejZ cvwi
(a) GB cwZwe^wUi Aevb ne dvKvm we`y Ges gi we`yi gvSLvb| ewU hZ `~i
_vKe cwZwe^wU dvKvm we`yi ZZ KvQ Zwi ne|
(b) GB cwZwe^wU Aeve
(c) GwU mvRv
(d) GUv QvU, ewU Avqbv _K hZ `~i hve cwZwe^wU ZZ QvU nZ _vKe|

8.6 AeZj Mvjxq Avqbv (ConcaveMirror)

GKUv PKPK PvgPi fZii AskUv AeZj Mvjxq Avqbvi D`vniY nZ cvi| Zvgiv hviv
PvgyPi fZii w`K ZvwKqQ Zviv wbqB j (Qwe 8.19) KiQ mLvb Zvgvi cwZwe^wU
QvU Ges mePq PgKc` nQ cwZwe^wU Dv! Zvgiv PvBj Zvgvi AvOzj PvgPUvi Lye KvQ
ai `LZ cvi, `Le AvOzjUv mvRvB `LvQ| Gevi Av Av `~i mivZ _vK, `Le
Zvgvi AvOzjUv eo `LvZ i KiQ (Avgiv mgZj
Avqbv wKsev Dj Avqbvq Gi AvM cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ
ciwQ wK KLbvB ei cKZ
AvKvi _K eo cwZwe^
Zwi KiZ cvwiwb GB c_g eo cwZwe^ `LZ
cvwQ|) AvOyjUv hw` Av Av mivZ _vK GK mgq
AevK nq `Le AvOzji cwZwe^Uv Dv nq MQ!
GUvK GLb hZB mwiq bvI, GUv me mgq DvB _K
hve| (mgZj Avqbv wKsev Dj Avqbv w`q Avgiv Gi
AvM KLbvB Dv cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ cvwiwb GB
c_g Avgiv Dv cwZwe^ `LwQ!)
KvRB `LZ cvQ PvgPi evBii AskUv Dj
Qwe 8.19: GKwU PvgP AeZj Avqbvi
Avqbvi gZv Ges fZii AskUv AeZj Avqbvi gZv gZ KvR Ki
KvR Ki! mwZKvii AeZj Avqbv Avmj GKUv

180 Avjvi cwZdjb

MvjKi Ask| Dj Avqbvi ejvq evBii

Dj Ask _K Avjv cwZdwjZ nZv, AeZj
Avqbvi ejvq AvjvK fZii AeZj Ask
_K cwZdwjZ Kiv ne|
GKwU AeZj Avqbvq mgvivj Avjv
djv nj Avjvi iwkjv cwZdjbi ci GK
we`yZ wgwjZ ne (Qwe 8.20)| eySZB cviQ
GB we`ywU AeZj Avqbvi dvKvm we`y Ges
gi we`y _K GB we`y ch `~iZUv nQ

dvKvm `~iZ| Avjvi iwki Zv Avi _g
_vKvi Dcvq bB Ges GK we`yZ wgwjZ nevi Qwe 8.20: AeZj Avqbvi dvKvm `~iZ MvjKi
ciI mUv mvRv mvgbi w`K GMvZ _vKe evmvai AaK|
Ges `Lv hve mB we`y _K Avjvjv Qwoq
coQ! A_vr dvKvm we`yZ cuQvbvi AvM Avjv GK nZ _vK (Awfmvix) dvKvm we`yZ
cuQvbvi ci Avjv Qwoq hZ _vK (Acmvix!)
D`vniY 8.9: mgZj AvqbvK Avgiv hw` Mvjxq AeZj Avqbv wnme Kbv Kwi Zvnj
Zvi dvKvm `~iZ KZ?
Di: Amxg!

Dj Avqbvi ejvZI Avgiv GKB Di cqwQjvg hvi A_

dvKvm `~iZ evoZ evoZ Amxg nq Mj Dj Ges AeZj
Avqbv `ywUB mgZj Avqbv nq hvq!
Dj Avqbvi gZv AeZj AvqbvZI dvKvm `~iZ nQ
evmvai AaK| GwU e cgvY Kiv hvq bv, KvQvKvwQ cgvYwU
Gevi Avgiv Zvgv`i nvZ Qo w`jvg|
D`vniY 8.10: Avgiv AeZj Avqbv covi mgq ai
wbqwQjvg mgvivj AvjvK iwk K`i KvQvKvwQ AvcwZZ

nq KviY hw` Zv bv nq Zvnj mwU we`yZ K`xf~Z ne

bv| hw` Avgiv wbwZ nZ PvB h mgvivj AvcwZZ iwk

me mgqB GK we`yZ K`xf~Z ne Zvnj AvqbvwUi
AvKvi Kgb nZ ne?

Qwe 8.21: cwZdwjZ Avjv

GKwU dvKvm we`yZ AvcwZZ
Kivi Rb e Avqbvi mwVK
AvKwZ

Avjvi cwZdjb



181

Di: RvwgwZ _K Avgiv `LvZ cvwi AeZj AvqbvwU MvjK bv nq QweZ `Lvbv
AvKwZi nj AvjvK iwk GK we`yZ K`xf~Z ne| GKUv Mvd ccvi mgvivj iwk GuK
mUvK GK we`yZ wgwjZ Kivbvi Rb mB we`y _K iwk GuK Zvgiv Dvfve AMmi
nq GB wekl e AvqbvwU AuvKZ cvie| Pv Ki `L|

8.6.1 AeZj Avqbvq cwZwe^

Gevi GmwQ Avgiv mePq gRvi AskUzKz Z! mgZj Avqbv Ges Dj Avqbvq ay GK aibi
cwZwe^ Zwi nZv| AeZj Avqbvq `yB aibi cwZwe^ nZ cvi| GKUv e dvKvm `~iZ _K
Kg `~iZ ivLj GK aibi cwZwe^ Zwi nq, dvKvm `~iZ _K ewk `~iZ ivLj Ab iKg
cwZwe^ Zwi nq|
dvKvm `~iZ _K Kg `~iZ:
8.22 QweZ GKUv AeZj Avqbv `Lvbi nqQ, AeZj AvqbvwU h MvjKi Ask mB
MvjKi K` nQ , AeZj Avqbvi dvKvm we`y Ges aiv hvK ewUi cwZwe^wU
Avgiv ei KiZ PvB| we`ywU
_K Avjv AeZj Avqbvi we`yZ
cwZdwjZ nq Avevi nq
we`yi w`K wdi hve| KvRB evSv
hvQ GwU iLvq wKsev Zvi
ewaZ Aski Kvbv GKUv we`yZ
_vKe, wVK Kv_vq mB we`ywU ne
mwU ei KiZ nj we`y _K
Abw`K Aviv GKwU iwkK AeZj

Avqbvi w`K AvuKZ ne Avgiv
Qwe 8.22: AeZj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvm `~iZi fZi
Avi mwU KiwQ bv, AvMi gZv
ivLv nj cwZwe^wU eo `Lvq|
we`ywUi cwZwe^ ei KiZ cvijB
mLvb _K we`ywUi cwZwe^i mwVK RvqMvwU ei Kiv hve| we`yi cwZwe^ ei KiZ
nj GB we`y _K `ywU iLv AuvKZ ne, evSvB hvQ c_g iLvwU ne iLvi ewaZ Ask,
GUv AeZj AvqbvK j^fve k Ki wVK mB c_B cwZdwjZ nq wdi hve| QweZ
hfve `Lvbv nqQ we`y _K AviKUv iwk nZ cvi Ai mv_ mgvivj GKUv iwk

182 Avjvi cwZdjb

KviY Avgiv Gi gvS Rb MwQ mgvivj iwk cwZdjbi ci dvKvm we`y w`q hvq| KvRB
GUv we`yZ AvcwZZ nq cwZdwjZ nq we`y w`q Pj hve|
we`y _K ei nIqv `ywU iwk cwZdjbi ci Ges w`K hve Ges `LvB
hvQ GB iwk `yUv wgwjZ nevi Kvbv myhvM bB! KvRB Wvb cvk Kvbv cwZwe^ Zwi nZ
cvie bv| wK hw` Wvb cvk _K evg cvk ZvKvbv hvq Zvnj gvb ne iLv Ges
iLv `ywU eywS we`yZ wgwjZ nqQ KvRB ne Gi cwZwe^| GB we`y _K
Ai Ici GKwU j^ AvKjB Avgiv Gi cyiv cwZwe^ cq hve| _K
mwZKvi fve Kvbv Avjv hvQ bv, ay Avgv`i gb nQ GLvb eywS cwZwe^wU Zwi nqQ|
KvRB GB cwZwe^wU Aeve cwZwe^| Qwe _K `Lv hvQ cwZwe^wU g~j e _K eo| ay
Zv-B bq Avgiv ewUK hZB dvKvm we`yi KvQ Avbe cwZwe^wU ZZB eo ne| (hw` GUvK
wVK dvKvm we`yZ emvbv nq Zvnj cwZdwjZ AvjvK iwk Avmj mgvivj nq hve A_vr
cwZwe^ Zwi Kivi Rb AvjvK iwk Avi wgwjZ nZ cvie bv|) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvm
`~iZi fZi Kvbv wKQz ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^wU Kgb ne mwU `L bqv hvK :
(a) cwZwe^wUi Aevb Kv_vq ne mwU wbfi Kie Avmj ewUi Aevbi Ici|
ewU hZB dvKvmi KvQ ivLv ne cwZwe^i AevbwU ne ZZ `~i|
(b) GwU Aeve
(c) mvRv
(d) cwZwe^wUi `NI wbfi
Kie Zvi Aevbi
Ici, hZ dvKvm we`yi
KvQ hve Zvi `NI
ZZ eo hve|
dvKvm `~iZ _K ewk `~iZ:
Avgiv GLb ch hZ cwZwe^ `LwQ
Zvi gvS GB cwZwe^wU mePq
PgKc` KviY GB c_gevi Avgiv
GKwU eve cwZwe^ `Le A_vr
hLvb cwZwe^wU Zwi ne mLvb
mwZ mwZ Avjv K`xf~Z ne|

Qwe 8.23: AeZj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvm `~iZi evBi ivLj

cwZwe^wU nq Dv

Avjvi cwZdjb



183

mwZKvii ewU nQ Ges

we`yi cwZwe^wU Abevii gZv wbqB
iLvi Dci _vKe| we`ywUi cwZwe^ ei
Kivi Rb Avgv`i `ywU iwk AvuKZ ne
GKwU ne Ai mv_ mgvivj Ges
cwZdwjZ nq GwU wbqB dvKvm we`y
Gi wfZi w`q wnme hve| wZxq
iwkwU Avgiv we`yi wfZi w`q AvuKZ
cvwi GwU AeZj Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nq
wnme mgvivj nq hve, KviY mgvivj
iLvi Avjv AeZj AvqbvZ cwZdwjZ nq Qwe 8.24: AeZj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvj `~iZi
wb `~iZI evBi ivLj cwZwe^wU Dv Ges QvU
h iKg dvKvm we`yi wfZi w`q hvq wVK
nq|
m iKg Zvi DvUvI mwZ, Avjv me
mgqB Zvi MwZc_ Dv c_ cyivcywi AbymiY Ki| Ges iLv `ywU we`yZ Q`
KiQ Ges we`ywU nQ we`yi cwZwe^| KvRB we`y _K iLvi Ici j^wU
we`yZ Q` KiQ Ges nQ Gi cwZwe^| `LZB cvQ GB cwZwe^wU GLb
ch `Lv Abvb cwZwe^ _K wfb|
8.24 QweZ e GKB welq `Lvbv nqQ aygv ewU dvKvj `~iZi wY
_K ekx `~iZ ivLv nqQ| Gevi ewUi cwZwe^wU nqQ QvU| ewU hw` wVK dvKvj
`~iZi wY `~iZ ivLv nZv Zvnj Zvi cwZwe^wUI nZv GB GKB we`yZ, 8.25 QweZ hgb
`Lvbv nqQ| ay ZvB bq cwZwe^wUi AvKvi nZv wVK ewUi mgvb| dvKvj `~iZi evBi
ivLv GB wZbwU wfb wfb evcvi Gevi wQq jLv hZ cvi| dvKvj `~iZi evBi Kvbv
eK ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^ ne G iKg :
(a) cwZwe^i AevbUv wbfi Kie ewU Kv_vq AvQ Zvi Ici| hZY ch ewU
dvKvm we`y Ges AeZj Avqbvi K`i gvSLvb AvQ cwZwe^i AevbUv ne
K`i eBi| ewU hw` AeZj Avqbvi eZvi K` _K evBi _vK Zvnj Zvi
cwZwe^ ne K`i wfZi| hw` ewU wVK K`i Ici _vK Zvnj cwZwe^i
AevbUvI ne K`|
(b) cwZwe^wU eve| ZvB eUvK w`q Zvi cwZwe^ h iKg ei KiZ cvwi wVK m
iKg cwZwe^UvK e aiv nj eUvB ne Zvi cwZwe^!

184 Avjvi cwZdjb

(c) cwZwe^wU Dv!

(d) cwZwe^wUi `N wbfi KiZ GwU Kv_vq AvQ Zvi Ici| hw` GUv dvKvm we`y
Ges eZvi K`i gvSLvb _vK Zvnj cwZwe^wUi cwZwe^ ne ewU _K eo|
hZ dvKvm we`yi KvQvKvwQ ZZ eo| hw` ewU eZvi K` _K evBi nq Zvnj
Gi AvKvi ne Avmj ewU _K QvU| hw` GUv wVK eZvi K` _vK Zvnj
cwZwe^i AvKvi ne wVK ewUi AvKvii mgvb!
eve cwZwe^ LyeB iZc~Y GKwU aviYv Avgiv cii Aavq `Le Kgb Ki j w`qI G
iKg eve cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv hvq| Zvgiv `LZB cqQ eve cwZwe^ mwZKvii AvjvK
iwk _vK ZvB GUvK hw` Kvbv c`vq djv hvq mLvb cwZwe^wU `LvI me nq| mvaviY
Avqbvq Zzwg Zvgvi Pnviv `LZ cvie wK ay mvaviY Avqbv w`q KLbv Zvgvi Pnviv
Kvbv c`vq djZ cvie bv|
D`vniY 8.11:  8.24 QweZ `Lvbv
nqQ ewUi cwZwe^ Zwi nqQ
G| hw` wU ewU nZ Zvnj
Zvi cwZwe^ Kv_vq nZv?
Di: GwU eve cwZwe^| KvRB
hw` cKZ
e nq Zvnj Zvi cwZwe^ ne
!

Avgiv GZY Mvjxq AeZj Avqbvi

fZiKvi wevbUzKz wkLwQ Gevi `Lv hvK Kxfve
mUv Avgiv eenvi Kwi|

Qwe 8.25: AeZj Avqbvi dvKvj `~iZi

wb `~iZ GKwU e ivLj cwZwe^wU wVK
GKB RvqMvq Dv Aevq `Lv hvq|

8.7 weeab (Magnification)


Avgiv hnZy `LZ cqwQ h GKUv cwZwe^ KLbv cKZ
e _K QvU nq KLbv eo nq
ZvB weeab ej GKUv k eenvi Kiv hZ cvi| cwZwe^wU g~j e _K KZ eo mUvK
weeab ejv nq| hw` GKUv ei AvKvi nq Ges Zvi cwZwe^i AvKvi nq Zvnj weeab
nQ:

Avjvi cwZdjb



185

Avgiv hLb Uwjvc Kvbv emZzK `wL Lvwj PvL `Lj mUvK hZ eo `Lvbvi K_v
Uwjvc `Lj mUvK m Zzjbvq hZ eo `Lve mUvB nQ Uwjvci weeab|


8.8 Avqbvi eenvi (UseofMirror)
8.8.1 mvaviY Avqbv
`bw`b Rxeb mvaviY Avqbvi eenvi mePq ewk| hLbB GKw`K cvVvbv AvjvK Ab
w`K wbZ nq ZLb Avgiv mvaviY Avqbv eenvi Kwi| Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ mvaviY
Avqbvq Wvb Ges evg w`K e`j hvq ZvB hw` Avgv`i Wvb-evg AweKZ ivLZ nq Zvnj GKwU
Avqbvi cwZwe^ Ab GKwU Avqbvi wZxqevi cwZdwjZ Ki Avevi wVK Ki wbZ nq|
mvaviY Avqbvi cwZwe^ Wvb Ges evgi cwieZb nq| `ywU Avqbv 90 Z iL mUvK
Avqbv wnme eenvi Kij Wvb evgi cwieZb nq bv| `ywU Avqbv w`q welqUv cixv Ki
`Lv| (Qwe 8.26) GLvb GKUv Lye iZc~Y welq Rb ivLv fvjv hLb Lye fvjv
cwZdjbi cqvRb nq ZLb
wK mvaviY Avqbv eenvi bv
Ki m~Y wfb GK aibi
cwZdjb Kiv nq| Avgiv cii
Aavq `Le cyivcywi ^Q
gvag w`q Kxfve AvjvK
cwZdwjZ Kiv hvq!


8.8.2 Dj Avqbv
Qwe 8.26: mvaviY Avqbvq cwZwe^ Wvb Ges evg cv hvq, cwZwe^
Dj Avqbvq hnZz mvRv Ges evg Wvb AweKZ ivLZ nj `ywU AvqbvK mgKvb ivLZ ne
QvU cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv hvq ZvB
eo Kvbv `kK QvU RvqMvq `LZ nj Dj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| Mvwoi ` WvBfviiv
Mvwo Pvjvbvi mgq me mgq wcQb Kx nQ `Lvi Pv Kib m Rb Mvoxi WvBfvii mvgb
wiqvi wfD wgii _vK GB wgiijvZ Dj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq hb QvU GKUv Avqbv
w`qB Mvwoi WvBfviiv wcQbi eo GKUv RvqMv `LZ cvb|

186 Avjvi cwZdjb

8.8.3 AeZj Avqbv

AeZj Avqbvi mePq eo eenvi nQ Uwjvc| cw_exi mePq eo Ges mePq m~
Uwjvc AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| AbK mvaviYfve gb Ki `~ii Kvbv QvU
wRwbmK AbK eo Ki `LvbvB eywS fvjv Uwjvci `vwqZ| Avmj mwU mwZ bq fvjv
Uwjwvci `vwqZ AbK Kg AvjvZI cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv| mRb AeZj Avqbvi AvKvi
hZ eo ne mwU ZZ ewk Avjv msMn Ki ZZ
cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ cvie| cw_exi me eo eo
Uwjvc AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq|
AeZj Avqbvi AviKwU eenvi nQ AvjvK
mgvivj exg Zwi Kiv| RvnvR ji mvPjvBU AeZj
Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| Avjvi DrmUzKz _vK dvKvm
we`yZ ZvB mwU AeZj Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nq mgvivj
exg wnme ei nq hvq| Zvgiv `bw`b Rxeb h
UPjvBU eenvi Ki mLvbI evjwU ivLv nq GKwU AeZj
Avqbvi dvKvm we`yZ!

AeZj Avqbvq dvKvm `~iZi fZi wKQz _vKj
Qwe 8.27: dvKvm `~iZ Zxe Avjv
hnZz mvRv Ges eo cwZwe^ Zwi nq ZvB Kvbv wKQz Zix Kij mwU AeZj Avqbvq
eo Ki `LZ njI AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| cwZdwjZ nq mgvivj Avjv wnme
Wvvi wKsev WwUiv ZvB AbK mgqB wKQz `Lvi Rb ei nq Avme|
AeZj Avqbv eenvi Kib|

Avjvi cwZdjb



187

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. PvLi mse`bkxjZvi cwigvcwU Kgb Ki
wbYq Kiv nZ cvi?
2. gvbyli PvL mePq ewk `LZ cvq njy`vf
meyR is Zvnj wec`msKZ me mgq jvj w`q
Kb Kiv nq?
3. AvqbvZ Wvb evg D hvq, Ici wbP Ivq bv
Kb?
4. RvQbvi AvjvZ is `Lv hvq bv Kb?
5. RvwZwe``i eo Uwjvc me mgq AeZj
Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq Kb?

MvwYwZK mgmv:

Qwe 8.28: wfb wfb KvY ivLv Avqbvi

GKwUZ Avjv AvcwZZ nQ|

1. 8.28 Qwei gZv Ki Avqbv ivLv AvQ| QweZ `Lvbv AvjvK iwkwU Kvb w`K hve
`LvI|
2. Dj Avqbvq ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.29a) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|

Qwe 8.29: (a) Dj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi fZi ivLv GKwU e| (b) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi
fZi ivLv GKwU e|

3. AeZj Avqbvq ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.29b) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|



188 Avjvi cwZdjb

4. AeZj Avqbvq ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.30a) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|

Qwe 8.30:(a) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi evBi ivLv GKwU e| (b) AeZj Avqbvq wY dvKvj
`~iZi evBi ivLv GKwU e|

5. AeZj Avqbvq ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.30b) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|

beg Aavq

Avjvi cwZmiY
(Refractionoflight)
AvjevU AvBbvBb
AvBbvBbi Rb RvgvvwbZ| Rxebi iZ wZwb GKwU cUU
Awdmi Kivwb wnme KvR i KijI kl eqm cw_exi k
wevbx wnme cwiwPZ nb| Zuvi mePq eo Ae`vb Rbvij
w_Iwi Ad wijwUwfwU Ges Zuvi   mgxKiYwU cw_exi
mePq PgKc` mgxKiY wnme weePbv Kiv nq| wZxq gnvhyyi
AvM RvgvwbZ _vKv Zuvi Rb KwVb nq coj wZwb AvgwiKvZ
Pj Avmb Ges evwK Rxeb mLvb KvwUq `b| gZzi ci Zuvi
cwieviK bv Rvwbq GKRb wPwKrmK Zuvi gwwU KU mwiq
dj Ges cieZxZ mwU AbK KZ~nji Rb `q!
AlbertEinstein(18791955)

9.1 Avjvi cwZmiY (RefractionofLight)

BZvga Zvgiv Rb MQ h Avjv hLb GKwU gvag _K Ab gvag cek KiZ Pvq ZLb
wZbwU wfb wfb evcvi NU| GKwU nPQ cwZdjb, hLb c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag hvevi
mgq LvwbKUv Avjv Avevi c_g gvagB wdi Avm Ges m welqwU Avgiv AvMi Aavq
AvjvPbv KiwQ| GKwU nQ cwZmiY hLb c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag Avjv cek Ki|
h welqwU Avgiv GB Aavq AvjvPbv Kie| klwU nQ cwZkvlY hLb LvwbKUv Avjv kvwlZ
nq, Avgiv GB cwZkvlYi evcviwU AvcvZZ Avi AvjvPbv Kie bv|
hw` kvlYi evcviUv Avgiv aZei gvSB bv Avwb Zvnj GK gvag wKsev Ab
gvag Avjvi cevni g~j welqUv nZ cvi Avjvi eM| mvRv K_vq ejZ cvwi cZKUv

190Avjvi cwZmiY

gvagB Avjvi eM wfb Ges Kvb gvag Avjvi eM KZ mwU wbw` Ki w`jB Avgiv
cwZmiYi me wKQz ei Ki djZ cvie|
cZKwU gvagKB Avmj Zvi fZi Avjvi Uwej 9.1: wfb wfb gvag Avjvi
eM cKZ
Avjvi eM _K KZY Kg mUv w`q cwZmvivsK
k~b gvag
1.00
wbw` Ki `qv nq Ges ZvK ejv nq mB gvagi
evZvm
1.00029
cwZmvivsK | k~b gvag Avjvi eM , Ges ZvB
cvwb
1.33
Kvbv gvag Avjvi eM nj gvagwUi cwZmvivsK
mvaviY KvP
1.52
nQ:

nxiv
2.42

GKwU msLv gv Ges Gi Kvbv GKK bB

Ges hnZz Avjvi mevP eM nQ , KvRB Gi gvb me mgqB _K ewk| KvRB
hLb Avgiv ewj cvwbi cwZmvivsK , ZLb
Avmj Avgiv evSvB cvwbZ Avjvi eM:
 


dvBevi AcwUK Kveji KvPi Zi cwZmvivsK

KvRB dvBevii fZi w`q Avjv
eM hvq| 9.1 Uwej wKQz
Qwe 9.1: KvPi cwZmivsK Zi `Ni Dci
wbfi Ki|
c`v_i cwZmvivsK `qv nqQ| k~b gvag
^vfvweK fveB Gi gvb ne , evZvm GwU Gi GZ KvQvKvwQ h Avgiv GUvK aiB
Avgv`i wnmve Kie|
D`vniY 9.1: 9.1 Uwej `Lvbv gvagjvZ Avjvi eM KZ ei Ki|
Di: Kvb gvag Avjvi eM

k~b gvag 
evZvm 

Avjvi cwZmiY191
cvwbZ 
mvaviY KvP 
nxivZ 

GLvb DjL h Kvbv gvagi

cwZmvivsK ejZ nj mwU Kvb Zi `Ni
AvjvZ gvcv nqQ mwU ej w`Z nq| KviY
Avjvi cwZmvivsK Avjvi Zi `Ni Ici
wbfi Ki| KvqvUR KvPi cwZmvivsK Zi
`Ni mv_ mv_ Kxfve Kg hvQ mwU 9.1
QweZ `Lvbv nqQ!

9.1.1 cwZmiYi m~

cwZmiYi m~ evSvi Rb h welqjv Rvbv
Qwe 9.2: c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag Avjvi
cqvRb wQj mj Rvbv nqQ| cwZdjbi
cwZmiY|
ejvq Avgiv AvjvK iwk h we`yZ coQ
mB we`y _K GKwU j^ Kbv Ki wbqwQjvg, GLvbI mB GKB welqwU KiZ ne| 9.2
QweZ j^i mv_ AvcwZZ iwkwUi KvYK eje AvcvZb KvY, wZxq gvag j^i mv_
cwZmvwiZ iwki KvYK eje cwZmiY KvY|
cwZmiYi c_g m~ : AvcvZb
iwk Ges j^ w`q Avgiv h
mgZjwU Kbv Ki wbqwQ
cwZmwiZ iwk mB GKB mgZj
_vKe|
cwZmiYi wZxq m~ : c_g
gvagi cwZmvivsK , wZxq
gvagi cwZmvivsK , AvcvZb
KvY T , Ges cwZmvwiZ KvY T
nj
T  T

Qwe 9.3: nvjKv gvag _K Nb gvag hvevi mgq Avjv

j^i w`K eK hvq| Nb gvag _K nvjKv gvag hvevi
mgq Avjv j^ _K `~i mi hvq|

192Avjvi cwZmiY

GB AwZ mnR m~wU gb ivLj Zzwg cwZmiY-msv me mgmvi mgvavb Ki djZ cvie|
hw` c_g gvagwU evZvm nq Zvnj ai wjLZ cvwi (Qwe 9.3)
T

T
hnZy Gi gvb _K ewk ZvB

T T A_vr cwZmiYi ci

AvjvK iwkwU j^i w`K euK

hve| ewk nj Avgiv AbK mgq
ZvK Nb gvag ewj gb ivLZ ne
GLvb gvagi fii KviY Nb ejwQ
bv| GUvK Nb ejZ evSvbv nQ
Gi ewk| KvRB cwZmiYi
wZxq m~ _K Avgiv ejZ cvwi
Avjv nvjKv gvag _K Nb gvag
hvevi mgq cwZmvwiZ iwk j^i w`K
Qwe 9.4: AvcZb Kvb ewk nj Avjv ewk cwZdwjZ nq|
euK hve| Avevi Nb gvag _K
nvjKv gvag hvevi mgq mwU j^ _K `~i mi hve| (Qwe 9.3)
cwZmiY wbq AvjvPbv Kiv nQ ej GLvb ay gv AvcvZb iwk Ges cwZmvwiZ iwk
AvuKv nqQ wK mevBK gb ivLZ ne hLbB GKwU AvjvK iwk GK gvag _K Ab
gvag cek Ki ZLb me mgqB LvwbKUv Avjv cwZdwjZ nq| `yUv gvagi gvS KZLvwb
cwZdwjZ ne Ges KZLvwb cwZmvwiZ ne mUv wbfi Ki AvcvZb KvYi Ici| AvcvZb
KvY evoZ _vKj me mgqB cwZdjb evoZ _vK| KvRB Dcii `yUv Qwe wVK Ki AvuKZ
nj 9.4 Qwei gZv Ki AvuKZ ne|
D`vniY 9.2: GKwU Kvci gvS
GKUv gy`v iL mUvK mvgb
Ggbfve ivLv hb mwU `Lv bv
hvq| gy`vwU Kxfve `Lv me? 


Di: Kvc cvwb XvjjB gy`vwU

`kgvb nq hve| (Qwe 9.5)

Qwe 9.5: cvwb I KvPi fZi Avjv cwZmiY|

Avjvi cwZmiY193
D`vniY 9.3:9.6 QweZ `Lvbv cvkvcvwk ivLv KqKwU wfb gvagi evBii c Avjv T
Kvb AvcwZZ nqQ| T Gi gvb KZ?
Di:

KvRB

T  T
T  T
T  T
T  T

T  T
hnZz

T T

Qwe 9.6: wfb wfb gvagi fZi

w`q Avjvi cwZmiY|

A_vr h KvY Avjv XzKe wVK mB KvY AvjvUv ei ne!

D`vniY 9.4:  evZvm _K AvjvK iwk
gvag q Z AvcwZZ
nqQ| (Qwe 9.7a) GwU KZ wWwM KvY
wZxq gvag cek Kie?
Di: Avgiv Rvwb
T  T

KvRB

Qwe 9.7: (a) Avjv q KvY AvcwZZ nQ (b) Avjv q

KvY AvcwZZ nq q KvY cwZmwiZ nQ|

T 

T q

D`vniY 9.5: 9.7b QweZ GKwU iwk q Z evZvm _K GKwU gvag cek Ki
q KvY wZxq gvag cwZmwiZ nQ| wZxq gvagwUi cwZmvivsK KZ?
Di: Avgviv Rvwb

194Avjvi cwZmiY
T  T

q  q

q

q

9.1.2 wcRg
Kvbv ^Q gvagi `yB c mgvivj bv nj ZvK wcRg ej| ^Q mgvivj gvag h w`K
Avjv cek Ki mB w`Ki mv_ mgvivj nq AvjvK iwk ei nq hvq| w`K AcwiewZZ
_vKjI Avjvi iwk g~j iwk _K LvwbKUv mi
hvq| wcRgi ejvq AvjvK iwki w`K cv
hvq| (Qwe 9.8) c_g c w`q AvjvK iwkwU
cek Kivi mgq j^i w`K euK hvq hnZy
wZxq cwU mgvivj bq ZvB mB c w`q Avjv
ei nevi mgq j^ _K mi MjI mwU Avi
g~j w`K Nyi hZ cvi bv|
wcRg Avjvi w`K cv hvevi NUbv
NUjI mwU Ab GKwU KviY Aviv ewk Qwe 9.8: wcRgi AvjvK iwk w`K wcRgi
iZc~Y| wcRg GKwU AvjvK iwk cek Kivi fzwgi w`K eK hvq|
ci mwU g~j w`K _K KZUzKz euK hve mwU wcRgi cwZmvivsKi Ici wbfi Ki| Avgiv
AvMB ejwQ cwZmvivsK Avmj Avjvi Zi `N ev isqi Ici wbfi Ki| ZvB wfb wfb
isqi Rb cwZmvivsK wfb, KvRB GKB AvjvK iwkZ wfb wfb is _vKj wcRgi fZi
w`q hvevi mgq mB isqi Avjvjv wfb wfb KvY w`K cwieZb Kie KvRB Avgiv `Le
wcRg _K Avjv ei nevi mgq Zvi isjv Avjv`v nq MQ, wbDUb hwU c_g `wLqwQjb
(Qwe 1.2) !
9.1.3 AvcwK cwZmvivsK
Avgiv ejwQ Kvbv gvagi cwZmvivsK memgq
_K ewk nq| KviY cwZmvivsK hnZy k~b gvag
mv_ mB gvag Avjvi eMi Zzjbv GUv _K ewk
ne| gvS gvS GK gvagi cwZmvivsKi Zzjbvq Ab
gvagi cwZmvivsK cKvk Kiv nq ZLb KvbwUi mv_

Qwe 9.9: cvwb I KvPi fZi Avjv cwZmiY

Avjvi cwZmiY195
KvbwUi Zzjbv Kiv nqQ Zvi Ici wbfi Ki mUv _K Kg nZ cvi|

hgb cvwbK c_g gvag Ges KuvPK wZxq gvag aij (Qwe9.9)
T  T


cvwbi Zzjbvq KvPi cwZmvivsK
T

T
hwU _K ewk|
Avevi KvPi Zzjbvq cvwbi cwZmvivsK
T

T
hwU _K Kg|

A_vr h gvagi cwZmvivsK ei KiZ PvBQ mwUK hvi Zzjbvq ei KiZ PvBQ mB
msLv w`q fvM w`Z ne|
cvwbi Zyjbvq nxiv:
nxivi Zzjbvq cvwb:
KvPi Zzjbvq nxiv:
nxivi Zzjbvq KvP:

(Ze c`v_wevb mvaviYZ `ywUi Zzjbv wnme cwZmvivsK eenvi bv Ki wbw` ei

cwZmvivsK wnmeB eenvi Kiv nq|)

9.2 c~Y Avfixb cwZdjb (TotalInternalReflection)

cwZdjb mK AvjvPbv Kivi mgq ejv nqwQj hLb AZ wbLuyZ Ges c~Yv cwZdjb
cqvRb nq ZLb Avqbv eenvi bv Ki cyivcwi ^Q gvag eenvi Ki GK aibi cwZdjb
Kivbv nq GB cwZdjbi bvg c~Y Avfixb cwZdjb| GwU AZ mnR Ges PgKc` GKwU

196Avjvi cwZmiY

cwqv, GLvb cwZmiYi wbqg eenvi Ki AvjvK iwkwU Nb gvag _K nvjKv gvag
cvVvZ nq gv!
Avgiv Gi gvS Rb MwQ (Ges AbKevi eenvi KiwQ), cwZmiYi m~ nQ
T  T

A_vr hw` _K eo nq Zvnj T _K T eo ne| aiv hvK Zzwg GKwU Nb gvag

( ) _K GKwU AvjvK iwk nvjKv gvagi ( ) w`K cvVvQ (Qwe 9.10), cwZmiY Ges

Qwe 9.10: Nb gvag _K nvjKv gvag hvevi mgq Avjvi c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb nZ cvi|

cwZdjbi wbqg Abyhvqx LvwbKUv Avjv cwZdwjZ ne Ges LvwbKUv cwZmvwiZ ne| hnZz
T _K T eo ne KvRB T q _vKZB T q nq hve Ges Gi ci _K
Avjvi cwZmvwiZ nevi Avi Kvbv myhvM _vKe bv! A_vr hLb T q ne ZLb _K
cyiv AvjvKB cwZdwjZ nZ ne| T Gi h gvbi Rb T q nq mB KvYK vw
KvY T ej|
A_vr
q  T

Avjvi cwZmiY197
KvPi Ges evZvmi gvS vw KvY:

T
q

A_vr hw` ^Q KvP _K evZvmi gvS Avjv

cvVvbi mgq AvjvK iwk q _K ewk
AvcvZb KvY Ki Zvnj AvjvK iwkwU ^Q
KvP _K ei bv nq cyivcywi cwZdwjZ nq
hvq! Zvgiv hw` GKwU wcRg msMn KiZ cvi
Zvnj Lye mnRB c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb
evcviwU wbRi PvL `LZ cve! 9.11
QweZ KvP-evZvm wef` Zj Avjvi AvcvZb Qwe 9.11: mePq cwic~Y cwZdjb nq c~Y
KvY q LuvwU KvP-evZvmi vw KvY AvfixY cwZdjb|
q _K ewk| KvRB GLvb c~Y
AvfixY cwZdjb ne|
D`vniY 9.6: cvwbZ Wze hw` GB cixvUv KiZ PvI Zvnj Kx ne?
Di: cvwbZ KvPi vw KvY ne: T

AvcvZb KvY hnZz q, vwKvY _K Kg ZvB c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb ne bv|

D`vniY 9.7: cwZmvivsKi GKwU gvagi fZi _K Avjv q Z AvcwZZ

nqQ| (Qwe 9.12) gvagwUi Ab cvk evZvm _vKj AvjvwU KZ wWwM KvY ei nq
Avme|
Di: Avgviv Rvwb
T  T

q  T

wK Avgiv Rvwb T Gi gvb KLbv 1_K ewk

nZ cvie bv| GLvb G evcviwU NUQ KviY Avjv

Qwe 9.12: Avjv q Kvb

AvcwZZ nQ|

198Avjvi cwZmiY
cwZmvwiZ bv nq c~Y AvfixY cwZdwjZ nqQ KvRB hLbB Nb gvag _K nvjKv
gvag Avjvi cwZmiY `LZ nq ZLb c_g vw KvYwU ei Ki bqv fvjv, GB vw
KvY _K Kg KvY Avjv AvcwZZ nj aygv cwZmiY nIqv me|
GB vw KvY T nj

T q

KvRB q Z Avjv AvcwZZ nj mwU

cwZmwiZ bv nq c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb
ne|


9.2.1 isaby
Zvgiv hviv fveQ h Zvgiv mwZ mwZ KLbv c~Y Qwe 9.13: m~hi Avjv cvwbi Kbvi
fZi c~Y AvfixY cwZdwjZ nq wfb
AvfixY cwZdjb `Lwb Zv`iK gb Kwiq
wfb isq fvM nq hvq ej Avgiv isaby
`qv hvq h hviv isaby `LQ ZvivB c~Y AvfixY `LZ cvB|
cwZdjb `LQ! isaby Zwi nq cvwbi c~Y
AvfixY cwZdjb w`q| ay ZvB bq, hviv wcRgi Afve mv`v AvjvK Zvi isjvZ fvM
Ki `LZ cviwb ZvivI GB evcviwU isabyZ NUZ `LQ|
Avgv`i mevi KvQ wcRg bv _vKjI mv`v Avjvi isjv Avjv`v nIqvi NUbv Avgiv
mevB `LwQ| ew nevi cici hw` iv` DV Zvnj
Avgiv isaby `wL| Zvi KviY ZLb evZvm cvwbi KYv
_vK Ges cvwbi KYvq mB Avjv c~Y AvfixY
cwZdwjZ nevi mgq wfb wfb isqi Avjv wfb wfb
cwigvY euK hvq| (Qwe 9.13) GB Avjvi iwkjv
w`q isabyi wewfb wfb isqi ev (band) Zwi
nq|
Zvgiv hviv isaby `LQ Zviv wbqB
Avwevi KiQ GwU me mgqB m~hi wecixZ AvKvk
`Lv hvq Ges KviYwU wbqB eySZ cviQ|


Qwe 9.14: AvaywbK cwivc Avqbvi

cwieZ wcRg eenvi nq|

9.2.2 cwivc
Avgiv mevB Rvwb mvegwib cwivc _vK Ges
mB cwivc w`q cvwbi wbP _K cvwbi Dcii

Avjvi cwZmiY199
`k `Lv me| mvaviY Avqbv w`q h aibi cwivc Zwi Kiv hvq Zvi _K AbK ewk
KvhKi cwivc Zwi Kiv nq wcRg Ges Zvi c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb w`q| (Qwe 9.14)
9.2.3 gwiPxKv
Avgiv mevB gixwPKv kwUi mv_ cwiwPZ, Kvbv wKQz cvIqvi Avkv Ki kl ch bv cj
mUvK gixwPKv ejv nq| g~j kwU GmQ gif~wgZ Dvci KviY eZvmi NbZi cwieZb
_K| hw`I Avgiv Rvwb D evZvm nvjKv ej Dci Pj hvq wK gif~wgi D evjyi KviY
Zvi KvQvKvwQ evZvm Dcii evZvm _K D _vKZ cvi| KvRB gif~wgi evZvmK wbPi
9.15 Qwei gZv Ki Kbv Ki wbZ cvwi|
mnRfve evSvbvi Rb GLvb gv KqKwU i `Lvbv nqQ| Dcii i evZvmi
NbZ ewk ZvB cwZmvivsK ewk| wbPi i evZvm D ZvB NbZ Kg Ges cwZmvivsKI Kg|
MvQ _K Avjv cwZwU
i cwZmvwiZ nevi mgq
cwZmiY KvY eo hve
Ges GKevi wbPi i
Gm
c~Y
AvfixY
cwZdjb nq hZ cvi|
ewk cwZmvivsK _K Kg
cwZmvivsKi gvag hvevi
mgq `~i _K `Lv nj
AvcvZb KvYi gvb ewk
nIqvi
KviY
vw
Qwe 9.15: gifywgZ evZvmi NbZi cv_Ki KviY gixwPKv `Lv hvq| KvYK AwZg Kivi
mvebv ewk _vK ZvB
gixwPKvK `~i _K `Lv hvq KvQ Gj `Lv hvq bv| hnZy Kvbv gvbyl `~ii GKwU MvQi
w`K ZvKvj mivmwi MvQwU `LZ cve Ges c~Y AvfixY cwZdjbi KviY MvQi GKwU
cwZwe^ MvQi wbPI `LZ cve gb ne wbP cvwb _vKvi KviY mLvb MvQi cwZwe^ `Lv
hvQ| KvQ Mj `Lv hve Kvbv cvwb bB!
Migi w`b D ivvq Mvwo Pvwjq hvevi mgq GKB KviY `~i KvjP fRv ivv
`Lv hvq mLvb cuQvbvi ci `Lv hvq ivvwU LULU Kbv GUvI GK aibi gixwPKv|

200Avjvi cwZmiY

9.2.4 AcwUKvj dvBevi

b~Zb cw_exi hvMvhvMi gvag e`ywZK ZviK AZ mi KvPi Z w`q cv `qv
nqQ| AvM hLvb e`ywZK wmMbvj w`q Z_ cvVvbv nZv GLb mLvb Avjvi wmMbvj
w`q Z_ cvVvbv nq| gy Aevq Avjv mij
iLvq hvq wK dvBevi Avjv AvUKv co hvq
ej mUvK Nywiq cuwPq h Kvbv w`K bqv
me|
AcwUKvj dvBevi AZ mi KvPi Z
Gi fZii AskK ej Kvi (core) evBii
Qwe 9.16: AcwUKvj dvBevi c~Y Avfixb
AskK ej KvW (clad) `yBwUB GKB KvP w`q cwZdjbi gvag Avjv hZ cvi|
Zwi njI fZii Aski (Kvi) cwZmvivsK
evBii Ask _K ewk| G KviY AvjvK c~Y AvfixY cwZdjbi gvag Kvii gvS
AvUK iL AbK `~i wbq hvIqv hvq| (Qwe 9.16) AcwUKvj dvBevi w`q Avjv kZ kZ
wKjvwgUvi wbq hvIhv hvq KviY GB KvPi ZK Avjvi kvlY nq LyeB Kg| `kgvb Avjv
nj kvlY ewk nZv ej dvBevi j^v Zi `Ni Aejvj iwk eenvi Kiv nq|
D`vniY 9.8: cw_exi GK c _K Ab c wmMbvj AcwUKvj dvBevi w`q cvVvbv hvq
Avevi wRI kbvwi mvUjvBUi gvagI cvVvbv hvq| Kvb cwZZ cvVvj Z_
ZvovZvwo cvVvbv me?
Di: mvUjvBU h wmMvbvj cvVvbv nq mwU we`yr P^Kxq Zi Zvi eM
wRI kbvwi mvUjvBU cw_ex K` _K  Dci _vK mLvb wmMbvj
cvVvZ Ges wdwiq AvbZ mgq jvMe

 


dvBevi Ki h wmMbvj cvVvbv nq mwU Aejvj Avjv mwUI we`yr P^Kxq Zi Zvi
MwZeMI , wK hLb dvBevii fZi w`q hvq ZLb Zvi MwZeM

cw_exi Ab ci `~iZS, ( km) dvBevi Ki cvVvZ mgq jvMe

Avjvi cwZmiY201

KvRB dvBevi `Z cvVvbv me|

D`vniY 9.9:
AcwUKvj dvBevii Kvii
cwZmvivsK Ges KvWi cwZmvivsK
nj, (Qwe 9.17) AvjvK c~Y AvfixY

cwZdjb nIqvi Rb KZ wWwMZ AvcwZZ nZ
ne?
Qwe 9.17: AcwUKvj dvBevii Kvi
Di :
_K KvW Avjvi c~Y AvfixY

cwZdjb nq|
T

GLvb

KvRB KvRB AvjvK iwkK q wKsev Zvi Pq ewk KvY AvcwZZ nZ ne|

9.3 j I Zvi cKvif` (TypesofLenses)

Avgiv Dj Ges AeZj Avqbv covi mgq `LwQ GB

Avqbvjvi fZi w`q Avjv hvevi mgq KLbv GKwe`yZ
K`xf~Z (Awfmvix iwk) nq Avevi KLbv Qwoq co (Acmvix
iwk) Ges m KviY cwZwe^i Zwi nq| mB cwZwe^ KLbv
mwZKvii cwZwe^ nq KLbv Aeve nq KLbv QvU nq KLbv
eo nq| Avjv GB cwZwe^ w`q bvbv aibi AcwUKvj hcvwZ
Zwi Kiv me|
Dj Ges AeZj Avqbv w`q h iKg bvbv aibi cwZwe^
Zwi Kiv nq wVK m iKg j w`qI bvbv aibi cwZwe^ Zwi
nq Ges bvbvfve mjv eenvi nq| Avgiv mevB j `LwQ

Qwe 9.18:GKwU Dj I
GKwU AeZj ji
cQ`

202Avjvi cwZmiY

(Zvi KviY Pkgvi KvPjv Avmj GK aibi j)| Zvgv`i gvS hviv Pkgv eenvi Kiv
wKsev hviv Ab`i Pkgv eenvi KiZ `LQ Zviv wbwZfveB j KiQ h Pkgvi jK

Qwe 9.19: Dj Ges AeZj jK `ywU MvjKi Ask wnme Kbv Kiv hvq

`yBfvM fvM Kiv hvq GK aibi j w`q QvU wRwbmK eo `Lv hvq (mvavibZ eq`i
Pkgvi j G iKg nq|) Avevi Ab aibi j w`q
eo wRwbmK QvU `Lv hvq (mvaviYZ Kg eqmx`i
Pkgvi j G iKg nq)| h j w`q QvU wRwbmK eo
`Lv hvq mjvK Dj (convex) wKsev (K`vwPr)
Awfmvix j ej| h j w`q eo wRwbmK QvU `Lv
hvq mB jjvK AeZj j (Concave) wKsev
(K`vwPr )Acmvix j ej| h j w`q QvU wRwbmK

eo `Lv hvq A_vr Dj jjvi gvSLvbi Ask cv Qwe 9.20: cyi KvPi fZi w`q hvevi
_K cyi nq| Avi AeZj jjvi gvSLvbi Ask mgq cwZmiYi KviY g~j iwk _K
cv _K mi nq 9.18 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ| AvjvK iwk wePzZ nq|
ji cQ`i w`K ZvKvjB Avgiv eySZ cvwi Dj
wKsev AeZj ji `ywUB `ywU Mvjxq
e w`q mxgve| GB `ywU Mvjxq
ei emva mgvbI nZ cvi wfbI
nZ cvi| GB ejvi K`K
eZvi K` ej| 9.19QweZ

Ge eZvi K`|
`bw`b Rxeb ev wevbi
Qwe 9.21: cyi j K` w`q hvIqv AvjvK iwk mgvivj
fve ei njI GKUz mi hvq, cvZjv j K` w`q hvIqv bvbv welq bvbv aibi j eenvi
AvjvK iwk Zvi w`K cwieZb bv Ki mvRvmywR ei nq hvq
Kiv nq Ze Avgiv Avgv`i GB


Avjvi cwZmiY203
eBq Avgv`i AvjvPbv cvZjv ji gvS mxgve ivLe| cvZjv j Ges cyi ji cv_K
bvgKiY _KB evSv MjI Avgiv cv_KUzKz AviKUz cwivi Ki wbB| ji cQ`i
w`K ZvKvj Avgiv `LZ cvB hw`I ji c`ki GK aibi eZv AvQ wK wVK
gvSvgvwS RvqMvq `ywU c cvq mgvivj| Avgiv Rvwb mgvivj c w`q Avjv hvevi mgq
cwZmiYi KviY AvjvK iwkwU g~j w`K _K LvwbKUv wePzr nq hvq (Qwe 9.20)| mgvivj
c `ywU hZ cyi ne AvjvK iwkwU g~j
iwki w`K _K ZZ ewk mi hve| hw`
mgvivj c `ywU Lye KvQvKvwQ nq Zvnj
Avgiv ai wbZ cvwi g~j AvjvK iwk h
w`K w`q GmQ gvUvgywU mw`K w`qB
ei nqQ Zvi Kvb wePzwZ nqwb| hme
ji ejvq Zvi K` w`q AvjvK iwk
hvevi mgq ai bqv hvq h iwkwUi w`K
AcwiewZZ AvQ mB me jK cvZjv
j ej (Qwe 9.21)|
Qwe 9.22: AeZj ji fZi w`q hvevi mgq

mgvivj iwk Qwoq co|
9.3.1 AeZj j (concavelens)
Dj Ges AeZj Avqbv AvjvPbv Kivi
mgq Avgiv c_g Dj Avqbv wbq AvjvPbv KiwQjvg ji ejvq Avgiv c_g AeZj
j wbq AvjvPbv Kwi KviY Dj Avqbvq h aibi cwZwe^ Zwi nq AeZj j mB
GKB aibi cwZwe^ Zwi nq|
Dj Avqbvi ejvq Avgiv `LwQjvg
mLvb mgvivj Avjv coj mwU cwZdwjZ nevi
mgq Pvwiw`K Qwoq co| AeZj ji ejvZI
wVK GB aibi evcvi NU GB j mgvivj
Avjv coj cwZmvwiZ nevi mgq mwU Qwoq
co|
cwZmwiZ Avjvjv hw` Avgiv wcQbi
w`K evwoq wbB Zvnj gb ne mjv eywS GKwU
Qwe 9.23: AeZj ji fZi w`q hvevi
we`y _K mvRv Qwoq coQ| mB we`ywUK ej
mgq Awfmvix iwk mgvivj nq hve|
dvKvj we`y Ges ji K` _K GB dvKvj

204Avjvi cwZmiY

cqUi `~iZwUK ej dvKvm `~iZ ev dvKvj `~iZ | (Qwe 9.22)

Dj Avqbvi ejvq Avgiv ay GK w`K _K Avqbvi Ici Avjv djZ cviZvg ji
ejvq `yB w`K _KB Avjv djv hvq! cZKUv ji GKUv dvKvj `~iZ _vK Avjv
hw`K w`qB djv nvK Zvi dvKvj `~iZ mgvb _vK| mgvivj Avjv djv nj mwU Qwoq
co Ges gb nq mwU eywS dvKvj we`y _K weQzwiZ nq Qwoq coQ| Avjv hnZz me
mgq wbRi MwZc_i wecixZ hvq ZvB AeZj ji Qovbv Avjvi MwZc_ Kvbvfve Dv
Ki w`Z cvij mwU mgvivj nq Dv w`K ei nq hve (Qwe 9.23)
Avgiv GLb BQ Kij AeZj j GKUv ei cwZwe^ Kgb ne mUv ei KiZ
cvwi| aiv hvK GKUv e GKUv
AeZj ji KvQ ivLv nqQ|
(Qwe 9.24) weklYwU mnR Kivi
Rb ai wbqwQ ewUi we`ywU
ji g~j A Gi Dci|
ewUi Kvb we`yi cwZwe^wU Kv_vq
ne mwU ei Kivi Rb mB we`y
_K AZ `ywU iwk AvuKv `iKvi|
Ze we`y _K `ywU iwk bv GuKI
Avgiv cwZwe^wU ei KiZ cvie|
we`y _K R A eivei GKwU

iwk AvuKv me, ZvB Avgiv Rvwb
Qwe 9.24: AeZj j GKwU eK QvU `Lvq|
we`ywUi cwZwe^ GB Ai Ici
Zwi ne| we`ywUi cwZwe^ _K Ai Ici j^wU GuK wbjB Avgiv we`yi cwZwe^ cq
hve|
we`y _K `ywU iwk Kbv Kwi, GKwU Ai mv_ mgvivj mwU j _K ei
nIqvi mgq Qwoq hve Ges hnZz gb ne dvKvm _K weQzwiZ nQ ZvB dvKvm _ K
ch GKwU iLv Ub ewaZ KijB mB iwkwU cq hve| wZxq iwkwU we`y _K ji
K`i w`K GuK wbB| cvZjv ji wbqg Abyhvqx GwU mivmwi T w`K ei nq hve| T
Ges iLv `ywU h we`yZ Q` Kie mwUB nQ Gi cwZwe^ , _K Ai Ici
j^ AvuKj Avgiv Gi cwZwe^ cq hve|
Dj Avqbvi ejvq Avgiv hv `LwQjvg AeZj ji cwZwe^i ejvZI mwU mwZ

Avjvi cwZmiY205

(a) GUvi Aevb ne ji K` Ges dvKvm we`yi gvSLvb

(b) GUv Aeve
(c) GUv mvRv Ges GUv
(d) QvU!
9.3.2 Dj j (convexlens)
Dj ji cwZwe^jv AbK PgKc`| AeZj
Avqbvq Avgiv h aibi cwZwe^ cqwQjvg Dj
j wVK mB GKB aibi cwZwe^ cvIqv hvq|
AeZj Avqbvq Avgiv `LwQjvg Zvi Ici
mgvivj iwk djv nj mwU dvKvm we`yZ Gm
K`xf~Z nq | Dj jI wVK GKB evcvi NU,
Qwe 9.25: Dj ji fZi w`q hvevi mgq
mgvivj iwk djv nj mjv GB ji mgvivj iwk dvKvj we`yZ Kw`fZy nq|
dvKvj we`yZ K`xf~Z nq (Qwe 9.25) Ges
Zvici Avevi Qvwoq hvq|
KvRB AvMi hyw eenvi Ki ejv hvq hw` Kvbv we`y _K Avjv weQzwiZ nq Ges
GKUv Dj ji dvKvj we`yZ mB weQzwiZ Avjv DrmUvK (Qwe 9.26) ivLv hvq Zvnj
AvjvUv ji fZi w`q hvevi mgq mgvivj
iwk nq hve| (Avjvi ejq GwU me mgq mwZ,
GwU hw` _ K Z hvq Zvnj iwki w`K
cwieZb Ki w`j GwU me mgq _ K Z
hve|) GLb Avgiv wfb wfb Aevb GKUv e
_vKj Zvi cwZwe^ Kv_vq ne mwU ei Ki
dwj|

Qwe 9.26: dvKvj `~iZ AvjvK we`y ivLv

nj Dj j mwUK mgvivj iwkZ
cwiYZ Ki|

dvKvm `~iZ _K Kg `~iZ

c_g aiv hvK GKwU e K j Ges Zvi
dvKvj we`yi gvSLvb ivLv njv| (Qwe 9.27)
AvM h fve evLv Kiv nqQ wVK mB GKB
hywZ ejZ cvwi we`yi cwZw^wU A

206Avjvi cwZmiY

iLvi Ici ne| we`ywUi cwZwe^ _K GB Ai Ici j^ AvuKv njB Avgiv Gi

cwZwe^i Aevb cq hve|
Gevi we`y _K
`ywU iwk AvuwK, Ai mv_
mgvivj C iLvwU dvKvj
we`y Gi wfZi w`q Gi
w`K hve| we`y _K iwk
ji K` we`y w`q AvuKv
nj mwU mvRv mij iLvq
nq Gi w`K hve|
Qwe 9.27: dvKvj `~iZi fZi e ivLv nj Dj j eo
cwZwe^ `Lv hvq|
`LZB cvQ Ges
iLv `ywU mvgb wMq wgwjZ
nZ cvie bv| hvi A_ eve cwZwe^ Zwi nevi Kvbv myMvM bB| iLv `yUv wcQb w`K
evwoq w`j h we`yZ wgwjZ ne mUvB we`yi cwZwe^| GB we`y _K iLvi Dci
j^ AuvKv nj we`yZ k Ki mUv we`yi cwZwe^|
`LvB hvQ ewU hZB ji KvQvKvwQ Avbv ne cwZwe^wU ZZB QvU nZ
_vKe| ewU hZB dvKvj we`y Gi KvQvKvwQ Avbv ne cwZwe^wU ZZB eo nZ _vKe|
ewU hLb wVK dvKvj we`y Gi Ici ne ZLb cwZwe^wUi AvKvi ne Amxg! Avgiv GLb
ejZ cvwi hw` GKUv Dj ji K`we`y
Ges dvKvj we`yi gvSLvb GKwU e ivLv
nq Zvnj ewUi cwZwe^
(a) h w`K ewU iqQ mB
w`KB Zwi ne
(b) cwZwe^wU ne Aeve
(c) mvRv Ges
(d) QvU|
dvKvm `~iZi evBi
Gevi Avgiv `wL ewU dvKvm `~iZ _K
evBi ivLj Kx nq| AeZj Avqbvi gZ

Qwe 9.28: dvKvj `~iZi evBi wK wY dvKvj

`~iZi fZi e ivLv nj Zvi eve Dv eo cwZwe^
Zwi nq|

Avjvi cwZmiY207
GLvbI wZbwU wfb wfb welq nZ cvi| (i) ewU dvKvm `~iZi evBi wK wY dvKvj
`~iZi wfZi (ii) ewU wY dvKvj `~iZi evBi Ges (iii) ewU wVK wY dvKvj `~iZ|
GKwU GKwU Ki `Lv hvK|
c_g Avgiv ewUK dvKvm `~iZi evBi wK dvKvm `~iZi wY `Ni fZi
ivLv ne| 9.28 QweZ ewUi we`yi cwZwe^wU iLvi Dci ne ZvB AvMi
gZv Avgiv ay we`ywUi cwZwe^ ei Kwi| we`y _K Ai mv_ mgvivj iwkwU dvKvj
we`y Gi fZi w`q hve| ji K`we`y w`q Ab GKwU iwk mij iLvq hve `ywU
iLv hLvb Q` Kie mB we`ywU nQ Gi cwZwe^| _K A iLvi Ici j^
AvuKv nj we`ywU ne Gi cwZwe^i Aevb| KvRB nQ Gi cwZwe^| A_vr
GB cwZwe^i Rb Avgiv ejZ cvwi:
(a) cwZwe^wUi Aevb ne dvKvj `~iZi wY `~iZi evBi
(b) eve
(c) Dv
(d) Ges ei AvKvi _K eo
Avgiv `LZB cvwQ ewU hw` wVK dvKvm `~iZi wY `~iZ (Qwe 9.29) ivLv
nq Zvnj cwZwe^wUi AvKvi ne
ewUi mgvb Ges cwZwe^wUi
Aevb ne ji K` _K
wVK mgvb `~iZ| ewU hZB
dvKvj we`yi KvQvKvwQ Avbv nZ
_vKe cwZwe^wU ZZB `~i Zwi
ne Ges Zvi AvKvi eo nZ
_vKe| hnZz GB cwZwe^i
fZi w`q mwZKvi AvjvK iwk

hvq ZvB GwU eve cwZwe^ Ges
Qwe 9.29: wVK dvKvj `~iZi wb `~iZ Kvbv e ivLv nj
QwewUZ `Lv hvQ
Zvi cwZwe^wU ne ewUi mgvb|
cwZwe^wU Dv A_vr:

208Avjvi cwZmiY

(a) cwZwe^wUi Aevb ne dvKvj `~iZi wY `~iZ

(b) eve
(c) Dv
(d) Ges ei mgvb
Avgiv (i) dvKvm `~iZi evBi wK wY dvKvj `~iZi wfZi Ges (ii) wVK dvKvm
`~iZi wY `~iZ Kvbv e ivLj Zvi Kx aibi cwZwe^ Kv_vq Zwi nq mUv ejwQ|
GLb evwK AvQ ewU hw` dvKvj `~iZi wY `~iZi evBi _vK Zvnj Zvi Kx aibi
cwZwe^ Kv_vq Zwi nq mwU ei Kiv|
GB cwZwe^wU AvuKvi cwZ wVK
AvMiwUi gZv ay (Qwe 9.30) gv
ewUK emvZ ne dvKvj `~iZi wY
`~iZi evBi| Avgiv AvMB ejwQ ewU
hw` dvKvj `~iZi wY `~iZ ivLv nq
Zvnj Zvi mg `~iZ mgvb AvKvii
GKUv cwZwe^ Zwi nq| hZB eUv `~i
mwiq bqv nZ _vK cwZwe^wU ZZB

QvU nZ _vK Ges dvKvj we`yi w`K
Qwe 9.30: wY dvKvj `~iZi evBi e ivLv nj Zvi QvU
GwMq AvmZ _vK| ewU hw` Amxg
Dv eve cwZwe^ Zix nq|
`~iZ mwiq bqv nq Zvnj Zvi
cwZwe^wU Zwi ne wVK dvKvm we`yZ| KvRB dvKvj `~iZi wY `~iZi evBi Kvbv e
ivLv nj ewUi
(a) cwZwe^i Aevb nq dvKvj `~iZ Ges dvKvj `~iZi wY `~iZi gvSLvb
(b) eve
(c) Dv
(d) QvU|
D`vniY 9.10: Dj ji dvKvj `~iZi evBi Kvbv e ivLv nj Zvi eve cwZwe^
Zwi nq| cwZwe^wUi RvqMvq ewU ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^ Kv_vq ne?

Avjvi cwZmiY209
Di: Avjvi iwki w`K cwieZb Kij GKwU AbwUZ cwiewZZ nq!

9.3.3 ji iswbfi dvKvj `N

Avgiv Rvwb cwZmvivsK Avjvi Zi
`Ni Ici wbfi Ki, KvRB GUv LyeB
^vfvweK GKUv ji dvKvj `N wfb
Zi `Ni Rb wfb ne| jvj Avjvi
Zi `N ewk Ges Zvi dvKvj `N
ewk, Avevi bxj isqi Avjvi Zi
`N Kg Ges Zvi dvKvj `NI ne
Kg| 9.31 QweZ GKUv ji wfb wfb
isqi Avjv h wfb wfb dvKvj we`yZ
wgwjZ nq mUv `Lvbv nj|

GB KviY mvaviY j w`q m~
Qwe 9.31: eYnxb mv`v Avjvi wfb wfb is wfb wfb
cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv hvq bv KviY GKKwU dvKvj `~iZ K`xf~Z nq|
is GKK RvqMvq cwZwe^ Zwi Ki| m~
AcwUKvj h cvwZZ Dj I AeZj j wgwjq wekl cwqvq GB mgmvi mgvavb Kiv nq|

Qwe 9.32: h ji dvKvj `~iZ hZv Kg mB j

wRwblwUK ZZ eo `Lvq |

9.3.4 ji gZv
ji mePq cPwjZ eenvi Avgiv
`wL Pkgvi gvS| Zvgiv hw` wewfb
gvbyli Pkgvi j cixv Ki `L
Zvnj `Le Kviv Kviv Pkgvi j
Zwi nq Dj j w`q Kviv Kviv
Pkgvi j Zwi nq AeZj j w`q|
Avgiv jjvK cvq mgqB cvIqvi
w`q evLv Kwi Zvgiv wbqB ejQ
wKsev ejZ bQ, AgyKi Pkgvi
cvIqvi AbK ewk| cvIqvi K_vwU w`q
Avgiv Kx evSvbvi Pv Kwi?
cvIqvii aviYvwU GmQ j
w`q eo Ges QvU `Lvi evcviwU _K|
`ywU Dj ji wcQb wRwbmwU KvQvKvwQ
GKB `~iZ hw` Kvbv wKQz ivwL Ges

210Avjvi cwZmiY

GKwU j AbwU _K eo `Lvq Zvnj h jwUZ eo `Lvq Avgiv ewj mB ji cvIqvi

ewk| Zvgiv GKUz wPv KijB `Le Avmj h ji dvKvj `~iZ hZ Kg mB j
wRwbmwUK ZZ eo `Lve| (Qwe 9.32)
KvRB GZ AevK nevi wKQz bB ji cvIqvi nQ dvKvj `~iZi evbycvwZK|
hw` dvKvj `~iZ wgUvi `qv nq Zvnj cvIqvi Gi GKK WvqvcUvi| A_vr Zvgvi
cwiwPZ Kviv Pkgvi cvIqvi hw` nq (mvaviY K_vevZvq WvqvcUvi kUv KD eenvi Ki
bv!) Zvnj Zvi Pkgvi ji dvKvj `~iZ ne

cvIqvii aviYvwU ay Dj ji eo `Lvbvi Rb bq AeZj j QvU `Lvbvi mgqI
GKB cvIqvi kwU eenvi Kiv nq| h AeZj j eK (mgvb `~iZ) hZ QvU `Lv hve
eySZ ne Zvi cvIqvi ZZ ewk ev dvKvj `~iZ ZZ QvU| Dj ji ejvq cvIqvi abvZK
ev cwRwUf, AeZj ji ejvq cvIqvi FYvZK ev bMwUf GUvB nQ cv_K|

9.4 ji eenvi (UsesofLens)

ji eenvii Kvbv kl bB|
hLvbB AvjvK Kvbv bv
Kvbvfve eenvi Kiv nq mLvbB
ji cqvRb nq| GLvb Avgv`i
Lye cwiwPZ KqKwU eenvii K_v
ejv hvK| mjv nQ Pkgv,
gvBvvc Ges Uwjvc|

9.4.1 Pkgv
ji mePq cPwjZ eenvi nQ
Pkgv| Avgv`i PvL GKwU Dj
j iqQ Ges GB Dj ji
KviY PvLi Aw MvjKi wcQb
`~ii Kvbv ei GKwU cwZwe^
Zwi nq| Avw MvjKi wcQb

Qwe 9.33: PvLi wewfb Ask

Avjvi cwZmiY211
_vK iwUbv mLvb AvjvKmse`x Kvl _vK| (Qwe 9.33) GB Kvljv _K h wmMbvj
Zwi nq mB wmMbvj AcwUKvj bvf Ki gw cvVvbv nq Ges gw mB wmMbvj _K
Avgv`i `Lvi Abyf~wZ `q| PvLi fZi Avjvi cwigvY evovbv wKsev Kgvbvi Rb iqQ
AvBwik| Zvgiv hviv AvM KLbv j Kiwb Zviv PvLi Ici UPjvBUi Avjv dj `LZ
cviv AvBwikUv Kx PgrKvifve msKzwPZ nq wcDwcjUvK QvU Ki dj|
Zvgiv wbqB eySZ cviQ Kvbv wKQzK Ki `LZ nj PvLi iwUvbvq
GKUv cwZwe^ Zwi nIqv `iKvi| Zvgiv j mK hUzKz RbQ mLvb _K aviYv KiZ
cvi hnZz GKUv ji dvKvj `~iZ wbw` Kiv _vK ZvB meZ GKUv wbw` `~iZi eB
PvL `Lv hve| ewU hw` GKUz `~i nq wKsev KvQ nq Zvnj cwZwe^wU iwUbvi Dci
bv nq Aviv mvgb wKsev Aviv wcQb Zwi ne|

Qwe 9.34: PvLi j iwUbvi mwVK RvqMvq cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ bv cvij j eenvi Ki mB mgmv gUvbv
me

mvaviY ji ejvq GwU mwZ wK gvbyli PvLi j AbK PgKc`, Gi mv_

gvskckx jvMvbv _vK Ges GB gvskckx jUvK Ub wKsev Vj cyi wKsev mi Ki
dvKvj `N evovZ wKsev KgvZ cvi| KvRB iwUbvi Ici cwZwe^ Zwi Kivi Rb
jwU me mgqB Zvi dvKvj `N evwoq wKsev Kwgq hvQ| Zvgiv wbRiv Lye mnR GUv
cixv KiZ cvi, PvLi mvgb GKwU Avyj iL GKB mv_ GB AvyjwU Ges `~ii wKQz

212Avjvi cwZmiY

`Lvi Pv Ki| `Le hLb AvyjwU Ki `Le ZLb `~ii wRwbmwU Svcmv `Lve Avevi
`~ii wRwbmwU hLb `Lve ZLb AvyjwU Suvcmv `Lve|
Kvbv gvbyl hLb Zvi PvL w`q ewkifvM mgq KvQi wRwbm `L ZLb Zvi gw
KvRwU mnR Kivi Rb PvLi jK vqxfve gvUv Ki Zvi dvKvj `~iZ Kwgq djZ
cvi| ZLb KvQi wRwbm `LZ mgmv bv njI `~ii wRwbm `LZ mgmv nq hvq| PvLi
GB wUi bvg gvqvwcqv (myopia) G iKg mgmv nj PvLi ji dvKvj `~iZ evovbvi
Rb Zvi mvgb AviKwU AeZj j ivLZ nq| (Qwe 9.34a) A_vr Zvi bMwUf cvIqvii
Pkgv coZ nq|
gvqvwcqvi wecixZ PvLi wUi bvg nvBcvigUvwcqv (hypermetropia)ZLb wVK
Dv evcviwU NU| PvLi ji dvKvj `~iZ eo hvq, ZLb cvKvcvwKfve ay `~ii wRwbm
`LZ cvi KviY iwUbvi Ici jwU ay `~ii wRwbmi cwZwe^ mwVKfve Zwi KiZ
cvi| ZLb KvQi wRwbmi cwZwe^ Zwi nq Aviv `~i| G iKg Aevq PvLi mvgb GKwU
Dj j iL mwwjZ dvKvj `~iZ Kwgq mwVKfve iwUbvZ cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ nq|
(Qwe 9.34b)
PvL AZ PgKc` welq, GwU wbq Avgiv AbKwKQz wkLZ cvwi| AvcvZZ `w wbq
Aviv mnR KqKUv welq Rb wbB|
(a) PvLi iwUbvZ AvjvKmse`x iW Ges KvY GB `yB aibi Kvl iqQ| iW Kg
AvjvZ Ges KvY ewk AvjvZ KvR Ki| KvY Kvl is mse`x ZvB ay ewk AvjvZ
Avgiv is `LZ cvB| A AvjvZ iW KvR Ki Ges mLvb isqi Abyfw~ Z nq bv| mRb
RvQbvq me wKQzK Kvgj `Lvq wK RvQbvi AvjvZ Avgiv is `LZ cvB bv|
(b) Avgv`i `ywU PvL mvgb
(cvwL`i gZv `yB cvk bq Ze
cuvPvi K_v Avjv`v, cuvPvi PvL gvbyli
gZv mvgb) ZvB Avgiv GKB mv_ `yB
PvL `ywU cwZwe^ `wL| Avgv`i

gw GB `ywU cwZwe^K Dcvcb Ki
Avgv`iK `~iZi Abyfw~ Z `q| Qwe 9.35: PvLi evB Ui Aw GB QwewU w`h ei Kiv hvq|
mRb `yB PvL Lvjv iL myBqi
wcQb myZv XvKvbv Lye mnR wK GK PvL e iL GB KvRwU Kiv Le KwVb!
(c) Avgv`i iwUbvZ GKUv ei Dv cwZwe^ cojI Avgiv ewUK mvRv `Lvi
Abyfw~ Z cvB KviY `Lvi Abyfw~ ZwU wK PvL _K Avm bv, mwU Avm gw _K| PvLi

Avjvi cwZmiY213
iwUbvZ h cwZwe^ co mwU _K Avjvi msKZ AcwUK bvf Ki gw hvq , gw
mUvK weklY Ki Avgv`iK `Lvi Abyfw~ Z `q|
D`vniY 9.11: iwUbvi h Ask AcwUK bvf mshy nqQ mB AskwU `Lvi Abyf~wZ Zwi
Ki bv, ZvB GUvK ej evB U| Zzwg wK mUv cixv KiZ PvI?
Di: evg PvL e Ki Wvb PvL w`q 9.35 QweZ evg w`Ki m wPwUi w`K ZvwKq
gv_vUv QwewUi w`K bvwgq Avbv, hLb Wvb w`Ki Kvjv ewUi cwZwe^ wUK AcwUK bvfi
mshvM j evB U coe ZLb nVvr Ki mwU A`k nq hve|

Qwe 9.36: `ywU Dj j eenvi Ki Zwi GKwU Uwjvc Dv cwZwe^ `Lv hvq| UwjvcwUi `N
nq `ywU ji dvKvj `~iZi mgvb|

9.4.2 j eenvi Ki Zwi Kiv h:

Uwjvc: 9.36 QweZ `ywU Dj j w`q Zwi GKwU Uwjvc `Lvbv njv| Uwjvc
AbK `~ii Kvbv e `Lv nq, mLvb _K AZ A Avjv cQvZ cvi ej Pv Kiv nq
GKwU eo Dj AeRwf j eenvi Ki hZUzKz me ewk Avjv msMn Kiv hvq| msMwnZ
Avjv K`xf~Z nq h eve cwZwe^ Zwi Ki wZxq GKwU Dj j w`q mUvK PvL
`Lvi eev Ki `qv nq| KvRB Uwjvci `N nq AeRwf Ges AvB wcm GB `ywUi
dvKvm `Ni `~iZi hvMdji mgvb| GB aiYi Uwjvc cwZwe^wU `Lv hvq Dv| AvB
wcm Dj j eenvi bv Ki AeZj j eenvi KiI Uwjvc Zwi Kiv hvqv| GB aibi

214Avjvi cwZmiY

Uwjvc cwZwe^wU `Lv hvq mvRv Ges Uwjvci `N nq AeRwf Ges AvBwcmi
dvKvm `Ni weqvM dji mgvb| (Qwe 9.37)

Qwe 9.37: GKwU Dj Ges GKwU AeZj j eenvi Ki Zix GKwU Uwjvc mvRv cwZwe^ `Lv hvq|
UwjvcwUi `N nq `ywU ji dvKvj `~iZi cv_Ki mgvb|

gvBvvc: gvBvvci Kvh cwZ `ywU Dj j w`q Zwi Uwjvci gZv, Ze

hnZz GLvb AbK `~i
_K msMn Kiv Lye A
Avjvi cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv
nq bv, eis Lye KvQi z`
GKUv ei fZi w`q
AbK Zxe Avjv cvVvbv
nq ZvB Lye QvU Ges A
dvKvj `Ni AeRwf
j eenvi Kiv nq|
9.38
QweZ
GKUv Qwe 9.38: `ywU Dj j eenvi Ki QvU eK eo Ki `Lvi Rb
gvBvvc Kgb Ki gvBvvc Zix Kiv nq|
KvR Ki mUv `Lvbv
nqQ|

Avjvi cwZmiY215

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. PvLi j iwUbvZ Dv cwZwe^ Zwi Ki, Zvnj Avgiv me wKQz Dv `wL bv Kb?
2. PvLi mv_ Kvgivi GKUv iZc~Y cv_Ki K_v ej|
3. Nb gvag Avjvi eM Kg, G iKg Aevq Kvbv wKQz Kx Avjv _K `Z hZ cvie?
4. fi `ycy i isaby `Lv hvq bv Kb?
5. cvwbi duvUv ji gZv KvR KiZ cvi, GB ji dvKvj `~iZ KZ nZ cvi?

MvwYwZK mgmv:

Qwe 9.39: AvcwZZ we`yZ wfbcwZmivsKi GK dvUv Zij ivLv nj c~Y Avfixb Kvb cwiewZZ nq
hve|

1. 9.39 QweZ `Lvbv AvKvii GKUv KvPi

gvag AvjvK iwk cek Kwiq c~Y
AvfixY cwZdjbi vw KvY cvIqv
MQ q| wVK h we`yZ AvjvK iwkwU
AvcwZZ nqQ mLvb GK we`y Zij ivLvi
KviY c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb nqQ q
Z| Ziji cwZmvivsK KZ?
2. KvPi Zwi GKwU Dj ji dvKvj `N
wVK GKB AvKwZi GKwU j nxiv
w`q Zwi Kij Zvi dvKvj `N KZ ne?
3. ewUi Rb Zvi iwkjv hZUzKz me
mwVKfve GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI| (Qwe 9.40)


Qwe 9.40: AeZj ji dvKvj `~iZi evBi

ivLv GKwU e|

216Avjvi cwZmiY

4. ewUi Rb Zvi iwkjv hZUzKz me mwVKfve GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne `LvI|

(Qwe 9.41a)
5. ewUi Rb Zvi iwkjv hZUzKz me mwVKfve GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne `LvI|
(Qwe 9.41b)

Qwe 9.41: (a)Dj ji dvKvj `~iZi fZi ivLv GKwU e (b) Dj ji dvKvj `~iZi evBi
ivLv GKwU e

`kg Aavq

wi we`yr
(StaticElectricity)
GWDBb nvej
GWDBb nvej GKRb gvwKb RvwZwe`| wZwb c_g
`wLqwQjb h wekv gvMZ cmvwiZ nQ Ges GwU
wekv mwi weM evs w_Iwii mc GKwU eo Avwevi
wnme weePbv Kiv nq| cheY Ki mi RMr wKsev
Qvqvc_i evBi gnvRvMwZK RvwZwe`vq Zuvi Ae`vbK
hyMvKvix ej aviYv Kiv nq| Zuvi evev ZuvK GKRb AvBbwe`
Zwi KiZ PqwQjb Ges wZwb mfve AvBb wbq covkvbvI
KiwQjb wK kl RvwZwe` wnmeB wbRK Mo Zvjb|
Zuvi gZzi ci Kvbv Awwqv nqwb Ges Kv_vq ZuvK Kei
`qv nqQ mUv KD Rvb bv!
EdwinHubble(18891953)

10.1 PvR (Charge)

kxZKvj Kbv Pzj wPiwb w`q AvPwoq Zvgv`i cvq mevB wbqB KLbv bv KLbv QvU QvU
KvMRi UzKivK mB wPiwb w`q AvKlY KiQ| kxZcavb `k kxZKvj evZvm Lye Kbv
_vK, ZLb QvU wk hLb KvcU nvgvwo `q ZLb Zv`i Pzj Lvov nq hvq, `L gb nq
GKwU Pzj eywS Ab PzjK Vj Lvov Kwiq w`qQ| Zvgiv mevB wbqB Soi ivZ AvKvk
wPo we`yZi SjKK wbP bg AvmZ `LQ|
KvMRi AvKlY, Pzji weKlY wKsev eRcvZ GB wZbwU evcvii g~jB wK GKB
welq KvR KiQ mwU nQ PvR ev Avavb| PvR (ev Avavb) Kx, Kb mUv KLbv AvKlY Ki
KLbv weKlY Ki Avevi KLbv we`yr SjK Zwi Ki evSvi Rb Avgv`i GKevi Mvovq
hZ ne, AYy-cigvYy Kgb Ki Zwi nq mUv RvbZ ne|

218 wi we`yr

Avgiv mevB Rvwb mewKQz AYy-cigvYy w`q Zwi| cw_exZ 109 wU cigvYy AvQ Gi
gvS gv 83 wU UKmB, gv GB KqwU cigvYy w`q j j wfb AYy Zwi nqQ| GKUv
AwRb cigvYyi mv_ `yUv nvBWvRb cigvYy w`q cvwb, GKUv mvwWqvg cigvYyi mv_ GKUv
Kvwib cigvYy w`q jeY GKUv Kveb cigvYyi mv_ PviUv nvBWvRb cigvYy w`q ivbv Kivi
Mvm BZvw` BZvw`| (AevK nevi wKQz bB evsjvq gv PwjkUv eYgvjv mB eYgvjv w`q nvRvi
nvRvi k Zwi nqQ!)
cigvYy nQ me wKQzi wews eK (Building Block) GB cigvYyi K` _vK QvU
GKUv wbDwKqvm, ZvK wNi NyiZ _vK BjKUb| wbDwKqvm Zwi nq cvUb Avi wbDUb w`q|
Gi fZi cvUbi PvR nQ abvZK ev cwRwUf (wbDUbi Kvbv PvR bB) Avi BjKUbi
PvR FYvZK ev bMwUf| cvUb Avi BjKUbi PvR mgvb wK wecixZ A_vr Zvi gvb
(  )wK GKUv cwRwUf AbUv bMwUf| GKUv cigvYyi wbDKwqvm h
KqUv cvUb _vK Zvi evBi wVK mB KqUv BjKUb NyiZ _vK ZvB cigvYyi mwwjZ PvR
k~b, A_vZ cigvYy nQ we`yr wbic ev wbwor
ev wbDUvj| mePq mnR cigvYy nQ
nvBWvRb, Zvi wbDwKqvmUv nQ ay GKUv
cvUb ZvK wNi NyiQ GKUv BjKUb| Gi
cii cigvYy nQ wnwjqvg, wbDwKqvm `yBUv
cvUb (Ges PvRwenxb `yBUv wbDUb) Avi evBi
`yBUv BjKUb| Gfve Av Av Aviv eo eo
cigvYy Zwi nqQ, cwiwk-2 G mjv GKUvi
ci AviKUv `Lvbv nqQ| nvBWvRbK hw`
ev` w`B Zvnj ejv hvq wbDwKqvm hZjv
cvUb _vK Kgc ZZjv Ges mvaviYZ
Qwe 10.1: GKwU jvnvi cigvby| GK Kc_
Aviv ewk wbDUb _vK|
c~Y Ki Bjb cii Kc_ hvq|
wbDwKqvmi evBi BjKUbjv me
GKB Kc_ _vK bv, 10.1 QweZ hfve
`Lvbv nqQ mfve GKUv Kc_ c~Y Ki cii Kc_ hZ _vK| fZii Kc_i
BjKUbjv AbK kfve AvUK _vK, Ze evBii Kc_i BjKUbjvK GKUz Pv
Kij Avjv`v Kiv hvq| BjKUb Avjv`v Kivi GKUv Dcvq nQ NlY!
GgwbZ cigvYyjv PvR wbic A_vr cZK cigvYyZ mgvb msLK cvUb Avi
BjKUb wK Kvbv KviY hw` evBii Kc_i GKUv BjKUb mwiq bqv nq Zvnj

wi

we`yr

219

BjKUbi Zzjbvq cvUbi msLv eo hvq A_vr cigvYyUv Avi we`yr wbic ev wbDUvj _vK
bv, Zvi fZi cwRwUf PvRi cwigvY eo hvq| GKUv BjKUb mwiq wbj cigvYyUv GKwU
cwRwUf PvR nq, `ywU mwiq wbj `ywU cwRwUf PvR nq| Avgiv ZLb ewj cigvYywU AvqvwbZ ev

Qwe 10.2: KvPK wm w`q Ges cvwKK dvbj w`q Nl cwRwUf I bMwUf PvR MVb Kiv hvq|

AvwnZ nqQ| GKUv cigvYy h iKg cwRwUffve AvqvwbZ nZ cvi wVK m iKg bMwUf
fveI AvqvwbZ nZ cvi A_vr ZLb wewQb GKwU ev `ywU BjKUb cigvYyi mv_ hy nq
hvq ZLb cigvYyi gvU PvR nq bMwUf|
cigvYyjvi BjKUbjv Zvi Kc_ NyiZ _vK, Gjv Kxfve mvRvbv ne Zvi
mywbw` wbqg AvQ| GLb Zvi Mfxi Avgiv hve bv ay ej ivwL KLbv KLbv kl Kc_
GKwU `ywU BjKUb cvq gy Aevq _vK, G iKg c`v_ BjKUbjv Lye mnR cyiv c`v_i
gvS QvUvQzwU KiZ cvi| G iKg c`v_K Avgiv ewj we`yr cwievnx| Avevi wKQz wKQz c`v_
QvUvQzwU Kivi gZv BjKUb bB, h KqwU AvQ Lye kfve Ave mjv nQ we`yr
Acwievnx| avZe c`v_ hgb mvbv, icv, Zvgv nQ we`yr mycwievnx| KvV, cvwK, KvP, ievi
Gme nQ we`yr Acwievnx|
cigvYyi MVb mK GLb ch hv hv ejv nqQ Avgiv hw` mjv eyS _vwK Zvnj
wi we`yZi cii welqjv gb ne LyeB mnR|

10.2 NlY wi we`yr Zwi (StaticElectricitybyFriction)

GK UzKiv KvPK hw` GK UzKiv wm w`q Nlv nq (10.2Qwe) Zvnj KvP _K BjKUbjv
wm AvmZ i Kie A_vr KvPwU ne cwRwUf ev abvZK PvR hy Avi wmwU ne bMwUf
PvR hy| evcviwU NU KviY BjKUbi Rb KvPi hZ Avmw wmi Avmw Zvi _K ewk|

220 wi we`yr

Avevi hw` GK UzKiv cvwKK dvbj (ev ckwg Kvco) w`q Nlv nq Zvnj dvbj _K
BjKUb Pj Avme cvwKi UzKivZ Zvi KviY BjKUbi Rb cvwKi AvKlY dvbj
_K ewk|
Gevi Avgiv GKUv GcwigU KiZ cvwi| aiv hvK KvP Ges wm eeenvi Ki
Avgiv `yB UzKiv KvPK cwRwUf PvR w`q AvwnZ KiwQ| GLb GKUvK hw` mveavb GKUv
we`yr Acwievwn
wmi myZv w`q
Szwjq w`q Zvi
KvQ AbUv wbq
Avwm
Zvnj
`Le
Szj
KvPi
UzKivwU

weKwlZ nq mi
Qwe 10.3: GK PvR weKlY Ki Ges wecixZ PvR AvKlY Ki|
hvQ|
(Qwe
10.3)
Avgiv hw` GKBfve `yB UzKiv cvwKK bMwUf PvR w`q AvwnZ Ki GKUvK
wmi myZv w`q eua Szwjq w`B Ges AbUv Zvi KvQ wbq Avwm Zvnj Avgiv GKB evcvi
`Le, GKUv AviKUvK weKlY KiQ| Gevi hw` cvwKi `Uv hLb Szj AvQ ZLb Zvi
KvQ cwRwUf PvR AvwnZ KvPi `Uv wbq Avwm ZLb `Le GKUv AviKUvK AvKlY KiQ|
Avgiv hLb gnvKl ej cowQ ZLb `LwQ mLvb ay GK iKg fi ZvB gv GK iKg
ej mwU nQ AvKlY| GLb Avgiv `LwQ GLvb `yB iKg PvR Ges ejwUI `yB iKg, KLbv
AvKlY, KLbv weKlY| GcwigUUv hw` wVKfve Ki _vwK Zvnj `LZ cve GKB aibi
PvR GK AbK weKlY Ki Ges wfb wfb PvR GK AbK AvKlY Ki|

10.3 e`ywZK Avek (ElectricInduction)


GB Aavqi iZ ejv nqQ wPiwb w`q Pzj AvPovbvi ci mB wPiwbwU hLb QvU QvU
KvMRi KvQ Avbv nq ZLb KvMRjv jvwdq wPiwbi KvQ Pj Avm evSv hvq wPiwbUv
KvMRi UzKivjvK AvKlY KiQ| Avgiv GLb Rvwb wPiwbUvZ bMwUf PvR Rgv nqQ
Ges m KviYB wPiwbUv KvMRi UzKivjvK AvKlY KiQ wK GLvb GKUv QvU RwUjZv
AvQ| Avgiv `LwQ wecixZ PvR AvKlY Ki, ZvB KMRjvK AvKlY KiZ nj mjvK

wi

we`yr

221

AekB wPiwbi wecixiZ PvR nZ ne wK Avgiv Rvwb KvMRi UzKivjvZ Kvbv PvRB
bB Zvnj wPiwb Kb GjvK
AvKlY KiQ?
evcviUv NU e`ywZK Avek
bvgi GKUv cwqvi Rb| KvP wKsev
cvwK PvR Rgv Ki mUvK hw`
PvRnxb Kvbv wKQzi KvQ Avbv nq
Zvnj mB PvRnxb eUvi gvS GK
aibi PvR Rb bq| welqUv
evSvbvi Rb 10.4 QweZ GKUv
avZe MvjK `Lvbv nqQ, GUvK
ivLv nqQ we`yr Acwievnx vi Qwe 10.4:PvRwenxb eI KvQ PvR mn e Avbv nj wecixZ
Ici| GLb GKUv KvPK wm w`q PvR AvewkZ nq|
Lye fvjv Ki Nl Zvi gvS PvR
Rgv Ki wbq mUv avZe MvjKi KvQ wbq Gj avZe MvjKi bMwUf PvRjv AvKwlZ
nq KvQ Pj Avme Ges MvjKi wcQb w`K cwRwUf PvRjv mi hve| GLb KvP `
cwRwUf PvRh
y , KvP `i KvQvKvwQ MvjKi AskUzKz bMwUf PvRh
y KvRB Giv ciiK
AvKlY Kie!
Gevi Avgiv wPiwb w`q KvMRi
UzKivK AvKlY Kivi evcviUv eySZ cvie|
hLb KvMRi UzKivi KvQvKwQ bMwUf PvRh
y
wPiwbUv Avbv nq ZLb KvMRi UzKivi h Ask
KvQvKvwQ mLvb cwRwUf PvR AvewkZ nq Avi
mv_ mv_ h Ask `~i mLvb bMwUf PvR
Rgv nq| KvMRi UzKivi cwRwUf PvRi
AskUzKz wPiwbi AvKlY Abyfe Ki Avi
KvMRi UzKivi bMwUf AskUzKz wPiwbi
weKlY Abyfe Ki| wK hnZz cwRwUf PvRi
AskUzKz wPiwbi KvQ ZvB AvKlYUzKz weKlY
_K ewk mRb KvMRi UzKiv AvKwlZ nq
Qwe 10.5: kxZKvj wPiwb w`q Pzj AvPo QvU
KvMRi KvQ aij mjv AvKlY Abyfe Ki| jvwdq wPiwbi KvQ Pj hvq| (Qwe 10.5)

222 wi we`yr

Gi ci Aviv GKUv evcvi NU Zvgiv nqZv wbRivB mUv j KiQ| KvMRi h

UzKivjv jvwdq wPiwbi Mvq jM hvq mjv Avevi cvq mv_B wPiwb _K wQUK wbP
Pj Avm!
Gi KviYUvI wbqB Zvgiv eySZ cviQ, KvMRi UzKivUv hw` AvKwlZ nq wPiwbi
Mvq jM hvq Zvnj mUvi Avi AvewkZ _vKZ nq bv| wPiwb _K bMwUf PvR w`q GUv
wbRB bMwUf PvR fi hvq| ZLb mjv wPiwb _K weKwlZ nq wQUK wbP bg Avm|
hviv wekvm Kiv bv Zviv welqUv GKevi cixv Ki `LZ cvi|
evZvm Rjxqev _vKj Rgv nIqv PvR `Z nvwiq hvq ZvB wi we`yZi GB
GcwigUjv kxZKvj AbK ewk fvjv KvR Ki|
D`vniY 10.1: `ywU avZe MvjK iqQ GKwU cwRwUf PvR hy KvPi ` w`q `ywU MvjK
wK `yB iKgi PvR Zwi KiZ cvie?

Qwe 10.6: `ywU avZe MvjKK GKmv_ iL Zv`i fZI wfb PvR AvewkZ Kiv me|

Di: nuv 10.6 QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mfve `yUv MvjK wfb PvR AvewkZ Ki
Avjv`v Kiv me|

GB Aavqi iZ Avgiv wZbwU wfb wfb NUbvi K_v ejwQjvg GZY mjv Kb
NUQ Zvgiv wbqB mUv eyS MQ! wPiwbi welqUv evLv Kiv nqQ| QvU wki nvgvwo
`qvi welqUvI evSv KwVb bq KvcU Nl Nl hvevi Rb Zvi kixi PvRi Rgv nq, mviv
kixii mv_ mv_ PzjI mB PvR Qwoq co| me Pzj GKB PvR Avgiv Rvwb GK aibi PvR
weKlY Ki ZvB GKUv Pzj Ab PyjK weKlY Ki Lvov nq Qwoq co! GLb Avgiv eRcvZi
welqUvI evLv KiZ cvie| gNi mv_ gNi NlY mLvb PvR Avjv`v nq hvq| AvKvki
gN hLb wecyj cwigvY PvR Rgv nq ZLb mUv wbP wecixZ PvRi Avek Zwi Ki Ges gvS

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gvS mUv GZ ewk nq h evZvm f` Ki mUv

gNi mv_ hy nq hvq hUvK Avgiv eRcvZ
ewj| (Qwe 10.7)
10.3.1 BjKUvvc:
BjKUvvc wi we`yr cixvi Rb Lye PgrKvi
GKUv h| hUv LyeB mnR, GLvb PvRi AwZ
evSvi Rb iqQ LyeB nvjKv mvbv, Avjywgwbqvg
ev Ab Kvbv avZzi `ywU cvZ| GB cvZ `yUv GKUv
mycwievnx ` w`q GKUv avZe PvKwZi mv_ Qwe 10.7: gN _K wecyj cwigvb PvR hLb
jvMvbv _vK cyivUv GKUv Acwievnx wQwc w`q gvwUZ bg Avm ZvK Avgiv eRcvZ ewj|
KvPi evZji fZi ivLv nq hb evBi _K
`Lv hvq wK evZvm ev Ab wKQz hb cvZjv avZe cvZ `yUvK bvov Pvov KiZ bv cvi|
PvR AvwnZKiY
GKUv KvPi UzKivK wm w`q Nlv nj KvP `UvZ cwRwUf PvR Rgv ne| GLb KvP `Uv
hw` BjKUvvci avZe PvKwZZ Qvqvbv hvq Zvnj mv_
mv_ LvwbKUv PvR PvKwZZ Pj hve| PvKwZ hnZz avZe `
Avi mvbvi cvZi mv_ jvMvbv AvQ ZvB PvRUzKz me RvqMvq
Qwoq coe| mvbvi cvZ hLb GKB cwRwUf PvR Gm nvwRi
ne Avi ZLb `Lv hve cvZ `yUv weKlY Ki Zv`i gvS
GKUv duvK Zwi nqQ|
wVK GKBfve GKUv wPiwbK hw` dvbj w`q Nlv nq
Zvnj wPiwbUvZ bMwUf PvR Rgv ne, GLb mUv hw`
PvKwZZ k Kiv nq Zvnj bMwUf PvR mvbvi cvZ ch
Qwoq coe Ges `yUv cvZ GKUv AviKUvK weKlY Ki dvuK
nq hve|


Qwe 10.8: Bjvc PvRi

DcwwZi KviY m~ avZe
cvZ cii _K mi hvq

PvRi cKw Z ei Kiv

Kvbv GKUv eZ hw` PvR Rgv nq Zvnj mUv wK cwRwUf
bvwK bMwUf PvR mUv BjKUvvc w`q ei Kiv hvq|

224 wi we`yr

c_g BjKUvvci PvKwZZ cwiwPZ Kvbv PvR w`Z ne| aiv hvK KvPK wm w`q Nl
cwRwUf PvR Zwi Ki Avgiv mUvK PvKwZZ k Kij hw` mvbvi cvZ `ywUi duvK Kg hvq
Zvnj eySZ ne Gi gvS bMwUf PvR| hw` duvKwU Aviv eo hvq Zvnj eySZ ne PvRwU
wbqB cwRwUf|
PvRi Avek
Kvbv GKUv eZ PvR AvQ wK bv mUv PvKwZK k bv KiB evSv me| aiv hvK cwRwUf
PvR AvQ G iKg GKUv `K PvKwZi KvQ Avbv nqQ, Zvnj PvKwZi gvS bMwUf PvRi
Avek ne| (Qwe 10.8) GB bMwUf PvRi Avek Kivi Rb BjKUvvci Abvb Ask
_K bMwUf PvRK PvKwZi gvS Pj AvmZ ne, m KviY mvbvi cvZ `ywUZI cwRwUf
PvR Zwi ne mB cwRwUf PvR mvbvi cvZ `yUvi gvS GKUv dvuK Zwi Kie|
hw` cwRwUf PvR `qv Kvbv wKQy bv Gb bMwUf PvR `qv wKQz Avwb ZvnjI Avgiv
`Le mvbvi cvZ `yUv duvK nq hvQ Ze Gevi mwU
ne mLvb bMwUf PvR Rgv nIqvi KviY|

10.4 e`ywZK ej (ElectricForce)



Avgiv GKUz AvMB `LwQ wecixZ PvR GK AbK Qwe 10.9: `ywU PvR q1 Ges q2 Gi fZi
AvKlY Ki wK GK aibi PvR GK AbK weKlY ej F, AvKlY Ges weKlY `yBB nZ
Ki| Ze Avgiv GLbv Rvwb bv wVK KZLvwb AvKlY cvi|
wKsev weKlY Ki, mUv eySZ nj Avgv`i Kzj^i
m~wU GKUzLvwb `LZ ne| wevbx Kzj^ `ywU PvRi gvS KZLvwb ej KvR Ki mUv ei
KiwQjb| G iKg GKUv eji m~ Avgiv Gi gvS GKUv `L djwQ mUv nQ wbDUbi
gvavKlY eji m~| mwU wQj G iKg:

gRvi evcvi nQ, fi Avi K PvR Avi w`q cwieZb Ki w`jB Avgiv
Kzj^i m~ cq hve| gvavKlY eji Rb aewU wQj Gevi aewUi Rb Avgiv eenvi
Kie GBUzKzB cv_K| A_vr hw` Avi `ywU PvR ~` iZ _vK Zvnj Zv`i fZi ej
Gi cwigvY (Qw&e10.9):


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GLvb Avi Gi GKK nQ Kzj^ Ges ev `~iZi GKK nQ KvRB Gi GKK

Avgiv ejZ cvwi hb Gi GKK nq
Gi gvb:


Kj
z ^ nQ PvRi GKK, Avgiv cii AavqB `Le PvRi cevn nQ e`ywZK cevn ev KviU
Ges KviUi GKK nQ Gwqvi| GK mK evwc GK Gwqvi KviU cevn Kiv nj h
cwigvY PvR cevwnZ nq mUv nQ GK Kzj^ (|)
Ze Kzj^ evSvi mePq LuvwU cwZ nQ BjKUb ev cvUbi PvRi cwigvYwU evSv|
Zvi cwigvY
BjKUbi PvR: 
cvUbi PvR: 

Zvgiv `LZB cvQ Ges `ywUB hw` cwRwUf ev bMwUf nq Zvnj Gi gvb ne
cwRwUf Ges ZLb GKwU AbwUK weKlY Ki| hw` GKUv cwRwUf Avi AbwU bMwUf nq
Zvnj Gi gvb ne bMwUf, hvi A_ eji w`K cwieZb njv A_vr PvR `ywU GKUv
AviKwUK AvKlY Kie| Avgiv AvMB mUv `LwQjvg, my _KI mUv AvmQ|

Qwe 10.10:(a)10cm `~i AewZ +1C Ges -1C PvR (b)1 wgUvi `~i AewZ +5C Ges +3C PvR
D`vniY 10.1: GKwU Kzj^ PvR Ges GKwU Kzj^ PvR  `~i ivLv njv|
`yUv PvRi fZi ej KZUzKz?

226 wi we`yr

Di: `yUv wecixZ PvR GK AbK AvKlY Kie| Zv`i fZiKvi ej: (Qwe 10.10a)

GLvb

D`vniY 10.2: GKwU Ges PvR `~i ivLv nqQ| GLb ZZxq GKwU PvR
Ggbfve `ywU PvRi gvSLvb ivL hb mwU Kvbv ej Abyfe bv Ki| (Qwe 10.10b)

Di: PvRwU Wvb w`K Vj `e Ges evg w`K Vj `e| `ywU PvR hLb
GKB ej Vje ZLb PvRwU Kvbv ej Abyfe Kie bv|

KvRB

wKsev

Gi gvb 0_K 1 Gi fZi ne KvRB GwU wbqB

( hw` nq Zvnj Kx ne wbRiv wPv Ki ei Ki!)

D`vniY 10.3: nvBWvRb GUgi K` GKUv cvUb Ges evBi GKUv BjKUb| cvUbi
PvR Ges BjKUbi PvR . hw` wbDwKqvm _K
BjKUbi Kc_i `~iZ nq Zvnj Zv`i fZi AvKlY KZUzKz?

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Di: 

GLvb

KvRB

D`vniY 10.4: cw_exZ Ges Pvu` Kx cwigvY PvR Rgv ivLj gnvKl ej k~b nq Pvu`
Kc_ _K QzU ei nq hve?
Di: cw_ex Ges Pvu`i gvS gvavKlY ej:

GLvb

KvRB

cw_ex Ges Puv` mgvb cwigvY PvR ivLv nj weKlY ej:

gvavKlYK Kzj^ ej w`q Kwgq w`Z nj `yUv ej mgvb nZ ne

A_vr

228 wi we`yr

myZivs BjKUbi msLv 

GKUv BjKUbi fi , KvRB mejv BjKUbi fi:



A_vr cw_ex c Ges Pvu` gv 324kg BjKUb iL w`Z cvij Puv` Kc_ _K QzU ei
nq hve| (GKUv gvSvwi Mii fii mgvb!)

10.5 Zwor (ElectricField)


`ywU PvRi fZiKvi ej Avgiv Kzj^i m~ w`q ei KiZ cvwi| Zvgv`i wbqB gb AvQ
gvavKlY eji Rb cZKeviB Avjv`v Ki gnvKlY ej _K i bv Ki Avgiv
gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY ei Ki wbqwQjvg| mUvi m fi Y w`jB ej ei nq hZ|
Zwor eji ejvZI Avgiv mUv KiZ cvwi Avgiv Zwor ej GKUv b~Zb ivwk
msvwqZ KiZ cvwi, Zvi mv_ PvR Y KijB Avgiv mB PvRi Ici AvivwcZ ej
cq hve| A_vr h Kvbv PvR Zvi Pvcvk GKUv Zwor Zwi Ki, mB Zwor
nQ

GB Zwor hw` Kvbv PvR Avbv nq Zvnj PvRwU ej Abyfe Kie, Avi eji
cwigvY ne:


ej hnZz fi, hnZz jvi ZvB nQ fi Ges Zvi GKK nQ Zvgiv

`Le Zwor w`q evLv Kiv nj cyiv welqwU weklY Kiv AbK mnR nq|

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Zwor `Lv hvq bv wK KvDK evSvbi Rb AbK mgq Zwor ej iLv bvg
cyivcywi KvwbK GK aibi iLv GK `Lvbv nq (gvBKj dvivW c_g mUv KiwQjb|)
Avgv`i cwiwPZ RMr
wgvwK
KvRB
ej
iLvjv Pvwi`KB Qwoq
coe Zvgv`i `Lvbvi
Rb mjv GKUv mgZj
GK `Lvbv nqQ| (Qwe
10.11)
ej iLv AvuKvi
Qwe 10.11: cwRwUf PvR _K ejiLv Pvwiw`K Qwoq co Ges
mgq wKQz wbqg gb Pjv
wbMwUf PvRi w`K ejiLv K`xfzZ nq|
nq| hgb
(a) cwRwUf PvRi ejvq ej iLv PvR _K ei ne bMwUf PvRi ejvq ej
iLv PvR Gm K`xf~Z ne| GKUv wbw` we`yZ ej iLvi w`K nQ Zwor
i w`K|
(b) PvRi cwigvY hZ ewk ne ej iLvi msLv ZZ ewk ne|
(c) ej iLvjv hZ KvQvKvwQ _vKe Zwor ZZ ewk ne|
(d) GKwU PvRi ej iLv KLbv Ab PvRi ej iLvi Ici w`q hve bv|
10.12 a QweZ `yUv wecixZ
PvRi Rb ej iLv `Lvbv
nqQ Ges Zvgiv `LZ cvQ
GK PvRi ej iLv Ab PvR
wMq mgv nqQ| hLvb Zwor
ewk mLvb ej iLvi
msLvI ewk ay ZvB bq QwewU
`Lj `yUv PvR GKUv
AviKUvK UvbQ G iKg GKUv
Abyfw~ Z nq! 10.12 b QweZ
`yUvB cwRwUf PvR `Lvbv

Qwe 10.12: (a) wecixZ Ges (b) mgPvRi Rb Zwi ej iLv

230 wi we`yr

nqQ Ges Qwe `LB `yUv PvR GKwU AviKwUK Vj w`Q G iKg Abyf~wZ nQ| ay ZvB
bq `yUv PvRi gvSvgvwS Ask GKwU PvRi Zwor Ab PvRi Zwor K KvUvKvwU Ki
dj Pj mLvb ej iLv Kg Ges Gi gvSLvb GKwU we`y iqQ hLvb Zwor i gvb
k~b| hw` `yUvB bMwUf PvR nZv Zvnj ay gv ej iLvi w`K cwieZb nZv ZvQvov Ab
mewKQz AvMi gZvB nZv|
D`vniY 10.5: PvRi Rb `~i BjKwUK wd KZ?
Di: 

GLvb

KvRB 

 

D`vniY 10.6: 3C PvRi GKwU e ej Abyfe KiQ, H RvqMvq BjKwUK wd

KZ?
Di:
KvRB

GLvb 
KvRB 

D`vniY 10.7: PvR Ges Zvi wY cwigvY wecixZ PvR _vKj Zvi ej iLv Kgb nq|
Di: 10.13 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ|

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10.6 BjKwUK cUbwkqvj (ElectricPotential)

Zvgv`i wbqB gb AvQ `ywU cv hw` cvwb _vK
Ges GKwU bj w`q hw` cvwbi cv `yUvK Ryo `qv
hvq Zvnj h cvw cvwbi c Zj DuPzZ _vKe mLvb
_K Ab cv cvwb Pj Avme| Kvb cv _K
Kvb cv cvwb Avme mUv cvwbi cwigvYi Ici
wbfi Ki bv mUv wbfi Ki cvwbi cZji DPZvi
Dci|

wVK m iKgfve Avgiv `LwQjvg wfb
Zvcgvvq `yUv c`v_K hw` GKUvi mv_ AviKUvK Qwe 10.13: PvR Ges wY cwigvY wecixZ
k Kivbv hvq Zvnj Zvc Kvb c`v_ _K PvRi Rb ejiLv|
Kv_vq hve mUv mB c`v_i Zvci cwigvYi
Ici wbfi Ki bv, mUv wbfi Ki Zvcgvvi Ici| Zvcgvv hvi ewk mLvb _K Zvc
cevwnZ nq Zvcgv hvi Kg mLvb| Zvcgvv ewk njI AbK Kg Zvc iqQ miKg e
_KI Zvc AbK ewk Zvc hLvb AvQ mLvb cevwnZ nZ cvi|
Avgiv wi we`yr AvjvPbv Kivi mgq ek KqKevi ejwQ Kvbv GKUv eZ PvR
Rgv Ki mUv hw` Ab Kvbv eZ k Kiv nq Zvnj mLvb PvR cevwnZ nq| GLvbI wK
cvwbi cwigvY Avi c`ki DPZv wKsev Zvc Ges Zvcgvvi gZv PvR Ges PvR gvv ej wKQz
AvQ? hUv wVK Kie PvR Kvb e _K Kvb eZ hve? mwU AvmjB AvQ Ges mUvK
ejv nq cUbwkqvj ev wefe| hw` `yUv ei fZi
wfb wfb PvR _vK Ges `yUvK k Kivbv nq
Zvnj h ewUZ cUbwkqvj ewk mLvb _K Kg
cUbwkqvj PvR cevwnZ ne!
GKUv avZe MvjKi evmva hw` nq Ges
Zvi Ici hw` PvR `qv nq Zvnj Zvi
cUbwkqvj ne

Qwe 10.14: ekx cUbwkqvj _K Kg

GLvb nQ MvjKi aviK ev Capacitance|
cUbwkqvj PvR cevwnZ nq|
MvjvKvi avZe MvjKi Rb Gi gvb

232 wi we`yr

hLvb 
KvRB hw` Ges evmvai `yUv avZe MvjK _vK Ges `yUv MvjKB mgvb
cwigvY PvR `qv nq Zvnj h MvjKi evmva Kg ne mLvb cUbwkqvj ev wefe ewk
ne| hw` GKwUv Zvi w`q `yUv MvjKK Ryo `qv nq Zvnj QvU MvjK _K eo MvjK
PvR hZ _vKe hZb ch bv `yUv MvjKi cUbwkqvj mgvb nq| (Qwe 10.14)
cUbwkqvji GKKwU mK Avgiv mevB cwiwPZ GUv nQ fv| Gevi Avgiv Rvbvi
Pv Kwi cUbwkqvj ejZ Avgiv Avmj Kx evSvB?
Avgiv wefe ev cUbwkqvjK cvwbi ci DPZv wKsev Zvcgvvi mv_ Zzjbv KiwQ,
PvRi cevn Kvb w`K ne mUv evSvi Rb GB ZzjbvwU wVK AvQ wK Avgiv hw` AvwiK
fve mUv wekvm Ki wbB Zvnj wK ne bv, Zvi KviY cUbwkqvj ev wefe wK Aviv AbK
iZc~Y GKUv ivwk|
hgb aiv hvK hw` Kvbv GKUv avZe MvjK cwRwUf PvR `qv nqQ Zvnj Zvi
c`ki wefe ev cUbwkqvj nQ

c `ki evBi Zvi cUbwkqvj KZ? GwU wK gvUI k~b bq MvjKi Pvicvk Kv_vq KZ
wefe mUvI ei Kiv me|
Zvgiv Rvb GKUv MvjK PvR _vKvi KviY Zvi Pvicvk BjKwUK wd AvQ,
KvRB mLvb hw` GKUv PvR Avbv nq mB PvRwU GKUv ej Abyfe Kie hLvb

hnZz MvjK PvR cwRwUf Ges MvjKi evBi ivLv PvRUvI cwRwUf KvRB mUv weKlY
Abyfe Kie Ges Avgiv hw` PvRUvK hw` Qo w`B Zvnj mB eji Rb Zvi ZiY ne,
MwZ evoe BZvw` BZvw`! Avevi PvRUvK hw` Avgiv MvjKi KvQ Avbvi Pv Ki (Kbv
Ki bvI avZe MvjKUv k Ki Kv_vI jvMvbv PvR mUvK Vj mivZ cvie bv) Zvnj
eji wei KvR KiZ ne KvRB hZB Avgiv MvjKi KvQ Avbe ZZB Zvi fZi wwZ
kw nZ _vKe!

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we`yr

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wefe nQ GKK PvRK (A_vr Gi gvb ) Kvbv GKUv RvqMvq nvwRi KiZ (ai
bvI i KQ AbK `~i _K hLvb BjKwUK wd Lye Kg, KvRB ej ejZ Mj bB)
hUzKz KvR KiZ nq Zvi cwigvY! Avkcvk hw` Kvbv PvR bv _vK, Zvnj Kvbv BjKwUK
wd I _vKe bv, PvRUv Kvbv ejI Abyfe Kie bv ZvB GKK PvRUvK AvbZ Kbv KvRI
KiZ ne bv, ZvB Avgiv eje Kvbv wefe bB|
wK hw` PvR _vK Zvnj GKK PvRUvK AvbZ KvR KiZ ne, Ges wVK hUyKz KvR
KiZ nqQ Zvi cwigvYUv nQ wefe| A_vr PvRK AvbZ hw` KvR nq Zvnj wefe
nQ

MvjKi PvRUv hw` bMwUf nq Zvnj Dv evcvi NUe, PvRUvK Qo w`j mUv
MvjKi PvRi AvKlY Zvi w`K QzU hZ PvBe| ZvB AbK `~i _K GB PvRUvK hw`
Kvbv iKg ZiY Zwi bv Ki Kvbv evowZ MwZkw bv w`q axi axi AvbZ hvB Zvnj
mvivYB PvRUvi AvKlY ejUvK mvgjvbvi gZv GKUv ej w`q KvQ AvbZ ne A_vr Avgiv
hw`K ej w`Q Zvi wecixZ w`K PvRUv hvQ KvRB Avgv`i `qv ej bMwUf KvR KiQ
A_vr Avgiv GB PvRi LvwbKUv kw mwiq wbwQ!
Ze GeviI wefe nQ

ay gb ivLZ ne ev KvR hnZz bMwUf ZvB Gi gvb bMwUf!

Avgiv GZY ch hv hv wkLwQ mjv GKevi SvjvB Ki wbB :

PvR _vKjB Zvi Avkcvk hgb BjKwUK wd _vK wVK m iKg cUbwkqvjI _vK|
mwZ K_v ejZ Kx Avgiv hw` cUbwkqvjUv Kgb fve AvQ mUv Rvwb Zvnj BjKwUK
wdUv ei Ki djZ cvie| GB eBUv hnZz Zvgv`i c`v_wevbi c_g cvV ZvB Kgb
Ki Kv_vI cUbwkqvj ei KiZ nq, Kgb Ki mLvb _K BjKwUK wd ev Zwor
ei KiZ nq mjv AvjvPbv Kiv nqwb| Ze mvaviY fve GKUv welq Rb ivLZ cvi
cUwqvji cwieZb hZ ewk nq BKwUK wdI ZZ ewk nq!

234 wi we`yr
D`vniY 10.8: GKwU cwRwUf Ges GKUv bMwUf PvRi cvk cUbwkqvj Kgb ne?
Di: wecixZ mgvb PvRi Rb mg cUbwkqvj iLvjv 10.15 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ| evg
cvk cUbwkqvj cwRwUf mg cwigvb Kg Kg Wvb cvk bMwUf nqQ| wVK gvSLvb
cUbwkqvj k~Y|

10.6.1 wefe cv_K

Zvgiv mevB BjKwUK jvBbi Mvq bvbviKg
mZK evYx `LQ, hgb, wecbK `k nvRvi
fv! Zvgiv mevB Rvb BjKwUK kK ej
GKUv welq AvQ, GwU Lye wecbK AmZK gvbyl
BjKwUK kK Lq gviv MQ m iKg D`vniYI
AvQ| Zvgiv hw` wefe welqUv eyS _vK Zvnj
wbqB GLb Abygvb KiZ cviQ Avmj Kx NU|
Kv_vI hw` wefe ev cUbwkqvj ewk _vK Ges
Qwe 10.15: wecixZ PvRi Rb mg cUbwkqvj
Zzwg hw` mUv k Ki, Zvgvi kixii
iLv|
cUbwkqvj hnZz Kg mRb ewk wefei
RvqvMv _K PvR Zvgvi kixi Pj Avmie PvRi mB cevn KZUzKz Zvi Ici wbfi Ki
Zvgvi fZi AbK wKQz nZ cvi!
Zzwg hUv k KiQ Zvi cUbwkqvj cwRwUf ev bMwUf `yUvB nZ cvi GK RvqMvq
Zvgvi kixi _K PvR (BjKUb) hve Ab Zvgvi kixi PvR Avme, `yUvB we`yr cevn
ay w`KUv wfb|
Zzwg wbqB eySZ cviQ PvR cevwnZ nq wefe cv_Ki Rb wefei gvbi Rb bq|
m KviY GKUv KvK hLb nvBfvR BjKwU Zvii Ici em m BjKwUK kK Lvq bv KviY
Zvii wefe Ges Zvi wbRi wefe mgvb Kvbv cv_K bB! ay ZvB bq `k nvRvi wKsev wek
nvRvi fvi cP DP fvR Kgxiv nwjKvi w`q Lvwj nvZ KvR Ki Zviv Kvbv
BjKwUK kK Lvq bv KviY k~b _vKvi KviY Zviv hLb nvBfvR Zvi k Ki Zv`i
kixii fvR Zvii mgvb nq hvq Kvbv cv_K bB ZvB Kvbv PvR cevwnZ nq bv Zviv
BjKwUK kK Lvq bv! Zvi gvb nQ fvRi cv_KUv iZc~Y fvRi gvb bq GUv
mevi Rvbv `iKvi|
ZviciI hLb fvRi gvb gvcZ nq ZLb Zvi Rb GKUv wbw` fvR _vKj
fvjv| Zvcgvvi ejvq GKUv Pig k~b Zvcgvv wQj, AbKUv m iKg| Avgv`i Rxeb Avgiv

wi

we`yr

235

cw_exK k~b wefe ai wbB| cw_exUv GZ wekvj h Gi gvS LvwbKUv PvR w`jI mUv MnY
KiZ cvi Zvi Rb Zvi wefe eo hvq bv Avevi LvwbKUv PvR wbq MjI Zvi wefe eo
hvq bv! ZvB mUvK k~b wefe ai me wKQz Zvi mvc gvcv nq| Zvgiv wbqB j Ki
_vKe fvix e`ywZK hcvwZ me mgq Lye fvjv Ki f~wgi mv_ jvMvbv (Earthing) nq hvi
A_ Kvbv `~NUbvq nVvr Ki Kvbv KviY hw` cPiz PvR Pj Avm Zvnj mUv hb `Z Ges
wbivc` cw_exi gvwUZ Pj hZ cvi hviv Avkcvk AvQ Zv`i hb Kvbv wZ bv nq|
10.6.2 eR wbivaK
eR cvZi mgq gN _K wekvj cwigvY PvR cw_exZ bg Avm evZvmi fZi w`q hvevi
mgq mUv evZvmK AvqvwbZ Ki dj ZLb mLvb cP Zvc Avi Avjv Zwi nq k Zwi
nq, GB wekvj cwigvY PvR hLvb nvwRi nq mLvb fqsKi wZ nZ cvi| eRcvZi wZ
_K iv cvevi Rb eR wbivaK ` jvMvbv nq| eR wbivaK ` nQ GKUv avZe ` hUvi
wbPi cv gvwUi Mfxi Pj MQ, Dcii AskUzKz GKUv wewsqi gZ Dci me nj Lvjv
AvKvki w`K ZvK Ki ivLv nq Pv Kiv nq mLvb GK ev GKvwaK m~Pvjv kjvKv _vK|
mvaviYZ Rjxqev Dci IVvi mgq NlY BjKUbjv Avjv`v nq wbP _K hvq Ges Dci
cwRwUf Avqbjv _vK| gNi wbPi BjKUbjv hLb nVvr Ki evZvm f` Ki gvwVZ
bg Avm Avgiv mUvK ZLb eRcvZ ewj| Avgiv AvMB `LwQ PvR hy Kvbv wKQz PvRnxb
Kvbv wKQzi KvQ Avbj mLvb wecixZ PvR AvewkZ nq| ZvB eRcvZ nevi Dcg nj eR
kjvKvZ cwRwUf PvR Rgv nq Ges m~Pvjv kjvKv _vKvi KviY mLvb Zxe BjKwUK wd
Zwi Ki| mB BjKwUK wdi KviY Avkcvk _vKv evZvm, Rjxq ev AvqvwbZ nq hvq
Ges AvKvki w`K DV gNi bMwUf PvRK PvRnxb Ki eRcvZi AvksKvK Kwgq `q|
AbK DuPz wewsq hLb eR kjvKv ivLv nq mwU cvq mgqB mwZKvi eRcvZ MnY Ki Avi
wekvj cwigvY PvRK mB ` wbivc` gvwUi fZi wbq hvq|
hLb eRcvZ nq ZLb GZ wekvj cwigvY PvR cevwnZ nq h evZvmi Zvcgvv
_K nvRvi wWwM mjwmqvm ch nZ cvi hUv m~h ci Zvcgvv _K ewk! mLvb
ZLb GKUv bxjvf mv`v Avjvi SjKvwb `wL cP Zvc evZvm hLb wQUK mi hvq ZLb
MMbwe`vix GKUv k nq| Avjvi SjKvbx Ges k GKB mv_ Zwi njI Avgiv AvjvwUK
c_g `wL Avjvi MwZeM GZ ewk h mUv cvq mv_ mv_ cuQ hvq| ki MwZ
 G gZv A_vr GK wKjvwgUvi hZ cvq mgq bq| KvRB Avjvi KZ mK
ci kUv kvbv MQ mLvb _K Avgiv eRcvZUv KZ `~i nqQ mUv Abygvb KiZ cvwi|
AvbygvwbK fve cwZ wZb mKi Rb GK wKjvwgUvi|

236 wi we`yr

10.7 aviK (Capacitor)

Kvbv c`v_ Zvc `qv nj Zvi Zvcgvv
KZ evoe mUv mB c`v_i Zvc aviYi
gZvi Ici wbfi Ki| Zvc aviYgZv
ewk nj AbK Zvc `qv njI Zvcgvv
A GKUz evo, Kg nj A Zvc `qv njB

AbKLvwb Zvcgv eo hvq| wVK m iKg
Kvbv c`v_ PvR `qv nj Zvi wefe Qwe 10.16: mgvivj avZe cU w`q Zwi
KZUzKz evoe mUv Zvi aviKZi Ici wbfi KvcvwmUi|
Ki| Kvbv ei aviKZ ewk nj AbK PvR `qv njI Zvi wefe evoe A GKUz Avevi
aviKZ Kg nj A PvR w`jB wefe AbK eo hvq| Avgiv AvMB ejwQ Kvbv wKQzi
aviKZ nj mLvb hw` PvR `qv nq Zvnj wefe ne


Avgiv BZvga `LwQ evmvai avZe MvjKi Rb nQ

Ze mePq cwiwPZ mnR Ges KvhKi aviK Zwi Kiv nq `yUv avZe cvZ cvkvcvwk
iL| avZe cvZi GKwUK hw` cwRwUf AbwUZ bMwUf PvR ivLv nq Zvnj `ywU cvZi
gvSLvb BjKwUK wd Zwi nq Ges mB BjKwUK wd kw mwZ _vK| GKUv
KvcvwmUii aviKZ hw` Ges fvR nq Zvnj Zvi fZi h kw (Energy) Rgv
_vK mwU nQ

D`vniY 9.9: GKUv P KvcvwmUi e`ywZK cUbwkqvj `q nq Zvnj mLvb

wK cwigvY kw mwZ _vKe?

Di: kw :

wi

we`yr

237

10.8 wi we`yZi eenvi (UseofStaticElectricity)

Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb, KjKviLvbv jveiUwi, wkvcwZvb nvmcvZvj me RvqMvq we`yr
eenvi Kwi, Ze cvq me RvqMvZB mUv nq Pj we`yr (cii Aavq Avgiv mUv `Le) Ze
wekl wekl RvqMvZ GLbv wi we`yr eenvi Kiv nq:
(a) dUvKwc
Avgiv mevB KLbv bv KLbv KvMRi Kvbv
jLvi Kwc Zwi Kivi Rb dUvKwc gwkb
eenvi KiwQ| GLvb KvMRi jLvi Ici
Avjv dj Zvi GKwU cwZQwe GKwU wekl
aibi ivjvi djv nq Ges mB ivjvi
KvMRi jLvwUi gZv Ki wi PvR Zwi Kiv
nq| Zvici GB ivjviwUK cvDWvii gZv m~
Kvwji msk Avbv nj hLvb hLvb PvR Rgv
nqQ mLvb Kvjv Kvwj jM hvq| Zvici
b~Zb GKUv mv`v KvMRi Ici Qvc w`q GB
KvwjwU ewmq `qv nq| KvwjwU hb j bv hvq
mRb Zvc w`q KvwjwUK Aviv fvjv Ki
KvMR hy Ki cwqvwU kl Kiv nq|
Qwe 10.17: fvb wW Mvd gwkb
(b) fvb wW Mvd gwkb
AZ DP wefe w`q bvbv aibi KvR Kiv nq| fvb wW Mvd gwkb mwU Kiv me nq wi
we`yr eenvi Ki| GKwU Nyi we`yr Acwievnx e wi we`yr Kiv nq, ewU Nywiq
GKwU avZe MvjKi fZi bq nq| ei Ici _K GKUv kK GB PvRUv MnY Ki
avZe MvjKi KvQ cuQ `q| Avgiv Rvwb PvR me mgqB ewk _K Kg wefe cevwnZ nq|
fvb wW Mvd RbviUi GwU me mgq NU _vK KviY avZe MvjKi fZi me mgqB
MvjKi mgvb wefe _vK| ei Dcii evowZ PvRUzKiz Rb h evowZ fvR Zwi nq
mwU ZvB me mgqB MvjKi fvR _K ewk! m KviY MvjKi fZi PvR _vKjB
mUv MvjK c Pj hvq| Gfve wekvj cwigvY PvR Rgv Kwiq AbK DP cUbwkqvj Zwi
Kiv me|

238 wi we`yr

(c) Rvjvwb UvK

cUvj ev Ab Rvjvwbi UvK hLb Zv`i Rvjvwb mieivn Ki ZLb Zv`i Lye mZK _vKZ nq
hb nVvr Ki Kvbv we`yr zwj Zwi nq eo Kvbv weviYi Rb bv `q| Rvjvwb UvKi
PvKvi mv_ ivvi NlY wi we`yr Zwi nj GUv NUZ cvi, mRb GB aibi UvKi wcQb
UvsK _K GKUv kKj Szwjq `qv nq mUv ivvi mv_ Nlv LZ _vK hb Kvbv wi
we`yr Zwi nj mUv hb mv_ mv_ gvwUZ Pj hZ cvi|

Abykxjbx
ck
1. PvRi z`Zg GKwU gvb AvQ, mwU nQ G iKg wK fii GKwU z`Zg
gvb AvQ?
2. elvKvj wi we`yZi cixvjv wVK Ki KvR Ki bv Kb?
3. `yUv GK AvKvii avZe MvjKK k bv Ki Zv`i gvS mgvb Ges wecixZ PvR w`Z
cvie?
4. aviKZ ev capacitance K hw` GKUv cvi mv_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvnj cUbwkqvjwU
wKmi mv_ Zzjbv Kie?
5. Kvbv we`yZ cUbwkqvj k~b wK BjKwUK wd k~b bq, GwU wK me?

MvwYwZK mgmv
1. Ges PvR `~i ivLv AvQ| PvR `ywUi mshy iLvi Kv_vq BjKwUK wd
k~b?
2. nvBWvRb cigvYyZ GKwU BjKUb Kzj^ eji KviY GKwU cvUbK wNi NyiZ _vK|
BjKUbi fi Ges cvUbi fi GB fii
KviY Zv`i fZi wbqB GKwU gvavKlY ejI AvQ| `ywU eji fZi KvbwU eo Ges
KZ eo?
3. 1 b^i cki PvR `ywUi Rb BjKwUK wdi ej iLv wj GuK `LvI|
4.10.15 QweZ PvRi Rb mg cUbwkqvj iLv `Lvbv nqQ, mLvb _K Zzwg BjKwUK
wd `LvI|
5.10.13 Qwe `ywU PvRi Rb BjKwUK wd `Lvbv AvQ, cUbwkqvj GuK `LvI|

GKv`k Aavq

Pj we`yr
(Electricity)
mZb evm
mZ` bv_ evmi Rb KjKvZvq, wZwb GKRb evOvwj
c`v_wevbx| XvKv wekwe`vjqi GKRb wkK _vKv Aevq
wZwb evm AvBbvBb vwUw Dveb Kib| Zuvi GB
RMwLvZ ccviwU Rvbvj QvcvZ A^xKvi Kivq wZwb mwU
AvBbvBbi KvQ cvVvb Ges Rvgvb fvlvq Abyev` Ki Rvbvj
Qvcvbvi Abyiva Kib| ZiY GB wevbxi Abyiva iv Ki
AvBbvBb mwU Qvcvbvi eev KiwQjb| GB Avwevii
KviY wekvi `yB aibi KYvi GKwUK evRb bvg
AwfwnZ Kiv nq| c`v_wevb QvovI Zuvi MwYZ, imvqb,
Rxewevb, `kb GgbwK mvwnZI AvMn wQj| evsjv fvlvq
wevbPPvi Rb wZwb AbK KvR KiwQjb|

.SatyendraNathBose(18941974)

11.1we`yr cevn (ElectricCurrent)

Avgiv AvMi Aavq `LwQ h hw` `yUv wfb ei wefei gvS cv_K _vK Zvnj hUvi ewk
wefe mLvb _K hUvi wefe Kg mLvb PvR cevwnZ nq| hZY ch wefe `yUv mgvb bv
nQ PvRi cevn nZB _vK| PvRi GB cevn nQ we`yZi cevn Avgiv hUvK mvaviYfve
BjKwUwmwU ewj, hUv w`q jvBU Rj, dvb Nyi, gvevBj Uwjdvb PvR `qv nq!
GKUv welq wbqB eySZ cviQ, wefe cv_K _vKjB ay gv we`yr cevn nq, ZvB
Avgiv hw` we`yr cevn AwewQb ivLZ PvB Zvnj wefe cv_KUvI eRvq ivLZ ne, mUvK
Kg mgvb nq hZ `qv hve bv| `yUv MvjKi gvS wfb PvR w`q wfb wefe Zwi Ki
MvjK `yUvK hw` GKUv Zvi w`q Ryo w`B Zvnj we`yZi cevn i nevi mv_ mv_ wefei

240Pj we`yr

cv_K KgZ _vKe Ges gyn~ Zi gvS `ywU wefe mgvb nq hve! `yyUv mgvivj avZe cvZi
gvR PvR Rgv Ki hw` wefei cv_K Zwi Kiv nq, Zvnj mB `yUv GKUv Zvi w`q Ryo
w`jI gyn~Zi gvS cyiv PvR cevwnZ nq Zv`i wefe mgvb nq hve| KvRB eySZB cviQ
Avgiv hw` eenvi Kivi gZv mvewYK we`yr PvB Zvnj Ab Kvbv cwZ `iKvi hUv Ggb
GKUv wefe cv_K Zwi Ki `e hb PvR cevwnZ njI Zvi cv_K Kg bv hvq|
Zvgiv mevB m iKg cwZ `LQ, Gjv nQ evUvwi Ges RbviUi| evUvwii
fZi ivmvqwbK wewqv Ki wefe cv_K Zwi Kiv nq, mLvb _K PvR cevn Kiv nj
ivmvqwbK `ejv LiP nZ _vK, hLb ivmvqwbK `ejv kl nq hvq ZLb evUvwi Avi we`yr
cevn KiZ cvi bv| Avgiv mvaviY h evUvwi `wL mjvi wefe cv_K nQ fv|
Zvgv`i z j wKsev evmvq h BjKwUwmwU AvQ mLvb Zvgiv mevB `LQ we`yrK
eenvi Kivi Rb `yUv cqU _vK, Zvi GKUvZ _vK Kg wefe AbUvZ ewk wefe, GB
cv_KUv eRvq ivL RbviUi, hwU gvMZ wefe cv_K Zwi KiZ _vK! GKUv evUvwi ev
GKUv RbviUi gvMZ we`yr cevni Rb gvMZ PvRK Kg wefe _K ewk wefe nvwRi
Ki ivLZ nq Ges Gi Rb kwi cqvRb nq| hw` Kvbv evUvwiZ PvRK Kg wefe _K
ewk wefe AvbZ cwigvY KvR KiZ nqZvnj GB evUvwii Zwor PvjK kw ev B.Gg.Gd

evUvwi ev RbviUi, hjv we`yr kw mieivn Ki Zvi Zwor PvjK kw ev B.Gg.Gd _vK|
hLb Kvbv evUvwi ev RbviUiK Kvbv mvwKU jvMvbv nq ZLb GB Zwor PvjK kwB
PvRK cyiv mvwKUi fZi w`q Nywiq Avb| GKUv evUvwi h cwigvY cUbwkqvj Zwi Ki
mUvB nQ Zvi Zwor PvjK kw ev B.Gg.Gd BsiwRZ GUvK ejv nQ dvm ev ej
esjvq ejwQ kw wK cKZ
c B. Gg. Gd. ev Zwor PvjK kw ejI bq kwI bq|
Zvgv`i ejv nqQ c`v_wevb ej kw GB welqjv LyeB mywbw`, BQ gZb GKUvi
RvqMvq AbUv eenvi Kiv hve bv wK `yfvMg GLvb Kiv nq MQ! Zvgv`i wev
nIqvi Kvbv KviY bB KviY hnZz GKUv evUvwi ev RbviUi h cwigvY cUbwkqvj Zwi
Ki mUvB nQ Zvi B.Gg.Gd. ZvB Avgiv mLvb _KB i Kie, cUbwkqvj K_vwU w`qB
me KvR Ki dje `Le Kvbv mgmv ne bv|
Avgiv AvMB ejwQ cUwkqvji gvbwU iZc~Y bq, Zvi cv_KUzKz iZc~Y| ZvB
`Le AbK mgq GKUv evUvwii GK gv_vi cUbwkqvj wfb Ki djv me, wK cv_KUv me
mgqB mgvb _vKe|

Pj we`yr

241

D`vniY 11.1: GKUv evUvwii wefe cv_K

 wK Avmj Zv`i wefe KZ? bMwUfUv
b Ges cwRwUfUv  bvwK bMwUfUv
 Ges cwRwUfUv k~b?

Di: `yUvB mZ nZ cvi| hw` 11.1 (a) Qwei

gZ nq Zvnj bMwUfUv k~b Ges cwRwUfUv
, hw` 11.1 (b) Qwei gZ nq Zvnj
cwRwUfUv k~b Ges bMwUfUv .

Qwe 11.1: GKwU evUvwi w`q

cRwUf ev bMwUf fvR
`yUvB Zwi Kiv me|
D`vniY 11.2: `ywU fvi evUvwi
w`q , , , ,
Zwi Ki|
Di:11.4 QweZ Ki `Lvbv nqQ|

PvRi cevn nQ we`yr cevn

ev Zwor cevn| Avgiv GZY
Qwe 11.2: `ywU evUvwi w`q wewfb cRwUf ev bMwUf
mvaviYfve GUv evSvi Pv KiwQ
fvR Zwi Kiv
GLb GUvK Aviv GKUz wbw` Kiv
hvK| we`yr ev Zwor cevn ejZ Avgiv mgqi mv_ PvR cevni nviK evSvB A_vr mgq
hw` PvR cevwnZ nq Zvnj we`yr ev Zwor cevn nQ :

Ges PvRi GKK hw` Kzj^ Ges mgqi GKK mK nj we`yr cevni GKK nQ
Avwqvi |gRvi evcvi nQ, Avgiv wK PvRi GKK ei Kivi Rb ejwQjvg GK
mK GK Avwqvi we`yr cevn KiZ h cwigvY PvR cevwnZ nq mUvB nQ Kzj^!


11.1.1 we`yr cevni w`K

Avgiv hw` c`v_i MVbUv fvjv Ki eyS _vwK Zvnj GKUv welq Lye fvjv Ki RbwQ| KwVb
c`v_ Zvi AYy-cigvYy k Ki wbRi RvqMvq em _vK Zvcgvv evoj Zviv wbRi RvqvMvq
KvucvKuvwc KiZ cvi wK mLvb _K mi Ab RvqMvq Pj hvq bv| Kvbv Kvbv c`v_i
cigvYyi wKQz BjKUb cvq gy Aevq _vK mjv GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq hZ cvi

242Pj we`yr

Ges Avgiv mjvK ewj cwievnx c`v_| cwievnx c`v_ w`q PvRK vbvi Kiv nq Ze me
mgq gb ivLZ ne GB vbvi nq BjKUb w`q, we`yZi cevn nq BjKUb w`q, bMwUf
PvRi BjKUb|
Zvgv`i KD KD wbqB GLb GKUz fvebvi gvS coQ, KviY Avgiv hLb PvRi
cevn w`q `ywU wfb wefei gvS mgZv Avbvi K_v ejwQ ZLb wK GKeviI ewjwb GUv aygv
bMwUf PvRi Rb mwZ, KviY ay bMwUf PvRi BjKUbB GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq
hZ cvi| cwRwUf
PvRi ejvq Zvnj
Kx nq? cwRwUf Avqb
Zv LyeB kfve
wbRi RvqMvq AvUK
_vK, Zvnj Kgb
Ki cwRwUf PvR GK
Qwe 11.3: PvR mshy MvjK _K PvRnxb MvjK we`yZ cevn|
RvqMv _K Ab
RvqMvq hvq?
Zvgiv wbqB Kx NU mUv Abygvb Ki djQ BjKUbi Afve nQ cwRwUf PvR|
ZvB BjKUbK mwiq Afve Aviv evwoq `qvi A_ nQ cwRwUf PvR mieivn Kiv! KvRB
hw` ejv nq _ K Z cwRwUf PvR wMqQ (Qwe 11.3) Zvi cKZ
A_ nQ _ K Z
BjKUb wMqQ!
KviU ev we`yr cevn nQ PvR cevni nvi, Kvbv wKQz bMwUf nj mUv Avjv`v Ki
ej w`Z nq, Avgiv hnZz Avjv`v Ki ej w`B wb ZvB ai wbZB ne _ K Z hw`
Avwqvi KviU cevwnZ nq Zvi A_

Kzj^ cwRwUf PvR _ K Z wMqQ| hvi cKZ

A_ Kzj^ PvRi mg cwigvY BjKUb _ K Z wMqQ! hvi A_ we`yr cevni w`K nQ

BjKUb cevni w`Ki Dv! (BjKUbi PvRK cwRwUf ai wbjB me mgmv wgU hZv
wK mUvi Rb GLb `wi nq MQ!)

11.2 I'gi m~ (OhmsLaw)

Gevi Avgiv mwZKvii mvwKU mwZKvii we`yr cevn wbq AvjvPbv Kie|
Avgiv AbKevi ejwQ h `ywU RvqMvq hw` wefe cv_K _vK Ges Avgiv hw` GKwU
cwievnx Zvi w`q mB `ywU RvqMv Ryo `B Zvnj we`yr cevn nq wK KZUzKz we`yr cevn ne

Pj we`yr

243

mwU wbq wKQz ejv nqwb| ay ZvB bq GKUv mvbvi cwievnx Zvi w`q Ryo w`j hUzKz we`yr
cevwnZ ne GKUv jvnvi Zvi Ryo w`jI Kx mgvb cwigvY we`yr cevwnZ ne?
welqUv `Lvi Rb Avgiv GKUv GcwigU KiZ cvwi| wefe gvcvi Rb h hwU
eenvi Kiv nq Zvi bvg fv wgUvi, we`yr cevn ev KviU gvcvi Rb h h eenvi Kiv nq
mUvi bvg GwgUvi| (Avmj GKB hi myBP Nywiq GUvK KLbv fv wgUvi ev KLbv
GwgUvi wnme eenvi Kiv hvq) Avgiv KqKUv evUvwi wbZ cvwi, GKUv evUvwii Rb
nj `ywU evUvwii Rb , wZbwUi Rb  Gfve wfb wfb
wefe cv_K cqvM KiZ cvwi| ay ZvB bv Avgiv evUvwi jv D w`q wefe cv_Ki w`KI
cwieZb Ki w`Z cvwi| KvRB Avgiv hw` GKUv Zvi ev Ab Kvbv cwievnxi `yB cvk GKUv
wewfb cwRwUf Ges bMwUf wefe cv_K cqvM Ki KZv Lvwb we`yr cevwnZ nqQ mUv
gvcvi Pv Kwi Zvnj `Le
(a) hZv ewk wefe cv_K ZZ ewk we`yr cevn
(b) wefe cv_K bMwUf nj we`yr cevnI w`K cwieZb KiQ|
Mvd GcwigUi djvdj emvbv nj
mUv 11.4(a) Qwei gZv `Lve:
A_vr

Avgiv hw` Ab Kvbv Dcv`vbi Zwi

GKUv Zvi w`q GKB cixvwU Kwi Zvnj
GKB aibi djvdj cve Ze mij iLvi
XvjUv nqZv Ab iKg ne (Qwe 11.4
b)| GLb GB `ywU cixvi djvdj hw`
weklY Kwi Zvnj eySZ cvie c_g
GKUv wbw` wefe cv_K hZUzKz we`yr
Qwe 11.4: iwRv Gi KviY we`yZ cevni mvc
wefe cv_K|
cevwnZ nqQ wZxq ei Rb mB GKB
wefe cv_K we`yr cevn nQ Kg| c_gwUZ hb we`yr cevn Zzjbvg~jKfve mnR, wZxqwUZ
hb we`yr cevni evav GKUz ewk| welqUv evLv Kivi Rb we`yr cevni evav (Resistance)

244Pj we`yr

ev mwZ mwZ iva bvgi GKUv ivwk Zwi Kiv nqQ| Avgiv `LZ cvwi wefe cv_K Ges
we`yr cevni mKwU GKUv m~ wnme jLv hvq

A_vr iva ewk nj we`yr cevn ne Kg| iva Kg nj we`yr cevn ne ewk|
GB iva ev Resistance Gi GKK nQ ohm GUvK wMK Ai : (wmMgv) w`q
cKvk Kiv nq| Kvbv e`ywZK mvwKU  wefe cv_K `qvi ci hw` `Lv hvq  we`yr
cevwnZ nQ Zvnj eySZ ne mB mvwKUi iva :
D`vniY 11.1: gRv Kivi Rb Igi m~wUK AbfveI wjLZ cvi


GKUz eo Ki wjL AvOzj w` , wKsev Gi h Kvbv GKwU XK `vI hwU XK w`qQ

Zvi gvbwU hUzKz XvKv cowb mLvb cq hve|

Qwe 11.5: Igmi m~ GB QwewU w`q eenvi Kiv me| Avyj w`q XvKv ivwkwUi gvb
evKx `ywU ivwk w`q cKvk Kiv me|
Di: 11.5 QweZ welqwU Ki `Lvbv nqQ!

iva nQ we`yr cevni evav, ZvB Kvbv c`v_i `N ( )hZ ewk ne Zvi evav ZZ ewk
ne A_vr ivaI ewk ne|

Avevi mi GKUv c_ w`q hZ mnR we`yr cevwnZ nZ cvie, PIov GKUv c_ w`q Zvi _K
AbK mnR we`yr cevwnZ nZ cvie A_vr cQ` ( )hZ ewk ne iva ZZ Kg ne|

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GB `ywU welqK Avgiv hw` GKmv_ AvbycvwZK bv wjL mgxKiY wnme wjLZ PvB Zvnj
GKUv aeK U eenvi KiZ ne| A_vr iva nQ
hLvb aey K U nQ

GKUv wbw` c`v_i Rb U nQ AvcwK iva Ges ZvB Gi GKK nQ :. Zvgv`i

gb nZ cvi GKKwU eywS wVK njv bv GwU nIqv DwPZ wQj : hb, GKK AvqZb
iva Rvbv nj cyiv AvqvZb w`q Y Ki cyiv iva cq hve| `LZB cvQ evcviwU m iKg
bv|
Uwej 11.1: c`v_i AvcwK iva
Kvbv c`v_ KZUzKy we`yr cwievnx
AvcwK iva (:)
mUv evSvbvi Rb cwievnKZ ej GKUv c`v_

ivwk V Zwi Kiv nqQ, h c`v_ hZ ewk icv

we`yr cwievnx Zvi cwievnKZ ZZ ewk hUv Zvgv

AvcwK iva U (Uwej 11.1) Gi wVK mvbv

MvdvBU
wecixZ|

nxiv

V

evZvm
U

Gi GKK nQ :
GLvb GKUv welq gb ivLZ ne Kvbv c`v_i iva nQ BjKUb cevni evav,
AYy-cigvYyjv hZ ewk KvucvKuvwc Ki GKUv BjKUb Zv`i fZi w`q hZ ZZ ewk
evavM nq, wKsev Zvi iva ZZ ewk| Zvcgvv evwoq w`j hnZz AYy-cigvYyjv ewk
KuvcvKuvwc Ki ZvB me mgqB Zvcgvv evovj c`v_i AvcwK iva eo hvq| mRb hLb

246Pj we`yr

Kvbv c`v_i iva ev AvcwK iva cKvk KiZ nq ZLb Zvi Rb ZvcgvvUv wbw` Ki
ej w`Z nq|
D`vniY 11.4: icv, Zvgv, Uvsb I bvBvg Zvii ivaKZ U h_vg ,
, , :GBjv eenvi Ki : iva Zwi
Ki|
Di: Avgiv Rvwb iva

hLvb `N Ges cQ`|

KvRB ai wbj
icvi Rb :
Zvgvi Rb :

Uvsbi Rb :

bvBvgi Rb :

`LZB cvQ gv : iva Zwi Kivi Rb AbK `xN (cvq j wKjvwgUvi) c`v_ wbZ
nq| eve KLbvB nq bv| AbK mi Zvi eenvi Kiv nq| hw`
cQ` wbw` Ki w`B Zvnj : iva Zwi KiZ KZv `xN Zvii cqvRb?
Avgiv Rvwb 

icvi Rb:

Zvgvi Rb :

S S

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Uvsbi Rb :

bvBvgi Rb :

cwievnxZ Zvcgvv evovj iva eo hvq wK mwgKvii ejvq wK wVK Zvi

Dv evcviUv NU! mwgKvi Zvcgvv evovj iva Kg hvq| Zvi KviY Kvi hgb
we`yr cevni Rb gy BjKUb iqQ mwgKvi Zv bB lLvb Zvcgvv evovjB aygv
wKQz BjKUb we`yr cevni Rb cvIqv hvq ZvB mLvb Zvcgvv evovj iva Kg hvq|

Qwe 11.6: mvwKU eeZ nq G iKg wKQz cZxK

11.2.1 mvwKU
Avgiv hw` Igi m~ eyS _vwK Zvnj Avgiv GLb mvwKU weklY KiZ cvwi| mUv Kivi AvM
mvwKU eenvi Kiv nq G iKg KqKwU cZxKi mv_ AvM cwiwPZ nq wbB: (Qwe 11.6)
me c`v_iB wKQz bv wKQz iva AvQ wK Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb mvwKU eenvii mgq
e`ywZK Zvii ivaK Avgiv aZei gvS wbB bv| hLb iva cqvRb nq ZLb Avgiv
weklfve Zwi wewfb gvbi iva eenvi Kwi| KLbv KLbv wekl cqvRb Ggb iva
eenvi Kiv nq hLvb Zvi gvbwU cwieZbI Kiv hvq, GjvK cwieZbkxj iva ej|

248Pj we`yr

Kvbv mvwKU weklY KiZ nj wbPi KqKUv mvRv welq gb ivLvB h_:
(a) we`yZi Drmi (evUvwi RbviUi hvB nvK) DuPz cUbwkqvj _K h cwigvY
we`yr ei nq cyiv mvwKUi fZi w`q cevwnZ nq wVK mB cwigvY we`yr Kg
cUbwkqvj wdi Avm|
(b) mvwKUi h Kvbv RvqMvq h Kvbv we`yZ h cwigvY we`yr XvK wVK mB
cwigvY we`yr ei nq hvq, mvwKUi fZi we`yZi Kvbv asm bB|
(c) mvwKUi fZi h Kvbv Aski `yB we`yZ Igi m~ me mgq mwZ ne, A_vr
mB `yB Aski h cwigvY wefe cv_K iqQ ZvK mB Aski iva w`q fvM
w`jB Zvi fZi w`q cevwnZ we`yr ei nq hve!
Avgiv GLb h Kvbv mvwKU weklY KiZ cZ
! GKUv mvwKUi h Kvbv Ask w`q
KZUzKz we`yr cevwnZ nQ Ges h Kvbv Aski wefe KZ mUv RvbjB Avgiv ai be
mvwKUUv
Avgiv
cyivcywi eyS MwQ|
GKUv mvwKU evUvwi,
iva,
KvcvwmUi,
WvqvW,
UvbwRi
AbK wKQz _vKZ
cvi Ze Avgiv
AvcvZZ ay evUvwi

Avi iva w`q Zwi
mvwKU weklY Kie|
Qwe 11.7: GKwU evUvix I iwRv mshy `ywU mvwKU|
mvwKU wewfb iva
Zvgvi Zvi w`q mshy Kiv nq hw`I Avgiv `LwQ ZvgviI GKwU AvcwK iva AvQ wK
eve Rxebi mvwKU h iva eenvi Kiv nq Zv`i Zyjbvq GwU GZ Kg h Avgiv GUvK
aZei gvSB Avbe bv ai be Zvii iva bB KvRB GKUv Zvii me RvqMvq wefe
mgvb!
Gevi 11.7(a) Qwe `Lvbv GKUv mvwKU weklY Kiv hvK, GLvb GKUv ivaK `yUv Zvi
w`q GKUv evUvwii `yB gv_vq jvMvbv nqQ| hnZz AskUzKy f~wgmsjM Kiv nqQ ZvB

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249

Avgiv ejZ cvie evUvwii wbP cvwUi wefe nQ k~b| ZvB evUvwii Dcii cvi wefe
Ges Ask GKUv iva, ivai `yB cvk wefe cv_K

KvRB iva hw` nq Zvnj Gi fZi w`q h we`yr cevwnZ nQ Zvi gvb

KvRB evUvwii _ K we`yr ei nq we`yZ Xz K hvQ| Avgiv GB mvwKUi cZKUv

we`yZ wefe Avi we`yr ei Ki djwQ|
aiv hvK e GKB mvwKU Avgiv hw` Ask f~wg msjM bv Ki Ask f~wgmsjM
Kwi Zvnj Kx ne? evwUixUv hnZz fvi ZvB Ges Gi cv_K _vKZB ne,
hnZz Gi wefe k~b ZvB Gi wefe wbqB . KvRB Ges Gi wefe cv_K

fZiKvi iva ,KvRB we`yr cevn : 

A_vr wVK AvMi gvb, hUvB nIqvi K_v| j Ki cUbwkqvji gvb cwieZb nqQ cv_K
cwieZb nqwb|
D`vniY 11.5:11.8(a) mvwKU , , I we`yZ fvR KZ?
Di: I we`yZ fvR 0,  we`yZ fvjUR
we`yZ fvR ei Kivi Rb mvwKUi KviU ei KiZ ne|

KvRB _ K we`yZ h UzKz fvR Kg Zvi cwigvY

250Pj we`yr
:

KvRB we`yi fvR

hnZz cZKUv we`yi fvR (cUbwkqvj) ei nq MQ, hvPvB Ki `Lv me

Igi m~ KvR KiQ wK bv|

D`vniY 11.6:11.8(b) Qwei mvwKU , , , Ges we`yZ fvR KZ?

Qwe 11.8: evUvwi I iwRi ev iva w`q Zwi `ywU mvwKU|

Di: we`yZ fR 0
we`yZ fvR

we`yZ fvR KZ nZ cvi mUv Kgb Ki ei Kiv hZ cvi

mUv wbq AbKB bvbv iKg `ywv KiZ `Lv hvqAvmj evcviUv LyeB mnR! iwRii
ev ivai fZi w`q KviU cevwnZ njB fvRi cwieZb nq| mvwKUi GB Ask
Kvbv KviU cevni myhvM bB w`q iIbv w`q we`yZ cuQ Ab Kv_vI hZ
cvie bv| KvRB Ges ( wKsev Gi fZi h Kvbv we`yZ) fvRi Kvbv cwieZb
bB, we`yZ h fvR we`yZ GKB fvR| Ges we`yi fvR ei Kivi
Rb KviU ei KiZ ne| KviU nj

: : :

KvRB _ K Z fvRi cv_K :

Pj we`yr

251

KvRB we`yZ fvR nj we`yZ fvR Kg A_vr

we`yZ hnZz fvR , we`yZI fvR . wVK GKBfve

KvRB we`yi fvR we`yi fvjUR _K Kg| A_vr we`yi fvR

we`yi fvR mUv Avgiv c_gB ej w`qwQ,
AvmjB mUv mwZ wK bv cixv Ki `LZ cvwi|
we`yi fvR we`yi fvR _K Kg|
nQ

Qwe 11.9: mgvivj fve ivLv `ywU iwRii GKwU

mvwKU|

KvRB we`yi fvR , wVK h

iKg fewQjvg!

D`vniY 11.7:11.9 QweZ `Lvbv mvwKU Ges Gi gvb KZ?

Di: , Ges we`yZ fvR

, Ges we`yZ fvR fv| KvRB iwRvii fZi w`q KviU

gvU KviU

iwRvi fZi w`q KviU

252Pj we`yr

11.2.2 Zzj iva: kwY eZbx

Gevi GKwU iva hy bv Ki mvwKU `yUv iva
jvMvbv hvK, hnZz f~wgmsjM ZvB Zvi wefe
k~b Ges Gi wefe . Avgiv Gi wefe KZ
Rvwb bv, wK GUzKz Rvwb h Ges `yUvi
fZi w`qB mgvb cwigvY we`yr cevwnZ nQ|
Avgiv Avgv`i Kgb m eenvi Ki ej w`Z
cvwi `yUv ivai hvMdjwU ne gvU iva R Ges
we`yr cevn ne  wK mfve bv wjL
Avgiv eis GUv cgvY Ki dwj|
hw` ai wbB Gi wefe Zvnj c_g
iva Gi Rb wjLZ cvwi :

Qwe 11.10: GKwU mvwKU `ywU iva ci ci

jvMvbv|

Avevi wZxq iva Gi Rb wjLZ cvwi

KvRB

KvRB

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253

Avgiv Ges GB `ywU ivaK GKwU iva wnme Kbv KiZ cvwi:

hw` GLvb `ywU bv nq wZb-PviwU ev Aviv ewk iva _vKZ (Qwe 11.11) ZvnjI Avgiv
`LvZ cviZvg h mjvK mwwjZfve GKwU iva Kbv KiZ cvwi hwU mejv ivai

Qwe 11.11: AbKwj chvqg iwRvK GKwU Zzj iwRv wnme Kbv Kiv hvq|

hvM dji mgvb| GUvK Zzjiva ej| A_vr

hLb Kvbv mvwKU , , ..G iKg
AbKjv iva ci ci _vK (kwY eZbx) ZLb
Zv`i Zzj iva

11.2.3 Zzj iva: mgvivj eZbx

Gevi Avgiv ivajv cici bv iL mgvivj
fve ivLe (Qwe 11.12)|

Qwe 11.12: GKwU

mgvivjfve ivLv

mvwKU

`ywU

iva

254Pj we`yr

GB mvwKU Avgiv wewfb we`yK Ges bvg w`qwQ| QwewU `LB evSv
hvQ Ges we`y f~wgmsjM nIqvq GB we`yjvi wefe k~b| KvRB Ges
we`yZ wefe .
evUvwi _K KviU ei nqQ GB we`yr we`yZ `yB fvM fvM nq Ges
ivai wfZi w`q h_vg Ges wnme cevwnZ nq we`yZ GKwZ nq wnme
evUvwiZ w`q hvQ| Avgiv AvMB ejwQ mvwKU evUvwi _K we`yr ei nq mvwKU Nyi
Avevi evUvwiZ wdi hvq cyiv mvwKU Gi evBi Kvbv we`yZi Rb nZ cvi bv Avevi q
nZ cvi bv| ZvB

Qwe 11.13: AbKwj mgvivj iwRvK GKwU Zzj iwRv wnme Kbv Kiv hvq|

Gevi Avgiv Ges KZ ne ei KiZ cvwi

KvRB

A_vr GeviI Avgiv GKUv Z~j iva msvwqZ KiZ cvwi hLvb

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255

GLvb hw` `yUv bv nq Aviv ewk iva _vK (Qwe 11.13) ZvnjI Avgiv `LZ cvwi: Z~j
iva nQ



11.3 Zwor gZv (Power)

Avgiv hLb wefe ev cUbwkqvj AvjvPbv KiwQjvg ZLb `LwQ cUbwkqvj cqvM Ki PvRK
mivbv nj KvR Kiv nq ev kw q nq| ZvB hw` GKUv mvwKU wefe cqvM Ki PvRK
mivbv nq Zvnj KvRi cwigvY ev kw cqvMi cwigvY


gZv nQ cwZ mK KvR Kivi gZv KvRB, hw` mgq PvR mivbv nq _vK
Zvnj



hw` GKUv iva Gi Ici GUv eenvi Kwi Zvnj I'gi m~ eenvi Ki wjLZ cvwi
hnZz

wKsev

256Pj we`yr

KvRB

GKwU ivai fZi hw` mgq we`yr cevwnZ Kiv nq Zvnj Zvi fZi kw `qv nq GB
kwwU Kv_vq hvq? Zvgiv hLb mvwKU GKwU iva eenvi Kie ZLb `Le Zvi fZi w`q
h_ we`yr cevn Kij me mgqB mUv D nq IV A_vr kwUzKz Zvc kw wnme ei nq
Avm|
wdjvgU `qv evjjvi cPjb axi axi Kg AvmQ KviY GUv w`q Avjv Zwi Kivi
Rb wdjvgUK D KiZ nq, we`yr kwi eo Ask Zvc wnme LiP nq hvq ej GLvb
kwi AcPq nq| GB aibi evjjv nvZ w`q k KijB `Lv hvq GLvb Kx cwigvY Zvc
kw Zwi nq Ges GB Zvc kw Zwi nq wKsev *** wnme|
D`vniY 11.8:  GKUv evj wdjvgUi iva KZ?
Di: Gi evj jLv KvRB

A_vr

: :

GLvb Kx cwigvY KviU cevwnZ nQ?

AbfveI ei Kiv me:

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257

11.4 Gwm wWwm (ACandDC)

Avgv`i Ni-evwoZ h we`yr eenvi
Kiv nq `vwe Kiv nq Zvi fvR
fv| evmvi we`yr eYbv KiZ
nj fv ejB wK _g
hvIqv nq bv, Zvi mv_ me mgqB

hvM Kiv nq , Gi A_ Kx?
Qwe 11.14:220 fv Gwm we`yZi Zi
we`yZi ejvq Ges
GB `ywU kvsk eenvi Kiv nq hLvb
nQ AlternatingCurrent Gi msw ic wVK m iKg nQ DirectCurrent
Gi msw ic| Gi mePq fvjv D`vniY nQ evUvwi hLvb wefe GKUv wbw` gvb
_vK|  A_ Gi wefe  Ges mUvi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv|
Gi ejvq fvRi gvb wK AcwieZbxq bq,  A_ Gi Kb
, cwZ mK evi GB fvR cwRwUf _K bMwUf nQ| hLb ejv nq

 Zvi cKZ
A_ fvRi mevP gvb  Ges mewb gvb

 hw`I GwU cvq  cwRwUf _K bMwUf fv ch

hvq| ZviciI GUvK  ejv nq KviY Kvbv iva  jvMvbv nj h
cwigvY Zvckw Zwi KiZ cwieZbkxj _K ch fvR mB GKB Zvc
Zwi Ki|
Zvgv`i gb nZ cvi cwqvwU GZ mnR nIqv mI Kb Gi gZv GZ
RwUj we`yr Zwi Kiv nqQ? Zvgiv `Le Gi wbw` wKQz myweav iqQ hvi Rb cw_exi me
RvqMvZB we`yr mieivn Kivi mgq wnme mieivn Kiv nq|

11.5 we`yr cwienb (ElectricSupply)

hLb `ki GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq we`yr cwienb KiZ nq ZLb mwU AbK DP
fvR wbq hvIqv nq| e`ywZK Zvi we`yZi AcPq Kgvbvi Rb GwU Kiv nq| Zvgiv
Rvbv Zvc wnme h cwZ mK h cwigvY kw q nq mwU nQ KvRB hw` e`ywZK
Zvi Kvbv iva bv _vKZ Zvnj Kvbv Zvc wnme kwi AcPq nZv bv| cwZ mK

258Pj we`yr

e`ywZK kw hnZz wnme hvq ZvB hw` cUbwkqvj `kY evwoq `qv nq Zvnj `kY
Kg KviU mgvb kw ciY Kiv me| wK cwZ mK Zvc kw hnZz wnme AcPq
nq ZvB `kY Kg KviU cevwnZ nj Y Kg Zvc kwi AcPq ne KviY Zvii iva
Gi gvb `yBeviB mgvb|
GLvb Zvgv`i gb nZ cvi Zvc kwi AcPq

wnmeI jLv hvq ZvB `kY

ewk fvR bqv nj Y ewk Zvc kwi AcPq Kb ne bv? gb ivLZ ne Avgiv

hLb cwZ mK Zvc kwi AcPq wnme

ei KiwQjvg ZLb wQj ivai `yB cvki

wefe cv_K| GLvb Avgiv hLb ejwQ mwU e`ywZK Zvii `yB cvki wefe cv_K bq GwU
e`ywZK Zvii wefei gvb! e`ywZK Zvii `yB cvk wefe cvq GKB mgvb mB cv_K
aZei gvS bq|


11.6 we`yZi wbivc` eenvi (SafeUseofElectricity)
we`yr Qvov Avgiv GLb GK gyn~ZI wPv KiZ cvwi bv| Avgv`i Ni GwU Avjv mieivn Ki,
Migi mgq dvb Pvwjq GUv Avgv`i kxZj ivL| GUv w`q Avgiv Uwjwfkb PvjvB,
KwDUvi PvjvB| Lvevi msiY Kivi Rb GUv w`q wdR Pvjvbv nq Kvco Bw Kivi Rb
GwU eenvi Kiv nq| Avgv`i gvevBji evUvwi kl nq Mj Avgiv GB we`yr w`q evUvwi
PvR Kwi| wejvmx gvbyl we`yr w`q evmvq Gwm eenvi Ki, Kvco avqvi Rb Iqvwks gwkb
eenvi Ki, BjKwUK wnUvi w`q ivbv Ki| gvBvIqf Ifb Lvevi Mig Ki|
evmvi evBi zj KjR wekwe`vjq, LZ Lvgvi KviLvbv, nvmcvZvj Gmei K_v
weePbv Kij Avgiv we`yZi eenvii K_v ej kl KiZ cvie bv| Avgv`i `k mvaviYZ
we`yr  wnme mieivn Kiv nq, GB we`yr- Gi cwigvY gvbylK BjKwUK kK w`Z
cvi GgbwK mB kK gZy ch NUZ cvi ZvB mKj e`ywZK hcvwZ Ggbfve Zwi Kiv
nq hb fzjI KLbv KD mivmwi Gi msk Pj bv Avm|
mivmwi rwci fZi w`q we`yr Pj Mj gv  we`yZB gvbylK gi
djZ cvi| eenvi Kivi Rb Avgiv h we`yr eenvi Kwi mwU Ges we`yr
we`yr _K cvq Y ewk wZKi| Kbv Aevq gvbyli Pvgovi iva cvq :

_K : njI fRv Aevq mwU nvRvi Y Kg Avm| KvRB Igi m~ eenvi

Ki Avgiv `LvZ cvwi Avgv`i `ki kixii fZi w`q gvbylK gi djvi gZv

Pj we`yr

259

we`yr cevn KiZ cvi| hLb KD fRv gvwUZ fRv cv wbq `uvovbv Aevq we`yr nq
mwU nq mePq wecbK|
hLb KD nVvr Ki we`yr nq ZLb kixii fZi w`q we`yr cevni KviY nvZ cv
bvovZ cvi bv, ZvB wecbK cwiwwZ _K wbRK mwiq Avbvi K_v eySZ cvijI mLvb
_K mi AvmZ cvi bv|
Avgiv h we`yr eenvi Kwi mwU h_ wecbK nZ cvi wK mvaviY mZKZv KeRvq
ivLjB wbivc` we`yr eenvi Kiv hvq Ges mviv cw_exZ KvwU KvwU gvbyl cwZ gyn~ Z
wbivc` we`yr eenvi KiQ| we`yZi wbivc` eenvi Kivi Rb wbPi KqKUv welq Rvbv _vKv
cqvRb:
(a) we`yr AcwienK AviY
we`yZi Lvjv Zvi wecbK ZvB memgqB mUv cvwK ev Ab Kvbv aibi we`yr Acwievnx
GKUv AviY w`q XvKv _vK| hw` Kvbv KviY kU mvwKU nq A_vr mivmwi Kvbv iva QvovB
cwRwUf Ges bMwUf k Ki dj ZLb Igi m~ Abyhvqx AbK ewk we`yr cevn nq, Zvi
Mig nq hvq, cvwK cyo wMq Avb ch ai hvq| ZvB me mgqB mZK _vKZ nq hb
e`ywZK Zvii Ici Acwievnx AviUYUv AweKZ Ges AZ _vK|
(b) fvjv mshvM
hLb Kvbv e`ywZK hcvwZ eenvi Kivi mgq AbK we`yr eenvi nq ZLb e`ywZK mshvM
jv Lye fvjv nZ nq| e`ywZK mshvM fvjv bv nj mLvb evowZ iva Zwi nq Ges
wnme mUv D nq hZ cvi, D nq Acwievnx AviY cyo hZ cvi, e`ywZK
mshvM wZM nZ cvi|
(c) Av`Zv
cvwb we`yr cwievnx, KvRB Kvbv e`ywZK mvwKU cvwb XzK Mj mLvb kU mvwKU nq
wecbK Aev nZ cvi| nqvi Wvqvi ev Bwi gZv wRwbm cvwbi KvQvKvwQ eenvi Kiv Lye
wecbK, nVvr Ki cvwbZ co Mj Ges mB cvwb KD k Kij e`ywZK kK Lq
AbK eo wec` nZ cvi|

260Pj we`yr

(d) mvwKU eKvi Ges wdDR

we`yZi eo eo `yNUbv nq hLb nVvr Ki Kvbv GKUv wUi KviY AbK ewk we`yr cevwnZ
nq| nVvr Ki wecbK we`yr cevn e Kivi Rb mvwKU eKvi wKsev wdDR eenvi Kiv nq|
mvwKU eKvi Ggbfve Zwi Kiv nq h Gi fZi _K wbivc` mxgvi ewk we`yr cevwnZ njB
mvwKU eK (wewQb) Ki `q| wdDR m Zzjbvq LyeB mij GKUv cwZ, GKwU h h we`yr
cevwnZ nq mwU h XvKvbvi AvM mi GKUv Zvii fZi w`q bqv nq| hw` Kvbv KviY
ewk we`yr hvIqvi Pv Ki wdDRi mi Zvi mB (iva ewk, KvRB ewk A_vr Zvc
ewk) we`yZi KviY D nq cyo we`yr mieivn e Ki dj|
(e) mwVK mshvM
we`yr mieivn me mgqB `ywU Zvi _vK GKwUZ DP wefe (Rxe ev Live) AbwU fvRnxb
wbic (Neutral)| GKUv h hLb eenvi Kiv nq ZLb Live Zvi _K we`yrK hi fZi
w`q Nywiq wbic Zvi w`q Zvi Drm wdwiq bqv nq| fvRnxb wbic ZviwU wbivc`
wK DP wefei ZviwUK mZKfve eenvi KiZ nq| Kvbv hcvwZZ hLb GKUv myBP w`q
we`yZi mshvM `qv nq ZLb myBPwU DP fvRi Zvi wKsev wbic Zvi `ywUZB `qv
hvq| eywgvbi KvR nq hvLb myBPwU jvMvbv nq DP fvRi Zvii mv_ Zvnj aygv hLb
hwU Pvj Kiv nq ZLbB DP fvR hi fZi cek Ki| hLb hwU e _vK ZLb hi
fZi Kv_vI DP fvR _vK bv!
(f) MvD
Zvgiv hw` Zvgv`i evmvq yj wKsev Ab Kv_vI we`yZi mshvM j Ki _vK Zvnj
`Le me mgq AZ `ywU mshvM _vK GKwU DP fvR AbwU wbDUvj| wK mB we`yZi
mv_ hw` g~jevb Kvbv h hy Kiv nq (hgb KwDUvi, wdR) Zvnj `Le mLvb DP
wefe Avi wbDUvj QvovI ZZxq GKUv mshvM _vK, hwU nq f~wg mshvM ev ground.
mvaviYZ GUv hcvwZi XvKbv ev KvVvgvZ jvMvbv _vK| hw` Kvbv `yNUbvq hcvwZwU
we`yZvwqZ nq hvq Zvnj XvKbv ev KvVvgvwU _K f~wgZ mivmwi we`yr cevn nq hvq
we`yZi GB cevni KviY mvaviYZ wdDR cyo hwU wec`gy nq hvq| KvRB KD hw` fzj
hwU k Ki Zvi BjKwUK kK LvIqvi AvksKv _vK bv|

Pj we`yr

261

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. KvcvwmUiK wK evUvwi wnme eenvi Kiv
me?
2. wdjvgU hy jvBU evji wdjvgU Igi
m~ gvbQ wK bv cixv Kiv KwVb Kb?
3. we`yr cevn nQ BjKUb cevn, hLb we`yr
cevn nq ZLb BjKUbjvi MwZ wK
Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg _vK| wK we`yr
gyn~ Zi gvS cevwnZ nq Kxfve?
4. mgvb wefe cv_K ewk iva ewk Zvc Qwe 11.15: 1 wgUvi Ges 10 m. wg. eMi `ywU
Zwi Ki bvwK Kg iva ewk Zvc Zwi eMvKwZi `ywU iwRi
Ki?
5. e`ywZK Zvi KvK ev cvwLK gviv hZ `Lv hvq bv wK eo ev`yo cvqB gviv hvq KviY
Kx?

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. Amxg msLK : iwRvii mejv eenvi Ki : iwRvi Zwi Kiv|
2. Zvgvi ez cyi bvBvgi cvZ w`q eMi (Qwe 11.15) GKwU
iwRi Zwi KiQ| Zzwg eMi GKwU iwRi Zwi KiQ| Zvgvi ezi
Zwi iwRii gvb KZ? Zvgvi iwRii gvb KZ?

Qwe 11.16: evUvix I iwRv mshy `ywU mvwKU|

262Pj we`y r

3. 11.16(a) QweZ `Lvbv mvwKU hw` we`yK f~wgmsjM Kiv nq Zvnj , , I

we`yZ fvR KZ? Gi gvb KZ?
4. 11.16(a) QweZ `Lvbv mvwKU we`yK f~wgmsjM bv Ki hw` we`yK f~wgmsjM Kiv
nq Zvnj fvR KZ? Gi gvb KZ?
5. 11.16 (b) QweZ `Lvbv mvwKU we`yK f~wgmsjM Kiv nj mvwKU , , I
we`yZ fvR KZ?

v`k Aavq

we`yZi P^K wqv

(MagneticEffectsofCurrent)

GbwiKv dviwg
GbwiKv dviwg GKRb BZvwjqvb c`v_wevbx| wZwb cw_exi c_g
wbDwKqvi wi-Avi wkKvMv-cvBj 1 Zwi KiwQjb| Zuvi KvqvUvg
w_Iwi, wbDwKqvi Ges cvwUKj w_IwiZ AbK eo Ae`vb iqQ| wZwb
gv 37 eQi eqm c`v_wevb bvej cyivi cqwQjb| wZxq
gnvhyi mgq Rvgvwbi AvMvmbi wei cZ _vKvi Rb AvgwiKvZ
h wbDwKqvi evgv Zwi Kiv nq wZwb mLvb AbK eo f~wgKv
iLwQjb| Ze Zuvi bvgwU evRbi cvkvcvwk wekvi Ab KYv
dviwgIbi gvS euP _vKe|


EnricoFermi(19011954)

12.1Pz^K (Magnet)

Zvgiv mevB wbqB Pz^K `LQ, GKUv Pz^K jvnv RvZxq c`v_i KvQ Avbj mUv jvnvK
AvKlY Ki| Pz^K Ges jvnvi gvSLvb wKQy bB wK GKUv A`k kw mUvK Ub AvbQ
mwU c_gevi `Lvi ci meviB GK aibi weq nq| hviv `ywU Pz^K nvZ wbq bvovPvov Kivi
myhvM cqQ Zviv wbqB j KiQ (Qwe 12.1) h Pz^Ki `ywU gi Ges gi `ywU GK aibi
nq _vK Zvnj mUv weKlY Ki Avi gi `ywU hw` wfb aibi nq Zvnj AvKlY Ki|
Pz^Ki gi `ywUK Di Avi `wY gi bvg `qv nqQ KviY `Lv MQ GKUv Pz^KK Szwjq
w`j mUv Di-`wY eivei _vK, h AskUzKy Di w`K _vK mUvi bvg Di gi hUv

264we`yZi P^K wqv

`wY w`K eivei _vK

mUv `wY gi| GUv
NU Zvi KviY cw_exi
GKUv P^K
iqQ, Kvbv Pz^K
Svjvj mB
eivei Pz^KUv wbRK
mvwRq bq|
`yUv Pz^K Kgb
Ki
GK
AbK
Qwe 12.1: Pz^Ki wecixZ giZ AvKlY I mggiZ weKlY nq|
AvKlY Ki Avgiv
mjv wbq AvjvPbv KiZB cvwi wK mevi AvM Rvbv `iKvi Pz^ Ki h ej mUv Avm
Kv_v _K?

12.2 we`yZi P^K wqv (MagneticEffectofCurrent)


hviv mvaviYfve Pz^K nvZ wbq bvovPvov KiQ Zvi wbqB KbvI KiZ cvie bv h GwU
we`yr _K Avjv`v wKQz bq Ges we`yZi cevn w`q Pz^K Zwi Kiv hvq| GKUv PvR _vKj Zvi

Qwe 12.2: we`yr cevnK wNi Kvmi w`K|

cvk hgb Zwor _vK wVK m iKg GKUv Zvii fZi w`q we`yr cevwnZ nj mB
Zvii Pvi cvk P^K Zwi nq| aiv hvK Zywg GKUv KvWevWi gvSLvb w`q GKUv Zvi
XywKqQ Ges KvWi Ici AbKjv QvU QvU Kvm iLQ (Qwe 12.2)| Kvmjv AekB

we`yZi P^K wqv

265

Di `wY eivei _vKe wVK

h iKg _vKvi K_v| GLb
hw` GB Zvii fZi w`q
Kvbvfve we`yr cevwnZ
KiZ
cvi
(gvUvgywU
kwkvjx) Zvnj Zzwg AevK
nq `Le nVvr Ki mejv
Kvm GKUv AviKUvi
cQb mvwiefve wbR`i
mvwRq be Zvgvi
Abyfw~ Z ne h GB we`yr
cevni Rb ZviK wNi
GKUv evKvi P^K
Zwi nqQ|
Zzwg hw` we`yr cevn
e Ki `vI Zvnj Avevi

mejv QvU QvU Kvm
Di-`wY eivei nq hve| Qwe 12.3: we`yZ cevnK wNi Zix Pz^K | Pz^K i i
Gevi Zzwg hw` we`yr cevni wKsev kl bB (Dcii Qwe)| e`ywZK i wKsev kl _vK
w`K cv `vI Zvnj `Le (wbPi Qwe)|
Avevi Kvmjv wbR`i mvwRq be wK Gevi eUvq Kvmi w`KUv ne Dv w`K!
Zvi KviY we`yr cevn me mgq ZvK wNi GKUv P^K Zix Ki|
GKUv Zvii fZi w`q we`yr cevwnZ nj Zvi Rb Zwi nIqv P^K iLvjvi w`K
Kvb w`K ne mUv Wvb nvZi wbqg w`q ei Kiv hvq| eyov AvOzjUv hw` we`yr cevni w`K
`Lvq Zvnj nvZi Ab AvOzjjv P^K i w`KwU wb`k Ki|
eySZB cviQ PvR ivLv nj Avgiv h iKg Zvi Rb Zwor iLv Kbv Ki wbqwQjvg,
we`yr cevn nj mUv evSvbvi Rb P^K iLv Kbv Ki bqv hvq| Zvgv`i Avevi gb
Kwiq `qvi Rb QweZ cwRwUf PvR, wbMwUf PvR, wbP _K Dci we`yr cevn Ges Ici
_K wbP we`yr cevni Rb h Zwor iLv Ges P^K iLv nZ cvi mUv GuK `Lvbv njv|
(QweZ 12.3) P^K iLvi mv_ Zzjbv Kivi Rb cwRwUf Ges wbMwUf PvRi Zwor iLv
`Lvbv njv|

266we`yZi P^K wqv

Qwe 12.4: we`yZ cevnx ZviK wNi

P^K |

Zvgiv hw` Zwor iLv Ges P^K iLvjv

Zyjbv Ki Zvnj GKUv PgKc` welq Avwevi Kie|
Zwor iLvi i AvQ (cwRwUf) wKsev kl (wbMwUf)
AvQ| cwRwUf PvR nj mLvb _K Zwor iLv i
nq Ges wbMwUf PvR _vKj mLvb Zwor iLv kl nq|
wK P^K iLvi Kvbv i wKsev kl bB! P^K
iLv me mgq c~Yv! GwU c`v_wevbi Lye iZc~Y
GKwU welq|

D`vniY 12.1:12.4 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq we`yr eBqi fZi _K Dcii w`K hvQ,
P^K KvbwU mwVK?
Di: evg w`KiwU mwVK|


12.2.1 Kqj
GKUv Zvi hw` mvRv _vK Ges Zvi fZi w`q we`yr
cevn nj P^K iLv Kgb nq mUv 12.3 QweZ
`Lvbv nqwQj| hw` ZviUv mvRv bv nq evKvi nq
Zvnj P^K iLv Kgb ne? 12.5 QweZ mUv
`Lvbv nqQ| eySZB cviQ we`yr cevn hZ ewk ne
P^K wU ZZ Qwe 12.5: jyci fZi w`q we`yr
kwkvjx ne| GKUv cevni KviY Zwi P^K |
Zvii fZi w`q
KZLvwb we`yr cevwnZ Kiv hvq Zvi GKUv mxgv AvQ, ZviUv
 wnme Mig nq hvq ZvQvovI mePq ewk KZvLvwb
we`yr cevn `qv me mUv we`yZi Drmi Ici wbfi Ki|
ZvB hw` kwkvjx P^K Zwi KiZ nq Zvnj GKUv gv

evKvi jyc-Gi Ici wbfi bv Ki Acwievnx AviY w`q XvKv
Qwe 12.6: jyci fZi
Zvi w`q AbKevi cuvwPq GKUv Kyjx ev Kqj Zwi Kiv nq|
we`yr cevn Kij Wvb
mB Kzyjx w`q kwkvjx P^K Zwi Kiv hvq| Kqji
nvZi wbqg eenvi Ki
cZKUv jycB Zvi fZi w`q cevwnZ we`yyZi Rb P^K
P^K ei Kiv hvq|
Zwi Kie, ZvB mwwjZ P^K ne AbK Y ewk|

we`yZi P^K wqv

267

evKvi Zvii fZi w`q we`yr

cevwnZ nj Zvi P^K Kvb w`K
ne mUvI Wvb nvZi wbqg w`q ei Kiv
hvq| eyov AvOzjwU ne P^K i w`K
hw` Ab AOyjjv we`yr cevni w`K
`Lvq| GKUv Zvii Kzj
y x Avmj `
Pz^Ki gZv KvR Ki Ges eyov AvOyji
w`KUv ne GB Pz^Ki Di gi|
GKUv Zvii fZi w`q we`yr
cevwnZ nj Zvi Rb Zwi nIqv P^K
iLvjvi w`K Kvb w`K ne mUv Wvb
nvZi wbqg w`q ei Kiv hvq| eyov
AvOzjUv hw` we`yr cevni w`K `Lvq
Zvnj nvZi Ab AvOzjjv P^K i
w`KwU wb`k Ki|

Qwe 12.7: we`yZ cevni KviY Gjvgjvfve _vKv

QvU QvU Pz^Kwj mvwie nq kwkvjx P^K
Zix Ki|

12.2.2 Zwor PzK

^
ay gv we`yr eenvi Ki h P^K Zwi Kiv hvq Zvi _K AbK ewk kwkvjx P^K
Zwi Kiv me hw` GB Kyyjxi fZi GK UzKiv jvnv XywKq `qv hvq| jvnv, Kvev
Avi wbKj GB wZbwU avZyi wekl P^Kxq ag AvQ| G jvK Gjvgjvfve _vKv AmsL
QvU QvU Pz^K wnme Kbv Kiv hvq| hnZz mejv QvU QvU Pz^K Gjvgjvfve AvQ
ZvB cyiv jvnvi UyKivUv Kvbv Pz^K wnme
KvR Ki bv|
wK hLb GUvK GKUv Kqj ev
mwjbqWi gvS XvKvbv nq Ges mB
mwjbqW we`yr cevwnZ Kiv nq ZLb mUv h
P^K Zwi Ki mUv jvnvi UzKivi QvU
QvU Pz^KjvK mvwie Ki dj ZvB we`yr
cevni Rb Zwi P^K i mv_ mv_
jvnvi wbR^ P^K GK nq AbK
Qwe 12.8: wKvi Zwor Pz^K eenvi Kiv nq|
kwkvjx GKUv P^K Zwi nq hvq (Qwe

268we`yZi P^K wqv

12.7)| gRvi evcvi nQ we`yr cevn

e Kivi mv_ mv_ jvnvi UzKivi
fZiKvi mvwie QvU QvU Pz^Kjv
me Avevi Gjvgjv nq hve Ges
cyiv P^K A`k nq hve|
Gfve Zwi Kiv Pz^KK ejv
nq Zwor Pz^K| Zwor Pz^Ki eenvii
Kvbv kl bB| wKvi ev
Gqvidvb h k kvbv hvq mLvb

Qwe 12.9: Pz^K PvR avegvb nj GKwU ej Abyfe

Ki| eji w`K Wvb nvZi wbqg w`q ei Kiv me|

Zwor Pz^K eenvi Kiv nq| (Qwe 12.8)

GLvb ki Kb Ges ZxeZvi mgvb we`yr
cevn cvVvbv nq mB we`yr GKUv Zwor
Pz^Ki P^KZ ki Kb ev ZxeZvi
DchvMx Ki Zwi Ki mUv GKUv
WvqvdvgK Kuvcvq Ges mB Wvqvdvg mwVK
k Zwi Ki|

12.3 Zwor P^Kxq ej

Qwe 12.10: P^K BjKUb Ges cwRUbi

MwZi wP| BjKUb Ges cwRUb Zv`i wfb PvRi
Rb hvevi mgq `ywU wfb w`K ej Abyfe Ki| ZvB
BjKUbi wbMwUf PvR mwU GK w`K ej Abyfe
Ki, cwRUbi cwRwUf PvR ZvB mwU Ab w`K ej
Abyfe Ki|

Avgiv Rvwb Zwor GKUv PvR ivLv nj

mUv GKUv ej Abyfe Ki Ges Avgiv
mUvK Kzj^ ej ej _vwK| Avgiv ejwQ
P^K AviKUv Pz^K ivLj mwU
AvKlY Ges weKlY ej Abyfe Ki| GLb
ck nQ P^K GKUv PvR ivLv nj
mwU wK Kvbv ej Abyfe Ki ?
Gi DiwU LyeB weqKi PvRwU hw`
wi _vK Zvnj Kvbv ej Abyfe Ki bv
wK PvRwU hw` Pjgvb nq A_vr PvRi hw`
eM _vK Zvnj GKUv ej Abyfe Ki| GB
ejwU P^K i w`KI bq, eMi w`KI

we`yZi P^K wqv

269

bq - GB ejwU P^K Ges eM `yUvi mv_B j^fve KvR Ki| Kx wewP!

hw` eM Ges P^K GK Acii Ici j^ nq Zvnj GB eji cwigvY 
hLvb nQ PvR, nQ eM Ges nQ P^K i ZxeZv| 12.9 QweZ `Lvbv Wvb
nvZi wbqg eenvi Ki mB ejwUii w`K ei KiZ cvie|
Zxe P^K BjKUb Ges cwRUb hvevi mgq wfb w`K ej Abyfe Ki, KviY
Bjbi PvR wbMwUf wK Zvi cwZ c`v_ cwRUbi PvR cwRwUf ZvB BjKUb h w`K euK
hvQ cwRUb euK hvq Zvi Dv w`K| (Qwe 12.10)
D`vniY 12.2: GKwU Zvi P^K iL Zvi
fZi w`q we`yr cevn Kij mwU Kvb w`K ej
Abyfe Kie?

Qwe 12.11: P^K we`yr cevni KviY

AbyfzZ ej|

Di: Avgiv Wvb nvZi wbqg (Qwe 12.11) _K

Rvwb nvZi Pvi AvOzji w`KwU hw` PvRi eM,
AvOyjjv q Z fuvR Ki Avbvi ci w`K hw`
P^K i w`K nq Zvnj eyov AvOyjwU ej
`Lve|
QweZ Gi w`K PvR cevwnZ nQ KvRB mwU
Gi w`K, P^K _K Gi w`K KvRB
Wvb nvZi wbqg w`q ejZ cvwi ejwU Dcii w`K|

12.3.1 Zwor cevnx Zvii Ici Pz^Ki cfve

Avgiv Rvwb GKUv Pz^K Ab Pz&^Ki mg giZ weKlY Ges wecixZ giK AvKlY Ki|
Avevi GKUv Zvii fZi w`q we`yr cevwnZ nj mwU ZvK wNi GKwU P^K Zwi
Ki| KvRB GKUv P^K hw` GKUv Zvi ivLv nq Ges mB Zvii fZi w`q we`yr

Qwe 12.12: P^K we`yr cevnx Zvi ivLv nj mwU GKwU ej Abyfe Ki|

270we`yZi P^K wqv

cevwnZ Kiv nq Zvnj ZviwU P^K Zix Kivi KviY GKwU ej Abyfe Ki| 12.12
QweZ GKUv Py^Ki Di gi _K `wY giZ hvIqv P^K iLv Ges Zvi gvS GKUv
ZviK `Lvbv nqQ, ZviwU KvMRi fZi _K Dcii w`K ei nq GmQ| Zvii fZi
w`q wbP _K Dci we`yr cevn nj GwU ZvK wNi evKvi P^K Zwi Kie Ges
Di gi _K `wY hvIqv P^K i mv_ hy nq P^K iLvK cybwebvm Kie|
Zvii wbP ekx msLK P^K iLv Ges Dci Kg msLK P^K iLvi Zwi ne hwU
ZviwUK Dcii w`K Vj w`e|
hw` ZviwUZ we`yr cevni w`K cwieZb Kiv nq Zvnj ZviK wNi evKvi P^K
i w`K cv hve Ges ZLb Zvii Dci P^K iLvi NbZ eo hve hwU ZviwUK wbPi
w`K Vj w`e|

Qwe 12.13: e`ywZK gvUi GKwU Zwor Pz^Ki fZi w`q Ggbfve we`yr cevn Kivbv nq hb me mgqB
GwU NyiZ _vK


12.3.2 wWwm gvUi
GKwU Zvii fZi w`q Lye ewk we`yr cevwnZ Kiv hvq
bv ZvB P^K Zvi Ici kwkvjx ej cqvM Kiv
hvqbv| wK hw` AbKjv cvK w`q GKUv Zvii
Kzj
y x Zwi Kiv hvq Ges Zvi fZi GKUv jvnvi
UzKiv ev AvgPvi ivLv nq Zvnj Zvii fZi nvjKv
we`yr cevwnZ Kiv njB kwkvjx P^K Zwi Kiv
hvq| GB KqjK Avgiv GKUv ` Pz^K wnme Kbv
Ki Ab P^K ZvK ivLv nj mwU Kx aibi
eji gyLvgywL ne Ges m KviY mwUi Kvb w`K MwZ
ne mUv weklY KiZ cvwi| 12.13 QweZ G iKg
GKUv Kqj P^K Kvbw`K ej Abyfe Kie
`Lvbv nqQ| KqjwUK hw` Zvi K` eivei GKUv

Qwe 12.14: GKwU e`ywZK gvUi

we`yZi P^K wqv

271

A NyiZ `qv nq Zvnj GwU cii Qwei gZv Aevb hvevi Pv Kie|
hw` Kvbv wekl Aev Zwi Ki cii Aevb hvevi mv_ mv_ Kqji we`yr
cevni w`K cwieZb Ki `qv hvq Zvnj mLvb cuQvbvi mv_ mv_ Kqj w`q Zwi `
Pz^KwUi Di gi `wY giZ Avi `wY gi Di giZ cv hve ZvB Avevi mwU mi
hvevi Pv Kie A_vr GwU GKwU N~Yb ej Abyfe Kie! GwU Pv Kie cii vqx Aevb
cuQvZ wK mLvb cuQvbvi mv_ mv_ GUvi we`yZi w`K cwieZb Ki w`j GwU mLvb
_g hve bv Avevi NyiZ i Kie| ZvB hLbB GUv GKUv vqx Aevb cuQve ZLbB hw`
GUvZ Ggbfve we`yr cevn Kivbv nq h GwU GKwU NyYb ej Abyfe Ki Zvnj GwU NyiZB
_vKe|
we`yZi w`K cwieZb Kivi Rb LvwbKUv hvwK Kkj eenvi KiZ nq, g~j Kqj h
A NyiZ _vK mB N~Yvqgvb AwUi `yB cvk Kqji `ywU Zvi Ggbfve emvbv nq hb
mwU g~j we`yr cevni UvwgbvjK k Ki _vK mUv hLbB k Ki ZLbB Ggbfve
we`yr cevwnZ Kie hb me mgqB mwU KqjwUK mwiq `Iqvi Pv Ki|
Zvgv`iK evSvbvi Rb (Qwe 12.14) GUvK mnRfve `Lvbv nqQ| mwZKvi
gvUi AvgPviK wNi ek AbKjv Kqj _vKZ cvi Ges cZKUv Kqj Zviv wbRi
gZv Ki KwgDUvi _K we`yr cevn cvq Ges AvgPviwU NyiZ _vK|
12.3.3 Gwm gvUi
wWwm gvUi AvgPvi Ges Kqji N~Ybi Rb cwZ N~YbB we`yZi mshvM KU b~Zb Ki
w`Z nq hb we`yr cevni w`K cwieZb nq| Gwm gvUi mUv cqvRb nq bv Zvi KviY
Zvgiv Rvb| Gwm BjKwUK mvcvBq mK cvkevi wefe w`K cwieZb Ki| ZvB
AvgPviwU wbR wbRB Zvi Pz^Ki w`K cwieZb Ki ! N~YbwU Ggbfve mvRvbv nq hb hLbB
Pz^Ki w`K cwieZb nq ZLb hb mwU Ggb GKwU P^K _vK hLvb P^K wU
AvgPviK mwiq w`q Nyivbvi Pv Kie|

12.4 Zwor P^K Avek (ElectromagneticInduction)

Avgiv Avgv`i Pvicvk AmsL hcvwZK NyiZ `wL ZvB Avgv`i gb nZ cvi GUvB eywS
Pz^K Ges P^K i mePq eo Ae`vb! Avmj Pz^Ki Ges P^K i mePq eo
Ae`vb wK Zvi Zwor Avek A_vr P^K w`q we`yr Zwi Kiv| wevbx IqiW
c_g `wLqwQjb Kvbv GKUv cwievnx Zvii jyci fZi hw` P^K i cwieZb Kiv

272we`yZi P^K wqv

nq Zvnj mB jyci fZi ZwoPvjK

kw Zwi nq hUv mB jyci
fZi w`q we`yr cevwnZ KiZ cvi|
GB welqwU eenvi Ki we`yr RbviUi
Zwi Kiv nqQ hLb cwievnx Zvii
fZi w`q P^K i cwieZb Ki
we`yr Zwi nq|
GKUv Kqji `yB gv_v hw` GKUv
GwgUvi jvMvbv nq Ges hw` mB
Kqji fZi GKUv ` Pz^K XvKvbv
nq (Qwe 12.15) Zvnj Avgiv wVK
XvKvbvi mgq GwgUvi GK SjK we`yr Qwe 12.15: mwjbqW Pz^K cek Kivbvi mgq we`yZ
cevn `LZ cve| Avgiv hLb Pz^KUv cevn `Lv hvq|
Ub ei Ki Avbe ZLb Avevi Avgiv
GwgUvi GK SjK we`yr cevn `Le Ze Gevi Dv w`K| Avgiv hw` Pz^Ki gi cwieZb
Kwi Zvnj GwgUviI we`yZi w`K cwieZb `LZ cve !
GB cixvwU Kivi mgq Avgiv Kqji fZi P^K cwieZb Kivi Rb GKUv
Pz^KK Kqji fZi wbqwQ Ges ei Ki GbwQ| Avgiv Ab Kvbvfve P^K
cwieZb KiZ cviZvg ZvnjI Avgiv GKB welq `LZ cZvg| Kqji fZi P^K
cwieZb Kivi AviKUv Dcvq nQ Gi KvQ Pz^Ki e`j wZxq GKUv Kqj wbq Avmv Ges
mB Kqj we`yr cevwnZ Kwiq mLvb P^K Zwi Kiv| hw` wZxq KqjwUZ P^K
Zwi Kivi Rb GKUv evUvwiK GKUv myBP w`q mshvM `qv nq Zvnj myBPwU Ab Ki
wZxq Kqj P^K Zwi Kiv hve Avevi myBPwU Ad Ki P^K A`k Ki `qv
hve| c_g KqjwUi KvQ wZxq KqjwU iL hw` mwUZ P^K GKevi Zwi Kiv nq
Ges AviKevi wbtkl Kiv nq Zvnj c_g Kqji fZi P^K i cwieZb ne Ges
Avgiv GgwgUvi mRb we`yr cevn `Le! myBP Ab Ki hLb we`yr cevn Zwi Kiv ne ZLb
GgwgUvii GKw`K Zvi KvUvwU bo we`yr cevn `Lve my&BPwU Ad Kivi mgq Avevi KvUvwU
Ab w`K bo wecixZ w`K we`yr cevn `Lve !
GLvb h welqwU gb ivLZ ne mwU nQ hLb P^K cwieZb nq aygv ZLb
we`yr cevn nq| GKUv Kqji gvSLvb cP kwkvjx GKUv Pz^K iL w`j wK Kqj w`q
Kvbv we`yr cevwnZ ne bv| aygv hLb Pz^KwU bvwoq P^K cwieZb Kiv ne ZLb
we`yr cevwnZ ne|

we`yZi P^K wqv

273

12.4.1 RbviUi
gvUi Kxfve KvR Ki mUv hLb Avgiv evSvi Pv KiwQjvg ZLb `LwQ mLvb GKUv
P^K i gvS GKUv Kqj we`yr cevn Kivbv nq h KviY mUv Nyi| Gevi evcviUv
GKUz Abfve wPv Kiv hvK, gvUii Kqj hw` Avgiv evUvwii mshvM bv w`q mLvb GKUv
GwgUvi jvwMq KqjUv NvivB Zvnj Kx ne ?
AekB ZLb Kqji gvS P^K i cwieZb ne KvRB Kzyjxi fZi w`q
we`yr cevn ne| A_vr we`yr cevn Kwiq h gvUii KqjK Avgiv NywiqwQ, mB KqjwUK
Nvivj wVK Zvi Dv evcviUv NU we`yr Zwi nq| GfveB RbviUi Zwi nq| A_vr wWwm
gvUii AvgPviK Nvivj mUv wWwm we`yr cevn `q, Gwm gvUiK Nvivj wVK mfve Gwm
we`yr cevn `q|
12.4.2 Uvdgvi
P^K i cwieZb nj we`yr Zwi nq GwU eenvi Ki Uvdgvi Zwi Kiv nq| Uvdgvi
Kxfve KvR Ki evSvi Rb 12.16 QweZ GKUv AvqZvKvi jvnvi gv ev Kvi `Lvbv
nqQ| GB Kvii `yB cvk cwievnx Zvi cuvPvbv nqQ AekB GB cwievnx Zvii Ici
Acwievnx AviY iqQ hb GU avZe Kvbv wKQzK k KijI kU mvwKU bv nq| QweZ
`Lvbv nqQ Kvii evg cvk GKUv Gwm fvRi Drm jvMvbv nqQ| ZviwU hnZy
jvnvi KviK wNi jvMvbv nqQ ZvB hLb we`yr cevwnZ ne ZLb jvnvi fZi P^KZ
Zwi ne Ges mB P^K ej iLv AvqZvKvi jvnvi fZi w`q hve|
Avgiv hnZz Gwm fvRi Drm
jvwMqwQ ZvB jvnvi Kvi P^KZ evoe
Kge Ges w`K cwieZb Kie, A_vr
gvMZ P^K i cwieZb ne|
jvnvi Kvii Ab cvkI Zvi cuvPvbv
AvQ (AekB Acwievnx AveiY XvKv)
mB Kqji gvS jvnvi Kvii fZi
w`q P^K wUi gvMZ cwieZb nZ
Qwe 12.16: Uvdgvii cvBgvix Kqj Gwm
_vKe Ges GB cwieZb Wvb cvki Kqj cUbwkqvj cevn Kiv nj mKvix Kqj mwU
GKUv ZwoPvjK kw ev Zwi cUbwkqvj Zix Ki|
Kie GKUv fv wgUvi Avgiv mUv

274we`yZi P^K wqv

BQ Kij `LZI cvie| GB cwZZ mivmwi e`yywZK mshvM QvovB GKwU Kqj _K Ab
Kqj we`yr cvVvbvi cwqvK ej Uvdgvi|
GB Uvdgvi w`q Avgiv AZ PgKc` wKQz welq KiZ cvwi| `yB cvk Kqji
cuvP msLv hw` mgvb nq Zvnj evg w`K Avgiv h Gwm fvR cqvM Kie Wvb w`K wVK
mB Gwm fvR diZ cve| Wvbw`K cuvPi msLv hw` `k Y ewk nq Zvnj fvR `k
Y ewk ne| cuvPi msLv hw` `kY Kg nq Zvnj fvR `kY Kg ne| evg w`Ki
Kqj hLvb Gwm fvR cqvM Kiv nq Zvi bvg cvBgvwi Kqj Ges Wvb w`K hLvb _K
fvR diZ bqv nq Zvi bvg mKvwi Kqj|
Zvgiv nqZv gb KiZ cvi hw` mwZ GUv NUvbv me nq Zvnj Avgiv cvBgvwiZ
A msLK cuvP w`q nvjKv fvR cqvM Ki, mKvwi Kqj AbK ewk cuvP w`q
wekvj GKUv fvR ei Ki Adzi e`ywZK kwi eev Ki dwj bv Kb? GLvb GKwU
welq gb ivLZ ne cwZ mK KZUzKz e`ywZK kw cqvM Kiv nQ mUv cwigvc Kiv nq
 w`q, GKUv Uvdgvi cvBgvwiZ h cwigvY cqvM Kiv nq mKvwi Kqj _K wVK
mB cwigvY dir cvIqv hvq| KvRB mKvwiZ hw` fvR `kY evwoq bqv hvq
Zvnj mLvb we`yr ` kY Kg hve|
Zvgv`iK eySvbvi Rb AvqZvKvi GKwU Kvi `Lvbv nqQ| mwZKvii Uvdgvi
GKUy Abfve Zwi nq, mLvb cvBgvwii DciB mKvwi Kqj cuvPvbv nq Ges KviUvI
GKUz Ab iKg nq|
cvBgvwi Kqj cuvP msLv hw` Ges mKvwi Kqji cuvP msLv nq Zvnj
cvBgvwi Kqj hw` Gwm fvR cqvM Kiv nq Zvnj mKvwi Kqj h Gwm fvR
cvIqv hve Zvi cwigvY ne

cvBgvwi Kqj hw` we`yr cevwnZ nq Zvnj mKvwi Kqj we`yr cevn ne

D`vniY 12.3: GKwU Uvdgvii cvBgvwi Kqji cuvP msLv , mKvwi Kqji
cuvP msLv , cvBgvwi Kqj w`q ` qv nj| mKvwi Kqj fvR KZ?

we`yZi P^K wqv

275

Di: k~b! Uvdgvi wWwm fvR KvR Ki bv!

D`vniY 12.4: GKwU Uvdgvii cvBgvwi Kqji cuvP msLv , mKvwi Kqji
cuvP msLv , cvBgvwi Kqj w`q ` qv nj| mKvwi Kqj fvR KZ?
Di:

D`vniY 12.5: Dcii UvwgUvi cvBgvwi Kqj w`q we`yr cevwnZ nj mKvwi
Kqj mevP KZ KviU cevwnZ nZ cvie?
Di: 






Abykxjbx
ck:
1. Zvgvi Nii GK gv_v _K Ab gv_vq BjKUbi
exg cvVvZ wMq hw` `L mUv Dci DV hvQ
Zvnj Zzwg Kx evLv `e?
2. e`ywZK Pz^K evbvbvi mgq GK UzKiv jvnvi Ici
we`yr Acwievnx AveiY XvKv Zvi cuvPvbv nKq|
gvUv Zvi w`q GKwU cuvP `qv fvjv bvwK mi Zvi
w`q AbKjv cuvP `qv fvjv? Kb?
3. `y Uv jvnvi ` Gi gvS GKwU Pz^K AbwU bq, bv

Szwjq ev Ab Kvbv h eenvi bv Ki KvbUv
Qwe 12.17: GKwU jyci fZi GKwU
Pz^K Avi KvbUv mvaviY jvnv ei KiZ cvie?
Pz^Ki Aevbi cwieZb|
4. cw_ex GKUv wekvj Pz^K, Di gi mB Pz^Ki
Di gi bvwK `wY gi?
5. Pz^KK bvwoq we`yr Zwi Kiv nq me mgqB GwU cwieZbK evav w`Z PvqGUv gb
iL Qwei Pz^KwU Dcii w`K wbj jyc Kvb w`K we`yr cevwnZ ne ej|

276we`yZi P^K wqv

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. Acwievnx AveiY XvKv GKwU Zvi w`q cuvPi GKwU Kqj Zwi Ki Zvi fZi w`q
cwigvY we`yr cevn Kivi KviY P^K Zwi nqQ| cuvPi msLv Kiv nj
P^K KZ ne?
2. Dcii cuvP msLv Avi ew KiZ wMq fyj Dv w`K cvP `qvi KviY
P^K KZ ne?
3. GKwU MwZkxj BjKUb P^K w`q hvevi KviY ej Abyfe KiQ|
BjKUbi MwZkw wY Ki `qv nj eji cwigvY KZ ne?

Qwe 12.18: we`yr cevnx ZviK wNi P^K |

4. 12.18 QwewU `L ej Kvb Zvii fZi w`q Kvb w`K we`yr cevwnZ nQ?
5. GKwU Uvdgvii cvBgvwi Kqj cuvP msLv . GLvb  w`q mKvwi Kqj
 cvIqv MQ mKvwi Kqj cuvP msLv KZ?

qv`k Aavq

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

(ModernPhysicsandElectronics)
Iqvbvi nvBRbevM
Iqvbvi nvBRbevM GKRb Rvgvb ZvwK c`v_wevbx|
c`v_wevbi AbZg iZc~Y kvLv KvqvUvg gKvwbi GKRb
RbK Ges GRb ZuvK bvej cyivi `qv nq| KvqvUvg
gKvwb h inmgq AwbqZvi m~wU iqQ mwU nvBRbevMi
`qv| Ze wZxq gnvhyi mgq bvrwm RvgvwbZ Zuvi f~wgKvi Rb
ZuvK AbK mgvjvPbvi gyLvgywL nZ nq|

WernerHeisenberg(19011976)


13.1 KvqvUvg gKvwb (QuantumMechanics)
Avgiv mevB Rvwb Avjv nQ Zi; GKUv Zii Zi `N KZ, Kb KZ Avgiv Zvi me
wKQy AvjvPbv KiwQ| A_P weqi evcvi nQ, wKQy wKQy RvqMvq `Lv MQ Avjv hb Zi
bq Avjv nQ KYv Ges GKUv KYv h iKg eenvi Ki Avjv wVK m iKg eenvi KiQ! G
iKg GKUv D`vniY nQ dUv BjKwUK Gd hLvb Avjvi KYv GKUv avZe c`v_K AvNvZ
Ki mLvb _K BjKUbK gy Ki `q| weqKi GB evcviUv evLv Kivi Rb
AvBbvBbK bvej cyivi `qv nqwQj|
Avevi Avgiv mevB Rvwb BjKUb nQ KYv; Gi fi AvQ, GUv QvUvQywU VvKvVywK KiZ
cvi| gRvi evcvi nQ wevbxiv GK mgq mweq Avwevi Kijb nVvr nVvr BjKUb Ggb
eenvi Ki hb GwU KYv bq hb GwU Zi! GUv GgbB wbwZfve Zii gZv eenvi Ki
h BjKUb w`q ixwZgZv gvBvvc Zwi Ki djv hvq|

278AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

GLb ck nQ Zvnj Avjv wK Zi bvwK KYv? Avevi GKB mv_ BjKUbi RbI
GKB ck KiZ cvwi| BjKUb wK KYv bvwK Zi? Zvgiv DiUv bj nKPwKq hve Zvi
KviY Di nQ: `yUvB! A_vr Avjv GKB mv_ Zi Ges KYv Ges BjKUbI GKB mv_ KYv
Ges Zi| Zvgiv nqZv fveQ GwU Kgb Ki me wK Rb ivLv mwZB GUv me|
ay h BjKUbK Zi wnme `Lv hvq Zv bq wevbx wW eMwj c_g ejwQjb h
hKvb c`v_ ev KYvi mv_ GKUv Zi _vK, ay ZvB bq mB Zii Zi `N KZ ne
mUvI wZwb ej w`qwQjb| Kvbv KYvi fieM hw` nq Zvnj Zvi Zi `N ne

hLvb p nQ fieM Ges nQ cvsKi aeK hvi gvb nQ

   


Zvgvi fi hw`  nq Avi Zzwg hw`  eM `ovI Zvnj Zvgvi fieM ne
  

KvRB Zvgvi Zi `N

 

  

GwU GZ QvU h GUv `Lvi

KvbvB eve mvebv bB
wK Zzwg hw` BjKUbcvUbi gZv QvU KYv w`q
weePbv Kiv Zvnj wK Gi
Zi `N wKsev Zii gZv
eenvi Ggb wKQy wewP evcvi
bq|
Lye msMZ KviYB ck
Kiv hvq h, mwZB me KYvi
Qwe 13.1: GKwU QvU Ges GKwU weZ
Zi|
hw` GKUv Zi _vK Zvnj
mwU Kxmi Zi? Avevi nKPwKq hvevi Rb cZ nI, GB ZiwU nQ mvebvi Zi! GKwU
e ev KYvK Kv_vq cvIqv hve mB mvebv| 13.1 QweZ Avgiv Kvbv GKUv KYvi mv_
_vKv Zii Qwe AvKvi Pv KiwQ; c_g Ges wZxq Qwei gvS cv_KUv Lye Avwg hw`

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

279

ZvgvK wRm Kwi Kvb Zi KYvwUi Aevb mywbw` Ki ejv mnR? AekB Zzwg eje c_g
KYvwUZ KviY GLvb ZiwU QvU GKUv RvqMvq KvRB KYvwU wbqB mLvb AvQ|
Gevi Avwg hw` wRm Kwi Kvb ZiwUZ KYvwUi fieM wbw` Ki ejv hve? Avgiv
GKUz AvM `LwQ wW eMjxi m~ Abyhvqx fieM nQ


KvRB Zi `N hZ wbwZfve gvcZ cvie fieMI ZZ wbwZfve ejZ cvie| Gevi

Zi `ywUi w`K ZvKvI Zzwg wbqB eje h wZxq Zi Avwg ewk fvjv Ki Zi `N
ei KiZ cvie| c_gwUZ cyiv GKUv Zi `NB bB Kgb Ki Zvi Zi `N Abygvb
Kie ? wZxqwUZ ZiUv AbK weZ
mLvb AbKjv Zi `N _K wbLuyZfve Zi `N
ei Kiv me| Avi Zi `N Rvbv _vKj wbLuyZfve fieMI ei Kiv me|
Zvnj evcviUv Kx `uvovj? hw` me KYvi mv_B GKUv Zi _vK Zvnj ejv hvq
AevbUv fvjv Ki Rvbj fieM AwbwZ nq hvq Avevi fieM fvjv Ki Rvbj AevbUv
AwbwZ nq hvq| GUv nQ nvBRbevMi RMwLvZ AwbqZvi m~| GUvK Gfve jLv nq

' '

hLvb ' nQ Aevbi AwbqZv (' Kg nIqv gvb Aevb AwbqZv Kg, A_vr
AevbUv fvjv Ki Rvwb), ' nQ fieMi AwbqZv (' ewk nIqv gvb AwbqZv ewk
A_vr fieM KZ Rvwb bv)| KD hbv gb bv Ki GUv wevbx`i AgZv GKmgq hLb
wevb Aviv weKwkZ ne, Avgv`i KvQ hLb Aviv fvjv hcvwZ _vKe ZLb Avgiv eywS
wbLuyZfve GKB mv_ Aevb Avi fieM gc dje| Rb ivL GUv KLbvB ne bv!
wevb GB AwbqZv m~i GKUv my`~icmvix cfve AvQ, eo nq Zvgiv hviv
c`v_wevb wbq jLvcov Kie Zviv `Le GB AwbqZvi m~ _K BjKUb-cvUb, AbycigvYyi gZv z` KYv`i wewP GKUv RMr Zwi nq hUvK ejv nq KvqvUvg gKvwb!
D`vniY 13.1: BjKUb Kb wbDwKqvmi fZi co hvq bv?
Di : AwbqZvi m~i Rb!




280AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

13.2 w_Iwi Ad wijwUwfwU (TheoryofRelativity)

AvBbvBbi kvj w_Iwi Ad wijwUwfwU Mo DVQ `ywU m~ w`q; m~ `ywU G iKg :
(i) c`v_wevb me RvqMvq GK
(ii) Avjvi MwZeM me RvqMvq GK
Avgiv Rvwb, Zvgiv hviv GB m~
`ywU coQ Zviv GK aibi weq wbq
fveQ GwU Avevi Kx iKg m~ njv ?
wevb Zv me RvqMvZB GK nZ ne
Avjvi eMI wfb ne Kb? evcviwU
Zvnj AviKUz fvjv Ki `Lv hvK|
aiv hvK Zzwg kb `uvwoq
AvQ Ges Zvgvi ez Ub em AvQ hvi
MwZeM v, Zvgvi ezi KvQ `ywU Avqbv
GKwU wbP AviKwU DPZvq; Avjv
wbPi Avqbv _K Dci Ges Dcii
Avqbv _K wbP cwZdwjZ nQ| (Qwe
13.2) GUvB Zvi Nwo, Avjv wbP _K
Dci (wKsev Dci _K wbP) hZ
mgq Nwoi GKwU wKK nq, A_vr

Qwe 13.2: (a) wi Ges (b) avegvb Avqbvq cwZdwjZ

AvjvK iwk|

hLvb nQ Avjvi eM|

ZzwgI wVK Kij Zzwg kb `uvwoq Pj Ubi fZi ZvwKq wKKjv gvce|
UbwU hnZz eM hvQ ZvB Zzwg AekB `Le Zvgvi Nwoi c_g wKKwU hLb NUQ
mB mgq Dcii AvqbvwU ~` iZ mi MQ Ges wZxq wKKi mgq Aviv ~` iZ mi
MQ| KvRB Zvgvi KvQ gb ne Nwoi wKK nIqvi mgq Avjv h `~iZ AwZg KiQ
wc_vMvivmi m~vbyhvqx mUv nQ:

AvBbvBb ejQb me RvqMvq Avjvi eM mgvb, ZvB Zvgvi Nwoi GK wKKi mgqK hw`
ewj Zvnj

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

281

wK Avgiv Rvwb , Zvgvi ezi Nwoi wKK

KvRB

A_vr

GB wbixn mgxKiYwU cw_exi mePq inmgq mgxKiYi GKwU Ges GwU Avgv`i
cwiwPZ RMrwU cyiv cywi IjU-cvjU Ki w`qQ| Avevi gb Kwiq w`B, nQ Zvgvi Nwoi
mgq Avi nQ Zvgvi ezi Nwoi mgq| Zzwg wi `vwoq AvQ Ges Zvgvi ez eM hvQ,
GUyKBz cv_K| Gi gvb Kg nj Ges Gi gvS Kvbv cv_K bB wK hw` Avjvi
eMi KvQvKvwQ nq Zvnj wK m~Y Ab ecvi| hgb hw` nq Zvnj


282AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

hvi A_ Zvgvi ez hw` Ub `k ermi KvUvq ( ermi) Zvnj Zvi eqm evoe
`k ermi wK Zvgvi eqm evoe eQi! cbiv eQi iIbv w`q m cuwPk eQii hyeK
wnme wdi Gm `Le Zzwg cbi eQi i Ki Gi gvS eQii _yi_yi eyov nq MQ!
D`vniY 13.1: Zvgvi Zzjbvq Zvgvi ez eM hvQ wK Zvgvi ezi Zzjbvq ZzwgI Zv
eM hvQ| Zvnj DvUv Kb mwZ nq bv? `k ermi KvwUq w`q Zzwg Kb Avwevi Ki
bv h Zvgvi ezi eqm myi eQi eo MQ?

Di: w_Iwi Ad wijwUwfwUi GUv GKUv AZ gRvi ck| Kvi eqm eoQ `Lvi Rb
Zvgvi Ges Zvgvi ezi gvS GKRbK _vgZ ne Ges MwZ cwieZb Ki wdi AvmZ
ne| h _vge Ges MwZ cwieZb Kie Zvi mgq AwZv ne Kg| GUv Lye mnRB cgvY
Kiv hvq GLvb Avi Ki `Lvbv njv bv| 

mgqi cmviYi GB weLvZ mgxKiYwU aygv GKUv gRvi m~ nZ cviZ wK GUv

gvUI mUv nq _vKwb| Avgiv Avgv`i Rxeb Gi AmsL D`vniY `LwQ Ges Avgiv Rvwb
GUv mwZ| evqygji Dci KmwgK i Gi AvNvZ wgDIb bvg GK aibi KYvi Rb nq
hUvi Avqy gv `yB gvBv mK| GZ Kg mgq GUv Kvbvw`b evqygji Dci _K
cw_exi c cuQZ cvie bv, GwU hw` cvq Avjvi eM QyU Avm ZviciI cw_exZ cuQvZ
Gi Kgc wZbkv gvBvmK mgq jvMvi K_v| wK Avgiv wbqwgZfve cw_ex c
wgDIbK `wL Zvi KviY wgDIb wK Zvi wbRi wnme `yB gvBvmK ciB kl nq
hvQ, wK Zvi MwZeM hnZy Avjvi eMi KvQvKvwQ ZvB Avgv`i KvQ gb nQ GUv
cw_exc Pj Avmvi Rb cqvRbxq mgq wUK AvQ!
wgDIbi cw_exc Pj Avmvi evcviwU AbfveI evLv Kiv hve, Zvgiv BQ
KijB `LZ cvie Pj ei Rb h iKg mgqi cmviY nq wVK m iKg `Ni msKvPb
nq Ges mUv Avgiv Gfve wjLZ cvwi:

GLvb Avgv`i mvc wi Kvbv wKQzi `N nj Avgv`i mvc eM MwZkxj Zvi

`~iZ ne hwU _K Kg|
KvRB wgDb hLb cP eM cw_exi w`K QzU AvmwQj Zvi gb nwQj m eywS wi
eis cw_exUvB cP eM Zvi w`K QzU AvmQ| KvRB evqygj _K cw_ex ch cyiv
`~iZUvB msKzwPZ nq QvU GKUzLvwb nq MQ| ZvB wgDb gv `yB mK euP _KB GB
QvU `~iZUv AwZg Ki djQ!

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

283

mgqi cmviY Ges `Ni msKvPbi gZvB PgKc` AviKwU m~ nQ ei fi wbq|

wi Aevq Kvbv ei fi hw` nq Zvnj mUv hw` eM hZ _vK Zvnj Zvi fi
ne :

GKUv cb hw`  eM Do hvq Zvi fi evo gv hUv

aZei gvSB bv| wK Kvbv wKQz hw` eM QzU hvq Zvnj Zvi fi eo hve
Y| hw` eM Aviv eo hvi Zvnj fi eo nq hve Y!
fii GB PgrKvi m~Uv eenvi Ki Lye mnRB Avgiv meKvji mek m~ ei Ki
djZ cvwi| mUv nQ

hvi A_ c`v_i fi Avmj kw| hw` KD fiK kwZ icvi KiZ cvi Zvnj
GKUzLvwb fi _K AwPbxq cwigvY kw Zwi KiZ cvie| wbDwKqvi kw K` wVK GB
evcviUvB Kiv nq, fiK kwZ icvi Kiv nq| Avgv`i m~hi fZiI GB cwZZ kw
Zwi nq ZvB nVvr Ki me Rvjvbx dzwiq m~hi wbf hvevi Kvbv AvksKv bB| gvbeRvwZi
AbK eo `yfvM wbDwKqvi evgvZI wVK Gfve fiK kwZ icvwiZ Ki Awekvm
asmjxjv Pvjvbv nq!

13.3 wbDwKqvi c`v_wevb (NuclearPhysics)


Avgiv mevB Rvwb cigvYyi K` _vK wbDwKqvm Ges wbDwKqvmK wNi BjKUb NyiZ _vK|
mePq QvU cigvYy nQ nvBWvRb, Zvi K` _vK GKUv gv cvUb Ges ZvK wNi Nyi
gv GKUv BjKUb| cvUbi fi BjKUb _K cvq Y ewk, ZvB GKUv cigvYyi fi
Avmj g~jZ Zvi wbDwKqvmi fi| Avgiv Gi gvS AbKevi `LwQ cvUbi PvR cwRwUf Ges
BjKUbi PvR bMwUf| ZvB bMwUf PvRi BjKUb cvUbi cwRwUf PvRi Kyj^ eji
AvKlY ZvK wNi NyiZ _vK|
nvBWRbi cii cigvYy nQ wnwjqvg| wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm `ywU cvUb Ges ZvK
wNi NyiQ `ywU BjKUb| wbDwKqvmi AvqvZb LyeB QvU Gi KvQvKvwQ GZ KvQvKvwQ
`yUv cvUb ivLv nj Zv`i cej Kyj^ weKlY Zviv wQUK hve Ges mUv hb bv NU mRb
wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm `yUv cvUbi cvkvcvwk `yUv PvRnxb wbDUbI _vK| Gfve Zwi
wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm Lye k Ges wwZkxj wbDwKqvm|

284AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

wnwjqvgi ci wjw_qvg,Zvici ewiqvg Gfve GKUvi ci GKUv cigvYyi K_v ejZ cvwi,
hLvb wbDwKqvm GKUv GKUv Ki cvUbi msLv eoQ Ges evBi GKUvi ci GKUv
BjKUbI eoQ| (cwiwk 2)
wbDwKqvmK wwZkxj ivLvi Rb Zvi fZi hLbB GKUv cvUb eoQ ZLbB Zvi
fZi evowZ wbDUbK RvqMv Ki w`Z nqQ| AbK wbDwKqvm AvQ hv`i cvUbi msLv
mgvb wK wbDUbi msLv wfb| Zv`iK ej AvBmvUvc| hgb nvBWvRbi gZv mnR
cigvYyiI wZbwU AvBmvUvc iqQ: nvBWvRb, wWDUwiqvg Ges wUwUqvg| nvBWvRb ay
GKwU cvUb, wWDUwiqvg GKUv cvUb GKUv wbDUb Ges wUwUqvg GKUv cvUb Ges `yBUv
wbDUb| nvBWvRbi wZbUv AvBmvUvci Avjv`v Avjv`v bvg `q AvQ, mvaviYZ Ab
cigvYyi ejvq mUv mwZ bq| AvBmvUvcjvK Zv`i wbDUb msLv w`q Avjv`v Kiv nq|
hgb aiv hvK Kvebi K_v, Gi AvBmvUvci msLv wZb, mjv nQ :
: wbDwKqvm Uv cvUb Uv wbDUb
: wbDwKqvm Uv cvUb Uv wbDUb
: wbDwKqvm Uv cvUb Uv wbDUb

G 12 msLvwU nQ wbDwKIb msLv ev mwwjZ wbDUb Ges cvUbi msLv| m iKg

I G 13 I 14 nQ wbDwKIb msLv|
I Gi gvS wbDwKqvmwU ZRwq ev AwwZkxj A_vr AbKvj
wnme _vKZ cvi bv GUv Ab Kvbv wbDwKqvm cwiewZZ nq hvq| GB cwieZbi Rb
wbDwKqvmi fZi _K Kvbv GKUv KYv ei nq Avm| hUv ei nq Avm Avgiv mUvK
ewj ZRwq iwk|
ZRwqZvi h g~j wZbwU cwqv AvQ mjv nQ Avjvdv, weUv Ges Mvgv iwk| c_g
hLb ZRwq wbDwKqvm _K Gjv ei nq GmwQj ZLb mwVKfve Zvi cwiPq Rvbv wQj bv
ej G iKg bvg `qv nqwQj GLb Avgiv cwivi fve Gi cwiPq Rvwb wK bvgjv GLbv
iq MQ|
13.3.1 Avjdv KYv
Avjdv KYv Avmj wnwjqvg wbDwKqvm! Avgiv Rvwb wnwjqvg wbDwKqvm _vK `ywU cvUb Avi
`yUv wbDUb| KvRB Kvbv wbDwKqvm _K hw` GKUv Avjdv KYv ei nq Avm Zvnj mB
cigvYyi cvigvYweK msLv Kge `yB Ni, wbDwKIb msLv Kge Pvi Ni| GKUv wbDwKqvmi
fZi _K hLb GKUv Avjdv KYv ei nq Avm ZLb Zvi h_ kw _vK Ges mUv
evZvmK Zxe fve AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi| A_vr GUv hLb evZvmi fZi w`q hvq ZLb
evZvmi AYy-cigvYyi mv_ h msNl nq mB msNl mjvK AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi| Avjdv
KYvi MwZc_ nq mij iLvi gZv mvRvmywR GwMq hvq|

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

285

Ze Avjdv KYv hnZy wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm ZvB GUv c`v_i fZi w`q ewk`~i hZ cvi
bv GUvK _vwgq `qv mnR| (GKUv KvMR ev Avjywgwbqvg dqj w`qB Avjdv KYvK _vwgq
`qv hvq|) Kv_vI AvNvZ Kij f AbK wZ KijI Avjdv KYv ewk `~i hvevi AvMB
_g hvq|
Avjdv KYv hvevi mgq AbK BjKUb Ges Avqb Zwi Ki, mjv bvbvfve Detect
Kiv hvq| eZgvb BjKUwbi AbK DbwZ nIqvq GB aibi Avjdv KYvi DcwwZ ei Kiv
Aviv mnR nq MQ|
13.3.2 weUv KYv
weUv KYv Avmj BjKUb! Zvgiv AevK nq fveZ cvi wbDwKqvmi fZi _vK ay wbDUb
Avi cvUb mLvb _K BjKUb Kgb Ki ei nq? wbDwKqvmi h wbDUb iqQ mLvb _K
BjKUbUv ei nq, PvRK wVK ivLvi Rb wbDUbUv ZLb cvUb cv hvq|
o
Q

Dcii mgxKiY wbDUbK cvUb Ges BjKUb cv hvevi mv_ mv_ Aviv GKwU KYv
Q
jLv nqQ, mwU Kx? GwU nQ wbDwUbv bvgi GKwU KYvi cwZ c`v_ GwU wbDwUbv! inmgq
GB KYv wbq MelYvi Kvbv kl bB Zvgiv hLb c`v_wevb wbq Aviv jLvcov Kie
ZLb wbDwUbvi mv_ Aviv fvjvfve cwiwPZ ne| weUv KYv ei nevi ci wbDwUKqvmi
wbDwKIb msLv mgvb _vK wK cvigvYweK msLv eo hvq|
wbDwKqvm _K hLb Avjdv KYv ei nq ZLb m cwZeviB GKUv wbw` kw wbq ei
nq| weUv KYv ei nevi mgq Zvi kwUv GwU wbDwUbvi mv_ fvMvfvwM Ki bq (cvUb hnZz
wbDwKqvmi fZiB _vK ZvK kw w`Z nq bv) ZvB weUv KYvi kw wbw` _vK bv (GwU
wbDwUbv KZvUzKz kw be Zvi Ici wbfi Ki weUv KYvi kw ewk wKsev Kg nZ cvi|)
weUv KYv hnZz Bjb ZvB GUv c`v_i fZi w`q hvevi mgq NlYi KviY c`v_K
AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi| weUv KYv Kvbv wKQyi AbK fZi XyK hZ cvi| Avjdv KYv h
iKg mvRvmywR GwMq wMq GK mgq _g hvq weUv KYv (A_vr BjKUb) m iKg bq, wewfb
Aby cigvYyZ VvKv Lq Gi MwZc_ AvuKveuvKv nq hvq|
gRvi evcvi nQ, wbDwKqvm _K ay h BjKUb ei nZ cvi Zv bq, mLvb _K
BjKUbi cwZc`v_ cwRUbI ei nZ cvi| Avgiv mUvKI weUv wewKiY ewj| cwRUbi PvR
cwRwUf KvRB mUv Zwi nq cvUb _K:
o Q

GLvbI Zvgiv inmgq wbDwUbvK `LZ cvQ! Kvbv wbDwKqvm _K cwRUb ei nj mB

wbDwKqvmi wbDwKIb msLv mgvb _vKjI cvigvbweK msLv GK Kg hvq| cwRUb hnZz

286AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

BjKUbi cwZ c`v_ ZvB GUv Pvicvki Kvbv GKUv BjKUbi msk Avmv gv kwZ
icvwiZ nq A`k nq hvq|
Zvgiv wbqB AevK nq fveQ, cwZevi hLb weUv weKxiY nq ZLb wbDwUbv wKsev GwU
wbDwUbv ei nq, Zvnj ay Avjdv eUv Mvgv iwki K_v ejwQ Kb? wbDwUbv iwki K_v Kb
ewj bv? Zvi KviY wbDwUbvi PvR bB, fi ejZ Mj bB Ges c`v_i mv_ GwU GZ Kg
wewqv Ki h Avgiv mUv `LZ cvB bv| Zvgiv bj AevK nq hve h Gi wewqv GZ
Kg h KqK AvjvK el `xN kxmvi cvZ w`qI GKUv wbDwUbvK _vgvbv hvq bv! mRb
mewKQz _K wbDwUbv ev GwUwbDwUbv ei njI ZRwq iwk wnme GUvK weePbv KiZ
nq bv|
13.3.3 Mvgv iwk
Mvgv iwk Avmj we`yr P^Kxq Zi| Zvgiv Rvb Gi fi ev PvR bB| ZvB hLb GKUv
wbDwKqvm _K Mvgv iwk ei nq wbDwKqvmUvi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv| mvaviYZ hLb Kvbv
wbDwKqvm _K Avvjdv ev weUv KYv ei nq ZLb wbDwKqvmUv DwRZ Aevq _vK ZLb
evowZ kw Mvgv iwk wnme ei Ki w`q GwU wbiR nq|
Mvgv iwki hnZz PvR bB ZvB mUv AYy-cigvYyK mivmwi AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi bv
ZvB c`v_i AbK fZi XyKZ cvi Mvgv iwk mivmwi AvqvwbZ KiZ bv cvijI GwU Ab
Kvbvfve Kvbv cigvYy _K BjKUb gy Ki Zvi kw q Ki mB BjKUb ZLb weUv
KYvi gZv AYy-cigvYyK AvqvwbZ Ki|
ZRwq iwk `Lv wKsev Zvi cixv Kivi Rb Avmj PgKc` hcvwZ Zwi nqQ|
cw_exi eo eo GcwigU mB hcvwZ eenvi Ki c`v_wevbi b~Zb b~Zb RMr DbvwPZ
Kiv nQ|
13.3.4 Aavq~
AYy-cigvYyi eenvi evSvi Rb KvqvUvg gKvwb eenvi KiZ nq Ges KvqvUvg gKvwb
_K Avgiv Rvwb GB KYvjvi eenvi KLbvB mywbw`fve ejv me bq, Avgiv aygv wKQy
GKUv NUvi mvebvUzKz ejZ cvwi| ZRwqZvi ejvZI GwU mwZ, hwZ Kvbv GKwU
wbDwKqvm ZRwq nq Zvnj Avgiv Rvwb Zvi fZi _K Avjdv weUv ev Mvgv ei nq Avme
wK wVK Kvb gyn~ Z mjv ei ne mUv KD ejZ cvi bv! ZRwqZvi cwigvc Kivi Rb
Avgiv ZRwq wbDwKqvmi Aavq~ ej GKUv K_v eenvi Kwi| hw` AbKjv wbDwKqvm _vK
h mgq Zvi AaK wbDwKqvm _K ZRwq KYv ei nq mwU nQ mB wbDwKqvmi Aavq~|
h mg wbDwKqvm wwZkxj Zv`i Aavq~ Amxg, KviY mjv _K KLbvB ZRwq KYv ei
ne bv| Avgiv Gi K_v ejwQjvg, Zvi Aavq~ nvRvi eQi, A_vr Kv_vI hw`
AbKjv _vK nvRvi eQi ci Zvi AaK wbDwKqvm _K ZRwq KYv ei Kie|
h wbDwKqvmi Aavq~ hZ Kg mB wbDwKqvm ZZ `Z ZRwq KYv ei Ki w`q Zvi
ZRwq gZv nvive| GLvb GKUv welq Zvgv`i gb ivLZ ne, ZRwqZvi KviY

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

287

cwieZbUv nq wbDwKqvm| hLb wbDwKqvmwU cwiewZZ nq ZLb Zvi evBii BjKUbjvi

msLvI cwieZb nq| evBii BjKUbi msLvi Dci cigvYyi ewk wbfi Ki ZvB
ZRwqZvi KviY GKwU cigvYy kl ch Ab cigvYyZ cwiewZZ nq wK mwU nq civ
fve| wbDwKqvi kwi Zzjbvq cigvYyi BjKUbi kw LyeB Kg| KvRB cigvYyi Rb
KvQvKvwQ Kv_v _K GKwU BjKUb cvIqv wKsev KvQvKvwQ GKUv BjKUb Qo `qv Lye mnR
KvR mwU KLbvB Kvbv RwUj evcvi bq|
ZRwqZvi bvbv aibi eenvi AvQ| Lye Kg ZRwqZvi `e kixii fZi XzwKq
evBii _K Zvi MwZwewa `L kixii AbK Z_ Rvbv hvq| mvaviYZ m iKg ZRwq nq
Lye Kg Aavq~ nqZv KqK wgwbU KvRB Nv LvbKi gvS H c`v_i me ZRwqZv kl
nq hvq|
ZRwqZvi AviKUv iZc~Y eenvi nQ cvPxb Rxevki eqm wbYq KivZ|
Avgv`i kixi cPiz Kveb iqQ Ges Zvi fZi wbw` cwigvY AvQ| hLb cvYx gviv hvq
ZLb Zvi kixii b~Zb Ki XzKZ cvi bv| AvM hZUzKz wQj mUv ZLb Aavq~i Kvib
KgZ _vK| KvRB KZUzKz _vKv ^vfvweK Ges KZUzKz Kg MQ mUv _K mB cvYx
KZv cvPxb Zv wbLuyZfve ei Kiv hvq|
ZRwq KYv kixii Kvli wZ KiZ cvi m Rb bvbv aibi mZKZv Aej^b
Kiv nq, Avevi kixii wZKi Kvl asm Kivi Rb GB ZRwqZv eenvi Kiv hvq| m
KviY Kvvi wPwKrmvq Kvvi Kvl asm Kivi Rb ZRwq KYv eenvi Kiv nq|
D`vniY 13.3: GK kg fii GKwU ZRwq gji Aavq 100 eQi| `yBk eQi ci Zvi
fi KZ ne?
Di: ZRwqZvi KviY mivmwi fii cwieZb nqbv| ZRwq gjwUi wZb PZz_v sk
wbDwKqvm ZRwq KYv ei Kie gv!

13.3.5 ZRwqZv _K mZKZv

Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv Lye ewk ZRwqZvi gyLvgywL nB bv wK cw_exi b~Zb chwy i
KviY GLb AbKB ZRwqZvi gyLvgywL nZ i KiQ| wbDwKqvi kw K` wbDwKqvi
wewqv Kivbv nq mLvb fqsKi iKg ZRwqZv Zwi nq, Ges AbK jvi Aavq~ AbK
ewk Ges j eQi ch mjv ZRwq _vK| wbDwKqvi kw K`i `yNUbvq evBi
ZRwq c`v_ Qwoq covi D`vniYI AvQ| wbDwKqvi kw w`q Pvjvbv RvnvR mvegwib
`yNUbvZI AbK gvbyl ZRwqZvi gyLvgywL nqQ| mePq fqsKi evcvi NUwQj hLb
wnivwkgv Ges bvMvmvwKZ wbDwKqvi evgv djv nqwQj ZLb AmsL gvbyl ZRwqZvi
gyLvgywL nqwQj| KvRB ZRwqZv wbq bvbv aibi MelYv i nqQ Ges wbivc`
ZRwqZvi gvv BZvw` Zwi Kiv i nqQ| mvaviY gvbylK mZK Kivbv i nqQ|

288AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

13.4 cvwUKj wdwR (ParticlePhysics)

GB wekevi hZ KYv AvQ Zv`i mejvK `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq| GK fvMi bvg
dviwgIb (Fermion) wevbx GbwiKv dvwgi bvg Abymvi| Ab fvMi bvg evRb (Boson),
Avgv`i mZb evmi bvg Abymvi| KD hw` GKUz wPv Ki `L m wbqB nZeyw nq
hve h, wekevi mKj KYvi AaKi bvgKiY Kiv nqQ XvKv wekwe`vjqi c`v_wevb
wefvMi GKRb evOvwj AavcKi bvg|
cyiv wekev hme KYv w`q Zwi nqQ Zvi fZi hjv dviwgIb mjvK ejv
nq eKYv| hjv evRb mjv GB eKYvi fZi ej ev kwi Av`vb c`vb Ki|
dviwgIb bvgi eKYvK Avevi `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq| GK fvMi bvg KvqvK Ab fvMi
bvg jcUb| KvRB Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :
Uwej 13.1: dvwgIb

KvqvK
jcUb

Avc KvqvK
WvDb KvqvK
BjKUb
BjKUb wbDwUbv

wbDUb Ges cvUb Zwi nq Avc I WvDb KvqvK w`q (D`vniY 13.4)| GUv gvUI AZzw bq
h, Avgv`i cwiwPZ `kgvb RMZi cyivUvB Zwi nqQ Ges (Avc KvqvK, WvDb
KvqvK Ges BjKUb) GB wZbwU gv KYv w`q| Q (BjKUb wbDwUbv) Gi AwZ iqQ Ze
AvMB ejv nqQ mwU mvaviY gvbyli PvL `kgvb bq wK cyivcywi mwVKfve ejvi Rb
Avgv`i GUvKI MnY KiZ ne| GUv gvUvgywUfve GKUv Awekvm evcvi h, cwiwPZ cyiv
wekev Ges Qe GB PviwU KYv w`qB evLv Kiv me|
Ze ay h GB PviwU KYv iqQ Zv bq, Gi mv_ mv_ GB KYvjvi cwZ c`v_I
iqQ| KvRB Avgv`i ZvwjKvwU c~Yv KiZ nj dvwgIbi GB cwievi Zv`i cwZ
c`v_jvI hvM KiZ ne| KvRB ZvwjKvwU ne G iKg:
Uwej 13.2: dvwgIb I cwZ c`v_

KvqvK
jcUb

c`v_

cwZ c`v_

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

289

Dcii KYvjv nQ eKYv, G`i fZi ej ev kwi wewbgq Kivi Rb Avgv`I Ab wKQz
KYvi `iKvi Ges GB KYvjvi bvg nQ evRb| GB KYvjv nQ:
Uwej 13.3: evRb
KvqvK I BjKUbi fZi
dvUb
J
kw wewbgq
wR bU
mKj dvwgIbi fZi kw

WvewjD cvm/WvewjD gvBbvm

wewbgq
r
ay KvqvKi fZi kw
My qvb

wewbgq

msMZ KviYB gb nZ cvi GB evRb KYvi cwZ c`v_jv Avgv`i ZvwjKvq bIqv `iKvi|
wK gRvi evcvi nQ eKYvi fZi ej ev kw Av`vb-c`vbKvix GB evRb KYvjv
wbRivB wbR`i cwZ c`v_| GLvb Avgiv Avgv`i cwiwPZ dvUb ev Avjvi KYvK wbqB
`LwQ, Abjvi AwZ Lye fvjvfveB AvQ wK LuvwU c`v_wevbx Qvov Abiv nqZv Zv`i
Lei ivL bv|
KvRB GKRb gvUvgywU GB fe Avb` cZ cviZ h, gv PviwU dvwgIb Ges cuvPwU
evRb w`qB GB gnvweki mKj c`v_i MVb evLv Kiv me, wK Avmj evcviwU kl ch
GZ mnR _vKwb| `Lv Mj dvwgIbi h cwieviwUi K_v ejv nqQ mUv h_ bq| wVK G
iKg AviI `yUv cwievi `iKvi| Q Gi cwieviwUK c_g cRb ej Avgiv e G
iKg AviI `ywU cRb cZ KiZ cvwi| mjv nQ: Q Ges W Q
Uwej 13.4: wZxq cRb

KvqvK

jcUb

Uwej 13.5: ZZxq cRb

KvqvK

jcUb

W
Q

Pvg

wgDIb
wgDIb wbDwUbv

Uc
eUg
UvI
UvI wbDwUbv

Ges AekB Zvi mv_ mv_ iqQ Zv`i cZKwUi cwZ c`v_|

290AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

Avgiv hw` cwZ c`v_jv Avjv`vfve bv wjwL Zvnj QvU GKUv QKB wekevi mKj
gjKYv wjLZ cvwi| Kx PgrKvi! mUv ne G iKg:
Uwej 13.5: wekevi mKj gjKYv
dvwgIb
evRb
c_g
wZxq
ZZxq
cRb
cRb
cRb

J
KvqvK

r
jcUb

Q
Q
Q

GB mKj eenvi Ki c`v_wevbi h gWj w`q cKw ZK evLv Kiv nq mUvK ejv nq
vvW gWj| h KYvjv `Lvbv nqQ Zv`i fi wbaviY Kivi Rb wnMm evRb (Higgs
Boson) bvg Aviv GKwU evRbi AwZ Abygvb Kiv nqwQj|
2013 mvj kl ch wevbxiv Gi AwZ mK wbwZ nqwQjb GwU wQj ZvwK
c`v_wevbi GKUv AbK eo weRq| Kvbv GKwU wewP KviY wnMm evRbK Cki KYv ejv
nq!


D`vniY 13.4: KvqvKi PvR Ges KvqvKi PvR .

wbDUb Ges cvUb I KvqvK w`q Kxfve Zwi nq?

Di: wbDUb: gvU PvR k~b

cvUb : gvU PvR 

D`vniY 13.5: KvqvKi PvR hw` nZ cvi Zvnj Kb mePq QvU PvR? Kb

bq?
Di: KviY KvqvKK KLbv Avjv`vfve `Lv hvq bv|

13.5 BjKUwb (Electronics)

Zvgiv mevB BjKwUwmwU Ges BjKUwb `ywU kB bQ, Zv`i A_I wfb| hw`I `yUvi gvS
AbK wKQzZ wgj AvQ wK GB `yUv k gvUvgywUfve `yUv wfb welq evSvq| Avgiv hLb
BjKwUwmwU K_vwU ewj ZLb e`ywZK kwi eenvi Kiv wbq gv_v NvgvB| we`yr cevn, mvwKU,
iwRi, cvIqvi G mei gvS AvjvPbvUv mxgve _vK| hLb BjKUwb ewj ZLb nVvr Ki

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

291

Zvi gvS bvbv aibi Z_i Av`vb-c`vb

Ges msiYi welqUv Pj Avm|
Ges Aavq BjKwUwmwUi mv_ mK
AvQ G iKg welqjv wbq LvwbKUv
AvjvPbv nqQ, GLvb Zvgv`i Rb
BjKUwbi m~PbvUv Ki `qv nQ|
Avgiv hLb nWdvb ev wKvi
Mvb wb ZLb mB nW dvb ev wKvi
Mvbi myijv k Zwi Kivi Rb ki Qwe 13.3: AvbvjM Ges wWwRUvj wmMbvj|
Kb Ges ZxeZvi mv_ wgj iL we`yr
cevn Kiv nq| Avgiv hw` mB we`yr cevn (ev we`yr cevn Zwi Kivi Rb cqvM Kiv fvR)
`wL Zvnj 13.3 (a) QweZ `Lvbv GK aibi wmMbvj `Le| mgqi mgqi mv_ mv_
wmMbvji ZxeZv evoQ ev KgQ| mB wmMbvj ZxeZvi h Kvbv gvb wbZ cvi (AekB
GKUv mxgvi fZi) Ges Avgiv GB aibi ewj AvbvjM wmMbvj|
aiv hvK Avgiv nW dvb ev wKvi h MvbwU bwQ mUv GmQ KwDUvi _K Ges
KwDUvii KvQ mB MvbwU GmQ BUvibU _K| BUvibU _K h Zvi w`q wmMbvjwU
KwDUvi GmQ mB ZviwUi wmMbvjK hw` Avgiv `Lvi Pv Kwi Zvnj mUv `Lve 13.3
(b) Qwei gZv! GLvb AvbvjM wmMbvji gZv KviU (ev fvR) ZxeZvi h Kvbv gvb
wbZ cvi bv, GwU aygv `ywU gvb wbZ cvi, nq Kg (AbK mgq k~b) wKsev ewk
(BjKUwbi fvmvbi Ici wbfi
Ki , 5 ev Ab wKQz) nZ
cvi| G iKg wmMbvjK Avgiv
ewj wWwRUvj wmMbvj| AvbvjM
wmMbvj _K Zey Abygvb Kiv hvq
Avmj wmMbvjwU Kgb wQj, ki
ZxeZv Kv_vq ewk Kv_vq Kg,
Kb Kv_vq ewk Kv_vq Kg
wK wWwRUvj wmMbvj `L wKQz
evSvi Dcvq bB| wK hnZy
Avgiv Rvwb GUv wbwZ fveB
Avgv`i Mvb wbqQ KvRB
Qwe 13.4:Wwmgj Ges evBbvwi msLv|
Mvbi Z_Uv Gi gvSB wbqB
jywKq AvQ|
AvbvjM wmMbvji Z_ Kgb Ki wWwRUvj wmMbvj cvVvbv nq mUv Abygvb Kiv Lye
KwVb wKQz bq| c_g AvbvjM wmMbvjK QvU QvU mgqi UzKivq G fvM Ki wbZ nq,
cZKUv UzKivq AvbvjM wmMbvji gvbUv KZ ei KiZ nq, Zvici mB gvbUzKz msLvq

292AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

cKvk Ki msLvUv cvVvZ nq| msLvi Rb wWwRU kUv eenvi Kiv nq ej wWwRUvj kUv
GmQ| Avgiv `kwgK msLv `L Af hLvb msLv cvVvbvi Rb
GB `kUv wP `iKvi| msLvK `kwfwK nZ ne K ejQ?
lvj wfwK msLv Hexadecimal Anin eenvi Kiv nq hLvb lvjUv wP `iKvi:
( )Avevi AvU wfwK msLvI
AvQ hLvb `iKvi AvUUv Symbol ( )| gRvi K_v nQ Avgiv BQ
Kij `yB wfwK msLvI
Zwi KiZ cvwi hLvb
`iKvi gv `ywU wP
Ges . GUvK ej
evBbvwi msLv| Zvgiv
hLb `kwgK msLv wkLQ
mLvb Zvgiv `LQ
Wvb w`K _K c_g
msLvwU GKK (A_vr gvb
nQ
),
wZxqwU `kK (A_vr gvb
), ZZxqwU
kZK
(A_vr
gvb

) BZvw`
BZvw`| wVK GKB fve
Qwe 13.5: GKwU K^iK bUIqvKI gvag Ab Kv_vI ciY Kiv|
evBbvwi msLvq Wvb w`K

_K c_gwUi gvb nQ , wZxqwUi gvb nQ , ZZxqwUi gvb nQ

BZvw`| 13.4 QweZ GKB msLv `kwgK Ges evBbvwiZ cKvk Ki `Lvbv nqQ|
hnZz h Kvbv msLvK Avgiv evBbvwi msLvq cKvk KiZ cvwi ZvB AvbvjM
wmMbvji gvbUv evBbvwi msLvq cKvk Ki wbjB GUvK BjKUwb wmMbvj wnme GK
RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq cvVvbv hvq| hLb wmMbvjUvi gvb ewk ne mUv eySve , hLb
gvbUv Kg ne mUv eySve k~b! cvVvbvi mgq Aviv wKQz wbqgKvbyb `qv nq hb wmMbvjUv
wbq KD Mvjgvj cvwKq bv dj, Kv_vq i Kv_vq kl evSv hvq|
Avgv`i Rxeb Avgiv hLb wKQz GKUv eenvi Kwi mUv cvq mgqB nq AvbvjM,
mUvK wWwRUvj cwieZb Ki cvVvbv nq, cwqv Kiv nq| cuQvbvi ci mUvK Avevi
AvbvjM cwieZb Ki eenvi Kiv nq| AvbvjM wmMbvjK wWwRUvj cwieZb Kivi Rb
wKsev wWwRUvj wmMbvjK AvbvjM cwieZb Kivi Rb wekl aibi AvB wm (Integrated
Circuit) eenvi Kiv nq Zv`iK Analog to Digitla Converter (msc ADC) ev

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

293

DigitaltoAnalogConverter (msc DAC ) ejv nq| 13.5 QweZ wKfve GK Rbi

KvQ _K AviK Rbi KvQ Kvbv GKUv wmMbvj cvVvbv nq mUv `Lvbv njv|
D`vniY 13.6: _K ch Wwmgj msLvq evBbvwi msLvs cKvk Ki `LvI|

Di: 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101,
1110, 1111, 10000, 10001, 10010, 10011, 10100, 10101, 10110, 10111,
11000,11001,11010,11011,11100,11101,11110,11111,100000

Zvgiv eySZB cviQ AvbvjM wmMbvjK wWwRUvj wmMbvj icvi Kivi mgq Avgiv mUv
AbKfve KiZ cvwi, mgqi Slot KZUzKy ne Ges mevP gvb KZv ai be Zvi Dci wbfi
Ki wWwRUvj WvUvi cwigvY| AZ m~fve Kivi cqvRb nj Zvi cwigvY AbK ewk nq
hZ cvi| Zvi Rb wWwRUvj BjKUwb RwUj nZ cvi Ggb wK mgq mvcI nZ cvi|
wK ZviciI AvaywbK RMr Lye `Z mewKQzK wWwRUvj wmMbvj wnme cwieZb Ki mUvK
cwqv Kivi w`K GwMq hvQ| wWwRUvj wmMbvjK ay Ges wnme ciY KiZ nq
ej Gi gvS AbvKvwZ Mvjgvj Kg Ges AbK mgqB AvbvjM AskUzKz PvLi Avovj
iL me wKQzB mivmwi Avgv`i KvQ wWwRUvj wnme Pj AvmQ|
13.5.1 mwgKvi
AvaywbK RMr Ges AvaywbK mfZv
cyivUvB BjKUwbi Dci Mo
DVQ Ges GB BjKUwbi Rb
Avgiv hw` Kvbv GK aibi c`v_i
cwZ KZZv cKvk KiZ PvB Zvnj
mB c`v_wU ne mwgKvi| Avgiv
Gi AvMI cwievnx Ges Acwievnx Ges
Aa-cwievnx ev mwgKvii bvgwU
DPviY KiwQ GLb evcviUvi
GKUzLvwb Mfxi hZ cvwi|
Qwe 13.6: wmwjKb wvj| Wvb w`K wmwjKb wvji
13.6 QweZ mwgKvii
wgvwK ic|
AbKjv cigvYyK cvkvcvwk `Lvbv
nqQ| cigvYi MVbi KviY Zv`i kl K c_ hw` AvUwU BjKUb _vK Zvnj mwU Kvb
GK A_ cwic~Y nq Ges AbK wwZkxj nq| cigvYyjv memgqB Pv Ki Zv`i kl
Kc_ AvUwU BjKUb ivLZ| wmwjKb nQ mePq ewk eeZ mwgKvi Zvi kl
Kc_ BjKUbi msLv Pvi, wK hLb Avgiv wmwjKb wvji w`K ZvKvB ZLb AevK nq
Avwevi Kwi cZKwU cigvYyB fveQ Zvi kl Kc_ AvUUv BjKUb! GUv NUQ KviY
cZKUv cigvYyB Pviw`K wfb PviUv cigvYyi mv_ hy Ges mevB wbRi BjKUbjv cvki

294AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

cigvYyi mv_ fvMvfvwM Ki eenvi KiQ| (Avgiv QweUv GKwQ GK mgZj, mwZKvi wmwjKb
cigvYyjv wgvwK, QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ wK cZKUv cigvYyB Avmj Ab PviwU
cigvYyK k Ki _vK|)
GgwbZ mwgKvi BjKUbjv cigvYyi mv_ AvUK _vK, Zvcgvv evovj nqZv
GKUv `yUv BjKUb gy nZ cvi| cwievnK gy BjKUb _vK ZvB ZLb mwgKviUv
LvwbKUv cwievnKi gZv KvR KiZ cvi| c`v_wevbi `wfwZ GUv PgrKvi GKUv
evcvi, wK eenvii Rb GUv ZZUv DchvMx bv| GUvK mwZKvi A_ eenvi Kivi Rb
LyeB gRvi GKUv KvR Kiv nq| wmwjKb wvji mv_ Ggb GKUv cigvYy (hgb dmdivm)
wgwkq `qv nq hvi kl Kc_ cvuPwU BjKUb| ZLb Avgiv nVvr KiB Avwevi Kwi hnZz
cZKUv cigvYy Ab cigvYyi mv_ wbRi BjKUb fvMvfvwM Ki GKUv kLjvi gvS AvQ
Ges dmdivmi GB cg BjKUbwU evowZ (cvq AweKZ) GKUv BjKUb Kvbv cigvYyiB
Zvi cqvRb bB ZvB m me cigvYyi gvSB cvq gyfve NyivNywi KiZ cvi! GUvK
dmdivmi cigvYyi gvS _vKZ ne Ggb Kvbv K_v bB dmdivmK cwRwUf Avqb evwbq
GB BjKUbwU gy BjKUbi gZv eenvi Ki| ejv hZ cvi dmdivm gkvbv G iKg
mwgKvi AbUvB cwievnx, KviY PvR cwienbi Rb gy GLvb wKQz BjKUb _vK|
dmdivmi gZv cg BjKUbmn cigvYyi hvM Ki mwgKviK gvUvgywU cwievnK Zwi
Ki djv GB mwgKviK ej aibi mwgKvi|
Gevi Zvgiv Aviv PgKc` GKUv welq kvbvi Rb cZ nI| kl Kc_ evowZ
cg BjKUb Ggb cigvYy bv w`q hw` Avgiv Dv KvRwU Kwi, kl Kc_ GKwU Kg A_vr
wZbwU BjKUb (evib) `qv wKQz cigvYy wgwkq `qv nq Zvnj Kx ne? AekB evSv hvQ
evibi cigvYyi Kc_ GKUv RvqMvq BjKUbi Rb GKUv duvKv RvqMv _vKe Ges
cigvYywU mB duvKv RvqMvUv cvki GKUv BjKUb Gb fivU Ki djZ cvi ZLb cvki
cigvYyZ GKUv duvKv RvqMv nq hve, mB duvKv RvqMvwU Avevi Zvi cvki cigvYyi GKUv
BjKUb Gm fivU Ki djZ cvi ZLb mLvb GKUv duvKv RvqMv ne| Abfve ejv hvq
Avgv`i KvQ gb ne GKUv BjKUbi Afvehy GKUv duvKv RvqMv eywS cigvYy _K
cigvYyZ Nyi eovQ! gb nZ cvi GUv eywS Avmj GK aibi KYv Ges Zvi PvR eywS
cwRwUf! GUvK ejv nq nvj (Hole)| A_vr Avgiv ejZB cvwi evib cigvYyK bMwUf
Avqb wnme iL Zvi nvjwU wmwjKb wvji fZi Nyi eovZ cvi| A_vr GB
mwgKviwU cvq cwievnK wnme KvR Ki Ges Zvi fZi w`q we`yr cwienb Ki cwRwUe
PvRh
y nvj! wZbwU BjKUb wgwkq GKUv mwgKviK hLb cwievnK Ki djv nq ZLb
ZvK ej aibi mwgKvi|

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

295

GgwbZ Avjv`vfve aibi Ges aibi mwgKvii Zgb eenvi wQj bv wK

hLb Ges aibi mwgKvi GKUvi mv_ AviKUv hy Kiv njv ZLb wevb Ges chwy i
RMZi mePq eo wecei m~Pbv nqwQj|
13.7 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ GKUv aibi mwgKvi aibi mwgKvii mv_
hy Ki Zvi mv_ GKUv evUvwi Ggbfve hy Kiv nqQ hb evUvwii cwRwUf AskwU hy
nqQ Gi mv_ Ges bMwUf AskwU hy nqQ Gi mv_| Avgiv RbwQ aibi

Qwe 13.7: Ges hy Ki Zwi Kiv WvqvW| evUvwii GK mshvM Kvbv we`yr cevn nq bv, Ab
mshvM we`yr cevn nq|

mwgKvi we`yr cwienbi Rb BjKUb _vK, KvRB Lye `Z GB BjKUbjv evUvwii

cwRwUf cv wbRi KvQ Ub wbe KvRB UvBc mwgKvi we`yr cevni Rb Kvbv
BjKUb _vKe bv GUv nq hve we`yr Avcwievnx| wVK GKBfve evUvwii bMwUf cv _K
BjKUb nvwRi ne UvBc mwgKvi Ges mejv nvj GKUv GKUv BjKUb wbq fivU
nq hve KvRB Lye `Z `Lv hve we`yr cevn Kivi Rb GKwUI nvjI Aewk bB, A_vr GB
mwgKviwUI we`yr Acwievnx nq hve| KvRB evUvwii mv_ GB mwgKviwU hy
Kiv nj, Gi wfZi w`q Kvbv we`yrB cwievwnZ ne bv!
Gevi hw` mwgKviwUZ evUvixi Dv mshvM `qv nq Zvnj Kx ne? A_vr
evUvwii cwRwUf Ask jvMvbv nj aibi mwgKvi Ges bMwUf cv jvMvbv nj
aibi mwgKvi| Gevi evUvwii bMwUf cv _K BjKUb XzK hve UvBc
mwgKvi Ges BjKUbjvK Rvskbi w`K Vj `e| wVK Zgwbfve UvBc
mwgKvi _K BjKUb Ub wbq b~Zb nvj Zwi KiZ _vKe evUvwii cwRwUf cv Ges
mB nvjjv QzU hve Rvskbi w`K| mLvb BjUbjv nvjK fivU KiZ _vKe
evcviUv PjZB _vKe Ges KD hw` evUvwii Zvijvi w`K ZvKvq Zvnj `Le evUvwii
wbMwUf cv _K BjKUb hvQ Gi w`K Ges _ K BjKUb ei nq wdi AvmQ
evUvwii cwRwUf cv| mUv PjZB _vKe Ges Avgiv `Le GB Rvskbi fZi w`q

296AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

PgrKvi fve we`yr cevn nQ| Ges aiYi mwgKvi Zwi GB RvskbK ej WvqvW|
WvqvW Ggb GKwU BjUwb wWfvBm hLvb evUvwii GK aiYi mshvM we`yr cevn nq Dv
mshvM nq bv!
WvqvWi eenvii Kvbv kl bB, mvaviY WvqvW Zv AvQB mwZ ejZ Kx Zvgiv
me mgq h jvj bxj meyR njy` QvU QvU Avjvjv `Lv mjv me LED ev Light
Emitting Diode WvqvWi
Aviv GKUv gRvi eenvi nQ
AC wmMbvj DC Zwi Kiv|
13.8 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq
Avgiv hw` WvqvWi fZi AC
fvR w`B Ab cvk
bMwUf AskUzKz KU ay
cwRwUf AskUzKz ei nq
Qwe 13.8: WvqvW eenvi Ki Gwm wmMbvji bMwUf Ask
Avme|
AcmviY Ki djv hvq|

13.5.2 UvbwRi
hviv wevbi BwZnvm Rvb Zv`iK hw` wRm Kiv nq chywi mePq eo Avwevi Kx,
meZ Zviv UvbwRii K_v eje| UvbwRi Ges aibi mwgKvi w`q Zwi GK
aibi wWfvBm, hUv Zvi fZi w`q we`yZi
cevn wbqY KiZ cvi| Ges ` yB
aibi UvbwRi AvQ| QweZ Zvgv`i
aibi UvbwRi `Lvbv nqQ| GUvK AbKUv
cvwbi Uvci mv_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq, cvwbi Uvc

Lyjj cvwbi cevn i nq Avevi UvcwU e
Kij cvwbi cevn e nq hvq| Qwe 13.9: GKwU UvbwRii MVb,
UvbwRii h w`K w`q KviU XzK Zvi bvg cZxK Ges we`yr cevn
Kvji Ges hw`K w`q KviU ei nq Zvi bvg
GwgUvi| gvSLvb iqQ em, GB evmwU Uvci gZv GB em A GKUz KviU w`jB hb
UvcwU Lyj hvq A_vr KviUi cevn nZ _vK| Avevi GB A KviU e Ki w`jB we`yZi
cevn e nq hvq !
GB UvbwRi w`q AmsL BjKUwb hcvwZ Zwi Kiv nq| QvU wmMbvjK eo Kivi
Rb UvbwRi eenvi Kiv nq hUvK Avgiv ewj Ggwcdvqvi| bvbv aibi wmMbvjK cwqv
Kivi RbI UvbwRi eenvi Kiv nq|
UvbwRi iwRi, KvcvwmUi, WvqvW BZvw` eenvi Ki AbK cqvRbxq mvwKU
Zwi Kiv nq| axi axi chwy i DbwZ nZ _vK Ges GB aibi bvbv wKQy eenvi Ki Zwi

AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

297

Kiv Av GKwU mvwKU QvU GKUv RvqMvi gvS XywKq `qv i njv Ges Zvi bvg `qv njv
BwUMUW mvwKU| GKUv BwUMUW mvwKU nqZv GKUv bLi mgvb Zvi fZi c_g nvRvi
nvRvi UvbwRi w`q Zwi mvwKU XyKvbv i nq Ges `LZ `LZ GKUv AvBwmi fZi
wewjIb UvbwRi ch emvbv me nq DVZ _vK! GKwU QvU wPci wfZi wewjIb UvbwRi
XvKvbvi GB cwqvK ejv nq VLSI ev Very Large Scale Integration. GB cwqvwU
GLbv _g bB Ges wPci wfZi Aviv UvbwRi XywKq Aviv RwUj mvwKU Zwi Kivi cwqv
GLbv PjQ|
GKwU QvU wPci wfZi wewjIb UvbwRi XywKq AZ RwUj mvwKU Zwi Kivi KviY
Avgiv KwDUvi, jvcUc, KvjKzjUi, PgKc` gvevBj Uwjdvb BZvw` AmsL b~Zb b~Zb
BjKUwb hcvwZ eenvi KiZ cviwQ| GK mgq BjKUwbi h KvRwU KiZ KqKwU Ni
wKsev GKUv Av wewsqi cqvRb nZv GLb mUv GKUv QvU wPci fZi XywKq `qv me
nQ Ges mjv w`q Zwi bvbv aibi h Avgiv GLb cKU wbq Nyi eovZ cvwi !
13.5.3 Gd wc wR G (FPGA,FiedProgammableGateArray)
BjKUwbi RMZi mekl mshvRb nQ Gd wc wR AvB| GK mgq GKUv AvB wmi jKvwU UvbwRi w`q Zwi mvwKU GKUv wekl KvR Kivi Rb eeZ nZv| GLb m~Y b~Zb
aibi AvB wm Zwi nqQ hLvb j-KvwU QvU QvU mvwKU (ev MU) mvRvbv _vK wK
Zv`i fZi Kvbv KvbKkb `qv _vK bv| h GUv eenvi KiZ Pvq m GB AvB wm wUK
cvMvg Ki fZii KvbKkb w`q mUvK h iKg BQ m iKg GKUv mvwKU Zwi Ki
bq| ay ZvB bq hw` GB mvwKUUv cQ` bv nq Zvnj mUv cwieZb Ki b~Zb GKUv mvwKU
cv w`Z cvi| mUv hLvb BQ mLvbB Kiv hvq ej bvg `qv nqQ wd cvMvgej ev
Kg cvMvg Kivi DchvMx| MU Gi (GateArray) K_vwU GmQ AmsL mvwRq _vKv
MU Gi KviY| wbtm`n ejv hvq hZB mgq hZ _vKe BjKUwbi RMZ GB Gd wc wR
G ZZB iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ ii Kie| GKwU mgq wQj hLb cyibv mvwKU w`q Zwi GKUv
h eenvii AbychvMx nq mUv dj w`q mLvb b~Zb GKwU mvwKU emvZ nZv| GLb
wKQyB KiZ nq bv aygv Gd wc wR G wPci fZi cyivZb mvwKUi cvMvgUv mwiq b~Zb
mvwKUi cvMvgwU PvjvZ nq| GK mgq cvMvwgs Ges BjKUwb m~Y wfb `ywU welq wQj wK
GLb `ywUi gvS GKUv m~Y b~Zb aibi mg^q NUQ|
13.5.4 KwDUvi
Zvgiv mevB KwDUvi eenvi KiQ| hviv GKUz BZZ KiQ Zv`iK ejv hZ cvi
KwDUvi ejZB hv`i PvLi mvgb GKUv gwbUi GKUv wmwcBD ev wK-evW wKsev jvcUci
Qwe fm IV ay mjvB KwDUvi bq| Avgiv h gvevBj Uwjdvb eenvi Kwi Zvi
gvSI QvU QvU Ges c~Yv KwDUvi iqQ|

298AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

AvaywbK RMZ KwDUvii iZwU wekvj Zvi KviY GwU Ab `kwU hi gZv bq|
Ab h Kvbv h ev Uzj (tool) me mgqB GKUv wbw` KvR KiZ cvi| GKUv z WvBfvi
w`q evwk evRvbv me bq Avevi euvwk w`q z
Lvjv hvq bv| wK KwDUvi Ggb GKUv h,
hUv w`q mve mKj KvR Kiv hvq Ges Kx Kx
Kiv hve Zvi mxgviLv gv GKwU Ges mwU nQ
gvbyli mRbkxjZv! GKRb gvbyl hZ mRbkxj
m KwDUvii ZZ ewk eenvi ei KiZ
cvie! ZvB KwDUvi w`q Avgiv h iKg wnmve
(Compute) KiZ cvwi wVK m iKg Mvb bZ
cvwi, Qwe AvuKZ cvwi, Z_ Av`vb-c`vb KiZ
cvwi, hcvwZ wbqY KiZ cvwi GgbKx hviv
Nv Acivax Zviv GUv eenvi Ki gvbylK
cZviYv ch Ki dj!

KwDUvii MVb: hviv KwDUvii
fZi DuwK w`qQ, wbtm`n Zv`i gb nZ Qwe 13.10: GKwU KwDUvii eK WvqvMvg|
cvi GwU LyeB RwUj GKwU h wK Zvgiv Rb
Lywk ne Gi KvR Kivi g~j welqwU LyeB mnR|
GKUv KwDUvii g~j Ask `ywU GKwU nQ gvBvcmmi AbwU nQ ggvwi| (Qwe 13.10)
ggvwii fZi bvbv aibi wb`k ev BbvKkb Rgv Kiv _vK, mjv wKQy wWwRUvj wmMbvj
Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| ggvwi _K GB BbvKkbjv gvBvcmmi cvVvbv nq,
gvBvcmmi Kvb BbvKkbi Rb Kx KiZ ne mwU Rvb Ges Zvi Rb eivKZ KvRwU
kl Ki Ges hLb cqvRb nq ZLb djvdjwU Avevi ggvwiZ Rgv Ki `q| Gfve
ggvwiZ ivLv meMyjv BbvKkb kl Kiv nj Avgiv ej _vwK GUv Zvi cvMvg cyivUv kl
KiQ| KwDUvii Z_ msiY Kivi Rb ay ggvwii Ici wbfi Kiv nq bv, cvKvcvwKfve
mLvb Z_ ivLvi eev Kiv nq mUvK Avgiv nvW WvBf ej _vwK|
KwDUvi GKUv cvMvg PvjvZ nj Zvi mv_ evBi _K hvMvhvM KiZ nq| h
me hcvwZ (wKevW wKsev gvDm) w`q KwDUvii mv_ hvMvhvM Kiv nq Zv`iK ejv nq
BbcyU wWfvBm| KwDUvi Avevi Zvi Z_ eenviKvixi KvQ w`Z cvi, hme hcvwZ w`q
KwDUvi evBii RMZi mv_ hvMvhvM Ki (gwbUi, wcUvi) ZvK ejv nq AvDUcyU
wWfvBm|
Ze AvRKvj KwDUvii mv_ hvMvhvMi mePq mnR cwZ nQ bUIqvwKs!
cZKUv KwDUviB bUIqvK BUvidm KvW (NIC) _vK hwU w`q mwU GKwU bUIqvKi
mv_ hy _vK Ges KwDUvi mwU w`q Z_ MnY Ki Avevi Z_K ciY Ki|


AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

299

13.5.5 bUIqvK I BUvibU

GKUv cwZvbi KwDUvijvK mvaviYZ GKUv bUIqvK w`q ciii mv_ hy Ki `qv
nq hb GKUv KwDUvi Ab GKUv KwDUvii mv_ hvMvhvM KiZ cvi Avevi cqvRb
nj GKUv KwDUvi Ab KwDUvii Resource eenvi KiZ cvi| GB aibi
bUIqvKK LAN (Local Area Network) ejv nq _vK| AvRKvj LAN Zwi Kivi Rb
GKUv
myBPi
mv_
AbKjv KwDUvi hy
Ki myBPjvK ciii
mv_ hy Ki w`Z nq| hLb
GKUv KwDUviK Ab
KwDUvii hvMvhvM KiZ
nq mwU hw` Zvi wbRi
myBPi mv_ hy KwDUvii
gvS cq hvq Zvnj Zvi
mv_ mivmwi hvMvhvM Ki|
mLvb bv cj Ab myBP
LuvR KiZ _vK|
Qwe 13.11: bUIqvKi m hy GKvw`K LAN
GKwU
cwZvbi
GKwU LAN K Ab GKwU
cwZvbi Ab GKwU LAN Gi mv_ hy Kivi Rb ivDUvi (Router) eenvi Kiv nq| (Qwe
13.11) wewfb bUIqvK (Network) Gi wbR`i gvS Inter Connection Ki
Networking K Internet ejv nq| ejv hZ cvi mviv cw_exi mKj KwDUviB GLb
BUvibUi gvag GK Abi mv_ hy AvQ|
BUvibUi eenvi cw_exi Z_ Av`vb-c`vbi RMZ GKwU Lye eo gwjK cwieZb
GbQ, Gi mwZKvii cfve Kx ne, mwU `Lvi Rb mevB mvMn Acv Ki AvQ|

300AvazwbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

Abykxjbx
ck:

1. Gi gvb Lye Kg ej Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb AwbqZvi m~ Kvbv cfve dj bv| hw`
Gi AbK eo nZv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Kx mgmv nZv?
2. fi _K hw` kw Zwi Kiv hvq, Zvnj wK kw _K fi Zwi Kiv me ne?
3. wbDUb hw` weUv KYv ei Ki cvUb cwiewZZ nZ cvi Zvnj wbDwKqvmi fZi me
wbDUb axi axi cvUb cwiewZZ nq hvq bv Kb?
4. Avgv`i cwiwPZ RMrUzKz ay gv wZbwU dvwgIb KYv w`qB evLv Kiv me| mB wZbwU
dvwgIb Kx Kx?
5. Zvcgvv evovj iwRii iva eo hvq wK mwgKvi Kg Kb?

MvwYwZK mgmv:

1. GKwU BjKUb eM hvQ Zvi wW eMwj Zi `N KZ? GKwU cvUb GKB eM

Mj Zvi Zi `N KZ? (meyR Avjvi Zi `N )
2. GKUv BjKUbK GKUv cvUbi mgvb fi cZ nj ZvK KZv eM hZ ne?
3. fiK kwZ icvwiZ Kiv nj mwU Kx cwigvY kw `e?
4. GKwU RxevkZ h cwigvY  _vKvi K_v Zvi _K Y Kg AvQ| RxevkwU KZ
cyivZb?
5. msLvwUK evBbvwi, Avj Ges nv-Wwmgj cKvk Kiv|

PZy`k Aavq

gvbyli Rb c`v_wevb
(PhysicsforHumanity)
wiPvW dvBbgvb
wiPvW dvBbgvb GKRb AvgwiKvb ZvwK c`v_wevbx, KvqvUvg
BjKUv wWbvwg Ae`vbi Rb ZuvK bvej cyivi `qv nq|
c`v_wevbi RwUj mgmv mgvavbi Rb wZwb GK aibi Qwe eenvi
Ki MvwYwZK wnmvei GKwU b~Zb cwZ Zwi Kib, hwU dvBbgvb
WvqvMvg wnmve cwiwPZ| m kvUj `yNUbvi ci ZuvK Z` Kwgkb
ivLv nq Ges wZwb `yNUbvi KviYwU mwVKfve wPwZ KiZ ciwQjb|
wZwb Zuvi wekwe`vjq KvjUK AZ Rbwcq GKRb wkK wQjb|
Kvvi gZzeiY Kivi AvM ch wZwb Zuvi wcq wekwe`vjq KvjUK
wQjb|

RichardFeynman(19181988)

ARvbvK Rvbvi Rb gvbyli GKUv Zxe AvKvv _vK Ges m Rb wevbx MelKiv wevbi
bvbv inm DbvPb Ki hvQb| c`v_wevbi AmsL PgKc` Avwevi Avgv`iK nZevK Ki
`q wK gRvi evcvi nQ, GKB mv_ GB PgKc` AvwevijvK eenvi Ki gvbyyli
RxebK Aviv mnR, Ab`gq Ges A_c~Y Kiv me nqQ| Rxebi bvbv eenvi Kiv
wevbi G iKg PgrKvi KqKUv Avwevii K_v GLvb ejv njv:

14.1 w_Iwi Ad wijwUwfwU (TheoryofRelativity)

Zvgiv Rvb wevbx AvBbvBbi w_Iwi Ad wijwUwfwU ejQ ei fi Avi kw GKB evcvi,
Ges fi K hw` kwZ icvi Kiv hvq Zvnj mB kw Ges Gi cwigvY nQ
, hLvb nQ Avjvi eM| Avjvi eM ( )wekvj, mUvK eM

302gvbyli Rb c`v_ wevb

Kiv nj Aviv wekvj nq hvq, hvi v_ A GKUz fiK kwZ icvi KiZ cvij Avgiv
wekvj kw cq hve, wbDwKqvi kwK` wVK GB evcviwUB Kiv nq|
wbDwKqvi kwK` hme Rvjvwb eenvi Kiv nq Zvi GKwU nQ BDiwbqvg
GLvb wU cvUb Ges wU wbDUb iqQ| cKw ZZ Gi cwigvY Lye Kg, gv , Gi
Aavq~ ( wgwjqb) ermi| GB BDiwbqvg wbDwKqvm Lye mnRB
AviKUv wbDUbK MnY KiZ cvi (hw` m wbDUbi MwZ Kg nq) ZLb BDiwbqvg
cyivcywi AwwZkxj nq hvq GUv ZLb Ges GB `yUv QvU wbDwKqvm fvM nq
hvq Zvi mv_ mv_ Aviv wZbUv wbDUb ei nq Avm (Qwe 14.1) hUv wbPi mgxKiY `Lvbv
nqQ| KB hw` mgxKiYi evg cvk hv AvQ Zvi fi ei Ki Ges mUvK Wvb cvk hv AvQ
Zvi fii mv_ Zzjbv Ki Zvnj `Le Wvb cvk fi Kg, hUzKz fi Kg mUzKz Avmj
Gi kw wnme ei nq GmQ!

GB wewqvq h wZbwU wbDUb ei nq GmQ, Zviv Avmj cP MwZZ ei nq Avm ZvB Lye
mnR Ab BDiwbqvg (U235) mMyjv ai ivLZ cvi bv| Kvbvfve hw` Gjvi MwZ kw
Kgvbv hvq Zvnj mjv Ab
BDiwbqvg (U235) wbDwKqvm
AvUKv co mUvKI f w`q
Aviv wKQz kw Ges Aviv
wZbwU b~Zb wbDUb ei Kie!
mB wbDUbjv Avevi Ab
wbDwKqvmK f `e Ges

Gfve PjZB _vKe, GB
235
cwqvK ej PBb wiQwe 14.1: U wbDwKqvm f kw nvjKv wbDwKqvm, wbDUb
AvKkb|
Ges kwi Drcv`b|
GB cwZZ cP Zvc
kw ei nq Avm, mB Zvckw eenvi Ki cvwbK evxf~Z Ki mB ev w`q UvievBb
Nywiq RbviUi _K we`yr Zwi Kiv nq Ges G iKg we`yrK`K Avgiv ewj wbDwKqvi
we`yrK`! GiKg GKUv we`yrK` _K Lye mnRB nvRvi gMvIqvU we`yr cvIqv me| Ze
GB wbDwKqvi wewqvi ci h eR c`v_ Zwi nq mjv fqsKi iKg ZRwq, ZvB mjv
cwqv Kivi mgq AbK iKg mveavbZv wbZ nq| wbDwKqvi wewqvi ci h evowZ wbDUb ei
nq Kvbvfve mjvK Ab Kv_vI kvlY Kwiq wbZ cvijB wbDwKqvi wewqv e nq
hvq| wbDUbK kvlY Kivi Rb wekl aibi iW wbDwKqvi wi-Avi _vK hjvK ej
KUvj iW|

gvbyli Rb c`v_ wevb

303


14.2 jRvi (Laser)
GKUv cigvYyi gvS kw `qv nj mwU DPZi kwZ Pj hZ cvi| Zvgiv hw` KvqvUvg
gKvwb eenvi Ki cigvYyi mve Kx Kx kw _vKZ cvi ei Kiv Zvnj `Le GB
kwjvi i GKeviB mywbw` QweZ GKUv cigvYyi `ywU kw i mePq Kg kwi i
Ges Zvi Dcii iwU `Lvbv nqQ| GLb hw` GB cigvYyi KvQ GB `yUv kwii cv_Ki
wVK mgvb kw AvQ G iKg GKwU Avjvi KYv cvVvbv nq Zvnj cigvYywU mB Avjvi
KYvwUK MnY Ki wbPi kwi _K Dcii kwi Pj hve| GB cwqvwUi bvg kvlY
(absorption)| (Qwe 14.2)
Kvbv GKUv cwqvq hLb GKwU cigvYy DPZi Kvbv kwi cuQ hvq mwU wK
mLvb ekx mgq _vKZ cvi bv Kvbv GK mgq mwU kwi wbPi i bg Avm Ges
hUzKz kw Kg Avm
wVK mB cwigvY
kwi GKwU AvjvK
KYv ei nq Avm|
KvqvUvg gKvwb
GB cwqvwU evLv
Ki gvUvgvwU GKUv
Qwe 14.2: (a) kvlY (b) weQziY (c) wgyjUW weQziY
Av`vR
KiZ
cvijI wVK Kvb
mgq AvjvK KYvwU ei nq Avme mwU mK Kvbv Z_ w`Z cvi bv! A_vr Avgiv Rvwb
cigvYywU wbPi i Pj Gm GKwU AvjvK KYv ei Ki `e wK KLb mwU NUe Avgiv
mwU Rvwb bv| GB cwqvK ejv nq weQziY (emission)|
GLb Kbv Ki bvI h GKwU cigvYy Dcii kw i AvQ Zzwg Rvb h GUv wbPi
i bg Gm GKwU Avjvi KYv ei Ki `e, wK KD Rvb bv mwU wVK KLb NUe| wK
Zzwg hw` wVK GKB kwi GKwU AvjvK KYv mB cigvYyi KvQ cvVvI Zvnj GKU Afvebxq
evcvi NU| GB AvjvK KYvwU ZLb cigvYyK eva Kie wVK mB gyn~ Z AvjvK KYvwU ZvM
KiZ ! A_vr Zzwg GKwU AvjvK KYv cvVve Ges `ywU AvjvK KYv diZ cve| GB aibi
Avjvi weQyiYK ej wgyjUW Gwgkb (stimulatedemission)| GB wgyjUW GwgkbB
nQ jRvi Zwii inm|
jRvi Zwi KiZ nj Kvbv GKUv cwZZ cigvYyjvK DP kwi wbq hZ
nq| h cwZZ cigvYyjv DP kw i bqv nq mUvK ej cvws| cvws Ki
cigvYyjvK DP kw i bqvi ci mLvb mjv wbPi kwi Gm AvjvK KYv ei
Ki `qvi Rb Acv KiZ _vK| ZLb hw` GKwU AvjvK KYv nvwRi nq mwU GKwU cigvYy
_K AviKwU AvjvK KYv ei Ki Avb| mB `ywU AvjvK KYv ZLb Ab `ywU cigvYy _K

304gvbyli Rb c`v_ wevb

Aviv `ywU AvjvK KYv weQzwiZ Ki| GB PviwU ZLb Ab PviwU _K weQzwiZ Ki Ges gyn~Z
mejv _K Avjv weQzwiZ nq Zxe kwkvjx AvjvK iwki Rb `q! Avgiv mB AvjvK
ewj LASER hwU Avmj Light Emission by Stimulated Emission or Radiation
K_vwUi cZKwU ki c_g Ai!
me cigvYyZB kw cqvM Ki
DP kwi bq hvq, wK Avmj h
Kvbv cigvYy w`q jRvi Zwi Kiv hvq
bv cigvYyi kwi ijvi Ab
ewkI _vKZ nq| KvRB mwVK kw
i cvws mnR cwZ BZvw` AbKjv
cqvRbxq welq _vKjB mUvK jRvi
evbvbv hvq| 14.3 QweZ GKUv AviMb
Avqb jRvii Qwe `Lvbv nqQ|
Qwe 14.3: GKwU AvMb Avqb jRvi

14.3cb (Plane)
Zvgiv mevB AvKvk cbK Do hZ `LQ Ges GUv wbqB Zvgv`i gb cki Rb
w`qQ h Kgb Ki GZ eo Ges fvix GKUv cb AvKvk Do hZ cvi Ges DoZ DoZ
Kb GUv wbP co hvq bv! Gi DiUvI Avmj c`v_wevbi GKUv m~i gvS jywKq AvQ!
m~wUK ejv nq evbwy ji m~| Kv_vI hw` evZvmi cevn nq Zvnj mB cevnwUK weePbvq
iL kwi wbZZvi m~wUK Gfve jLv hvq: hw` evZvmi Pvc nq , NbZ U eM Ges
DPZv nq, Zvnj

U U

Gi gvb AcwiewZZ _vK !

Avgiv GB m~wU eenvi Ki
`LvZ cvwi Kb cb AvKvk DVZ
cvi! Lvwj PvL cvLvi cQ`i
Kvbv ewk bB gb njI Avmj
wK Gi mywbw` ewk iqQ; Gi
wbPi Ask mvRv wK Dcii Ask
euvKv| 14.4 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv
nqQ mfve cvLvi wbPi i _K
kl ch `~iZ Kg, wK cvLvi Dci
i _K kl ch `~iZ

Qwe 14.4: gvbi cvLv wNi engvb evZvmi i|

gvbyli Rb c`v_ wevb

305

Zzjbvg~jKfve ewk|
GKUv cb hLb mvgbi w`K GwMq hvq ZLb cvLvi Dci Ges wbP w`q evZvm eq
hvq| Avgiv evcviwUK mnRfve evSvi Rb Kbv Ki wbB h cvLvwU wi eis evZvmi iwU
cbi MwZZ cvLvi wbP Ges Dci w`q AwZg KiQ|
aiv hvK cvLvi wbP w`q h evZvm AwZg KiQ Zvi eM , Zvnj cvLvi Dci w`q
h evZvm AwZg KiQ Zvi MwZeM hw` nq Zvnj wbqB _K ewk ne| KviY
cvLvi Dcii Aski `~iZ wbPi Ask _K ewk Ges GKB mgq mB ewk `~iZ AwZg
KiZ nj Zvi eM ewk nZB ne| GLb cvLvi wbPi Ask evZvmi Pvc Ges Dcii
Aski Pvc hw` nq Zvnj Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :

U U U U

PvcK dj w`q Y Kij ej cvIqv hvq| cvLvi Dci Ges wbP DPZv mgvb ai wbj

A_vr Gi Pvc _K U ewk|

hnZz wbP Pvc ewk ZvB mUv wegvbi cyiv

cvLvi Dci evowZ ej cqvM Kie| GB ejwU hLb
wegvbi IRb _K ewk nq hvq ZLb wegvbwU
AvKvk Do hZ cvi|
Zvgiv Lye mnR GB cixvwU Ki `LZ
cvi| 14.5 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq GKUv KvMRi Dci
duy `vI, Zvgvi gb nZ cvi duy- Gi KviY KvMRUv
wbP bg hve, wK `Le Avmj KvMRUv Dci DV
Avme wVK evbwy ji m~ hfve `vwe KiQ!

14.4 cwZc`v_ (AntiParticle)

Qwe 14.5: KvMR duy w`j mwU Dci DV

hvq|

c`v_ wevbi meP PgKc` GKwU welq nQ cwZc`v_| cZKwU c`v_iB GKwU cwZ c`v_
_vK Ges hw` c`v_ Ges cwZc`v_ GK Abi msk Avm Zvnj Zviv GK AciK A`k
Ki kwZ icvwiZ nq hvq| AbKi aviYv nZ cvi GwU eywS c`v_wevbi GKwU ZvwK

306gvbyli Rb c`v_ wevb

welq Ges eve Zvi Kvbv AwZ

bB; wK mwU mwZ bq, Gi ay h
AwZ AvQ Zv bq c`v_ Ges
cwZc`v_i kwZ icvwiZ nIqvK
eenvi Ki Position Emission
Tomography bvg kixii fZi
wgvwK Qwe Zvjvi GKwU weqKi
h ch Zwi nqQ| (Qwe 14.6)
Kviv kixii fZi Qwe
Zvjvi AvM mB gvbylwUi kixi
cwRUb wbMZ Ki G iKg GKwU

ZRwq AvBmvUvc gkvbv My KvR
Qwe 14.6: cwRUb Gwgkvb UgvMvwd(PositionEmission
XywKq `qv nq| kixii h Kvl hZ
ewk mwq mB Kvl ZZ ewk My KvR Tomography) bvg kixii fZi wgvwK Qwe Zvjvi
eenvi Ki Ges mLvb GB ZRwq GKwU weqKi h
AvBmvUvcwU Rgv nq| GB AvBmvUvc _K cwRUb bvg BjKUbi cwZc`v_wU ei nq Ges
cvq mv_ mv_ KvQvKvwQ Kvbv BjKUbi msk Gm kwZ icvwiZ nq Ges kw wnme
`y'Uv Mvgv iwk ZvM Ki
oJ

PET bvg kixii fZiKvi mwq Aski Qwe Zvjvi GB hwU GB `ywU Mvgv iwkK detect
Ki Ges wbLuyZ wnmve Ki Mvgv iwk `ywU wVK Kv_v ei nq GmQ mwU ei Ki dj| mB
Z_jv w`q Kv_vq Kv_vq kixii Kvl ewk mwq mwU ei Kiv nq|
Position Emission Tomography eenvi Ki gwi fZi Kvb Ask ewk
mwq mwUI ei Kiv hvq| GKRb gvbyl hLb wfb wfb welq wbq wPv Ki ZLb Kvb welq
wbq wPv Kivi mgq gwi Kvb Ask mwq nq DV mLvb _K gwi KvhKjvci
GKwU b~Zb w`M ei nq AvmZ i KiQ|
GwU nqZv Lye ewk `wi bB hLb GKRb gvbyli gwi mwqZv `LB Avgiv mB
gvbyli gbi K_v ej w`Z cvie|
gvbyli KjvYi Rb c`v_wevb eenvi Ki Aviv Kx Kx Avwevi Kiv nqQ Zvi
ZvwjKv KLbv kl nevi bq| GB eBq GB PviwU gv D`vniY `qv nj Zvgiv wbqB G iKg
Aviv AmsL D`vniY LuyR ei KiZ cvie!

gvbyli Rb c`v_ wevb

307

Abykxjbx
ck
1. wbDwKqvi kw cvIqvi `yUv cwZ, GKwU wdkvb AbwU wdDmvb| wdkvb cwZZ wbDwKqvi
kwK` kw cvIqv hvq| wdDmvb cwZZ kw cvIqv hvq G iKg GKwU D`vniY `vI|
2. ZRwq wbDwKqvm eenvi Ki mivmwi kw Zwi Kiv wK me?
3. ay wekl wekl AYy-cigvYy w`q jRvi Zwi Kiv me, h Kvbv AYy ev cigvYy w`q Kb
jRvi Zwi Kiv hvq bv?
4. wegvb AbK DuPzZ DoZ cvi, nwjKvi cvi bv| Kb?
5. wekv mgvb cwigvY c`v_ Ges cwZc`v_ _vKZ cvi wK?

MvwYwZK mgmv
1. cwZwU wdkvb wewqvZ MnY Ki wZbwU wbDUb cwiZvM Ki| GB wZbwU
wbDUbK hw` wbqY Kiv hvq Ges Aviv wZbwU
wbDwKqvmi wdkvb KiZ cvie|

Gfve avc KZjv wdkvb KiZ cvie?

2. GKwU AvMb Avqb jRvii gZv wY Kiv nj AvjvK iwki wevi KZvY ew cve?
3. evZvmi NbZ , wegvbi cvLvi Dci w`q , wbP w`q
eM, evZvm cevwnZ nQ, cbi cvLvi AvKvi nj mwU KZv
fii cbK DovZ cvie?
4. GKwU BjKUb Ges GKwU cwRUb ciiK A`k Ki kwZ icvwiZ nj Kx cwigvY
kw `e?
5. Kx cwigvY kw `qv nj GKwU cvUb Ges GKwU GwU cvUb Zwi Kiv me?

308gvbyli Rb c`v_ wevb

cwiwk 309

cwiwk - 1
A1.1 Nb KvY
Avgiv RvwgwZ covi mgq h KvY AuvwK, mUv me mgq GKUv mgZj AuvKv nq| mB KvYwj
wgvwK| wK wgvwK KvYI nZ cvi (Qwe A.1), mB KvYwUK ej Nb KvY, Zvi cwigvY

:

A
r2

hLvb A nQ GKUv dj Ges r nQ

AvcwZZ KvY _K mB dji `~iZ| Zvgiv
Rvb mgZj GKUv we`yZ mevP KvY 2S , Nb
KvYi ejvq GKUv we`yZ mePq eo KvY 4S 
Steredion.

Qwe A1.1:Nb KvY

A1.2 Gwm wWwm

Gwm (AC) ejZ evSvbv nq AlternatingCurrentA_vr h we`yr cevn wbqwgZfve
cwRwUf _K bMwUf cwieZb nq| wWwm (DC)nQ DirectCurrentA_vr hvi cwieZb nq
bv| beg Aavq mwU Aviv weZ
fve eYbv Kiv AvQ|

310cwiwk

cwiwk 311

cwiwk - 2
cigvbyi ZvwjKv (ListofElements)
(c_g Kjvg cvigvbweK msLv, wZxq Kjvg cigvbyi bvg, ZZxq Kjvg cigvbyi cZxK| ZRwq gjwj ZviKv
w`q `Lvbv nqQ|)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel

H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium*
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Cesium
Barium

Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba

312cwiwk

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83



Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium*
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth

La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109

Polonium*
Astatine*
Radon*
Francium*
Radium*
Actinium*
Thorium*
Protactinium*
Uranium*
Neptunium*
Plutonium*
Americium*
Curium*
Berkelium*
Californium*
Einsteinium*
Fermium*
Mendelevium*
Nobelium*
Lawrencium*
Rutherfordium*
Dubnium*
Seaborgium*
Bohrium*
Hassium*
Meitnerium*

Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt


cwiwk 313

cwiwk - 3
gwjK ae mg~n (FundamentalConstants)
bvg

cZxK

gvb

Avjvi eM

c

cvsKi aeK

h



gnvKlxq aeK

G

evRgvb aeK

k

Mvm aeK

R

AvfvMvWvi msLv

NA

Bjbi PvR

e

Kzj^i aeK



 







Bjbi fi

cvUbi fi

wbDUbi fi

evZvmi Pvc

atm

 



10132.5Pa