CHAPTER 3:- COUNSELING SKILLS- TYPES AND PRACTICE TYPES OF COUNSELLING: THE COUNSELOR USES VARIOUS SKILLS AND

TECHNIQUES TO INCREASE PEOPLES AWARENESS OF PROBLEMS AND DECIDE THE APPRORIATE ACTIONS. THE COUNSELOR LISTENS AND MAKE COUNSELE IDENTIFY AND DEFINE HIS PROBLEM. SOME PROBLEMS GET SOLVED BY MERELY FURNISHING OF INFORMATION AND ON GETTING ADVICE ON THE SAME. MANY TIMES THE PROBLEMS CAN NOT BE SOLVED EASILY BECAUSE OF FRUSTRATION,OR CONFLICTS THAT ARE ACCOMPANIED BY STRONG FEELINGS OF FEAR, CONFUSION OR HOSTALITY. THE COUNSELOR USE DIFFERENT METHODS SUITABLE TO THE EXISTING ENVIROMENT. THEY FORMULATE, TEST, REJECT, AND ACCEPT DIFFERENT HYPOTHESIS AND ARE FLEXIBLE IN THEIR APPROACHES. TYPES OF COUNSELING DEPENDS UPON THE DIRECTION THE COUNSELOR GIVES TO THE COUNSELE. 1.NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELING: NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELING IS CLIENT CENTERED COUNSELING IN WHICH THE COUNSELE IS ENCOURAGED TO EXPLAIN EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AND GIVEN MAXIMUM FREEDOM TO EXPRESS HIS VIEWS. THE COUNSELOR LISTENS TO THE COUNSELE WITH UNDERSTANDING WITHOUT MAKING ANY CRITICISM. THE COUNSELOR HELPS THE PERSON TO REACH HIS GOALS AND SEE THAT THE COUNSELE CONCENTRATES HIS THOUGHTS ON THE PROBLEM RATHER THAN DRIFTING AWAY FROM IT. THE COUNSELER EXPRESSES INTREST IN WHATEVER THE COUNSELE SAY. THE BASIC IDEA IS TO GET THE PERSON DISCUSS HIS FEELINGS EXPLORE SOLUTIONS AND MAKE WISE DECISIONS.

2.DIRECTIVE COUNSLING: DIRECTIVE COUNSELING IS PROCESS OF DIRECTING THE EMPLOYEES TO SOLVE THEIR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS THROUGH ADVICE REASSURANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, RELEASE OF TENSION. THE EMPLOYEE STATES HIS FEELINGS AND GET ADVICE AND IDEAS FROM THE THE COUNSELOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADVICE DEPENDS UPON THE JUDGMENT AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE COUNSELOR AND IN MANY CASES EMPLOYEES DO NOT LIKE TO FOLLOW ADVICE. 3. COOPERATIVE COUNSELING: COUNSELOR AND COUNSELE MUTUALLY COOPERATE TO APPLY THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES TO THE PROBLEM. THERE IS A COOPERATIVE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS TO HELP& SOLVE A COUNSELES PROBLEM. IT IS MORE PRACTICAL AND SUITABLE TO MANAGERIAL ATTITUDE AND TEMPERMENT. 4.PERFORMANCE COUNSELING: PERFORMANCE COUNSELING CAN BE DEFINED AS THE HELP PROVIDED BY A MANAGER TO HIS SUBORDINATE IN ANALYSING THEIR PERFORMANCE AND OTHER JOB BEHAVIOURS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS. PERFORMANCE COUNSELING ESSENTIALY FOCUSES ON ANALYSING PERFORMANCE ON THE JOB AND SUGGESTING THE METHODS OF IMPROVEMEBTS. SOMETIMES IT IS CALLED AS COACHING ALSO AS ITS PURPOSE IS TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE EMPLOYEE. COUNSELER HAS A MOTIVATING TASK TO MOTIVATE HIS SUBORDINATE SO THAT HE PARTICIPATE EFFECTIVELY. 5.WEB BASED CAREER COUNSELING: IN USA THERE IS A PORTAL BY THE NAME STUDY PLACES.COM WHICH GUIDES STUDENTS ACROSS THE GLOBE. IT HELPS STUDENTS FIND COMPARE , EVALUATE AND THEN SELECT THE RIGHT COURSE AND
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INSTITUTE ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. THIS WEBSITE GUIDES HOW TO MAKE RIGHT CAREER OPTION AND WHERE AND HOW TO TAKE ADMISSION. THE WEBSITE PROVIDE INFORMATION ON VARIOUS LUCARATIVE CAREER OPTIONS AVAILABLE BASED ON THEIR APTITUDE TESTS AND SKILLS. 6.INTERACTIVE COUNSELING : IN INTERACTIVE COUNSELING THERE IS INTERACTION WITH THE COUNSELE WHICH BEGAN WITH MANOACTING OR STORY TELLING ETC. IN INTERERACTIVE COUNSELING GAMES MEDIUMS SUCH AS PLAY DRAWINGS ANDPAINT AREUSED TO HELP A ADOLESCENT TO EXPRESS THEIR THOUGHTS AND EMOTIONS. INTERACTIVE COUNSELING CAN BE USEFUL IN SOLVING CASES LIKE EXECESSIVE ANGER, FEAR, SADNESS, ANXIETY, ABUSE, NEGLET, SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT AND TRAUMA. APPROACHES/THEORIES/ PRACTICES TO COUNSELING: NO SINGLE PRACTICE HAS YET BEEN ABLE TO SOLVE ALL THE ASPECTS OF COUNSELING. EACH PRACTICE HAS CERTAIN ASSUMPTION ABOUT THE NATURE OF HUMAN BEING AND THESE ASSUMPTIONS INFLUENCE THE COUNSELING PRACTICE THAT SELECTS A PARTICULAR METHOD FOR A CLIENT. 1.PERSON CENTERED COUNSELING: THE PERSON CENTERED COUNSELING IS BASED ON THEORY OF PERSONALITY. IF A PERSON BELIEVES HE OR SHE IS BRILIANT AND ACHIEVER , HE OR SHE WILL BECOME LIKE THAT.THE ROLE OF COUNSELOR IS TO PROVIDE CONDITIONS FOR SELF DISCOVERY AND ENCOURAGE THE CLIENT FOR PERSONAL GROWTH. HUMANS HAVE URGE TO GROW TO DEVELOP AND TO REACH MAXIMUM POTENTIAL AND HAVE THE NECESSARY RESOURSES FOR DEALING WITH THEIR PROBLEMS EFFICIENTLY.

PERSON CENTREED COUNSELING IS BASED ON A POSITIVE VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE & SELF DETERMINATION. 2. GESTALT COUNSELING: THE NAME OF THIS APPROACH COMES FROM THE GERMAN WORD GESTALT WHICH MEANS FORM OR FIGURE. IT MEANS PATTERN SHAPE FORM OR CONFIGRATION. THIS BELIEVES IN HERE & NOW INSTEAD THEN & THERE. THE GESTALT COUNSELING IS A CLIENT ORIENTED APPROACH. THE CLIENT IS INCHARGE OF OUTCOME , BUT COUNSELOR CAN USE ACTIVE METHODS IN PROMOTING SELF INSIGHT. THE COUNSELOR ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE BARRIERS TO PERMIT THE CLIENT THE FREEDOM TO BECOME MORE FULLY FUNCTIONAL. LIMITATIONS: GESTALT PROCESS MAY NOT BE SUITABLE WHO ARE FRIGHTENED OF GROUPS AND WHO ARE AFRAID TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES IN FRONT OF OTHERS. 3.PSYCHOANALYTIC COUNSELING: THIS COUNSELING IS DONE BY PSYCHOANALYST. THE CLIENT MAY EXPRESS RESISTANCE IN ALL SUCH SITUATIONS. THIS PROCESS IS AAPPROPRIATE FOR THOSE WHO ARE DEPRESSED OR HAVING TRAUMA. LIMITATIONS: CLIENT WHO ARE DRUG ADDICTS OR ALCOHOL ADDICTS ARE UNLIKELY BENEFIT FROM THIS PROCESS. COST.

4. COGNITIVE COUNSELING: THE COUNSELOR IDENTIFIES IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS, COGNITIVE ERRORS AND DISTORTIONS AND THEN EDUCATES CLIENT SO THAT CLIENT REALISES THEIR USEFULNESS. COGNITIVE COUNSELING HAS TREMENDOUS APPEAL TO MANY PRACTITIONERS WHO WANT QUICK RESULTS WITH CLIENT. 5. TRAIT FACTOR COUNSELING: THE TRAIT FACTOR APPROACH IS VERY COMMON FOR CARRER COUNSELING. THE CLIENT COMPARES HIMSELF WITH OTHERS AND BECOMES MORE AWARE. COUNSELOR ROLL IS ANALYSIS. SYNTHESIS. DIAGNOSIS. FORECAST. COUNSELLING. FOLLOW UP. 6.BEHAVIOUR COUNSELING: IN BEHAVIOURAL COUNSELING CLEAR GOAL IS SET AND CLIENT IS MADE A PARTY IN GOAL SETTING. THIS HELPS IN ATTAINING GOALS. BEHAVIOURAL COUNSELING IS DONE IN GROUPS. CLIENTS WITH SUCH AS PHOBIA,DEPRESSION OR ANY PSYCOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES RESPOND WELL TO BEHAVIOURAL COUNSELING.