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A John Dewey source page Does Reality Possess Practical Character?

% &'(')*+, % ha-e had a. e/per0e.ce wh0ch1 0.#0".020ca.t 0. 0t#el21 #eem# to mea. #ometh0." a# a. 0.de/320"ure o2 the pre#e.t ph0lo#oph0c #0tuat0o.. %. a cr0t0c0#m o2 the .eo34a.t0a. co.cept0o. that a priori 2u.ct0o.# o2 thou"ht are .ece##ary to co.#t0tute k.owled"e1 0t became rele-a.t to de.y 0t# u.derly0." po#tulate: -05.1 the e/0#te.ce o2 a.yth0." properly called me.tal #tate# or #ubject0-e 0mpre##0o.# precede.t to all object0-e reco".0t0o.#1 a.d re6u0r0." accord0."ly #ome tra.#ce.de.tal 2u.ct0o. to order them 0.to a world o2 #table a.d co.#0#te.t re2ere.ce. %t wa# ar"ued that #uch #o3called or0"0.al. me.tal data are 0. truth tur.0." po0.t# o2 the readju#tme.t1 or mak0." o-er1 throu"h a #tate o2 0.compat0b0l0ty a.d #hock1 o2 object0-e a22a0r#. *h0# doctr0.e wa# met by the cry o2 7#ubject0-0#m78 %t had #eemed to 0t# author to be a cr0t0c0#m1 o. "rou.d# at o.ce .atural0#t0c a.d eth0cal1 o2 the "rou.d propo#0t0o. o2 #ubject0-0#m. 9hy th0# d0-er#0ty o2 0.terpretat0o.# : ;o

< =>? 2ar a# the wr0ter ca. jud"e1 0t 0# due to the 2act that certa0. th0."# character0#t0c o2 pract0cal l02e1 #uch th0."# a# lack a.d .eed1 co.2l0ct a.d cla#h1 de#0re a.d e22ort1 lo## a.d #at0#2act0o.1 had bee. 2ra.kly re2erred to real0ty@ a.d to the 2urther 2act that the 2u.ct0o. a.d #tructure o2 k.ow0." were #y#temat0cally co..ected w0th the#e pract0cal 2eature#. *he#e co.cept0o.# are doubtle## rad0cal e.ou"h @ the latter wa# perhap# more or le## re-olut0o.ary. *he probab0l0ty1 the a.tecede.t probab0l0ty1 wa# that ho#t0le cr0t0c# would ha-e ea#y work 0. po0.t0." out #pec020c error# o2 2act a.d 0.terpretat0o.. But .o : the #0mpler1 the more e22ect0-e method1 wa# to d0#m0## the whole th0." a# a.arch0c #ubject0-0#m. *h0# wa# a.d rema0.# 2ood 2or thou"ht. % ha-e bee. able to 20.d but o.e e/pla.at0o. : %. curre.t ph0lo#ophy1 e-eryth0." o2 a pract0cal .ature 0# re"arded a# 7merely7 per#o.al1 a.d the 7merely7 ha# the 2orce o2 de.y0." le"0t0mate #ta.d0." 0. the court o2 co#m0c jur0#d0ct0o.. *h0# co.cept0o. #eem# to me the "reat a.d the 0".ored a##umpt0o. 0. co.temporary ph0lo#ophy : ma.y who m0"ht #hr0.k 2rom the doctr0.e 02 e/pre##ly 2ormulated ha." de#perately to 0t# 0mpl0cat0o.#. ,et #urely a# a. u.derly0." a##umpt0o.1 0t 0# #heer prejud0ce1 a culture3#ur-0-al. %2 we #uppo#e the trad0t0o.# o2 ph0lo#oph0c d0#cu##0o. w0ped out a.d ph0lo#ophy #tart0." a2re#h 2rom the mo#t act0-e te.de.c0e# o2 to3day1 A tho#e #tr0-0." 0. #oc0al l02e1

< ==? 0. #c0e.ce1 0. l0terature1 a.d art1 A o.e ca. hardly 0ma"0.e a.y ph0lo#oph0c -0ew #pr0."0." up a.d "a0.0." crede.ce1 wh0ch d0d .ot "0-e lar"e place1 0. 0t# #cheme o2 th0."#1 to the pract0cal a.d per#o.al1 a.d to them w0thout employ0." d0#para"0." term#1 #uch a# phe.ome.al1 merely #ubject0-e1 a.d #o o.. 9hy1 putt0." 0t m0ldly1 #hould what "0-e# tra"edy1 comedy1 a.d po0".a.cy to l02e1 be e/cluded 2rom th0."# : Doubtle##1 what we call l02e1 what we take to be "e.u0.ely -0tal1 0# .ot all o2 th0."#1 but 0t 0# a part o2 th0."# @ a.d 0# that part wh0ch cou.t# mo#t w0th the ph0lo#opher A u.le## he ha# 6u0te parted w0th h0# a.c0e.t d0".0ty o2 lo-er o2 w0#dom. 9hat become# o2 ph0lo#ophy #o 2ar a# huma.e a.d l0beral 0.tere#t# are co.cer.ed1 021 0. a. a"e whe. the per#o. a.d the per#o.al loom lar"e 0. pol0t0c#1 0.du#try1 rel0"0o.1 art1 a.d #c0e.ce1 0t co.3te.t# 0t#el2 w0th th0# parrot cry o2 phe.ome.al0#m. whe.e-er the per#o.al come# 0.to -0ew: 9he. #c0e.ce 0# carr0ed by the 0dea o2 e-olut0o. 0.to 0.troduc0." 0.to the world the pr0.c0ple# o2 0.0t0at0-e1 -ar0at0o.1 #tru""le1 a.d #elect0o. @ a.d. whe. #oc0al 2orce# ha-e dr0-e. 0.to ba.kruptcy ab#olut0#t0c a.d #tat0c do"ma# a# author0t0e# 2or the co.duct o2 l02e1 0t 0# tr02l0." 2or ph0lo#ophy to de3cl0.e to look the #0tuat0o. 0. the 2ace. *he rele"at0o.1 a# matter o2 cour#e1 o2 .eed1 o2 #tre## a.d #tra0.1 #tr02e a.d #at0#2act0o.1 to the merely per#o.al a.d the merely per#o.al to the l0mbo o2 #ometh0." wh0ch 0# .e0ther 2le#h1 2owl1 .or "ood

< =B? red herr0."1 #eem# the thou"htle## rehear#al o2 a.ce#tral prejud0ce. 9he. we "et beyo.d the echo0." o2 trad0t0o.1 the #t0ck0." po0.t #eem# to be the relat0o. o2 k.owled"e to the pract0cal 2u.ct0o. o2 th0."#. +et real0ty be 0. 0t#el2 a# 7pract0cal7 a# you plea#e1 but let .ot th0# pract0cal character lay pro2a.e ha.d# o. the ark o2 truth. '-ery .ew mode o2 0.terpret0." l02e A e-ery1 .ew "o#pel A 0# met w0th the char"e o2 a.t0.om0a.0#m. C. 0ma"0.at0o. bou.d by cu#tom apprehe.d# the re#tr0ct0o.# that are rela/ed a.d the check# that are remo-ed1 but .ot the 0.e-0table re#po.#0b0l0t0e# Da.d te#t# that the .ew 0dea br0."# 0.. C.d #o the co.cept0o. that k.owled"e make# a d022ere.ce 0. a.d to th0."# look# l0ce.t0ou# to tho#e who 2a0l to #ee that the .ece##0ty o2 do0." well th0# bu#0.e##1 o2 mak0." the r0"ht d022ere.ce put# 0.tell0"e.ce c0.der bo.d# 0t .e-er yet ha# k.ow.: mo#t o2 all 0. ph0lo#ophy1 the mo#t "ayly 0rre#po.#0ble o2 the procedure#1 a.d the mo#t 0rre#po.#0-ely #ulle.1 o2 the h0#tor0c 2ru0t# o2 0.tell0"e.ce. 9hy #hould the 0dea that k.owled"e make# a d022ere.ce to a.d 0. th0."# be a.tecede.tly object0o.able: %2 o.e 0# already comm0tted to a bel0e2 that &eal0ty 0# .eatly a.d 20.ally t0ed up 0. a packet w0thout loo#e e.d#1 u.20.0#hed 0##ue# or .ew departure#1 o.e would object to k.owled"e mak0." a. d022ere.ce ju#t a# o.e would abject to a.y other 0mpert0.e.t obtruder. But 02

< =E? o.e bel0e-e# that the world 0t#el2 0# 0. tra.#2ormat0o.1 why #hould the .ot0o. that k.owled"e 0# the mo#t 0mporta.t mode o2 0t# mod020cat0o. a.d the o.ly or"a. o2 0t# "u0da.ce be a priori. ob.o/0ou# *here 0#1 % th0.k1 .o a.#wer #a-e that the theory o2 k.owled"e ha# bee. #y#temat0cally bu0lt up o. the .ot0o. o2 a #tat0c u.0-er#e1 #o that e-e.. tho#e who are per2ectly 2ree 0. accept0." the le##o.# o2 phy#0c# a.d b0olo"y co.cer.0." mo-0." e.er"y a.d e-olut0o.1 a.d o2 h0#tory co.cer.0." the co.#ta.t tra.#2ormat0o. o2 ma.D# a22a0r# <#c0e.ce

0.cluded?. reta0. a. u.6ue#t0o.0." bel0e2 0. a. theory o2 k.owled"e wh0ch 0# out o2 a.y po##0ble harmo.y w0th the0r ow. theory o2 the matter# to be k.ow... Moder. ep0#temolo"y1 ha-0." erected the 0dea that the way to 2rame r0"ht co.cept0o.# 0# to a.aly5e k.owled"e1 ha# #tre."the.ed th0# -0ew. For 0t at o.ce lead# to the -0ew that real0t0e# mu#t them#el-e# ha-e a1 theoret0c a.d 0.tellectual comple/0o. A .ot a pract0cal o.e. *h0# -0ew a# .aturally co."e.0al to 0deal0#t# @ but that real0#t# #hould #o read0ly play 0.to the ha.d# o2 0deal0#t# by a##ert0." what1 o. the ba#0# o2 a 2ormal theory o2 k.owled"e1 real0t0e# mu#t be1 0.#tead o2 accept0." the "u0da.ce o2 th0."# 0. d0-0.0." what k.owled"e 0#1 0# a. a.omaly #o #tr0k0." a# to #upport the -0ew that the .ot0o. o2 #tat0c real0ty ha# take. 0t# la#t #ta.d 0. 0dea# about k.owled"e. *ake1 2or e/ample1 the mo#t #tr0k0."1 becau#e the e/treme ca#e A k.owled"e o2 a1 pa#t e-e.t. %t 0#

< =8? ab#urd to #uppo#e that k.owled"e make# a d022ere.ce to the 20.al or appropr0ate co.te.t o2 k.owled"e : to the #ubject3matter wh0ch 2ul20l# the re6u0reme.t# o2 k.ow0.". %. th0# ca#e1 0t would "et 0. 0t# ow. way a.d tr0p 0t#el2 up 0. e.dle## re"re##. But 0t #eem# the -ery #uper#t0t0o. o2 0.tellectual0#m to #uppo#e that th0# 2act about k.owled"e ca. dec0de what 0# the .ature o2 that re2ere.ce to the pa#t wh0ch whe. r0"htly made 0# 20.al. )o doctr0.e about k.owled"e ca. h0.der the bel0e2 A 02 there be #u220c0e.t #pec020c e-0de.ce 2or 0t 33 that what we k.ow a# pa#t may be #ometh0." wh0ch ha# irretrievably u.der"o.e ju#t the d022ere.ce wh0ch k.owled"e make#. )ow ar"ume.t# a"a0.#t pra"mat0#m A by wh0ch % mea. the doctr0.e that real0ty po##e##e# pract0cal character a.d that th0# character 0# mo#t e220cac0ou#ly e/pre##ed 0. the 2u.ct0o. o2 0.tell0"e.ce[1] A #eem to 2all bla.dly 0.to th0# 2allacy. *hey a##ume that to hold that k.owled"e make# a d022ere.ce 0. e/0#te.ce# 0# e6u0-ale.t to hold0." that 0t make# a d022ere.ce 0. the object to be k.ow.1 thu# de2eat0." 0t# ow. purpo#e @ w0tle## that the real0ty wh0ch 0# the appropr0ate object o2 k.owled"e 0. a "0-e. ca#e

< =9? may be prec0#ely a real0ty 0. wh0ch k.ow0." ha# #ucceeded 0. mak0." the .eeded d022ere.ce. *h0# 6ue#t0o. 0# .ot o.e to be #ettled by ma.0pulat0o. o2 the co.cept o2 k.owled"e1 .or by d0alect0c d0#cu##0o. o2 0t# e##e.ce or .ature. %t 0# a 6ue#t0o. o2 2act#1 a 6ue#t0o. o2 what k.ow0." e/0#t# a# 0. the #cheme o2 e/0#te.ce. %2 th0."# u.der"o cha."e w0thout thereby cea#0." to be real1 there ca. be .o formal bar to k.ow0." be0." o.e #pec020c k0.d o2 cha."e 0. th0."#1 .or to 0t# te#t be0." 2ou.d 0. the #ucce##2ul carry0." 0.to e22ect o2 the k0.d o2 cha."e 0.te.ded. %2 k.ow0." be a cha."e 0. a1 real0ty1 the. the more k.ow0." re-eal# th0# cha."e1 the more tra.#pare.t1 the more ade6uate1 0t 0#. C.d 02 all e/0#te.ce# are 0. tra.#0t0o.1 the. the k.owled"e wh0ch treat# them a# 02 they were #ometh0." o2 wh0ch k.owled"e 0# a kodak 20/at0o. 0# ju#t the k0.d o2 k.owled"e wh0ch re2ract# a.d per-ert# them. C.d by the #ame toke. a k.ow0." wh0ch act0-ely part0c0pate# 0. a cha."e 0. the way to e22ect 0t 0. the .eeded 2a#h0o. would be the type o2 k.ow0." wh0ch 0# -al0d. %2 real0ty be 0t#el2 0. tra.#0t0o. A a.d th0# doctr0.e or0"0.ated .ot w0th the object0o.able pra"mat0#t but w0th the phy#0c0#t a.d .atural0#t a.d moral h0#tor0a. A the. the doctr0.e that k.owled"e 0# real0ty mak0." a part0cular a.d #pec020ed #ort o2 cha."e 0. 0t#el2 #eem# to ha-e the be#t cha.ce at ma0.ta0.0." a theory o2 k.ow0." wh0ch 0t#el2 0# 0. whole#ome touch w0th the "e.u0.e a.d -al0d.

< B0? %% %2 the "rou.d be cleared o2 a priori object0o.#1 a.d 02 0t be e-0de.t that pra"mat0#m ca..ot be d0#po#ed o2 by a.y 2ormal or d0alect0c ma.0pulat0o.# o2 7k.owled"e7 or 7truth17 but o.ly by #how0." that #ome #pec020c th0."# are .ot o2 the #ort cla0med1 we may co.#0der #ome commo. #e.#e a220l0at0o.# o2 pra"mat0#m. (ommo. #e.#e re"ard# 0.tell0"e.ce a# ha-0." a purpo#e a.d k.owled"e a# amou.t0." to #ometh0.". % o.ce heard a phy#0c0#t1 6u0te 0..oce.t o2 the pra"mat0c co.tro-er#y1 remark that the k.owled"e o2 a mecha.0c or 2armer wa# what the ,a.kee call# "umpt0o. A ack.owled"me.t o2 th0."# 0. the0r belo."0."# a.d r0#e#1 a.d that to h0# m0.d .atural #c0e.ce wa# o.ly "umpt0o. o. a lar"er #cale: the co.-e.0e.t catalo"u0." a.d arra."0." o2 a whole lot o2 th0."# w0th re2ere.ce to the0r mo#t e220cac0ou# #er-0ce#. Popularly1 "ood jud"me.t 0# jud"me.t a# to the relat0-e -alue# o2 th0."# : "ood #e.#e 0# hor#e #e.#e1 ab0l0ty to take hold o2 th0."# r0"ht e.d up1 to 20t a. 0.#trume.t to a. ob#tacle1 to #elect re#ource# apt 2or a ta#k. *o be rea#o.able 0# to reco".05e th0."# 0. the0r o220ce# a# ob#tacle# a.d a# re#ource#. %.tell0"e.ce1 0. 0t# ord0.ary u#e1 0# a pract0cal term @ ab0l0ty to #05e up matter# w0th re#pect to the .eed# a.d po##0b0l0t0e# o2 the -ar0ou# #0tuat0o.# 0. wh0ch o.e 0# called to do #ometh0."@ capac0ty to e.3

< B1? 3-0#a"e th0."# 0. term# o2 the adju#tme.t# adaptat0o.# they make po##0ble or h0.der. Gur object0-e te#t o2 the pre#e.ce or ab#e.ce o2 0.tell0"e.ce 0# 0.2lue.ce upo. beha-0or. )o capac0ty to make adju#tme.t# mea.# .o 0.tell0"e.ce @ co.duct e-0.c0." ma.a"eme.t o2 comple/ a.d .o-el co.d0t0o.# mea.# a h0"h de"ree o2 rea#o.. ;uch co.d0t0o.# at lea#t #u""e#t that a real0ty3to3be3k.ow.1 a real0ty wh0ch 0# the appropr0ate #ubject3matter o2 k.owled"e 0# real0ty3o23u#e3a.d30.3u#e1 d0rect or 0.d0rect1 a.d that a real0ty wh0ch 0# .ot 0. a.y #ort o2 u#e1 or bear0." upo. u#e1 may "o ha."1 #o far as knowledge is concerned. )o o.e1 % #uppo#e1 would de.y that all k.owled"e 0##ue# 0. #ome act0o. wh0ch cha."e# th0."# to #ome e/te.t A be the act0o. o.ly a more del0berate ma0.te.a.ce o2 a cour#e o2 co.duct already 0.#t0.ct0-ely e.tered upo.. 9he. % #ee a #0". o. the #treet cor.er % ca. tur. or "o o.1 k.ow0." what % am about. *he percept0o.# o2 the #c0e.t0#t .eed ha-e .o #uch o-ert or ut0l0tar0a. u#e#1 but #urely a2ter them he beha-e# d022ere.tly1 a# au 0.6u0rer 02 0. .o other way @ a.d the cumulat0-e e22ect o2 #uch cha."e# 20.ally mod020e# the o-ert act0o. o2 the ord0.ary ma.. *hat k.ow0."1 after the event, make# a d022ere.ce o2 th0# #ort1 2ew % #uppo#e would de.y : 02 that were all pra"mat0#m mea.#1 0t would perhap# be accepted a# a harmle## tru0#m. But there 0# a 2urther 6ue#t0o. o2 2act ju#t how 0# the 7co.#e6ue.t7 act0o.

< B ? related to the 7precede.t7 k.owled"e : 9he. is 7a2ter the e-e.t7: 9hat de"ree o2 co.t0.u0ty e/0#t#: %# the d022ere.ce betwee. k.ow0." a.d act0." 0.tell0"e.tly o.e o2 k0.d or #0mply o.e o2 dom0.a.t 6ual0ty : How doe# a th0."1 02 0t 0# .ot already 0. cha."e 0. the k.ow0."1 ma.a"e to 0##ue at 0t# term 0. act0o. : Moreo-er1 do .ot the cha."e# act0-ely e22ected co.#t0tute the whole import o2 the k.owled"e1 a.d he.ce 0t# 20.al mea#ure a.d te#t o2

-al0d0ty : %2 0t merely happens that k.ow0." whe. 0t 0# do.e w0th pa##e# 0.to #ome act0o.1 by what m0racle 0# the #ub#e6ue.t act0o. #o pat to the #0tuat0o.: %# 0t .ot rather true that the 7k.owled"e7 0# 0.#t0tuted a.d 2ramed 0. a.t0c0pat0o. o2 the co.#e6ue.t 0##ue1 a.d1 0. the de"ree 0. wh0ch 0t 0# w0#e a.d prude.t1 0# held ope. to re-0#0o. dur0." 0t: (erta0.ly the moral0#t <o.e m0"ht 6uote1 2or e/ample1 Ioethe1 (arlyle1 a.d Ma550.0? a.d the commo. ma. o2te. a"ree that 2ull k.owled"e1 ade6uate a##ura.ce1 o2 real0ty 0# 2ou.d o.ly 0. the 0##ue wh0ch 2ul20l# 0dea#@ that we ha-e to do a doctr0.e to know its truth @ otherw0#e 0t 0# o.ly do"ma or doctr0.a0re pro"ramme. '/per0me.tal #c0e.ce 0# a reco".0t0o. that .o 0dea 0# e.t0tled to be termed k.owled"e t0ll 0t ha# pa##ed 0.to #uch o-ert ma.0pulat0o. o2 phy#0cal co.d0t0o.# a# co.#truct# the object to wh0ch the 0dea re2er#. %2 o.e could "et r0d o2 h0# trad0t0o.al lo"0cal theor0e# a.d #et to work a2re#h to 2rame a theory o2 k.owled"e o. the ba#0# o2 the procedure o2 the

< B!? commo. ma.1 the moral0#t a.d the e/per0me.tal0#t1 would 0t be the 2orced or the .atural procedure to #ay that the real0t0e# wh0ch we know, wh0ch we are #ure o21 are prec0#ely tho#e real0t0e# that ha-e take. #hape 0. a.d throu"h the procedure# o2 k.ow0." : % tur. to a.other type o2 co.#0derat0o.. (erta0.ly o.e o2 the mo#t "e.u0.e problem# o2 moder. l02e 0# the reco.c0l0at0o. o2 the #c0e.t020c -0ew o2 the u.0-er#e w0th the cla0m# o2 the moral l02e. Cre jud"me.t# 0. term# o2 the red0#tr0but0o. o2 matter 0. mot0o. <or #ome other clo#ed 2ormula? alo.e -al0d: Gr are accou.t# o2 the u.0-er#e 0. term# o2 po##0b0l0ty a.d de#0rab0l0ty1 o2 0.0t0at0-e a.d re#po.#0b0l0ty1 al#o -al0d: *here 0# .o occa#0o. to e/pat0ate o. the 0mporta.ce o2 the moral l02e1 .or upo. the #upreme 0mporta.ce o2 0.tell0"e.ce w0th0. the moral l02e. But there doe# #eem to be occa#0o. 2or a#k0." how moral jud"me.t# A jud"me.t# o2 the would a.d #hould Arelate them#el-e# to the world o2 #c0e.t020c k.owled"e. *o 2rame a theory o2 k.owled"e wh0ch make# 0t .ece##ary to de.y the -al0d0ty o2 moral 0dea#1 or el#e to re2er them to #ome other a.d #eparate k0.d o2 u.0-er#e 2rom that o2 commo. #e.#e a.d #c0e.ce1 0# both pro-0.c0al a.d arb0trary. *he pra"mat0#t ha# at lea#t tr0ed to 2ace1 a.d .ot to dod"e1 the 6ue#t0o. o2 how 0t 0# that moral a.d #c0e.t020c 7k.owled"e7 ca. both hold o2 o.e a.d the #ame world. C.d whate-er the d0220cult0e# 0. h0# pro22ered #olut0o.1 the co.cept0o. that #c0e.t020c

< B>? jud"me.t# are to be a##0m0lated to moral 0# clo#er to commo. #e.#e tha. 0# the theory that -al0d0ty 0# to be de.0ed o2 moral jud"me.t# becau#e they do .ot #6uare w0th a preco.ce0-ed theory o2 the .ature o2 the world to wh0ch #c0e.t020c jud"me.t# mu#t re2er. C.d all moral jud"me.t# are about cha."e# to be made. %%% % tur. to o.e a220l0at0o. o2 the pra"mat0c theory w0th the re#ult# o2 rece.t #c0e.ce. *he .ece##0ty 2or the occurre.ce o2 a. e-e.t 0. the way o2 k.owled"e1 o2 a.. or"a.0#m wh0ch react# or beha-e# 0. a #pec020c way1 would #eem to be a# well e#tabl0#hed a# a.y #c0e.t020c propo#0t0o.. %t 0# a pecul0ar 2act1 a 2act 20t to #t0r cur0o#0ty1 that the rat0o.al 2u.ct0o. #eem# to be 0.tercalated 0. a #cheme o2 pract0cal adju#tme.t#. *he part# a.d member# o2 the or"a.0#m are certa0.ly .ot there pr0mar0ly 2or pure 0.tellect0o. or 2or theoret0c co.templat0o.. *he bra0.1 the la#t phy#0cal or"a. o2 thou"ht1 0# a part o2 the

#ame pract0cal mach0.ery 2or br0."0." about adaptat0o. o2 the e.-0ro.me.t to the l02e re6u0reme.t# o2 the or"a.0#m1 to wh0ch belo." le"# a.d ha.d a.d eye. *hat the bra0. 2ree# or"a.0c beha-0or 2rom complete #er-0tude to 0mmed0ate phy#0cal co.d0t0o.#1 that 0t make# po##0ble the l0berat0o. o2 e.er"y 2or remote a.d e-er e/pa.d0." e.d# 0#1 0.deed1 a prec0ou# 2act1 but .ot

< B=? o.e wh0ch remo-e# the bra0. 2rom the cate"ory o2 or"a.0c de-0ce# o2 beha-0or.[2] *hat the or"a. o2 th0.k0."1 o2 k.owled"e1 wa# at lea#t or0"0.ally a. or"a. o2 co.duct1 2ew1 % 0ma"0.e1 w0ll de.y. C.d e-e. 02 we try to bel0e-e that the co".0t0-e 2u.ct0o. ha# #uper-e.ed a# a d022ere.t operat0o.1 0t 0# d0220cult to bel0e-e that the tra.#20"urat0o. ha# bee. #o rad0cal that k.ow0." ha# lo#t all trace# o2 0t# co..ect0o. w0th -0tal 0mpul#e. But u.le## we #o a##ume1 ha-e we a.y alter.at0-e31e/cept to hold that th0# co.t0.ual pre#e.ce o2 -0tal 0mpul#e 0# a d0#turb0." a.d re2ract0." 2actor wh0ch 2ore-er pre-e.t# k.owled"e 2rom reach0." 0t# ow. a0m @ or el#e that a certa0. promot0."1 a certa0. carry0." 2orward o2 the -0tal 0mpul#e1 0mport0." certa0. d022ere.ce# 0. th0."#1 0# the a0m o2 k.owled"e : *he problem ca..ot be e-aded A #a-e o#tr0ch w0#e A by #ay0." that #uch co.#0derat0o.# are 7merely "e.et0c7 or 7p#ycholo"0cal17 ha-0." to do o.ly w0th the or0"0. a.d .atural h0#tory o2 k.ow0.". For the po0.t 0# that the or"a.0c react0o.1 the beha-0or o2 the or"a.0#m1 a22ect# the content o2 aware.e##. *he #ubject3matter o2 all aware.e## 0# th0."3related3to3or"a.0#m 33 related a# #t0mulu# d0rect or 0.d0rect or a# mater0al o2 re#po.#e1 pre#e.t or remote1 ulter0or or ach0e-ed.

< BB? )o o.e A #o 2ar a# % k.ow A de.0e# th0# w0th re#pect to the perceptual 20eld o2 aware.e##. Pa0.#1 plea#ure#1 hu."er1 a.d th0r#t1 all 7#eco.dary7 6ual0t0e#1 0.-ol-e 0.e/tr0cably the 70.teract0o.7 o2 or"a.0#m . a.d e.-0ro.me.t. *he perceptual 20eld 0# d0#tr0buted a.d arra."ed a# the po##0ble 20eld o2 #elect0-e react0o.# o2 the or"a.0#m at 0t# ce.tre. Jp a.d dow.1 2ar a.d .ear1 be2ore a.d beh0.d1 r0"ht a.d le2t1 hard a.d #o2t <a# well a# wh0te a.d black1 ba## a.d alto?1 0.-ol-e re2ere.ce to a ce.tre o2 beha-0or. *h0# mater0al ha# #o lo." bee. the #tock 0. trade o2 both 0deal0#t0c ar"ume.t# a.d proclamat0o.# o2 the a".o#t0c 7relat0-0ty7 o2 k.owled"e that ph0lo#opher# ha-e "row. aweary o2 l0#te.0.". But e-e. th0# lethar"y m0"ht he 6u0cke.ed by a moderate ho#p0tal0ty to the pra"mat0c 0.terpretat0o.. *hat red1 or 2ar a.d .ear. or hard a.d #o2t1 or b0" a.d l0ttle1 0.-ol-e a relat0o. betwee. or"a.0#m a.d e.-0ro.me.t1 0# .o more a. ar"ume.t 2or 0deal0#m tha. 0# the 2act that water 0.-ol-e# a relat0o. betwee. hydro"e. a.d o/y"e..[3] %t 0#1 howe-er1 a. ar"ume.t 2or the ult0mately pract0cal -alue o2 the#e d0#t0.ct0o.# A that they are differences made in what th0."# would ha-e bee. w0thout or"a.0c beha-0or A d022ere.ce# made .ot by 7co.#c0ou#.e##7 or 7m0.d17 but by the or"a.0#m a# the act0-e ce.tre o2 a #y#tem o2 act0-0t0e#. Moreo-er1 the whole a".o#t0c #t0." o2 the doctr0.e

< BE? o2 7relat0-0ty7 l0e# 0. the a##umpt0o. that the 0deal or a0m o2 k.owled"e 0# to repeat or copy a pr0or e/0#te.ce A 0. wh0ch ca#e1 o2 cour#e1 the mak0." o2 co.tempora.eou#

d022ere.ce# by the or"a.0#m 0. the -ery 2act o2 aware.e## would "et 0. the way a.d 2ore-er h0.der the k.owled"e 2u.ct0o. 2rom the 2ul20lme.t o2 0t# proper e.d 4.owled"e1 aware.e##1 0. th0# ca#e #u22er# 2rom a. 0mped0me.t wh0ch .o #ur"ery ca. better. But 02 the a0m o2 k.ow0." be prec0#ely to make certain d022ere.ce# 0. a. e.-0ro.me.t1 to carry o. to favorable issue, by the readju#tme.t o2 the or"a.0#m1 certa0. cha."e# "o0." o. 0.d022ere.tly 0. he e.-0ro.me.t1 the. the 2act that the cha."e# o2 the or"a.0#m e.ter per-a#0-ely 0.to the #ubject3matter o2 aware.e## 0# .o re#tr0ct0o. or per-er#0o. o2 k.owled"e1 but part o2 the 2ul20lme.t o2 0t# e.d. *he o.ly 6ue#t0o. would the. be whether the proper react0o.# take place. *he whole a".o#t0c1 po#0t0-0#t0c co.tro-er#y 0# 2la.ked by a #0."le mo-e. *he 0##ue 0# .o lo."er a. 0deally .ece##ary but actually 0mpo##0ble copy0."1 versus a. 0mproper but u.a-o0dable mod020cat0o. o2 real0ty throu"h or"a.0c 0.h0b0t0o.# a.d #t0mulat0o.# : but 0t 0# the r0"ht1 the eco.om0cal1 the e22ect0-e1 a.d1 02 o.ce may -e.ture1 the u#e2ul a.d #at0#2actory react0o. versus the wa#te2ul1 the e.#la-0."1 the m0#lead0." a.d the co.2u#0." react0o.. *he pre#e.ce o2 or"a.0c re#po.#e#1 0.2lue.c0." a.d mod02y0." every co.te.t1 e-ery #ubject3matter o2 aware.e##. 0# the

< B8? u.doubted 2act. But the #0".020ca.t th0." 0# the way or"a.0c beha-0or e.ter# 0. A the way 0t 0.2lue.ce# a.d mod020e#. 9e a##0". -ery d022ere.t -alue# to d022ere.t type# o2 7k.owled"e17 A or #ubject3matter# 0.-ol-0." or"a.0c att0tude# a.d operat0o.#. ;ome are o.ly "ue##e#1 op0.0o.#1 #u#p0c0ou# character#@ other# are 7k.owled"e7 0. the ho.or020c a.d eulo"0#t0c #e.#e A #c0e.ce @ #ome tur.out m0#take#1 blu.der#1 error#. 9he.ce a.d how th0# d0#cr0m0.at0o. o2 character 0. what 0# take. at 0t# ow. t0me to be "ood k.owled"e : 9hy a.d how 0# the matter o2 #ome 7k.owled"e7 "e.u0.e3k.ow0." a.d o2 other m0#k.ow0." : Cware.e## 0# 0t#el2 a bla.ket term1 co-er0."1 0. the #ame bed1 delu#0o.1 doubt1 co.2u#0o.1 amb0"u0ty1 a.d de20.0t0o.1 or"a.05at0o.1 lo"0cal co.clu#0-e.e## a##ured by e-0de.ce a.d rea#o.. C.y .atural0#t0c or real0#t0c theory 0# comm0tted to the 0dea that all o2 the#e term# bear 0mpart0ally the #ame relat0o. to th0."# co.#0dered a# #heer e/0#te.ce#. 9hat we mu#t ha-e 0. a.y ca#e 0# the #ame e/0#te.ce# A the #ame 0. k0.d A o.ly d022ere.tly arra."ed or l0.ked up. But why the. the treme.dou# d022ere.ce 0. -alue: C.d 02 the u..atural0#t1 the .o.3real0#t1 #ay# the d022ere.ce 0# o.e o2 e/0#te.t0al k0.d1 made by the work0." here mal0".1 there be.0".1 o2 7co.#c0ou#.e##17 7p#ych0cal7 operat0o.# a.d #tate#1 upo. the e/0#te.ce# wh0ch are the d0rect #ubject3matter o2 k.owled"e1 there 0# #t0ll the problem o2 d0#cr0m0.at0." the co.d0t0o.# a.d .ature o2 the

< B9? re#pect0-e be.e20ce.t a.d mal0c0ou# 0.ter-e.t0o.# o2 the pecul0ar 7e/0#te.ce7 labeled co.#c0ou.e##.[4] *he real.e## o2 error1 amb0"u0ty1 doubt a.d "ue## po#e# a problem. %t 0# a problem wh0ch ha# perple/ed ph0lo#ophy #o lo." a.d ha# led to #o ma.y #peculat0-e ad-e.ture#1 that 0t would #eem worth wh0le1 were 0t o.ly 2or the #ake o2 -ar0ety1 to l0#te. to the pra"mat0c #olut0o.. %t 0# the bu#0.e## o2 that or"a.0c adaptat0o. 0.-ol-ed 0. all k.ow0." to make a certain d022ere.ce 0. real0ty1 but not to make a.y old. d022ere.ce1 a.y ca#ual. d022ere.ce. *he r0"ht1 the true a.d "ood1 d022ere.ce 0# that wh0ch carr0e# out #at0#2actor0ly the #pec020c purpo#e 2or the #ake o2 wh0ch k.ow0." occur#. CP ma.u2acture# are the product o2 a. act0-0ty1 but 0t doe# .ot 2ollow that all ma.u2acture# are e6ually "ood. C.d #o all 7k.owled"e#7 are d022ere.ce#. made 0. th0."# by k.ow0."1 but #ome d022ere.ce# are .ot calculated or wa.ted 0.. the k.ow0."1 a.d he.ce are

d0#turber# a.d 0.terloper# whe. they come A wh0le other# 2ul20l the 0.te.t o2 the k.ow0."1 be0." 0. #uch harmo.y w0th the co.#0#te.t. beha-0or o2 the or"a.0#m a# to re0.2orce a.d e.lar"e 0t# 2u.ct0o.0.". C m0#take 0# l0terally a m0#ha.dl0." @ a doubt 0# a temporary #u#pe.#e a.d -ac0llat0o. o2 react0o.# @ a. amb0"u0ty 0# the te.#0o. o2 alter.at0-e but 0.compat0ble mode o2

< E0? re#po.#0-e treatme.t@ a. 0.6u0ry 0# a te.tat0-e a.d retr0e-able <becau#e 0.tra3 or"a.0c? mode o2 act0-0ty e.tered upo. pr0or to lau.ch0." upo. a k.owled"e wh0ch 0# publ0c1 0.eluctable 33 w0thout a.chor# to w0.dward A because it ha# take. phy#0cal e22ect throu"h o-ert act0o.. %t 0# pract0cally all o.e to #ay that the .orm o2 ho.orable k.ow0." 0# to make .o d022ere.ce 0. its object1 a.d that 0t# a0m 0# to atta0. a.d buttre## a #pec020c k0.d o2 d022ere.ce 0. real0ty. 4.ow0." 2a0l# 0. 0t# bu#0.e## 02 0t make# a cha."e 0. 0t# own object 33 that 0# a m0#take@ but 0t# ow. object 0# .o.e the le## a. pr0or e/0#te.ce cha."ed 0. a certa0. way. )or 0# th0# a play upo. the two #e.#e# 33 e.d a.d #ubject3matter A o2 7object.7 *he or"a.0#m ha# 0t# appropr0ate 2u.ct0o.#. *o ma0.ta0.1 to e/pa.d ade6uate 2u.ct0o.0." 0# 0t# bu#0.e##. *h0# 2u.ct0o.0." doe# .ot occur in vacuo. %t 0.-ol-e# co3 operat0-e a.d readju#ted cha."e# 0. the co#m0c med0um. He.ce the appropr0ate #ubject3 matter o2 aware.e## 0# .ot real0ty at lar"e1 a metaphy#0cal hea-e. to be m0meo"raphed at ma.y remo-e# upo. a badly co.#tructed me.tal carbo. paper wh0ch y0eld# at be#t o.ly 2ra"me.tary1 blurred1 a.d erro.eou# cop0e#. %t# proper a.d le"0t0mate object 0# that relat0o.#h0p o2 or"a.0#m a.d e.-0ro.me.t 0. wh0ch 2u.ct0o.0." 0# mo#t amply a.d e22ect0-ely atta0.ed@ or by wh0ch1 0. ca#e o2 ob#truct0o. a.d co.#e6ue.t .eeded e/per0me.tat0o.1 0t# later e-e.tual 2ree cour#e 0#

< E1? mo#t 2ac0l0tated. C# 2or the other real0ty1 meta3phy#0cal real0ty at lar"e1 0t may1 #o 2ar a# aware.e## 0# co.cer.ed1 "o to 0t# ow. place. For ord0.ary purpo#e#1 that 0# 2or pract0cal purpo#e#1 the truth a.d the real.e## o2 th0."# are #y.o.ymou#. 9e are all ch0ldre. who #ay 7really a.d truly C real0ty wh0ch 0# #o take.. 0. or"a.0c re#po.#e a# to lead. to #ub#e6ue.t re3act0o.# that are o22 the track a.d a#0de 2rom the mark1 wh0le 0t 0#1 e/0#te.t0ally #peak0."1 per2ectly real1 0# .ot good real0ty. %t lack# the hall3mark o2 -alue. ;0.ce 0t 0# a certa0. kind o2 object wh0ch we wa.t1 that wh0ch w0ll be a# 2a-orable a# po##0ble to a. co.#0#te.t a.d l0beral or "row0." 2u.ct0o.0."1 0t 0# th0# k0.d1 the true k0.d1 wh0ch. 2or u# mo.opol05e# the t0tle o2 real0ty. Pra"mat0cally1 teleolo"0cally1 th0# 0de.t020cat0o. o2 truth a.d 7real0ty 7 0# #ou.d a.d rea#o.able: rat0o.al0#t0cally1 0t lead# to the .ot0o. o2 the dupl0cate -er#0o.# o2 real0ty1 o.e ab#olute a.d #tat0c becau#e e/hau#ted@ the other phe.ome.al a.d kept co.t0.ually o. the jump becau#e otherw0#e 0t# ow. 0.here.t .oth0.".e## would lead to 0t# total a..0h0lat0o.. ;0.ce 0t 0# o.ly "e.u0.e or #0.cere th0."#1 th0."# wh0ch are "ood 2or what they prete.d to 0. the way o2 co.#e6ue.ce#1 that we wa.t or are a2ter1 morally they alo.e are 7real.7

<E ? %K

;o 2ar we ha-e bee. deal0." w0th aware.e## a# a 2act A a 2act there l0ke a.y 2act A a.d ha-e bee. co.cer.ed to #how that the #ubject3matter o2 aware.e## 0#1 0. a.y ca#e1 th0."# 0. proce## o2 cha."e @ a.d 0. #uch cha."e that the k.ow0." 2u.ct0o. take# a ha.d 0. try0." to "u0de 0t or #teer 0t1 #o that some <a.d not other? d022ere.ce# accrue. But what about the aware.e## 0t#el2: 9hat happe.# whe. 0t 0# made the #ubject3matter o2 aware.e##: 9hat #ort o2 a th0." 0# 0t: %t 0#1 % #ubm0t1 mere #oph0#t0cat0o. <2ut0le at that?1 to ar"ue e0ther that we ca..ot become aware o2 aware.e## w0thout 0.-ol-0." our#el-e# 0. a. e.dle## re"re##1 or that whe.e-er we are aware o2 a.yth0." we are thereby .ece##ar0ly aware o2 aware.e## o.ce 2or all1 #o that 0t ha# .o character #a-e th0# purely 2ormal a.d empty o.e. *ake. co.cretely1 aware.e## 0# a. e-e.t w0th certa0. #pec020able co.d0t0o.#. 9e may 0.deed be aware o2 0t 2ormally1 a# a bare 2act1 ju#t a# we may he co".05a.t o2 a. e/plo#0o. w0thout k.ow0." a.yth0." o2 0t# .ature. But we may al#o be aware o2 0t 0. a cur0ou# a.d a.alyt0c #p0r0t1 u.der3tak0." to #tudy 0t 0. deta0l. *h0# 0.6u0ry1 l0ke a.y other 0.6u0ry1 proceed# by determ0.0." co.d0t0o.# a.d co.#e6ue.ce#. Here aware.e## 0# a character0#t0c 2act1 pre#e.t0." to 0.6u0ry 0t# ow.

< E!? character0#t0c ear3mark# @ a.d a -al0d k.owled"e o2 aware.e## 0# the #ame #ort o2 th0." a# -al0d k.owled"e o2 the #pectrum or o2 a trott0." hor#e @ 0t proceed# "e.er0cally 0. the #ame way a.d mu#t #at0#2y the #ame "e.er0c te#t#. 9hat1 the.1 0# aware.e## 2ou.d to be: *he 2ollow0." a.#wer1 do"mat0cally #ummary 0. 2orm1 0.-ol-e# po#0t0-e d0220cult0e#1 a.d "l0de# o-er ma.y po0.t# where our 0".ora.ce 0# #t0ll too "reat. But 0t repre#e.t# a "e.eral tre.d o2 #c0e.t020c 0.6u0ry1 carr0ed o.1 % hardly .eed #ay1 o. 0t# ow. mer0t# w0thout re#pect to the pra"mat0c co.tro-er#y. Cware.e## mea.# attention, and atte.t0o. mea.# a cr0#0# o2 #ome #ort 0. a. e/0#te.t #0tuat0o. @ a 2ork0." o2 the road# o2 #ome mater0al1 a te.de.cy to "o th0# way a.d that. %t repre#e.t# #ometh0." the matter1 #ometh0." out o2 gear, or 0. #ome way me.aced1 0.#ecure1 problemat0cal. a.d #tra0.ed. *h0# #tate o2 te.#0o.1 o2 amb0"uou# 0.d0cat0o.#1 project# a.d te.de.c0e#1 0# .ot merely 0. the 7m0.d17 0t 0# .oth0." merely emot0o.al. %t 0# 0. the 2act# o2 the #0tuat0o. a# tra.#0t0-e 2act# @ the emot0o.al or 7#ubject0-e7 d0#turba.ce 0# ju#t a part o2 the lar"er d0#turba.ce. C.d 021 employ0." the language o2 p#ycholo"y1 we #ay that atte.t0o. 0# a phe.ome.o. o2 co.2l0ct0." hab0t#1 be0." the proce## o2 re#ol-0." th0# co.2l0ct by 20.d0." a. act wh0ch 2u.ct0o.# all the 2actor# co.cer.ed1 th0# la."ua"e doe# .ot make the 2act# 7merely p#ycholo"0cal7A whate-er that

< E>? mea.#.[5] *he hab0t# are a# b0olo"0c a# they are 7per#o.al17 a.d a# co#m0c a# they are b0olo"0c. *hey are the total order o2 th0."# e/pre##ed 0. o.e way@ ju#t a# a phy#0cal or chem0cal phe.ome.o. 0# the #ame order e/pre##ed 0. a.other way3. *he #tateme.t 0. term# o2 co.2l0ct a.d readju#tme.t o2 hab0t# 0# at mo#t o.e way o2 locat0." the d0#turba.ce 0. things; 0t 2ur.0#he# .o #ub#t0tute 2or1 or r0-al o21 real0ty1 a.d .o 7p#ych0cal7 dupl0cat0o.. %2 th0# be true1 the. aware.e##1 e-e. 0. 0t# mo#t perple/ed a.d co.2u#ed #tate1 a #tate o2 ma/0mum doubt a.d precar0ou#.e## o2 #ubject3matter1 mea.# th0."# e.ter0."1 via the part0cular th0." k.ow. a# or"a.0#m1 0.to a pecul0ar co.d0t0o. o2 d022ere.t0al A or add0t0-e A cha."e. How ca. we re32u#e to ra0#e a.d co.#0der the 6ue#t0o. o2 how th0."# 0. th0# co.d0t0o. are related to the pr0or #tate wh0ch emer"e# 0.to 0t1 a.d to the #ub#e6ue.t #tate o2 th0."# 0.to wh0ch 0t 0##ue# : [ ]

;uppo#e the ca#e to be aware.e## o2 a1 cha0r. ;uppo#e that th0# aware.e## come# o.ly whe. there 0# #ome problemat0c a22a0r w0th wh0ch the

< E=? cha0r 0# 0. #ome way A0. whate-er de"ree oD remote.e## A co.cer.ed. %t may be a wo.der whether that 0# a cha0r at all @ or whether 0t 0# #tro." e.ou"h to #ta.d o.@ or where % #hall put 0t@ or whether 0t 0# worth what % pa0d 2or 0t@ or1 a# .ot 0.2re6ue.tly happe.#1 the #0tuat0o. 0.-ol-ed 0. u.certa0.ty may be #ome ph0lo#oph0c matter 0. wh0ch the percept0o. o2 the cha0r 0# c0ted a# e-0de.ce or 0llu#trat0o.. <Humorou#ly e.ou"h1 the aware.e## o2 0t may e-e. be c0ted 0. the cour#e o2 a ph0lo#oph0c ar"ume.t 0.te.ded to #how that aware.e## ha# .oth0." to do w0th #0tuat0o.# o2 0.complete.e## a.d. amb0"u0ty.? )ow what o2 the cha."e the cha0r u.der"oe# 0. e.ter0." th0# way 0.to a #0tuat0o. o2 perple/ed 0.6u0ry : %# th0# a.y part o2 the "e.u0.e.e## o2 that cha0r w0th wh0ch we are co.cer.ed : %2 .ot1 where 0# the cha."e 2ou.d : %. #ometh0." totally d022ere.t called 7 co.#c0ou#.e## 7 : %. that ca#e how ca. the operat0o.# o2 0.6u0ry1 o2 ob#er-at0o. a.d memory a.d re2lect0o.1 e-er ha-e a.y a##ura.ce o2 "ett0." re2erred back to the right object : Po#0t0-ely the pre#umpt0o. 0# that the chair-of-which-we-arespeaking is the cha0r of-which-we-are-speaking; 0t 0# the same th0." that 0# out there wh0ch 0# 0.-ol-ed al#o 0. the doubt2ul #0tuat0o.. Moreo-er1 the re2ere.ce to 7co.#c0ou#.e## a# the e/clu#0-e locu# o2 the doubt o.ly repeat# the problem1 2or 7co.#c0ou#.e##17 by the theory u.der co.#0derat0o.1 mea.#1 a2ter all1 o.ly the

< EB? cha0r a# co.cer.ed 0. the problemat0cal #0tuat0o.. *he physical cha0r rema0.# u.cha."ed1 you #ay. ;urely1 02 a# 0# alto"ether l0kely1 what 0# meant by phy#0cal 0# prec0#ely that part of the cha0r a# object o2 total aware.e## wh0ch rema0.# u.a22ected1 2or certa0. po##0ble purpo#e#1 by e.ter0." 2or certa0. other actual purpo#e# 0.to the #0tuat0o. o2 aware.e##. But how ca. we #e"re"ate1 antecedently to e/per0me.tal 0.6u0ry1 the 7phy#0cal7 cha0r 2rom the cha0r wh0ch 0# now the object to be k.ow. @ 0.to what co.trad0ct0o.# do we 2all whe. we attempt to de20.e the object o2 o.e aware.e## .ot 0. 0t# ow. term#1 but 0. term# or a #elected type o2 object wh0ch 0# the appropr0ate #ubject3 matter o2 #ome other co".05a.ce 8 But aware.e## mea.# 0.6u0ry a# well a# doubt Athe#e are the .e"at0-e a.d po#0t0-e1 the retro#pect0-e a.d the pro#pect0-e relat0o.#h0p# o2 the th0.". *h0# mea.# a "e.u0.ely additive 6uale A o.e o2 readju#tme.t 0. pr0or th0."#.[!] % k.ow the d0alect0c ar"ume.t that .oth0." ca. a##ume a .ew relat0o.1 becau#e 0. order to do #o 0t mu#t already be completely related A whe. 0t come# 2rom a. ab#olut0#t % ca. u.der#ta.d why he hold# 0t1 e-e. 02 % ca..ot u.der#ta.d the 0dea 0t#el21 But apart 2rom th0# co.ceptual rea#o.0." we mu#t 2ollow the lead o2 our #ubject3matter@ a.d whe. we 20.d a th0." a##um0." .ew relat0o.#

< EE? 0. the proce## o2 0.6u0ry1 mu#t accept the 2act a.d 2rame our theory o2 th0."# a.d o2 k.ow0." to 0.clude 0t1 .ot a##ert that 0t 0# 0mpo##0ble becau#e we already ha-e a theory o2 k.owled"e wh0ch preclude# 0t. %. 0.6u0ry1 the e/0#te.ce wh0ch ha# become doubt2ul alway# u.der"oe# e/per0me.tal reco.#truct0o.. *h0# may be lar"ely 0ma"0.at0-e or 7#peculat0-e.7 9e may -0ew certa0. th0."# as if placed u.der -ary0." co.d0t0o.#1 a.d co.#0der what the. happe.# to them. But #uch d022ere.ce# are really tra.#2ormat0-e #o 2ar a# they "o1 A a.d be#0de#1 #uch 0.6u0r0e# .e-er reach co.clu#0o.#

20.ally ju#t020able. %. 0mporta.t a.d per#0#te.t 0.6u0ry1 we 0.#0#t upo. #ometh0." 0. the way o2 actual phy#0cal mak0." A be 0t o.ly a d0a"ram. %. other word#1 science, or k.ow0." 0. 0t# ho.or020c #e.#e1 0# e/per0me.tal1 0.-ol-0." phy#0cal co.#truct0o.. 9e 0.#0#t upo. #ometh0." be0." done about 0t1 that we may #ee how the 0dea whe. carr0ed 0.to e22ect comport# w0th the other th0."# throu"h wh0ch our act0-0t0e# are hed"ed 0. a.d relea#ed. *o a-o0d th0# co.clu#0o. by #ay0." that k.ow0." make# .o d022ere.ce 0. the 7 truth17 but merely 0# the prel0m0.ary e/erc0#e wh0ch d0#co-er# 0t1 0# that old 2r0e.d who#e ac6ua0.ta.ce we ha-e repeatedly made 0. th0# d0#cu##0o.: the 2allacy o2 co.2u#0." a. e/0#te.ce a.teced0." k.ow0." w0th the object wh0ch term0.ate# a.d 2ul20l# 0t. For k.ow0." to make d022ere.ce 0. 0t# ow. 20.al term 0# "ro## #el23 #tult020cat0o.@ 0t 0# .o.e the le## #o whe.

< E8? the a0m o2 k.ow0." 0# prec0#ely to "u0de th0."# #tra0"ht up to th0# term. 9he. 7 truth 7 mea.# the accompl0#hed 0.troduct0o. o2 certa0. .ew d022ere.ce# 0.to co.d0t0o.#1 why be 2ool0#h e.ou"h to make other a.d more d022ere.ce#1 wh0ch are .ot wa.ted #0.ce they are 0rrele-a.t a.d m0#lead0." : 9ere 0t .ot 2or the teach0."# o2 #ad e/per0e.ce1 0t would .ot be .ece##ary to add that the cha."e 0. e.-0ro.me.t made by k.ow0." 0# .ot a total or m0raculou# cha."e. *ra.#2ormat0o.1 readju#tme.t1 reco.#truct0o. all 0mply pr0or e/0#te.ce# : e/0#te.ce# wh0ch ha-e character# a.d beha-0or# o2 the0r ow. wh0ch mu#t he accepted1 co.#ulted1 humored1 ma.0pulated or made l0"ht o21 0. all k0.d# o2 d022er0." way# 0. the d022ere.t co.te/t# o2 d022ere.t problem#. Mak0." a d022ere.ce 0. real0ty doe# .ot mea. mak0." a.y more d022ere.ce tha. we 20.d b e/per0me.tat0o. ca. be made u.der the "0-e. co.d0t0o.#Ae-e. thou"h we may #t0ll hope 2or d022ere.t 2ortu.e a.other t0me u.der other c0rcum#ta.ce#. ;t0ll le## doe# 0t mea. mak0." a th0." 0.to a. u.real0ty1 thou"h. the pra"mat0#t 0# #ome3t0me# cr0t0c0#ed a# 02 a.y cha."e 0. real0ty mu#t be a cha."e 0.to .o.3real0ty. *here are d0220cult0e# 0.deed1 both d0alect0c1 a.d real or pract0cal1 0. the 2act o2 cha."e A 0. the 2act that o.ly a perma.e.t ca. cha."e a.d that cha."e 0# alterat0o. o2 a perma.e.t. But t0ll we e.jo0. bota.0#t# a.d chem0#t# 2rom re2err0." to cha."e# a.d tra.#2ormat0o.# 0. the0r #ubject3matter o. the "rou.d that 2or a.y3

< E9? 3th0." to cha."e mea.# 2or 0t. to part w0th 0t# real0ty1 we may a# well perm0t the lo"0c0a.to make #0m0lar re2ere.ce#. K ;ub specie aeternitatis : or sub speciegenerationis ? % am #u#cept0ble to the ae#thet0c charm o2 the 2ormer 0deal A who 0# .ot : *here are mome.t# o2 rela/at0o.: there are mome.t# whe. the dema.d 2or peace1 to be let alo.e a.d rel0e-ed 2rom the co.t0.ual cla0m o2 the world 0. wh0ch we l0-e that we be up a.d do0." #ometh0." about 0t1 #eem# 0rre#0#t0ble @ whe. the re#po.#0b0l0t0e# 0mpo#ed by l0-0." 0. a mo-0." u.0-er#e #eem 0.tolerable. 9e co.template w0th e6ual m0.d the thou"ht o2 the eter.al #leep. But1 a2ter all1 th0# 0# a matter 0. wh0ch real0ty a.d not the ph0lo#opher 0# the court o2 20.al jur0#d0ct0o.. Gut#0de o2 ph0lo#ophy the 6ue#t0o. #eem# 2a0rly #ettled@ 0. #c0e.ce1 0. poetry1 0. #oc0al or"a.05at0o.1 0. rel0"0o. A where-er rel0"0o. 0# .ot hopele##ly at the mercy o2 a Fra.ke.#te0. ph0lo#ophy wh0ch 0t or0"0.ally called 0.to be0." a# 0t# ow.

#la-e. J.der #uch c0rcum#ta.ce# there 0# da."er that the ph0lo#ophy wh0ch tr0e# to e#cape the 2orm o2 "e.erat0o. by tak0." re2u"e u.der the 2orm o2 eter.0ty w0ll o.ly come u.der the 2orm o2 a by 3"o.e "e.erat0o.. *o try to e#cape 2rom the #.are# a.d p0t2all# o2 t0me by recour#e to trad0t0o.al problem# a.d 0.tere#t#

< 80? A rather tha. that let the dead bury the0r ow. dead. Better 0t 0# 2or ph0lo#ophy to err 0. act0-e part0c0pat0o. 0. the l0-0." #tru""le# a.d 0##ue# o2 0t# ow. a"e a.d t0me# tha. to ma0.ta0. a. 0mmu.e mo.a#t0c 0mpeccab0l0ty1 w0thout rele-a.cy a.d bear0." 0. the "e.erat0." 0dea# o2 0t# co.temporary pre#e.t. %. the o.e ca#e1 0t w0ll be re#pected1 a# we re#pect all -0rtue that atte#t# 0t# #0.cer0ty by #har0." 0. the perple/0t0e# a.d 2a0lure#1 a# well a# 0. the joy# a.d tr0umph#1 o2 e.dea-or. %. the other ea#e1 0t b0d# 2a0r to #hare the 2ate o2 what3e-er pre#er-e# 0t# "e.t0l0ty. but .ot 0t# act0-0ty1 0. de#ce.t 2rom better day# @ .amely1 to be #.u"ly e.#co.ced 0. the co.#c0ou#.e## o2 0t# ow. re#pectab0l0ty.

Notes
1. *h0# de20.0t0o.1 0. the pre#e.t #tate o2 d0#cu##0o.1 0# a. arb0trary or per#o.al o.e. *he te/t doe# .ot mea. that 7pra"mat0#m7 0# curre.tly u#ed e/clu#0-ely 0. th0# #e.#e@ ob-0ou#ly there are other #e.#e#. %t doe# .ot mea. 0t 0# the #e.#e 0. wh0ch 0t ought to be u#ed. % ha-e .o w0#h to le"0#late e0ther 2or la."ua"e or 2or ph0lo#ophy. But 0t mark# the #e.#e 0. wh0ch 0t 0# u#ed 0. th0# paper@ a.d the pra"mat0c mo-eme.t 0# #t0ll #o loo#e a.d -ar0able that % jud"e o.e ha# a r0"ht to 20/ h0# ow. mea.0."1 pro-0ded he #er-e# .ot0ce a.d adhere# to 0t. . %t 0# 0.tere#t0." to .ote bow the metaphy#0cal pu55le re"ard0." 7parallel0#m17 70.teract0o.17 7automat0#m.7 the relat0o. o2 7co.#c0ou#.e## to 7body17 e-aporate whe. o.e cea#e# 0#olat0." the bra0. 0.to a pecul0ar phy#0cal #ub#trate o2 m0.d at lar"e1 a.d treat# 0t #0mply a# o.e port0o. o2 the body a# the 0.#trume.tal0ty o2 adapt0-e beha-0or. !. % owe th0# 0llu#trat0o. to my collea"ue1 Dr. Mo.ta"ue. >. G2 cour#e o. the theory % am 0.tere#ted 0. e/pou.d0."1 the #e3called act0o. o2 7co.#c0ou#.e##7 mea.# #0mply the or"a.0c relea#e# 0. the way o2 beha-0or wh0ch are the co.d0t0o.# o2 aware.e##1 a.d wh0ch al#o mod02y 0t# co.te.t. =. 9hat doe# 0t mea.: Doe# the object0-0ty o2 2act d0#appear whe. the b0olo"0#t "0-e# 0t a b0olo"0cal #tateme.t: 9hy .ot object to h0# co.clu#0o.# o. the "rou.d that they are 7merely7 b0olo"0cal: B. %t 0# th0# 6ue#t0o. of the relation to one other of different successive states of things wh0ch the pra"mat0c method #ub#t0tute# 2or the ep0#temolo"0cal 0.6u0ry o2 how o.e #ort o2 e/0#te.ce1 purely me.tal1 temporal but .ot #pat0al1 0mmater0al1 made up o2 #ubl0mated "a#eou# co.#c0ou#.e##1 ca. "et beyo.d 0t#el2 a.d ha-e -al0d re2ere.ce to a totally d022ere.t k0.d o2 e/0#te.ce A #pat0al a.d e/te.ded @ a.d how 0t ca. rece0-e 0mpre##0o.# 2rom the latter1 etc.1 33 all the 6ue#t0o.# wh0ch co.#t0tute that #pec0e# o2 co.20rmed 0.tellectual lock3jaw called ep0#temolo"y. E. 9e ha-e arr0-ed here1 upo. a more a.alyt0c plat2orm1 at the po0.t made earl0er co.cer.0." the 2act that k.ow0." issues 0. act0o. wh0ch cha."e# th0."#