UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

TKU 1013
BASIC CHEMISTRY I

LAB REPORT: HYDRATED SALT FORMULA

(EXPERIMENT 4)

TUTOR’S NAME: PN. FARIDAH BINTI YUSOF

NAME : NOR HASMALINA BINTI HASSAN

MATRIC NO. : D20081032321
SEMESTER : 3

OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the volume of water content in hydrated salt.

2. To determine the formula of hydrated salt.

RESULT

Mass CuSO4 (Copper (II) Sulfate) before heat 2.013 g

After heat (mass crucible + cover) 56.640 g
After heat (mass crucible + cover) + CuSO4 58.650 g
After heat (mass crucible + CuSO4 + cover) – first reading 57.930 g
After heat (mass crucible + CuSO4 + cover) – second reading 57.910 g
After heat (mass crucible + CuSO4 + cover) – third reading 57.910 g

After heat, salt will added with few drop of water = producing blue colour.

Temperature before adding a few drop of water = 27⁰C

Temperature after adding a few drop of water = 49⁰C

CALCULATION
compound Water, H2O Copper (II) sulfate), CuSO4
Mass (g) 58.650-57.910 = 0.74 57.910-56.640 = 1.27
Number of mole 0.74 1.27

(2+16) (63.55 + 32.07 + 64 )

=0.74 =1.27

18 159.62

=0.041 =0.008

Ratio number of mole 0.041 0.008

0.008 0.008

=5 =1
Number of ratio 5 1

This calculation proof that the hydrated salt is CuSO4.5H2O

DISCUSSION
A number of ionic compounds contain one or more waters of hydration in their formulas.
A good example of this is copper(II) sulfate which exists in an anhydrous form, CuSO 4(s), as
well as a pentahydrate form, CuSO4•5H2O. Many anhydrous compounds have a strong tendency
to absorb water vapor from the air, thus becoming hydrated compounds. On the other hand, some
hydrated compounds tend to spontaneously loose their water of hydration when they are placed
in a dry environment.

In this experiment, the number of water molecules associated with each formula unit of a
salt will be determined. The amount of water in the hydrated compound will be determined by
heating a massed sample of the compound in order to drive off the water. From the mass change,
the percent water in the sample will be determined. (This information can be used to calculate
the formula of the compound). Some compounds have water molecules in their structure when
they form a solid. These substances are called hydrates. The amount of water present is in a
definite mole ratio of water to compound. The water can be removed by heating the substance.

CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O

Hydrate is the chemical compound that contains water. A common hydrate is the familiar
form of Copper (II) Sulfate. Chemically, it is cupric sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4·5H2O. When a
crystal of the substance is formed, five molecules of water (H2O) are combined in the crystal
with each molecule of Copper (II) Sulfate (CuSO4). This water is called water of crystallization.
When cupric sulfate pentahydrate is heated, the water of crystallization is driven off and
anhydrous cupric sulfate is formed. It has several properties different from the pentahydrate, e.g,
color, density, and crystal structure.

When anhydrous salt will dissolve in water, a blue solution will be formed. This is
because the formation of a crystalline structure, upon hydration give CuSO4 the blue colour. The
blue colour is due to the water of crystallization (CuSO4.5H2O). When this is removed by
heating, basic copper sulphate is left (CuSO4.H2O) and this can be further broken to simple
CuSO4. It is essential you realise the water is not there as free liquid, but as a molecule in its own
right and it is bound to the copper atom. These molecules fulfill a structural role in as much as
they fill voids in the crystal structure and let the salt ions take up a regular and therefore
crystalline, shape of minimal energy content. In the case of all transition metals, the water of
hydration is linked to the d (or higher) orbitals and these distort

To get a good result, be sure to keep the lid on the crucible while cooling to prevent
moisture from the atmosphere interacting with the anhydrous salt, especially if the lab is humid.
This will cause the mass of water (and therefore the percent of water) to be too low. Next, when
drying the sample, be sure to use a cool to moderate flame. The crucible should not be glowing
red. A glowing red crucible can cause the salt to decompose and make you percent of water too
high. Always handle crucibles with crucible tongs. Hot crucible look like cold crucibles. Oil
from fingers can affect the mass. Always place hot crucibles on heat resistant boards. Hot
crucibles can incinerate your laboratory manual.

For this experiment the process when water release from hydrated salt is exothermic
process because the temperature after adding a few drop of water is higher than the temperature
after adding a few drop of water. This process will release the energy. Exothermic (outside heating)
describes a process or reaction that releases energy usually in the form of heat.