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Product Description
Issue Date 01 2011-06-30
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations of any kind, either express or implied. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
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Related Versions
The following table lists the product versions related to this document. Product Name OptiX RTN 980 iManager U2000 Version V100R003C02 V100R005C00
Intended Audience
This document is intended for network planning engineers. Familiarity with the basic knowledge related to digital microwave communication technology will help you apply the information in this document.
Symbol Conventions
The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Symbol Description Indicates a hazard with a high level of risk, which if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Indicates a hazard with a medium or low level of risk, which if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.
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Symbol
Description Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if not avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss, performance degradation, or unexpected results. Indicates a tip that may help you solve a problem or save time. Provides additional information to emphasize or supplement important points of the main text.
General Conventions
The general conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Convention Times New Roman Boldface Italic Courier New Description Normal paragraphs are in Times New Roman. Names of files, directories, folders, and users are in boldface. For example, log in as user root. Book titles are in italics. Examples of information displayed on the screen are in Courier New.
Update History
Updates in Issue 01 (2011-06-30) Based on Product Version V100R003C02
This document is the first release for the V100R003C02 product version.
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Contents
Contents
About This Document...................................................................................................................iii 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Network Application.......................................................................................................................................1-2 1.2 Components.....................................................................................................................................................1-3 1.3 Radio Link Types............................................................................................................................................1-7
Contents
3 Product Structure........................................................................................................................3-1
3.1 System Architecture........................................................................................................................................3-2 3.2 Hardware Structure......................................................................................................................................... 3-3 3.2.1 IDU.........................................................................................................................................................3-3 3.2.2 ODU.......................................................................................................................................................3-7 3.3 Software Structure...........................................................................................................................................3-8 3.3.1 NMS Software........................................................................................................................................3-8 3.3.2 IDU Software......................................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.3.3 ODU Software........................................................................................................................................3-9 3.4 Service Signal Processing Flow......................................................................................................................3-9 3.4.1 SDH/PDH Microwave............................................................................................................................3-9 3.4.2 Hybrid Microwave...............................................................................................................................3-11 3.4.3 Packet Microwave................................................................................................................................3-14
6 Technical Specifications...........................................................................................................6-1
6.1 RF Performance...............................................................................................................................................6-2 6.1.1 Microwave Work Modes........................................................................................................................6-2 6.1.2 Frequency Band......................................................................................................................................6-7 6.1.3 Receiver Sensitivity..............................................................................................................................6-11 6.1.4 Distortion Sensitivity............................................................................................................................6-19 6.1.5 Transceiver Performance......................................................................................................................6-20 6.1.6 IF Performance.....................................................................................................................................6-26 6.1.7 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the Modem....................................................................6-27 6.2 Interface Performance...................................................................................................................................6-27 6.2.1 SDH Optical Interface Performance.....................................................................................................6-28 6.2.2 E1 Interface Performance.....................................................................................................................6-29 6.2.3 Ethernet Interface Performance............................................................................................................6-30 vi Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
Contents
6.2.4 Auxiliary Interface Performance..........................................................................................................6-31 6.3 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance.........................................................................................6-33 6.4 Integrated System Performance....................................................................................................................6-33
A Glossary.....................................................................................................................................A-1
A.1 0-9..................................................................................................................................................................A-2 A.2 A-E................................................................................................................................................................A-2 A.3 F-J................................................................................................................................................................A-11 A.4 K-O..............................................................................................................................................................A-16 A.5 P-T...............................................................................................................................................................A-22 A.6 U-Z..............................................................................................................................................................A-31
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Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Microwave transmission solution provided by the OptiX RTN 980..................................................1-3 Figure 1-2 Appearance of the IDU 980................................................................................................................1-4 Figure 1-3 Direct mounting..................................................................................................................................1-6 Figure 1-4 Separate mounting..............................................................................................................................1-6 Figure 2-1 SDH microwave................................................................................................................................. 2-3 Figure 2-2 PDH microwave................................................................................................................................. 2-4 Figure 2-3 Hybrid/Packet integrated IP microwave.............................................................................................2-5 Figure 2-4 Adaptive modulation.......................................................................................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-5 CCDP channel configuration (with the application of the XPIC technology).................................2-13 Figure 2-6 Relationship between the RSL and TSL...........................................................................................2-14 Figure 3-1 Block diagram.....................................................................................................................................3-2 Figure 3-2 IDU slot layout................................................................................................................................... 3-4 Figure 3-3 Block diagram of the ODU.................................................................................................................3-7 Figure 3-4 Software structure...............................................................................................................................3-8 Figure 3-5 Service signal processing flow of the SDH/PDH microwave............................................................3-9 Figure 3-6 Service signal processing flow of the Hybrid microwave................................................................3-11 Figure 3-7 Flow of service signal processing.....................................................................................................3-14 Figure 4-1 Multi-directional Nodal Convergence................................................................................................4-2 Figure 4-2 Large-capacity convergence ring........................................................................................................4-3 Figure 4-3 Upstream ring network of TDM services...........................................................................................4-4 Figure 4-4 Upstream ring network for Ethernet services.....................................................................................4-5 Figure 4-5 Upstream ring network of MPLS services......................................................................................... 4-5 Figure 4-6 Example of CES services................................................................................................................... 4-7 Figure 4-7 Compression of idle 64 kbit/s timeslots in TDM E1 signals..............................................................4-8 Figure 4-8 Retiming synchronization mode of CES service clocks.....................................................................4-8 Figure 4-9 Adaptive synchronization mode of CES service clocks.....................................................................4-9 Figure 4-10 Example of ATM/IMA services ......................................................................................................4-9 Figure 4-11 Example of E-Line services............................................................................................................4-11 Figure 4-12 Traversing a TDM network using the EoPDH feature...................................................................4-12 Figure 5-1 Network management solution for transmission networks................................................................ 5-2 Figure 6-1 W-curve............................................................................................................................................6-20
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Tables
Tables
Table 1-1 Features of the IDU 980.......................................................................................................................1-4 Table 1-2 RTN 600 ODUs that the OptiX RTN 980 supports.............................................................................1-5 Table 1-3 RTN XMC ODUs that the OptiX RTN 980 supports..........................................................................1-5 Table 1-4 Radio link types that the OptiX RTN 980 supports.............................................................................1-7 Table 2-1 RF configuration modes.......................................................................................................................2-8 Table 2-2 Air interface capacities.........................................................................................................................2-9 Table 2-3 Types and number of service interfaces that the system control, switching, and timing board supports .............................................................................................................................................................................2-10 Table 2-4 Types and number of service interfaces that each service interface board supports..........................2-11 Table 2-5 Types and number of management and auxiliary interfaces .............................................................2-12 Table 2-6 Auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface...................................................2-12 Table 2-7 MPLS/PWE3 functions......................................................................................................................2-14 Table 2-8 Ethernet service processing capability...............................................................................................2-15 Table 2-9 QoS features.......................................................................................................................................2-17 Table 2-10 Clock features...................................................................................................................................2-18 Table 2-11 Protection schemes...........................................................................................................................2-18 Table 2-12 DCN information exchange schemes...............................................................................................2-20 Table 3-1 Functional units....................................................................................................................................3-2 Table 3-2 List of IDU boards............................................................................................................................... 3-4 Table 3-3 Service signal processing flow of the SDH/PDH microwave in the transmit direction....................3-10 Table 3-4 Service signal processing flow of the SDH/PDH microwave in the receive direction......................3-10 Table 3-5 Service signal processing flow of the Hybrid microwave in the transmit direction..........................3-12 Table 3-6 Service signal processing flow of the Hybrid microwave in the receive direction............................3-13 Table 3-7 Service signal processing in the transmit direction............................................................................3-14 Table 3-8 Service signal processing flow in the receive direction.....................................................................3-15 Table 6-1 SDH/PDH microwave work modes (IF1 board)..................................................................................6-2 Table 6-2 SDH/PDH microwave work modes (ISU2/ISX2 board)..................................................................... 6-3 Table 6-3 Integrated IP microwave work modes (IFU2 board/IFX2 board)........................................................6-3 Table 6-4 Integrated IP microwave work modes (ISU2/ISX2 board, Native E1 + Ethernet service)..................6-4 Table 6-5 Integrated IP microwave work modes (ISU2 board, Native STM-1 + Ethernet service)....................6-6 Table 6-6 Integrated IP microwave work modes (ISX2 board, Native STM-1 + Ethernet service)....................6-6 Table 6-7 Frequency Band (SP ODU)..................................................................................................................6-7 Table 6-8 Frequency band (SPA ODU)............................................................................................................... 6-8 Table 6-9 Frequency band (HP ODU)..................................................................................................................6-8 Issue 01 (2011-06-30) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. xi
Tables
OptiX RTN 980 Radio Transmission System Product Description Table 6-10 Frequency Band (HPA ODU)............................................................................................................6-9 Table 6-11 Frequency band (XMC-2 ODU)........................................................................................................6-9 Table 6-12 Frequency band (LP ODU)..............................................................................................................6-10 Table 6-13 Frequency band (LPA ODU)...........................................................................................................6-10 Table 6-14 Frequency band (XMC-1 ODU)......................................................................................................6-10 Table 6-15 Typical receiver sensitivity values of the SDH/PDH microwave (i, IF1 board)..............................6-11 Table 6-16 Typical receiver sensitivity values of the SDH/PDH microwave (ii, IF1 board)............................6-12 Table 6-17 Typical receiver sensitivity values of the SDH microwave (ISU2/ISX2 board).............................6-12 Table 6-18 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (i, IFU2 board/IFX2 board) .............................................................................................................................................................................6-13 Table 6-19 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (ii, IFU2 board/IFX2 board) .............................................................................................................................................................................6-14 Table 6-20 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iii, IFU2/IFX2 board) .............................................................................................................................................................................6-15 Table 6-21 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iv, IFU2/IFX2 board) .............................................................................................................................................................................6-15 Table 6-22 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (i, ISU2 board/ISX2 board (non-XPIC mode))...............................................................................................................................................6-16 Table 6-23 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (ii, ISU2 board/ISX2 board (non-XPIC mode))...............................................................................................................................................6-17 Table 6-24 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iii, ISU2/ISX2 board) .............................................................................................................................................................................6-17 Table 6-25 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iv, ISU2/ISX2 board) .............................................................................................................................................................................6-18 Table 6-26 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (v, ISU2/ISX2 board) .............................................................................................................................................................................6-19 Table 6-27 Anti-multipath fading capability......................................................................................................6-19 Table 6-28 Transceiver Performance (SP ODU)................................................................................................6-20 Table 6-29 Transceiver performance (SPA ODU).............................................................................................6-21 Table 6-30 Transceiver performance (HP ODU)...............................................................................................6-22 Table 6-31 Frequency Band (HPA ODU)..........................................................................................................6-23 Table 6-32 Transceiver performance (XMC-2 ODU)........................................................................................6-23 Table 6-33 Transceiver performance (LP ODU)................................................................................................6-25 Table 6-34 Frequency band (LPA ODU)...........................................................................................................6-25 Table 6-35 Transceiver performance (XMC-1 ODU)........................................................................................6-26 Table 6-36 IF performance.................................................................................................................................6-26 Table 6-37 Baseband signal processing performance of the modem.................................................................6-27 Table 6-38 STM-4 optical interface performance..............................................................................................6-28 Table 6-39 STM-1 optical interface performance..............................................................................................6-28 Table 6-40 STM-1 electrical interface performance..........................................................................................6-29 Table 6-41 E1 interface performance.................................................................................................................6-30 Table 6-42 Performance of the GE optical interface .........................................................................................6-30 Table 6-43 GE electric interface performance....................................................................................................6-31 Table 6-44 FE electric interface performance....................................................................................................6-31 Table 6-45 Orderwire interface performance.....................................................................................................6-32
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Table 6-46 Synchronous data interface performance.........................................................................................6-32 Table 6-47 Asynchronous data interface performance.......................................................................................6-32 Table 6-48 Wayside service interface performance...........................................................................................6-33 Table 6-49 Clock timing and synchronization performance..............................................................................6-33 Table 6-50 Dimensions.......................................................................................................................................6-34 Table 6-51 Typical weight..................................................................................................................................6-34 Table 6-52 Typical power consumption.............................................................................................................6-34 Table 6-53 Power Supply...................................................................................................................................6-34 Table 6-54 Environment performance................................................................................................................6-35
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1 Introduction
1
About This Chapter
Introduction
The OptiX RTN 980 is a product in the OptiX RTN 900 radio transmission system series. 1.1 Network Application The OptiX RTN 900 is a new generation TDM/Hybrid/Packet integrated microwave transmission system developed by Huawei. It provides a seamless microwave transmission solution for mobile communication network or private networks. 1.2 Components The OptiX RTN 980 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 980 and the ODU. Each ODU is connected to the IDU through an IF cable. 1.3 Radio Link Types The OptiX RTN 980 provides the radio links of various types in which different IF boards and ODUs are configured for diverse microwave application scenarios.
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1 Introduction
All the products in the OptiX RTN 900 series use the same types of IF and service interface boards.
The OptiX RTN 900 series provide a variety of service interfaces and can be installed easily and configured flexibly. The OptiX RTN 900 series provide a solution that can integrate TDM microwave, Hybrid microwave, and Packet microwave technologies according to the networking scheme for the sites, achieving smooth upgrade from TDM microwave to Hybrid microwave, and from Hybrid microwave to Packet microwave. This solution is able to adapt to changing service scenarios brought about by evolutions in radio mobile networks. Therefore, this solution meets the transmission requirements of 2G and 3G networks while also allowing for integration with future LTE and 4G networks.
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Figure 1-1 Microwave transmission solution provided by the OptiX RTN 980
Raido trassmission network Regional backhaul network
STM-1/4
STM-1/4
GE
FE/GE
Ethernet Network
FE/GE
(Metro)
NOTE
l In this solution, the OptiX RTN 980 is connected to an RNC and BSC directly or through a regional backhaul network. l The OptiX RTN 980 provides a wide range of interfaces and service bearer technologies to adapt to the regional backhaul network. The regional backhaul network can be a time-division multiplexing (TDM) network or packet switching network (PSN). l The OptiX RTN 980 supports the Ethernet over PDH (EoPDH) function. Therefore, packet services can be backhauled through a TDM network. l The OptiX RTN 980 supports the pseudo wire emulation edge-to-edge (PWE3) technology. Therefore, TDM, ATM, and Ethernet services can be backhauled through a PSN.
1.2 Components
The OptiX RTN 980 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 980 and the ODU. Each ODU is connected to the IDU through an IF cable.
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1 Introduction
IDU 980
The IDU 980 is the indoor unit for an OptiX RTN 980 system. It receives and multiplexes services, performs service processing and IF processing, and provides the system control and communications function. Table 1-1 lists the basic features of the IDU 980. Table 1-1 Features of the IDU 980 Item Chassis height Pluggable Number of microwave directions RF configuration mode Description 5U Supported 1 to 14 1+0 non-protection configuration N+0 non-protection configuration 1+1 protection configuration N+1 protection configuration(N 7) XPIC configuration
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ODU
The ODU is the outdoor unit for the OptiX RTN 900. It converts frequencies and amplifies signals. The OptiX RTN 900 product series can use the RTN 600 ODU and RTN XMC ODU, covering the entire frequency band from 6 GHz to 38 GHz.
NOTE
Unlike the other frequency bands that use 14 MHz, 28 MHz, or 56 MHz channel spacing, the 18 GHz frequency band uses 13.75 MHz, 27.5 MHz, or 55 MHz channel spacing.
Table 1-2 RTN 600 ODUs that the OptiX RTN 980 supports Item Description Standard Power ODU ODU type Frequency band SP, SPA 7/8/11/13/15/18/23/ 26/38 GHz (SP ODU) 6/7/8/11/13/15/18/2 3 GHz (SPA ODU) Microwave modulation scheme Channel spacing QPSK/16QAM/ 32QAM/64QAM/ 128QAM/256QAM 3.5/7/14/28 MHz High Power ODU HP, HPA 6/7/8/10/10.5/11/13/ 15/18/23/26/28/32/3 8 GHz (HP) 7/8/11/13/15/18/23 GHz (HPA) QPSK/16QAM/ 32QAM/64QAM/ 128QAM/256QAM 7/14/28/40/56 MHz (6/7/8/10/11/13/15/1 8/23/26/28/32/38 GHz) 7/14/28 MHz (10.5 GHz) Low Capacity for PDH ODU LP, LPA 7/8/11/13/15/18/23 GHz (LP) 7/8/11/13/15/18/23/ 26/32/38 GHz (LPA) QPSK/16QAM
3.5/7/14/28 MHz
Table 1-3 RTN XMC ODUs that the OptiX RTN 980 supports Item Description High Power ODU ODU type Frequency band Microwave modulation scheme Channel spacing
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Low Capacity for PDH ODU XMC-1 7/8/11/13/15/18/23 GHz QPSK/16QAM 3.5/7/14/28 MHz
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1 Introduction
There are two methods for mounting the ODU and the antenna: direct mounting and separate mounting. l The direct mounting method is usually used when a small-diameter and single-polarized antenna is used. In this situation, if one ODU is configured for one antenna, the ODU is directly mounted at the back of the antenna. If two ODUs are configured for one antenna, an RF signal combiner/splitter (hence referred to as a hybrid coupler) must be mounted to connect the ODUs to the antenna. Figure 1-3 illustrates the direct mounting method. Figure 1-3 Direct mounting
The separate mounting method is used when a double-polarized antenna or big-diameter and single-polarized antenna is used. Figure 1-4 shows the separate mounting method. In this situation, a hybrid coupler can be mounted (two ODUs share one feed boom). Figure 1-4 Separate mounting
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NOTE
The OptiX RTN 980 provides an antenna solution that covers the entire frequency band, and supports single-polarized antennas and dual-polarized antennas with diameters of 0.3 m to 3.7 m along with the corresponding feeder system.
Low-capacity PDH microwave SDH/PDH microwave High-capacity SDH microwave High-capacity SDH microwave supporting XPIC Hybrid/Packet microwave Hybrid/Packet microwave supporting XPIC
IF1 IF1
Low capacity for PDH ODU Standard power ODU or high power ODU Standard power ODU or high power ODU Standard power ODU or high power ODU Standard power ODU or high power ODU Standard power ODU or high power ODU
CSHN
ISU2
CSHN
ISX2
CSHN
IFU2/ISU2
CSHN
IFX2/ISX2
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2
About This Chapter
The OptiX RTN 980 provides a wide assortment of functions and features to ensure the quality and efficiency of service transmission. 2.1 Microwave Types The microwave type is determined by the IF board and the configured working mode. 2.2 Modulation Strategy The SDH/PDH microwave supports fixed modulation. The Hybrid/Packet microwave supports fixed modulation and adaptive modulation. 2.3 RF Configuration Modes The OptiX RTN 980 supports 1+0 non-protection configuration, N+0 non-protection configuration, 1+1 protection configuration, N+1 protection configuration, and XPIC configuration. 2.4 Capacity The OptiX RTN 980 is a high-capacity device. 2.5 Interfaces The OptiX RTN 980 provides a variety of interfaces. 2.6 Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation Cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) technology is used together with co-channel dual-polarization (CCDP). The application of the two technologies doubles the wireless link capacity over the same channel. 2.7 Automatic Transmit Power Control Automatic transmit power control (ATPC) enables the output power of the transmitter to automatically trace the level fluctuation at the receive end within the ATPC control range. This feature reduces the interference with neighboring systems and residual BER. 2.8 MPLS/PWE3 Function The OptiX RTN 980 uses an MPLS that is optimized for the telecom bearer network as the packet forwarding mechanism for packet transmission of carrier-class services. The OptiX RTN 980 uses PWE3 technology as the service bearer technology to implement MPLS network access for various types of services.
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2.9 Ethernet Service Processing Capability The OptiX RTN 980 has powerful Ethernet service processing capability. 2.10 QoS The OptiX RTN 980 provides improved quality of service (QoS) and supports the following eight types of per-hop behaviors (PHBs): BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7. Therefore, network carriers can offer various QoS levels of service guarantees and build networks that carry data, voice, and video services. 2.11 Clock Features The clock features of the OptiX RTN 980 can transport the clock of the mobile communication network and provide a complete selection of clock protection mechanisms. 2.12 Protection Capability The OptiX RTN 980 provides a variety of protection schemes. 2.13 Network Management The OptiX RTN 980 supports multiple network management (NM) modes and provides comprehensive NM information exchange schemes. 2.14 Easy Installation The OptiX RTN 980 supports several installation modes. That is, the installation is flexible and convenient. 2.15 Easy Maintenance The OptiX RTN 980 provides several maintenance features that effectively reduce the costs associated with maintaining the equipment. 2.16 Energy Saving The OptiX RTN 980 uses various types of technologies to reduce the amount of energy that the device consumes. The device: 2.17 Environmental Protection The OptiX RTN 980 is designed to meet or exceed environmental protection requirements. The product complies with the RoHS directive.
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The IF1 board can work in TU-12-based PDH microwave mode or STM-1-based SDH microwave mode. The ISU2/ISX2 board can work in SDH mode to support transmission of one STM-1 or two STM-1s.
SDH Microwave
Unlike conventional SDH microwave equipment, the OptiX RTN 980 has a built-in MADM. The MADM grooms services to the microwave port through cross-connections, maps the services into the STM-1-based or 2xSTM-1-based microwave frames, and then transmits the frames. With this capability, services are flexibly groomed and the optical network and the microwave network are seamlessly converged. Figure 2-1 SDH microwave
IDU SDH ODU SDH radio
OH
MADM
OH
E1
PDH Microwave
Unlike conventional PDH microwave equipment, the OptiX RTN 980 has a built-in MADM. The MADM grooms E1 services to the microwave port for further transmission. With this
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capability, services are flexibly groomed and the optical network and the microwave network are seamlessly converged. Figure 2-2 PDH microwave
IDU SDH ODU PDH radio
OH
MADM
E1
The OptiX RTN 980 supports the Hybrid/Packet integrated IP microwave (integrated IP microwave or Integrated IP radio), and can transmit any or several of the following three types of services: Native TDM, Native Ethernet, and packet services encapsulated in PWE3 based on the software configuration of the equipment. Therefore, the equipment can support Hybrid and Packet microwave at the same time, and support a smooth upgrade from Hybrid microwave to Packet microwave.
NOTE
General-purpose IF boards, the IFU2, IFX2, ISU2, and ISX2 boards, support Integrated IP radio.
To achieve flexible grooming of TDM services and packet services on the Integrated IP radio, the OptiX RTN 980 is embedded with dual service planes: TDM service processing plane and packet service processing plane. TDM services and packet services can be flexibly transmitted over the integrated IP microwave, as shown in Figure 2-3. l
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Performs cross-connections on the incoming TDM services (E1 services or STM-1 services), and transmits the services to the microwave ports. l Packet service processing plane Performs PWE3 emulation on the incoming services (E1 services, ATM/IMA services, and Ethernet services), encapsulates them into the MPLS packets, and transmits the Ethernet frames that bear the MPLS packets to the microwave ports. Ethernet services are directly transmitted to the microwave ports in Native mode after Layer 2 switching. Native TDM services, MPLS packets, or Native Ethernet services need to be groomed to the microwave port, encapsulated into microwave frames, and then transmitted on microwave links. The Integrated IP radio serves as Hybrid microwave when TDM services are scheduled to the microwave port over the TDM service processing plane and Ethernet services are scheduled to the microwave port over the packet service processing plane; the Integrated IP radio serves as Packet microwave when all services are encapsulated into MPLS/PWE3 packets on the packet service processing plane and then scheduled to the microwave port. Figure 2-3 Hybrid/Packet integrated IP microwave
Hybrid radio Native TDM channel (E1 or STM-1) TDM PWE3 (CES E1) MPLS tunnel ATM PWE3 ETH PWE3 Mixed service in evolution
Packet switching
FE/GE
TDM PWE3 (CES E1) ATM PWE3 MPLS tunnel ETH PWE3 Pure Packet radio The Integrated IP radio supports smooth upgrade
l l
Transmits one, or several of the TDM services, MPLS PWE3 services, and Native Ethernet services. Supports the AM function. E1 services and packet services can be configured with priority. When AM is switched to the reference mode, the services with higher priority are transmitted with preference.
In Integrated IP radio mode, the equipment supports the AM technology. With configurable priorities for E1 services and packet services, the transmission is controlled based on the service bandwidth and QoS policies corresponding to the current modulation scheme. The highestpriority services are transmitted with precedence.
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In Integrated IP radio mode, when the equipment transmits STM-1 services and packet services at the same time, STM-1 services have highest priority and their transmission is ensured.
Priorities of E1 services The priorities of E1 services are assigned based on the number of E1 services that each modulation scheme can transmit. When modulation scheme switching occurs, only the E1 services whose number is specified in the new modulation scheme can be transmitted and the excess E1 services are discarded.
Priorities of packet services With the QoS technology, packet services are scheduled to queues with different priorities. The services in different queues are transmitted to the microwave port after running the queue scheduling algorithm. When modulation scheme switching occurs, certain queues may be congested due to insufficient capacity at the air interface. As a result, certain services or all the services in these queues are discarded.
Figure 2-4 shows the change in services brought by the AM technology. The orange part indicates E1 services. The blue part indicates packet services. The closer the service is to the outside of the cylinder in the figure, the lower the service priority. Under all channel conditions, the service capacity varies according to the modulation scheme. When the channel conditions are unfavorable (during adverse weather conditions), lower-priority services are discarded. Figure 2-4 Adaptive modulation
QPSK Channel Capability 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM E1 Services Ethernet Services 256QAM
The AM technology used by the OptiX RTN 980 has the following characteristics:
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l l
The AM technology uses the QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM modulation schemes. The lowest-efficiency modulation scheme (also called reference scheme or modulation scheme of guaranteed capacity) and the highest-efficiency modulation scheme (also called nominal scheme or modulation scheme of full capacity) used by the AM can be configured. In AM, when modulation schemes are switched, the transmit frequency, receive frequency, and channel spacing remain unchanged. In AM, modulation schemes are switched step-by-step. In AM, modulation scheme switching is hitless. When the modulation scheme is downshifted, high-priority services will not be affected when low-priority services are discarded. The switching is successful even when 100 dB/s channel fast fading occurs.
l l l
2.4 Capacity
The OptiX RTN 980 is a high-capacity device. 2.4.1 Air Interface Capacity
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The microwave air interface capacity depends on the IF board, ODU type, and microwave working mode. 2.4.2 Cross-Connect Capacity The OptiX RTN 980 has a built-in MADM and provides 128x128 VC-4 higher order crossconnections and VC-12/VC-3 lower order cross-connections equivalent to 32x32 VC-4s. 2.4.3 Switching Capacity The OptiX RTN 980 has a built-in packet processing platform with the switching capacity of 22 Gbit/s.
Supports 16xE1s when the lowcapacity PDH ODU is used. The XPIC function is provided using two ISX2 boards. The XPIC function is provided using two IFX2 boards. The XPIC function is provided using two ISX2 boards.
NOTE The XPIC function doubles the service capacity of the microwave channel at the same frequency bandwidth.
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2.5 Interfaces
The OptiX RTN 980 provides a variety of interfaces. 2.5.1 Service Interfaces The OptiX RTN 980 provides the interfaces that converge SDH services and Ethernet services on the system control, switching, and timing board, and it is able to provide a wide-assortment of service interfaces by configuring appropriate service interface boards. 2.5.2 Management and Auxiliary Interfaces The OptiX RTN 980 provides the management and auxiliary interfaces through the system control, switching, and timing board and the auxiliary board.
GE electrical interface (RJ45): 10/100/1000BASET(X) or GE optical interface (SFP): 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASELX STM-4 optical interface (SFP), or STM-1 optical interface (SFP)
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Table 2-4 lists the types and number of service interfaces that each service interface board supports for the OptiX RTN 980. Table 2-4 Types and number of service interfaces that each service interface board supports Service Interface Board EM6T/EM6TA Service Interface FE electrical interface (RJ45): 10/100BASE-T(X) GE electrical interface (RJ45): 10/100/1000BASET(X) EM6F/EM6FA FE electrical interface (RJ45): 10/100BASE-T(X) GE electrical interface (SFP): 10/100/1000BASE-T(X) or GE optical interface (SFP): 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASELX EFP8 SP3S SP3D SL1D FE electrical interface (RJ45): 10/100BASE-T(X) 75-ohm or 120-ohm E1 interface 75-ohm or 120-ohm E1 interface STM-1 electrical interface (SFP) or STM-1 optical interface (SFP): Ie-1, S-1.1, L-1.1, and L-1.2 ML1 75-ohm or 120-ohm Smart E1 interface: supports CES E1, IMA E1, or Fractional E1 75-ohm or 120-ohm Smart E1 interface: supports CES E1, IMA E1, or Fractional E1 16 8 16 32 2 Quantity 4 2
4 2
MD1
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Table 2-5 Types and number of management and auxiliary interfaces Interface External clock interface Management interface Description Combined 120-ohm 2,048 kbit/s or 2,048 kHz clock input and output interface 10/100BASE-T(X) NM interface NM serial interface 10/100BASE-T(X) NE cascading interface Auxiliary interface Orderwire interface RS-232 asynchronous data interface 64 kbit/s synchronous data interface Wayside E1 interface Alarm interface Alarm input/output interface Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Four inputs and two outputs
NOTE
l The external clock interface and the wayside E1 interface are combined into one physical interface. This interface can also transparently transmit the DCC bytes, orderwire overhead bytes, and synchronous/asynchronous data overhead bytes. However, this interface can implement only one function at a time. l The 64 kbit/s synchronous data interface can also transparently transmit an orderwire byte, but cannot transmit the synchronous data in this case. l The CSHN board provides the external clock interface and the management interface. The AUX board provides the auxiliary interface and the alarm interface. l The number of external clock interfaces or the number of management interfaces listed in the table is the number of interfaces provided by one CST/CSH board.
Auxiliary services and NM messages are transmitted by overhead bytes over a radio link. For details, see Table 2-6. Table 2-6 Auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface Service/Message Type Microwave Frame Overhead Quantity of Paths Asynchronous data service Synchronous data service Orderwire phone service Wayside E1 service 1 1 1 1 Path Rate 19.2 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s
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Service/Message Type
Microwave Frame Overhead Quantity of Paths Path Rate 64 kbit/s (in the PDH radio link which the capacity is lower than 16xE1) 192 kbit/s (in the PDH radio link which the capacity is not lower than 16xE1) 192 kbit/s (in Integrated IP radio link) 192 kbit/s, 576kbit/s, or 768kbit/s (in the SDH radio link)
DCC path
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TSL
Up-fading Central value of the ATPC upper threshold and the ATPC lower threshold 2 dB RSL 2 dB Down-fading
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Function and Feature ATM PWE3 Mapping mode Maximum number of concatenated cells Cell concatenatio n wait time ETH PWE3 Encapsulatio n mode Service type Setup mode Numbers of PWs Protection OAM
125 s to 50000 s
Supports direct encapsulation and encapsulation by adding tags. Supports E-Line services. Static PWs Supports a maximum of 1024 PWs. 1:1 PW APS Supports the following OAM functions: l VCCV l PW OAM that complies with ITU-T Y. 1710 and ITU-T Y.1711. l PW ping and PW traceroute functions
Supported Supported
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Item VLAN
Description l Adds, deletes, and switches VLAN tags that comply with IEEE 802.1q/p, and forwards packets based on VLAN tags. l Processes packets based on the port tag attribute (Tag/Hybrid/ Access). l The VLAN ID ranges from 1 to 4094.
MAC address
l The E-LAN service supports the MAC address self learning capability in two learning modes: SVL and IVL. l MAC addresses can be filtered; that is, MAC addresses can be blacklisted. l Static MAC address entries can be set. l The capacity of the MAC address table is 16 k (including static entities). l The MAC address aging time can be configured.
Spanning tree
Supports the MSTP protocol, and generates only the Common and Internal Spanning Tree (CIST). The functions of the MSTP protocol are equal to those of the RSTP protocol. Supported for the FE/GE port and microwave port. Supports manual aggregation and static aggregation, as well as load sharing and non-load sharing. The load sharing algorithm is implemented based on the hash of the MAC address, IP address, or MPLS label. Supports G.8032compliant ring network protection for Ethernet services. Disables the remote Ethernet port that is connected to the user equipment when the transmission network or local port fails. Supports QoS. For details, see 2.10 QoS. Supports the IEEE 802.3x-complaint traffic control function. Supports IEEE 802.1ag- and IEEE 802.3ah-compliant ETH-OAM function. Supports IETF RFC2819compliant RMON performance monitoring.
Link aggregation
ERPS LPT QoS Traffic control function ETH-OAM Ethernet performance monitoring Synchronous Ethernet EoPDH
Supports G.8261 and G.8262compliant synchronous Ethernet. Supported. The EFP8 board provides the EoPDH function.
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l The E-Line service is an Ethernet private line service. The OptiX RTN 980 supports the private line service based on the Port, Port+VLAN, and Port+QinQ. A maximum of 1024 E-Line services are supported. The E-Line service can be carried on PWs. l The E-LAN service is an Ethernet local area network (LAN) service. The OptiX RTN 980 supports the ELAN service based on the 802.1d bridge, 802.1q bridge, and 802.1ad bridge. The bridge supports a maximum of 1024 logical ports.
2.10 QoS
The OptiX RTN 980 provides improved quality of service (QoS) and supports the following eight types of per-hop behaviors (PHBs): BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7. Therefore, network carriers can offer various QoS levels of service guarantees and build networks that carry data, voice, and video services. Table 2-9 QoS features Feature DiffServ Performance l For Ethernet services, supports mapping the Ethernet service into different PHB service levels based on the C-VLAN priority, S-VLAN priority, IP DSCP value, and MPLS EXP value. l For ATM services, supports flexible mapping between the ATM service categories (CBR, UBR, UBR+, rtVBR, and nrtVBR) and PHB service levels. l For CES services, the PHB service level of each CES service can be set manually (EF by default). Traffic classification Traffic policing Queue scheduling Supports classifying traffic based on the Port, C-VLAN ID, S-VLAN ID, 802.1p priority of the C-VLAN/S-VLAN packet, or DSCP. Supports flow-based traffic policing and the setting of PIR and CIR in steps of 64 kbit/s. l Each Ethernet port or Integrated IP radio port supports eight levels of priority scheduling. l Flexibly sets the queue scheduling scheme for each Ethernet port and Integrated IP radio port. The queue scheduling modes include SP, SP +WRR, and WRR. Traffic shaping l Supports the shaping for the specified port, priority queue, or service flow. l Supports a step of 64 kbit/s for the PIR and CIR. Buffer capacity 12 Mbit
Table 2-10 lists the clock features that the OptiX RTN 980 supports. Table 2-10 Clock features Item Equipment clock Clock source Description Supports the three modes as defined in ITUT G.813: locked, holdover, and free-run. Supports the following clock sources: l SDH line clock l PDH tributary clock l Radio link clock l Synchronous Ethernet clock l 2048 kbit/s or 2048 kHz external clock SSM protocol/Extended SSM protocol Supported. SSM information can be transmitted in the following modes: l SDH line l SDH radio link l Hybrid/Packet radio link l Synchronization Ethernet l External clock interface (not supporting the extended SSM protocol) Tributary clock l Supports the re-timing function of the tributary. l Supports the transparent transmission of E1 clocks. l Supports CES ACR clocks. Output of the external clock Supported (120-ohm interface complying with G.703, 2 Mbit/s or 2 MHz mode)
Description 1+1 hot backup 1+1 hot backup 1+1 hot backup
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Network-level protection
MPLS PW Ethernet
MPLS tunnel 1:1 protection PW 1:1 protection LAG protection (including FE/GE ports and radio links) ERPS protection (including FE/GE ports and radio links) MSTP protection (including FE/GE ports and radio links)
IMA protection SNCP (including radio links and SDH lines) 1+1 or 1:N linear multiplex section protection (MSP) 1+1 or 1:1 linear MSP Two-fiber bi-directional MSP ring
NM Mode
The OptiX RTN 980 supports the following functions: l l Uses the iManager Web LCT to manage one local NE or one remote NE on a per-NE basis. Uses the OptiX iManager U2000 to manage all OptiX RTN NEs on the transmission network and the NEs of Huawei optical transmission products in a concentrated manner. The OptiX iManager U2000 is also able to manage transmission networks in a unified manner. Uses the SNMP agent to query alarms and performance events.
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Table 2-12 DCN information exchange schemes Item DCN channe l DCC byte PDH microwave Integrated IP radio SDH microwave SDH line Network management interface External clock interface Inband DCN Radio link FE/GE interface Networ k manag ement protoc ol HWECC protocol IP protocols OSI protocols L2 DCN Specifications One or three DCC bytes that are defined by Huawei Three DCC bytes that are defined by Huawei D1-D3, D4-D12, or D1-D12 bytes D1-D3, D4-D12, or D1-D12 bytes Supports one network management Ethernet interface or one network management Ethernet cascade interface. Supports the transparent transmission of DCC bytes through the external clock interface. The inband DCN channel is marked with the VLAN tag and its bandwidth is configurable. The inband DCN channel is marked with the VLAN tag and its bandwidth is configurable. Supported Supported Supported Supported
The ODU supports two installation modes: direct mounting and separate mounting.
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l l l
Hardware Maintenance
l l l Each board of the IDU has running and alarm status indicators. All the indicators and cable interfaces of the IDU are on the front panel. The integrated control, switching, and timing board, IF board, service board, and fan board support hot swapping.
Data Backup
l l l The OptiX RTN 980 supports periodic backup and restoration of the NE database remotely using the U2000. The CF card that stores the data configuration file and the software can be replaced on site. Therefore, users can load the data or upgrade the software by replacing the CF card. Two sets of software and data are stored in the flash memory of the control, switching, and timing board to facilitate smooth upgrades.
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Software Upgrade
l The OptiX RTN 980 supports remote loading of the NE software and data using the U2000 to provide a complete NE upgrade solution. Therefore, the entire network can be upgraded rapidly. The OptiX RTN 980 supports the NSF function. When a warm reset is performed for the NE software, SDH/PDH services and E-Line services are not interrupted. The OptiX RTN 980 supports the hot patch loading function. Users can upgrade the software without interrupting services. The OptiX RTN 980 supports software version rollback. In the event of a software upgrade failure, the original software can be recovered which will also restore the original services of the system.
l l l
l l
l l
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3
About This Chapter
Product Structure
This chapter describes the system architecture, hardware architecture, and software architecture of the product, in addition to how the system processes service signals. 3.1 System Architecture The OptiX RTN 980 consists of a series of functional units, including the service interface unit, timeslot cross-connect unit, packet switching unit, IF unit, control unit, clock unit, auxiliary interface unit, fan unit, power unit, and ODU. 3.2 Hardware Structure The OptiX RTN 980 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 980 and the ODU. An ODU is connected to the IDU 980 through an IF cable. The IF cable transmits IF service signals and the O&M signals of the ODU and also supplies -48 V DC power to the ODU. 3.3 Software Structure The OptiX RTN 980 software consists of the NMS software, IDU software, and ODU software. 3.4 Service Signal Processing Flow The flows for transmitting the SDH/PDH microwave signals, Hybrid microwave signals, and packet microwave signals are different.
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3 Product Structure
RF signal
IDU
Antenna
Ethernet signal
Clock unit
Control unit
Fan unit
Power unit
NM interface
-48V/-60V DC
Table 3-1 Functional units Functional Unit Service interface unit Function l Accesses TDM E1 signals. l Access ATM/IMA E1 signals, and demultiplex ATM services from ATM/IMA E1 signals. l Accesses STM-1/4 signals. l Accesses FE/GE signals. l Performs E1/ATM/Ethernet service emulation based on PWE3. Timeslot crossconnect unit Provides the cross-connect function and grooms TDM services.
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Function l Processes Ethernet services and forwards packets. l Processes MPLS labels and forwards packets. l Processes PW labels and forwards packets.
IF unit
l Maps service signals to microwave frame signals and demaps microwave frame signals to service signals. l Performs conversion between microwave frame signals and IF analog signals. l Provides the O&M channel between the IDU and the ODU. l Supports FEC.
Control unit
l Provides the system communications and control. l Provides the system configuration and management. l Collects alarms and monitors performance. l Processes overheads.
Clock unit
l Traces the clock source signal and provides various clock signals for the system. l Supports input and output of external clock.
l Provides the orderwire interface. l Provides the synchronous/asynchronous data interface. l Provides the external alarm input/output interface.
Power unit
l Accesses -48 V/-60 V DC power. l Provides DC power for the IDU. l Provides -48 V DC power for the ODU.
Fan unit
3.2.1 IDU
The IDU 980 is the indoor unit for the OptiX RTN 980.
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3 Product Structure
The IDU 980 uses a card plug-in design. It implements different functions by configuring different types of boards. All service boards support hot swapping. Figure 3-2 IDU slot layout
Slot 26 (PIU) Slot 13 (EXT) Slot 11 (EXT) Slot 9 (EXT) Slot 28 (FAN) Slot 7 (EXT) Slot 15 (CSHN) Slot 5 (EXT) Slot 3 (EXT) Slot 1 (EXT) Slot 6 (EXT) Slot 4 (EXT) Slot 2 (EXT) Slot 20 (CSHN) Slot 8 (EXT) Slot 27 (PIU) Slot 14 (EXT) Slot 12 (EXT) Slot 10 (EXT)
NOTE
"EXT" represents an extended slot, which can house any type of IF board or interface board.
Table 3-2 List of IDU boards Board Acronym CSHN Board Name Hybrid control, switching, and timing board Valid Slot Slot 15/20 Description l Supports the TDM cross-connect function, provides 128x128 VC-4 higher order cross-connections and VC-12/VC-3 lower order cross-connections equivalent to 32x32 VC-4s. l Supports the 22 Gbit/s packet switching function. l Performs system communication and control. l Processes clocks and provides one clock input/output interface. l Provides one network management interface, one network management serial port, and one NE cascading interface. l Uses the SFP module to provide two STM-1 or STM-4 optical interfaces. l Provides two GE interfaces. (Each GE interface can use an RJ45 electrical interface or an SFP optical interface independently.)
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3 Product Structure
Description l Provides one IF interface l Supports integrated IP microwave and SDH microwave. The supported service modes are Native E1+Ethernet, Native STM-1+Ethernet or SDH (1xSTM-1 or 2xSTM-1). l Supports the AM function. l Supports Ethernet frame header compression.
ISX2
Slot 1 to slot 14
l Provides one IF interface l Supports integrated IP microwave and SDH microwave. The supported service modes are Native E1+Ethernet, Native STM-1+Ethernet or SDH (1xSTM-1 or 2xSTM-1). l Supports the XPIC function. l Supports the AM function. l Supports Ethernet frame header compression.
IF1
SDH IF board
Slot 1 to slot 14
l Provides one IF interface. l Supports the TU-based PDH microwave solution and the STM-1-based SDH microwave solution. l Provides one IF interface. l Supports integrated IP microwave. l Supports the AM function.
IFU2
Universal IF board
Slot 1 to slot 14
IFX2
Slot 1 to slot 14
l Provides one IF interface. l Supports integrated IP microwave. l Supports the XPIC function. l Supports the AM function.
SL1D
2xSTM-1 interface board 6 Port RJ45 Ethernet/ Gigabit Ethernet Interface Board
Uses the SFP module to provide two STM-1 optical\electrical interfaces. l Provides four FE electrical interfaces. l Provides two GE electrical interfaces that are compatible with the FE electrical interface.
EM6T/ EM6TA
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3 Product Structure
Board Name 4 Port RJ45 + 2 Port SFP Fast Ethernet/ Gigabit Ethernet Interface Board 8-port RJ45 FE EoPDH processing board with the switching function
Description l Provides four FE electrical interfaces. l Uses the SFP module to provide two GE optical or electrical interfaces. The GE electrical interfaces are compatible with the FE electrical interfaces.
EFP8
Slot 1 to slot 14
l Provides eight FE electrical interfaces. l Bridges to the packet plane through one internal GE interface. l Supports the processing of EoPDH services. l Supports Ethernet transparent transmission services and Layer 2 switching services.
ML1
16xE1 (Smart) tributary board 32xE1 (Smart) tributary board 16xE1 tributary board 32xE1 tributary board Auxiliary interface board Power board Fan board
Slot 1 to slot 14
l Provides sixteen 75-ohm or 120-ohm Smart E1 interfaces. l Supports CES E1, ATM/IMA E1, and Fractional E1.
MD1
Slot 1 to slot 14
l Provides thirty-two 75-ohm or 120-ohm Smart E1 interfaces. l Supports CES E1, ATM/IMA E1, and Fractional E1.
SP3S
Provides sixteen 75-ohm or 120-ohm TDM E1 interfaces. Provides thirty-two 75-ohm or 120-ohm TDM E1 interfaces. Provides one orderwire interface, one asynchronous data interface, one synchronous data interface, and four-input and two-output external alarm interfaces. Provides one -48 V/-60 V DC power input. Cools and ventilates the IDU.
SP3D
AUX
PIU FAN
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3.2.2 ODU
The ODU is an integrated system that is available in several models. The architectures and working principles of the various ODU models are similar.
Block Diagram
Figure 3-3 Block diagram of the ODU
Multiplexer Tx IF O&M uplink Cable port Up-conversion AMP Tx RF Duplexer
O&M downlink DC
PWR Rx RF
Rx IF
Down-conversion
LNA
The O&M uplink signal is a 5.5 MHz ASK-modulated signal and is demodulated in the CTRL control unit. The -48 V DC power signal is sent to the PWR power unit where the secondary power supply that uses a different voltage is generated and provided to the modules of the ODU.
3 Product Structure
detects the received signal power through the RSSI detection circuit and provides the RSSI interface. The IF signal and the O&M downlink signal are combined in the multiplexer and then are sent to the IDU through the IF cable.
3.3.1 NMS Software Huawei offers a transmission network management solution that meets the requirements of the telecommunication management network (TMN) for managing all the OptiX RTN products and other OptiX series transmission products on a network. 3.3.2 IDU Software The IDU software consists of NE software and board software. 3.3.3 ODU Software The ODU software manages and controls the running status of the ODU. The ODU software controls the running of the ODU based on the parameters transmitted by the IDU software. The ODU running status is reported to the IDU software.
3 Product Structure
EM6F board) in the IDU is integrated as software modules with the NE software and runs in the CPU of the system control, switching, and timing board.
CSHN
IF1
ODU
Antenna
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3 Product Structure
Table 3-3 Service signal processing flow of the SDH/PDH microwave in the transmit direction NO. 1 Component SP3S/SP3D Signal Processing Description l Receives E1 signals. l Performs HDB3 decoding. l Maps E1 service signals into VC-12 signals. l Multiplexes the VC-12 signals into VC-4 signals. l Transmits the VC-4 signals to the timeslot cross-connect unit of the CSHN. 2 3 CSHN IF1 The timeslot cross-connect unit grooms VC-12 signals to the VC-4 signals of the IF1 board. l Demultiplexes the VC-12 signals to be transmitted from VC-4 signals. l Maps the VC-12 signals into the TU-12-based or STM-1based microwave frame payload to add microwave frame overheads and pointers and form complete microwave frames. l Performs FEC coding. l Performs digital modulation. l Performs D/A conversion. l Performs analog modulation. l Combines the analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. l Transmits the combined signals and -48 V power to the ODU through the IF cable. 4 ODU l Splits the analog IF signals, ODU O&M signals, and -48 V power. l Converts the analog IF signals into RF signals through up conversions and amplification. l Transmits the RF signals to the antenna through the waveguide.
Table 3-4 Service signal processing flow of the SDH/PDH microwave in the receive direction NO. 1 Component ODU Signal Processing Description l Isolates and filters RF signals. l Converts the RF signals into analog IF signals through down conversions and amplification. l Combines the IF signals and the ODU O&M signals. l Transmits the combined signals to the IF board through the IF cable.
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NO. 2
Component IF1
Signal Processing Description l Splits the received analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. l Performs A/D conversion for the IF signals. l Performs digital demodulation. l Performs time domain adaptive equalization. l Performs FEC decoding. l Synchronizes and descrambles the frames. l Extracts overheads from microwave frames. l Extracts VC-12 signals from the microwave frames and multiplexes the VC-12 signals into VC-4 signals. l Transmits the VC-4 signals to the timeslot cross-connect unit of the CSHN.
3 4
CSHN SP3S/SP3D
The timeslot cross-connect unit grooms VC-12 signals to the VC-4 signals of the SP3S/SP3D. l Demultiplexes VC-12 signals from VC-4 signals. l Demaps E1 service signals from the VC-12 signals. l Performs HDB3 coding. l Outputs E1 signals.
IF signal
ODU
RF signal
FE
Antenna
Ethernet signal
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3 Product Structure
Table 3-5 Service signal processing flow of the Hybrid microwave in the transmit direction NO. 1 Component SP3S/SP3D Signal Processing Description l Receives E1 signals. l Performs HDB3 decoding. l Maps E1 service signals into VC-12 signals. l Multiplexes the VC-12 signals into VC-4 signals. l Transmits the VC-4 signals to the timeslot cross-connect unit of the CSHN. EM6T/EM6F l Receives FE signals. l Performs decoding. l Aligns frames, strips the preamble code, and processes the CRC check code. l Forwards Ethernet frames to the packet switching unit of the CSHN. 2 CSHN l Based on the service configuration, the timeslot crossconnect unit grooms VC-12 signals to the VC-4 signals of the IFU2 board. l The packet switching unit processes Ethernet frames based on the configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, and then forwards the processed Ethernet frames to the IFU2 through the microwave port. 3 IFU2 l Selects the proper modulation scheme based on the current channel quality. l Demultiplexes the VC-12 signals to be transmitted from VC-4 signals. l Demaps E1 service signals from the VC-12 signals. l Maps the E1 service signals and Ethernet frames into the microwave frame payload, and adds microwave frame overheads to form complete microwave frames. l Performs FEC coding. l Performs digital modulation. l Performs D/A conversion. l Performs analog modulation l Combines the analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. l Transmits the combined signals and -48 V power to the ODU through the IF cable. 4 ODU l Splits the analog IF signals, ODU O&M signals, and -48 V power. l Converts the analog IF signals into RF signals through up conversions and amplification. l Transmits the RF signals to the antenna through the waveguide.
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Table 3-6 Service signal processing flow of the Hybrid microwave in the receive direction NO. 1 Component ODU Signal Processing Description l Isolates and filters RF signals. l Converts the RF signals into analog IF signals through down conversions and amplification. l Combines the IF signals and the ODU O&M signals. l Transmits the combined signals to the IF board through the IF cable. 2 IFU2 l Splits the received analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. l Performs A/D conversion. l Performs digital demodulation. l Performs time domain adaptive equalization. l Performs FEC decoding. l Synchronizes and descrambles the frames. l Extracts overheads from microwave frames. l Extracts E1 service signals from the microwave frames and maps the E1 service signals into VC-12 signals. l Multiplexes the VC-12 signals into VC-4 signals and transmits the VC-4 signals to the timeslot cross-connect unit of the CSHN board. l Extracts Ethernet frames from the microwave frames, and then transmits the Ethernet frames to the packet switching unit of the CSHN board. 3 CSHN l Based on the service configuration, the timeslot crossconnect unit grooms VC-12 signals to the VC-4 signals of the SP3S or SP3D. l The packet switching unit processes Ethernet frames based on the configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, and then forwards the processed Ethernet frames to the related EM6T/EM6F board. 4 SP3S/SP3D l Demultiplexes VC-12 signals from VC-4 signals. l Demaps E1 service signals from the VC-12 signals. l Performs HDB3 coding. l Outputs E1 signals. EM6T/EM6F l Aligns frames, adds the preamble code, and processes the CRC check code. l Performs coding. l Outputs FE signals.
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3 Product Structure
IF signal ODU
RF signal
Antenna
Table 3-7 Service signal processing in the transmit direction NO. 1 Component ML1/MD1 Signal Processing Description l Receives TDM E1 signals and ATM/IMA E1 signals. l Extracts service payloads from TDM E1 signals and performs the PWE3 encapsulation to form the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets. l Demultiplexes ATM cells from ATM/IMA E1 signals and performs the PWE3 encapsulation to form the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets. l Forwards Ethernet frames to the CSHN board. 2 EM6T/EM6F l Receives FE signals. l Extracts Ethernet frames from FE signals, and then forwards the Ethernet frames to the CSHN board. 3 CSHN l Perform Layer 2 processing for the Ethernet frames that are transmitted from the EM6T or EM6F board based on the configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, and then performs the PWE3 encapsulation to form the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets. l Processes the Ethernet frames that carry and isolate PW packets based on the service configuration and the Layer 3 protocol, and then forwards the processed Ethernet frames to ISU2.
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NO. 4
Component ISU2
Signal Processing Description l Selects the proper modulation scheme based on the quality of the channel. l Receives the Ethernet signals transmitted from the CSHN. l Forms Ethernet service signals and microwave frame overheads into microwave frames. l Performs FEC coding. l Performs digital modulation. l Performs D/A conversion. l Performs analog modulation l Combines the analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. l Transmits the combined signals and -48 V power to the ODU through the IF cable.
ODU
l Splits the analog IF signals, ODU O&M signals, and -48 V power. l Converts the analog IF signals into RF signals through up conversions and amplification. l Transmits the RF signals to the antenna through the waveguide.
Table 3-8 Service signal processing flow in the receive direction NO. 1 Component ODU Signal Processing Description l Isolates and filters RF signals. l Converts the RF signals into analog IF signals through down conversions and amplification. l Combines the IF signals and the ODU O&M signals. l Transmits the combined signals to the IF boards. 2 ISU2 l Splits the received analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. l Performs A/D conversion. l Performs digital demodulation. l Performs time domain adaptive equalization. l Performs FEC decoding. l Synchronizes and descrambles the frames. l Extracts overheads from microwave frames. l Extracts Ethernet frames from microwave frames, and then transmits the Ethernet frames to the CSHN.
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3 Product Structure
NO. 3
Component CSHN
Signal Processing Description l Processes the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets based on the service configuration and the Layer 3 protocol, and then forwards the processed Ethernet frames. l Forwards Ethernet frames to the ML1 or ML1A board directly. In the case of the Ethernet frames that need to be forwarded to the EF8T/EF8F board, extracts Ethernet frames from PW packets, performs layer 2 processing based on the configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, and then forwards the Ethernet frames to the EM6T or EM6F board.
ML1/MD1
l Extracts ATM cells, and TDM E1 service payloads from PW packets. l Multiplexes the ATM cells into the ATM/IMA E1 signals inversely. l Outputs TDM E1 service payloads through the E1 interface.
EM6T/EM6F
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4
About This Chapter
The OptiX RTN 980 provides complete microwave transmission solutions and supports various types of networking solutions to meet the diverse customer requirements. 4.1 Typical Network Topologies The OptiX RTN 980 supports various network topologies. 4.2 Feature Application (MPLS Packet Service) With the MPLS/PWE3 technology, the OptiX RTN 980 can transmit three types of packet services: CES services, ATM services, and Ethernet services. 4.3 Feature Application (Traversing the Original Network) When carriers build microwave networks, the original local backhaul networks may not be suitable for transmitting the services carried on microwave networks. In this case, the OptiX RTN 980 can provide features that enable services to traverse the local backhaul networks.
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Network Diagram
As nodal microwave equipment, the OptiX RTN 980 supports the convergence of large-capacity radio links in multi-directions. Figure 4-1 provides an example. Figure 4-1 Multi-directional Nodal Convergence
Regional network
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Upstream Transmission
l Supports the convergence of the TDM microwave services and Hybrid microwave services, and then transmission of them to the TDM network and the metropolitan Ethernet network in upstream direction in Native mode. Supports the convergence of the Packet microwave services, and then direct transmission of them to the PSN in the upstream direction by swapping MPLS labels. Supports the convergence of the TDM microwave services and Hybrid microwave services, encapsulation of them by the MPLS/PWE3 protocol, and then transmission of them to the PSN as gateway equipment.
l l
Network Diagram
OptiX RTN 980 can form a large-capacity convergence ring. Figure 4-2 provides an example. Figure 4-2 Large-capacity convergence ring
Radio link
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Protection Schemes
l l On the Hybrid microwave convergence ring, the TDM services can be configured with SNCP, and the Ethernet services can be configured with ERPS. On the Packet microwave convergence ring, the services can be configured with the MPLS tunnel 1:1 protection or PW 1:1 protection.
STM-16
NG-SDH
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ERPS
MSTP/Metro
PTN
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Application Example
CES is mainly used to transmit mobile backhauled services and enterprise private line services. As shown in Figure 4-6, a 2G base station or an enterprise private line connects to the OptiX RTN 980 through a TDM line. The OptiX RTN 980 encapsulates the TDM signals into packets, and then transmits the packets to the opposite end through a PW on the PSN.
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BSC
Access layer
BTS
BTS
Corporation
BTS
BTS
Corporation
CES services
Emulation Modes
The OptiX RTN 980 supports CES services in structured emulation mode and non-structured emulation mode. l l The structured emulation mode is the CESoPSN mode. The equipment is aware of the frame structure, framing mode, and timeslot information in the TDM circuit. The non-structured emulation mode is the SAToP mode. The equipment is not aware of the frame structure. Instead, the equipment considers the TDM signals as consecutive bit streams, and then emulates and transparently transmits the TDM signals.
As shown in Figure 4-7, the OptiX RTN 980 in CESoPSN mode supports the compression of idle 64 kbit/s timeslots in TDM E1 signals to save transmission bandwidth.
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BTS
PW 1 2 29
0 1 2 3 ... 29 30 31 0 1 2 3 ... 29 30 31
BTS
29 30 3 ... 2 0 1
31
PW 1 3 30 31
0 1 2 3 ... 29 30 31
BSC PW 1 2 3
Service Clocks
Clock information is an important feature of TDM services. The OptiX RTN 980 supports the retiming clocks and CES ACR clocks of CES services. In retiming synchronization mode, the system clocks of all PEs on the network are synchronized. The system clock of a PE is considered as the service transmit clock (retiming). As shown in Figure 4-8, the system clock of BTS synchronizes itself with the service clock of PE. In this manner, all PEs and CEs are synchronous, and the transmit clocks of TDM services on all CEs and PEs are synchronous. Figure 4-8 Retiming synchronization mode of CES service clocks
Transmits E1 signals according to the system clock. Synchronizes with the radio link clock. Synchronizes with the E1 signal clock.
E1 BSC
In ACR mode, the clock is extracted from the TDM interface on the PE on the ingress side. On the PE on the egress side, the clock of the emulated TDM service is recovered based on the clock information in the CES service. Figure 4-9 shows the retiming synchronization mode of CES service clocks.
4-8 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
E1 BTS PE CES PE
E1 BSC
Clock synchronization
Application Example
ATM/IMA services are mainly backhauled services of base stations. With the IMA E1 technology, the ATM services from NodeB are transmitted to the OptiX RTN 980. On the OptiX RTN 980, PWE3 emulation is performed for the ATM services. Then, the services are transmitted over PWs in MPLS tunnels across the PSN towards the RNC. Before being sent to the RNC, the services are decapsulated on the OptiX PTN/RTN equipment. Figure 4-10 shows the application example. Figure 4-10 Example of ATM/IMA services
IMA E1 IMA E1/ c-STM-1 RTN
NodeB
PSN
PTN
RNC
MPLS tunnel
PW (ATM PWE3)
Supports the Fractional IMA technology in which an IMA group is comprised of Fractional E1 links.
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Company A
Company A
Company C City 1
Company B City 3
Company B
equipment that supports the EoPDH feature is used to decapsulate the Ethernet services for transmission. For details, see Figure 4-12.
NOTE
With the application of the EoPDH feature, the Ethernet services that are encapsulated into E1 signals can also be transmitted over SDH/PDH radio links provided by the IF1 board. In this case, the IF board need not be replaced. In addition, the TDM radio network that is comprised of the OptiX RTN 980 NEs can be upgraded to a multi-service network that supports Ethernet service transmission.
E1
FE/GE RNC
FE
MSTP
Ethernet FE
Ethernet E1
Ethernet E1
Ethernet FE/GE
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5
About This Chapter
This chapter describes the network management solution and the NMS software that constitutes this solution. 5.1 Network Management Solution Huawei offers a complete transmission network management solution compliant with TMN for different function domains and customer groups on telecommunication networks. 5.2 Web LCT The Web LCT is a local maintenance terminal. The Web LCT provides the following management functions at the NE layer: NE management, alarm management, performance management, configuration management, communication management, and security management. 5.3 U2000 The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000 server through a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in a unified manner. The U2000 can provide NE-level and network-level management functions.
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Network-level NM
iManager U2000
NE Management
l l l l Search of NEs Addition/Deletion of NEs Login or logout of NEs NE time management
Alarm Management
l l l Setting of alarm monitoring strategies Viewing of alarms Deletion of alarms
Performance Management
l l l
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Setting of performance monitoring strategies Viewing of performance events Resetting of performance registers
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
Configuration Management
l l l l l l Basic NE information configuration Radio link configuration Protection configuration Interface configuration Service configuration Clock configuration
Communication Management
l l l l l l Communication parameter management DCC management HWECC protocol management IP protocol management OSI protocol management Inband DCN management
Security Management
l l l l l l l l NE user management NE user group management LCT access control Online user management NE security parameters NE security log NMS user management NMS log management
HOP Management
l l Parameters on both ends of a hop can be set on the same interface. After the parameters on one end of a hop are set, the parameters on the other end are assigned values accordingly.
5.3 U2000
The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000 server through a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in a unified manner. The U2000 can provide NE-level and network-level management functions.
NE Level Management
l l l l
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NE object management NE-level alarm management NE-level performance management NE-level configuration management
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 5-3
l l
Network-level security management functions include: l Management of authorities and logs l SSLv3 encrypted communication between U2000 server and U2000 clients, and between U2000 server and gateway NEs l RADIUS security authentication
Other Functions
l l l l l l Inventory management Log management Database management NE software management Report function Northbound SNMP, CORBA and XML interface
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6 Technical Specifications
6
About This Chapter
Technical Specifications
This chapter describes the technical specifications of the OptiX RTN 980. 6.1 RF Performance This chapter describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical specifications related to microwaves. 6.2 Interface Performance This section describes the technical specifications of services and auxiliary interfaces. 6.3 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance The clock timing performance and synchronization performance of the product meet relevant ITU-T recommendations. 6.4 Integrated System Performance Integrated system performance includes the dimensions, weight, power consumption, power supply, EMC, surge protection, safety, and environment.
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6 Technical Specifications
6.1 RF Performance
This chapter describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical specifications related to microwaves. 6.1.1 Microwave Work Modes This section lists the microwave work modes that the OptiX RTN 980 supports. 6.1.2 Frequency Band The ODUs of different series and different types support a variety of operating frequency bands. 6.1.3 Receiver Sensitivity The receiver sensitivity reflects the anti-fading capability of the microwave equipment. 6.1.4 Distortion Sensitivity The distortion sensitivity reflects the anti-multipath fading capability of the OptiX RTN 980. 6.1.5 Transceiver Performance The performance of the transceiver includes the nominal maximum/minimum transmit power, nominal maximum receive power, and frequency stability. 6.1.6 IF Performance The IF performance includes the performance of the IF signal and the performance of the ODU O&M signal. 6.1.7 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the Modem The baseband signal processing performance of the modem indicates the FEC coding scheme and the performance of the baseband time domain adaptive equalizer.
Modulation Scheme QPSK 16QAM QPSK 16QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM
6 Technical Specifications
Table 6-2 SDH/PDH microwave work modes (ISU2/ISX2 board) Service Capacity STM-1 2xSTM-1 Modulation Scheme 128QAM 128QAM Channel Spacing (MHz) 28 (27.5) 56 (55)
NOTE
l The channel spacings 13.75 MHz, 27.5 MHz, and 55 MHz are applied to the 18 GHz frequency band. l The channel spacings listed in the table are the minimum channel spacings that the product supports. The channel spacings larger than the values are also supported.
Modulation Scheme QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM
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Channel Spacing (MHz) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75)a 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55)
Modulation Scheme 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Native Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) 77 to 90 90 to 104 41 to 48 82 to 97 108 to 125 130 to 150 160 to 180 180 to 210 82 to 97 165 to 190 208 to 240 260 to 310 310 to 360 360 to 420
NOTE
a: When using the XPIC mode, the IFX2 board does not support the 7M/128QAM, 7M/256QAM, or 14M/ 256QAM working mode.
Table 6-4 Integrated IP microwave work modes (ISU2/ISX2 board, Native E1 + Ethernet service) Channel Spacing (MHz) Maximum Number of E1s in Hybrid Microwave 5 10 12 15 18 Native Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) Not Accelerated 10 to 13 20 to 26 25 to 32 31 to 40 37 to 47 With L2 Frame Header Compression 10 to 15 20 to 30 25 to 36 31 to 47 37 to 56 With L2+L3 Frame Header Compression (IPv4) 10 to 22 20 to 44 25 to 54 31 to 67 37 to 80
Modulation Scheme
7 7 7 7 7
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Modulation Scheme
Native Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) Not Accelerated 41 to 53 20 to 26 41 to 52 51 to 65 65 to 83 76 to 97 87 to 111 41 to 52 82 to 105 107 to 136 131 to 168 155 to 198 181 to 230 56 to 72 114 to 145 147 to 187 181 to 230 215 to 272 249 to 318 82 to 105 166 to 212 206 to 262 262 to 333 309 to 396 360 to 456 With L2 Frame Header Compression 41 to 62 20 to 31 41 to 61 51 to 77 65 to 96 76 to 113 87 to 131 41 to 62 82 to 124 107 to 161 131 to 198 155 to 233 181 to 272 56 to 84 114 to 172 147 to 221 181 to 272 215 to 323 249 to 375 82 to 124 166 to 250 206 to 308 262 to 388 309 to 466 360 to 538 With L2+L3 Frame Header Compression (IPv4) 41 to 90 20 to 44 41 to 89 51 to 110 65 to 140 76 to 165 87 to 189 41 to 89 82 to 178 107 to 230 131 to 283 155 to 333 181 to 388 56 to 122 114 to 247 147 to 318 181 to 388 215 to 456 249 to 538 82 to 178 165 to 356 206 to 437 262 to 567 309 to 656 360 to 777
7 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 40 40 40 40 40 40 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55)
256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
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NOTE
The ISX2 board supports channel spacings of 7 Mbit/s and 14 Mbit/s only when the non-XPIC mode is adopted.
Table 6-5 Integrated IP microwave work modes (ISU2 board, Native STM-1 + Ethernet service) Number of STM-1 Services in Hybrid Microwave 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Native Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) Not Accelerated 155 to 198 181 to 230 181 to 230 215 to 272 249 to 318 166 to 212 206 to 262 262 to 333 309 to 396 360 to 456 With L2 Frame Header Compression 155 to 233 181 to 272 181 to 272 215 to 323 249 to 375 166 to 250 206 to 308 262 to 388 309 to 466 360 to 538 With L2+L3 Frame Header Compression (IPv4) 155 to 333 181 to 388 181 to 388 215 to 456 249 to 538 165 to 356 206 to 437 262 to 567 309 to 656 360 to 777
Modulation Scheme
128QAM 256QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Table 6-6 Integrated IP microwave work modes (ISX2 board, Native STM-1 + Ethernet service) Number of STM-1 Services in Hybrid Microwave 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Native Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) Not Accelerated 155 to 198 181 to 230 181 to 230 215 to 272 249 to 318 166 to 212 206 to 262 262 to 333 With L2 Frame Header Compression 155 to 233 181 to 272 181 to 272 215 to 323 249 to 375 166 to 250 206 to 308 262 to 388 With L2+L3 Frame Header Compression (IPv4) 155 to 333 181 to 388 181 to 388 215 to 456 249 to 538 165 to 356 206 to 437 262 to 567
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Modulation Scheme
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Modulation Scheme
Native Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) Not Accelerated 309 to 396 360 to 456 With L2 Frame Header Compression 309 to 466 360 to 538 With L2+L3 Frame Header Compression (IPv4) 309 to 656 360 to 777
56 (55) 56 (55)
128QAM 256QAM
NOTE
l The channel spacings 13.75 MHz, 27.5 MHz, and 55 MHz are applied to the 18 GHz frequency band. l The channel spacings listed in the table are the minimum channel spacings that the product supports. The channel spacings larger than the values are also supported. l The throughput specifications in these tables are values for untagged Ethernet frames. l E1 services need to occupy the corresponding bandwidth of the air interface capacity. The bandwidth remaining after the E1 service capacity is subtracted from the air interface capacity can be provided for Ethernet services.
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Table 6-8 Frequency band (SPA ODU) Frequency Band 6 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 5.915-6.425 (L6) 6.425-7.125 (U6) 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.496 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.403-15.348 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 T/R Spacing (MHz) 252.04 (L6) 340 (U6) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 420, 490 1008, 1010 1008, 1232
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Table 6-10 Frequency Band (HPA ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.496 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.400-15.353 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 420, 490, 644, 728 1008, 1010, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232
Table 6-11 Frequency band (XMC-2 ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 11GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 26 GHz 38 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.497 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.400-15.358 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 24.250-26.453 37.044-40.105 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 160, 161, 168, 196, 245 119/126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32 500/490, 530/520 266 315/322, 420, 475, 490, 640, 644, 728 1010/1008, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232 1008 1260
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Table 6-13 Frequency band (LPA ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 26 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.718-8.496 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.400-15.353 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 24.549-26.453 31.815-33.383 37.044-40.105 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 315, 322, 420, 490, 644, 728 1008, 1010, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232 1008 812 700, 1260
Table 6-14 Frequency band (XMC-1 ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz
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T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 160, 161, 168, 196, 245 119/126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32
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T/R Spacing (MHz) 500/490, 530/520 266 315/322, 420, 475, 490, 640, 644, 728 1010/1008, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232
RSL@ BER = 10-6 (unit: dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -91.5 -91.5 -91.5 -91.0 -91.0 -91.0 -91.0 -90.5 -90.0 -89.0 -88.5 -87.5 -87.5 -87.5 -87.0 -87.0 -87.0 -87.0 -86.5 -86.0 -85.0 -84.5 -88.5 -88.5 -88.5 -88.0 -88.0 -88.0 -88.0 -87.5 -87.0 -86.0 -85.5 -84.5 -84.5 -84.5 -84.0 -84.0 -84.0 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.0 -81.5 -85.5 -85.5 -85.5 -85.0 -85.0 -85.0 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.0 -82.5 -81.5 -81.5 -81.5 -81.0 -81.0 -81.0 -81.0 -80.5 -80.0 -79.0 -78.5
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Table 6-16 Typical receiver sensitivity values of the SDH/PDH microwave (ii, IF1 board) Item Performance 22xE1 32QAM 26xE1 64QAM 35xE1 16QAM 44xE1 32QAM 53xE1 64QAM STM-1 128QAM
RSL@ BER = 10-6 (unit: dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -80.5 -80.5 -80.5 -80.0 -80.0 -80.0 -80.0 -79.5 -79.0 -78.0 -77.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.0 -76.0 -76.0 -76.0 -75.5 -75.0 -74.0 -73.5 -79.0 -79.0 -79.0 -78.5 -78.5 -78.5 -78.5 -78.0 -77.5 -76.5 -76.0 -77.5 -77.5 -77.5 -77.0 -77.0 -77.0 -77.0 -76.5 -76.0 -75.0 -74.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.0 -73.0 -73.0 -73.0 -72.5 -72.0 -71.0 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.0 -70.0 -70.0 -70.0 -69.5 -69.0 -68.0 -67.5
NOTE
a: For an XMC-1 ODU or XMC-2 ODU at the 18 GHz frequency band, remove 2 dB from the values specified in the table to obtain the values of receiver sensitivity.
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Item
Performance 1xSTM-1 128QAM/28 MHz 2xSTM-1 128QAM/56 MHz -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67 -66.5 -66 -65.5 -65
@13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz
NOTE
a: For an XMC-2 ODU at the 18 GHz frequency band, remove 2 dB from the values specified in the table to obtain the values of receiver sensitivity.
The 10.5 GHz HP ODU with the T/R spacing of 91 MHz does not support the channel spacing of 56 MHz. The receiver sensitivity is not available (NA).
Table 6-18 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (i, IFU2 board/IFX2 board) Performance (Channel Spacing: 7 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER=10-66 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @10 GHz @10.5 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz
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Performance (Channel Spacing: 7 MHz) Item @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz QPSK -92 -92 -91.5 -91 -90.5 -90 -89.5 16QAM -86 -86 -85.5 -85 -84.5 -84 -83.5 32QAM -82 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5 -80 -79.5 64QAM -79 -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -77 -76.5 128QAM -76 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 256QAM -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5
Table 6-19 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (ii, IFU2 board/IFX2 board) Performance (Channel Spacing: 14 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER=10-6 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @10 GHz @10.5 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -90.5 -90.5 -90.5 -90 -88 -90 -90 -90 -90 -89.5 -89 -88.5 -88 -87.5 -83.5 -83.5 -83.5 -83 -81 -83 -83 -83 -83 -82.5 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79 -77 -79 -79 -79 -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -77 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76 -74 -76 -76 -76 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -71 -73 -73 -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70 -68 -70 -70 -70 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 -67.5
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Table 6-20 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iii, IFU2/ IFX2 board) Performance (Channel Spacing: 28 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER=10-6 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @10 GHz @10.5 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -87.5 -87.5 -87.5 -87 -85 -87 -87 -87 -87 -86.5 -86 -85.5 -85 -84.5 -80.5 -80.5 -80.5 -80 -78 -80 -80 -80 -80 -79.5 -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76 -74 -76 -76 -76 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -71 -73 -73 -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70 -68 -70 -70 -70 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67 -65 -67 -67 -67 -67 -66.5 -66 -65.5 -65 -64.5
Table 6-21 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iv, IFU2/ IFX2 board) Performance (Channel Spacing: 56 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER=10-6 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @10 GHz @10.5 GHz -84.5 -84.5 -84.5 -84 NA -77.5 -77.5 -77.5 -77 NA -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 NA -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70 NA -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67 NA -64.5 -64.5 -64.5 -64 NA
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Performance (Channel Spacing: 56 MHz) Item @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz QPSK -84 -84 -84 -84 -83.5 -83 -82.5 -82 -81.5 16QAM -77 -77 -77 -77 -76.5 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 32QAM -73 -73 -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 64QAM -70 -70 -70 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 -67.5 128QAM -67 -67 -67 -67 -66.5 -66 -65.5 -65 -64.5 256QAM -64 -64 -64 -64 -63.5 -63 -62.5 -62 -61.5
NOTE
a: For an XMC-2 ODU at the 18 GHz frequency band, remove 2 dB from the values specified in the table to obtain the values of receiver sensitivity.
RSL@ BER=10-66 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz
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-92.5 -92.5 -92.5 -92 -92 -92 -92 -91.5 -91 -90.5
-86.5 -86.5 -86.5 -86 -86 -86 -86 -85.5 -85 -84.5
-82.5 -82.5 -82.5 -82 -82 -82 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5
-80 -80 -80 -79.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79 -78.5 -78
-77 -77 -77 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76 -75.5 -75
-74 -74 -74 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -72.5 -72
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Performance (Channel Spacing: 7 MHz) Item @32 GHz @38 GHz QPSK -90 -89.5 16QAM -84 -83.5 32QAM -80 -79.5 64QAM -77.5 -77 128QAM -74.5 -74 256QAM -71.5 -71
Table 6-23 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (ii, ISU2 board/ISX2 board (non-XPIC mode)) Performance (Channel Spacing: 14 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER=10-6 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -90.5 -90.5 -90.5 -90 -90 -90 -90 -89.5 -89 -88.5 -88 -87.5 -83.5 -83.5 -83.5 -83 -83 -83 -83 -82.5 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79 -79 -79 -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -77 -76.5 -77 -77 -77 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -74 -74 -74 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -71 -71 -71 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68
Table 6-24 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iii, ISU2/ ISX2 board) Performance (Channel Spacing: 28 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
6 Technical Specifications
Performance (Channel Spacing: 28 MHz) Item @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz QPSK -87 -87 -87 -87 -86.5 -86 -85.5 -85 -84.5 16QAM -80 -80 -80 -80 -79.5 -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 32QAM -76 -76 -76 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 64QAM -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 128QAM -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 256QAM -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67 -66.5 -66 -65.5 -65b
Table 6-25 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (iv, ISU2/ ISX2 board) Performance (Channel Spacing: 56 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER=10-6 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -84.5 -84.5 -84.5 -84 -84 -84 -84 -83.5 -83 -82.5 -82 -81.5 -77.5 -77.5 -77.5 -77 -77 -77 -77 -76.5 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -73 -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 -71 -71 -71 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 -68 -68 -68 -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67.5 -67 -66.5 -66 -65.5 -65 -65 -65 -65 -64.5 -64.5 -64.5 -64.5 -64 -63.5 -63 -62.5 -62
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Table 6-26 Typical values of the receiver sensitivity of the Integrated IP microwave (v, ISU2/ ISX2 board) Performance (Channel Spacing: 40 MHz) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER=10-6 (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHza @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -86 -86 -86 -85.5 -85.5 -85.5 -85.5 -85 -84.5 -84 -83.5 -83 -79 -79 -79 -78.5 -78.5 -78.5 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -77 -76.5 -76 -75 -75 -75 -74.5 -74.5 -74.5 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73 -72.5 -72 -72.5 -72.5 -72.5 -72 -72 -72 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 -70 -69.5 -69.5 -69.5 -69.5 -69 -69 -69 -69 -68.5 -68 -67.5 -67 -66.5 -66.5 -66.5 -66.5 -66 -66 -66 -66 -65.5 -65 -64.5 -64 -63.5
NOTE
l a: For an XMC-2 ODU at the 18 GHz frequency band, remove 2 dB from the values specified in the table to obtain the values of receiver sensitivity. l b: For an XMC-2 ODU at the 38 GHz frequency band, remove 2 dB from the sensitivity values specified in the table when the ISX2 board is at 28 MHz channel spacing and 256QAM modulation scheme.
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Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @38 GHz 27 27 26 26 26 25.5 24 23.5 22 22.5 22.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 20.5 19.5 17.5 18.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 16.5 15.5 13.5 16.5 16.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 14.5 13.5 11.5
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Item
Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm)
-6
-20
-25
Table 6-29 Transceiver performance (SPA ODU) Item Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 64QAM/ 128QAM 256QAM
Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm) 26.5 25.5 25.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 22.5 22.5 0 24 21.5 21.5 20.5 20 20 19 19 23 20 20 18 18 18 17 16 21 18 18 16 16 16 15 14
-20
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Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @10 GHz @10.5 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @28GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz 30 30 30 26.5 24 28 26 26 25.5 25 25 25 23 23 26 28 28 22.5 20.5 26 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 20 24 25 25 20.5 18 22 20 20 19 19 19 17 17 17 22 23 23 18.5 16 20 18 18 17 17 17 15 15 15
Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @10 GHz @10.5 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz 9 9 9 2 0 6 3 3 2 2
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Item
@26 GHz @28GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm)
2 2 1 1 -20 -25
Table 6-31 Frequency Band (HPA ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.496 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.400-15.353 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 420, 490, 644, 728 1008, 1010, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232
Table 6-32 Transceiver performance (XMC-2 ODU) Item Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 64QAM/ 128QAM 256QAM
@7 GHz
26.5
25.5
25
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Item
Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 25.5 24 22 22 21 21 20 17 64QAM/ 128QAM 25 22 20.5 20.5 19.5 19.5 18 16 256QAM 23 20 17.5 18.5 16.5 17.5 16 14
@8 GHz @11GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @38 GHz
26.5 26 25 25 24 24 22 20
Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @11GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @38 GHz Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm) 6.5 6.5 0 5 5 4 4 0 0 -20 -25
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Table 6-34 Frequency band (LPA ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 26 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.718-8.496 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.400-15.353 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 24.549-26.453 31.815-33.383 37.044-40.105 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 315, 322, 420, 490, 644, 728 1008, 1010, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232 1008 812 700, 1260
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Table 6-35 Transceiver performance (XMC-1 ODU) Item Performance QPSK Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @11GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz 26.5 26.5 25 25 23.5 23 23 21 21 19 19 17.5 17 17 16QAM
Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @11GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm) 6.5 6.5 0 5 5 4 4 -20 5
6.1.6 IF Performance
The IF performance includes the performance of the IF signal and the performance of the ODU O&M signal. Table 6-36 IF performance Item IF signal Transmit frequency of the IF board (MHz) Performance 350
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Item Receive frequency of the IF board (MHz) ODU O&M signal Modulation scheme Transmit frequency of the IF board (MHz) Receive frequency of the IF board (MHz) Interface impedance (ohm)
10 50
6 Technical Specifications
6.2.4 Auxiliary Interface Performance The auxiliary interface performance includes the performance of the orderwire interface, synchronous data interface, asynchronous data interface, and wayside service interface.
NOTE
SDH optical interface boards use SFP modules for providing optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFP modules to provide optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
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Item Classification code Fiber type Transmission distance (km) Operating wavelength (nm) Mean launched power (dBm) Receiver minimum sensitivity (dBm) Minimum overload (dBm) Minimum extinction ratio (dB)
Performance Ie-1 Multi-mode fiber 2 1270 to 1380 -19 to -14 -30 -14 10 S-1.1 Single-mode fiber 15 1261 to 1360 -15 to -8 -28 -8 8.2 L-1.1 Single-mode fiber 40 1263 to 1360 -5 to 0 -34 -10 10 L-1.2 Single-mode fiber 80 1480 to 1580 -5 to 0 -34 -10 10
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 980 uses SFP optical modules for providing optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFP optical modules to provide optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 980 uses SFP electrical modules to provide electrical interfaces.
6 Technical Specifications
E1 Interface Performance
Table 6-41 E1 interface performance Item Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) Code pattern Impedance (ohm) Wire pair in each transmission direction Performance 2048 HDB3 75 One coaxial wire pair 120 One symmetrical wire pair
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 980 uses SFP modules to provide GE optical interfaces. Users can use different types of SFP modules to provide GE optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
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NOTE
The OptiX RTN equipment also supports the orderwire group call function. For example, when OptiX RTN equipment calls 888, the orderwire group call number, all the OptiX RTN equipment orderwire phones in the orderwire subnet ring until a phone is answered. Then, a point-to-point orderwire phone call is established.
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Dimensions
Table 6-50 Dimensions Component IDU ODU Dimensions 442 mm (W) x 225 mm (H) x 220 mm (D) < 280 mm (W) x 280 mm (H) x 92 mm (D)
Weight
Table 6-51 Typical weight Component IDU ODU Typical Weight 19.7 kg (eight directions, 1+0 non-protection) < 4.6 kg
Power Consumption
Table 6-52 Typical power consumption No. Radio Link Form Intergrade IP radio link Configuration (Service Interface, RF Configuration) 4xSTM-1/4+6xGE+4xFE+32xE1, eight direction 1+0 non-protection (2xCSHN+8xISU2+1xEM6T+1xSP3D +1xFAN+2xPIU+8xXMC-2 ODU) Typical Power Consumption (IDU+ODU) 1 470 W
Power Supply
Table 6-53 Power Supply Component IDU Performance l Compliant with ETSI EN300 132-2 l Supports two -48 V/-60 V (-38.4 V to -72 V) DC power inputs (mutual backup) ODU l Compliant with ETSI EN300 132-2 l Supports one -48 V (-38.4 V to -72 V) DC power input that is provided by the IDU
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Electromagnetic Compatibility
l l l l l Passes CE authentication. Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-1. Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-4. Compliant with CISPR 22. Compliant with EN 55022.
Lightning Protection
l l Compliant with ITU-T K.27. Compliant with ETSI EN 300 253.
Safety
l l l l Passes CE authentication. Compliant with ETSI EN 60215. Compliant with ETSI EN 60950. Compliant with IEC 60825.
Environment
The IDU is used in a place that has weather protection and where the temperature can be controlled. The ODU is an outdoor unit.
Table 6-54 Environment performance Item Component IDU Major reference standards Operation Transportation Storage Air temperature Operation Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-3 class 3.2 ODU Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-4 class 4.1
Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-2 class 2.3 Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-1 class 1.2 Long-term: -5C to +60C Short-term: -20C to +65C -35C to +55C
-40C to +70C 5% to 95% < 7.2 bel, compliant with ETSI EN 300 753 class 3.2 attended 5% to 100% -
Compliant with Bellcore GR-63-CORE ZONE 4 Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019
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A Glossary
A
Terms are listed in an alphabetical order. A.1 0-9 This section provides the terms starting with numbers. A.2 A-E This section provides the terms starting with letters A to E. A.3 F-J This section provides the terms starting with letters F to J. A.4 K-O This section provides the terms starting with letters K to O. A.5 P-T This section provides the terms starting with letters P to T. A.6 U-Z This section provides the terms starting with letters U to Z.
Glossary
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A-1
A Glossary
A.1 0-9
This section provides the terms starting with numbers. 1U The standard electronics industries association (EIA) rack unit (44 mm/1.75 in.)
A.2 A-E
This section provides the terms starting with letters A to E.
A
ABR ACAP access control list ACL adaptive modulation See available bit rate See adjacent channel alternate polarization A list of entities, together with their access rights, which are authorized to have access to a resource. See access control list A technology that is used to automatically adjust the modulation scheme according to the channel quality. When the channel quality is favorable, the equipment adopts a highefficiency modulation scheme to improve the transmission efficiency and the spectrum utilization of the system. When the channel quality is degraded, the equipment adopts the low-efficiency modulation scheme to improve the anti-interference capability of the link that carries high-priority services. See analog to digital converter Network elements that provide access to all or some subset of the constituent signals contained within an STM-N signal. The constituent signals are added to (inserted), and/ or dropped from (extracted) the STM-N signal as it passed through the ADM. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. It allows hosts and routers to determine the link layer addresses through ARP requests and ARP responses. The address resolution is a process in which the host converts the target IP address into a target MAC address before transmitting a frame. The basic function of the ARP is to query the MAC address of the target equipment through its IP address. A channel configuration method, which uses two adjacent channels (a horizontal polarization wave and a vertical polarization wave) to transmit two signals. See add/drop multiplexer The information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer and the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher order VC) and an AU pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to the multiplex section frame start. See assured forwarding A collection of objects that makes a whole. An aggregation can be a concrete or conceptual set of whole-part relationships among objects.
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AF aggregation
A-2
A Glossary
AIS
alarm automatic report When an alarm is generated on the device side, the alarm is reported to the Network Management System (NMS). Then, an alarm panel prompts and the user can view the details of the alarm. alarm cascading Alarm Filtering The shunt-wound output of the alarm signals of several subracks or cabinets. An NE reports the detected alarm to the element management system (EMS). Based on the filter state of the alarm, the EMS determines whether to display or save the alarm information. If the filter state of an alarm is set to Filter, the alarm is not displayed or stored on the EMS. The alarm, however, is still monitored by the NE.
alarm indication signal A code sent downstream in a digital network as an indication that an upstream failure has been detected and alarmed. It is associated with multiple transport layers. alarm suppression A function used not to monitor alarms for a specific object, which may be the networkwide equipment, a specific NE, a specific board and even a specific function module of a specific board. See adaptive modulation An electronic circuit that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). See automatic protection switching See Address Resolution Protocol One of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF. It is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short delay. For traffic within the bandwidth limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For traffic that exceeds the bandwidth limit, AF degrades the service class and continues to forward the traffic instead of discarding the packets. A protocol for the transmission of a variety of digital signals using uniform 53 byte cells. A transfer mode in which the information is organized into cells; it is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells depends on the required or instantaneous bit rate. Statistical and deterministic values may also be used to qualify the transfer mode. See Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM permanent virtual circuit See automatic transmit power control A device used to increase the attenuation of an Optical Fiber Link. Generally used to ensure that the signal at the receive end is not too strong. See administrative unit Capability of a transmission system to detect a failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby facility to recover the traffic. A method of adjusting the transmit power based on fading of the transmit signal detected at the receiver A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possible forwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-time quality. It does not provide any guarantee in terms of cell loss or delay.
ATM ATM PVC ATPC attenuator AU automatic protection switching automatic transmit power control available bit rate
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B
backward defect indication bandwidth When detecting a defect, the sink node of an LSP uses backward defect indication (BDI) to inform the upstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path. A range of transmission frequencies that a transmission line or channel can carry in a network. In fact, it is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies the transmission line or channel. The greater the bandwidth, the faster the data transfer rate. A logical entity that connects the BTS with the MSC in a GSM network. It interworks with the BTS through the Abis interface, the MSC through the A interface. It provides the following functions: radio resource management, base station management, power control, handover control, and traffic measurement. One BSC controls and manages one or more BTSs in an actual network.
base transceiver station A Base Transceiver Station terminates the radio interface. It allows transmission of traffic and signaling across the air interface. The BTS includes the baseband processing, radio equipment, and the antenna. basic input/output system BDI BE BER best effort A firmware stored in the computer mainboard. It contains basic input/output control programs, power-on self test (POST) programs, bootstraps, and system setting information. The BIOS provides hardware setting and control functions for the computer. See backward defect indication See best effort See bit error rate A traditional IP packet transport service. In this service, the diagrams are forwarded following the sequence of the time they reach. All diagrams share the bandwidth of the network and routers. The amount of resource that a diagram can use depends of the time it reaches. BE service does not ensure any improvement in delay time, jitter, packet loss ratio, and high reliability. The binding strap is 12.7 mm wide, with one hook side (made of transparent polypropylene material) and one mat side (made of black nylon material). See basic input/output system See bit interleaved parity An incompatibility between a bit in a transmitted digital signal and the corresponding bit in the received digital signal. Ratio of received bits that contain errors. BER is an important index used to measure the communications quality of a network. A method of error monitoring. With even parity an X-bit code is generated by the transmitting equipment over a specified portion of the signal in such a manner that the first bit of the code provides even parity over the first bit of all X-bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal, the second bit provides even parity over the second bit of all X-bit sequences within the specified portion, etc. Even parity is generated by setting the BIP-X bits so that there is an even number of 1s in each monitored partition of the signal. A monitored partition comprises all bits which are in the same bit position within the X-bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal. The covered portion includes the BIP-X. See bridge protocol data unit
binding strap BIOS BIP bit error bit error rate bit interleaved parity
BPDU
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The data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN that uses a spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information on ports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it was intended to go. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in a network topology. The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridges interfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state. A means of delivering information to all members in a network. The broadcast range is determined by the broadcast address. See base station controller See base transceiver station A storage area used for handling data in transit. Buffers are used in inter-networking to compensate for differences in processing speed between network devices. Bursts of data can be stored in buffers until they can be handled by slower processing devices. In a program, buffers are created to hold some amount of data from each of the files that will be read or written. In a streaming media application, the program uses buffers to store an advance supply of audio or video data to compensate for momentary delays.
C
cable tie cable tray cable trough CAR CBR CBS CC CCC CCDP CCM CE The tape used to bind the cables. N/A N/A See committed access rate See constant bit rate See committed burst size See connectivity check See circuit cross connect See co-channel dual polarization See continuity check message See customer edge
central processing unit The computational and control unit of a computer. The CPU is the device that interprets and executes instructions. The CPU has the ability to fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to transfer information to and from other resources over the computer's main data-transfer path, the bus. CES CF CGMP channel See circuit emulation service See compact flash See Cisco Group Management Protocol A telecommunication path of a specific capacity and/or at a specific speed between two or more locations in a network. The channel can be established through wire, radio (microwave), fiber or a combination of the three. The amount of information transmitted per second in a channel is the information transmission speed, expressed in bits per second. For example, b/s (100 bit/s), kb/s (103 bit/s), Mb/s (106 bit/s), Gb/s (109 bit/s), and Tb/s (1012 bit/s).
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See committed information rate An implementation of MPLS L2VPN through the static configuration of labels. A function with which the E1/T1 data can be transmitted through ATM networks. At the transmission end, the interface module packs timeslot data into ATM cells. These ATM cells are sent to the reception end through the ATM network. At the reception end, the interface module re-assigns the data in these ATM cells to E1/T1 timeslots. The CES technology guarantees that the data in E1/T1 timeslots can be recovered to the original sequence at the reception end. N/A See common and internal spanning tree A switch of the highest priority is elected as the root in an MSTP network. The method to keep the time on each node being synchronized with a clock source in a network. A channel configuration method, which uses a horizontal polarization wave and a vertical polarization wave to transmit two signals. The Co-Channel Dual Polarization is twice the transmission capacity of the single polarization. A signal transmission technology that multiplexes widely-spaced optical channels into the same fiber. CWDM widely spaces wavelengths at a spacing of several nm. CWDM does not support optical amplifiers and is applied in a short-distance chain network. A packet whose priority is determined by defined colors. A traffic control method that uses a set of rate limits to be applied to a router interface. CAR is a configurable method by which incoming and outgoing packets can be classified into QoS (Quality of Service) groups, and by which the input or output transmission rate can be defined. committed burst size. A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket C, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.
Cisco Group Management Protocol CIST CIST root clock tracing co-channel dual polarization coarse wavelength division multiplexing colored packet committed access rate
committed information The rate at which a frame relay network agrees to transfer information in normal rate conditions. Namely, it is the rate, measured in bit/s, at which the token is transferred to the leaky bucket. common and internal spanning tree compact flash The single spanning tree calculated by STP and RSTP together with the logical continuation of that connectivity by using MST Bridges and regions, calculated by MSTP to ensure that all LANs in the bridged local area network are simply and fully connected. Compact flash (CF) was originally developed as a type of data storage device used in portable electronic devices. For storage, CompactFlash typically uses flash memory in a standardized enclosure. A process that combines multiple virtual containers. The combined capacities can be used a single capacity. The concatenation also keeps the integrity of bit sequence. Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved by each MEP transmitting a Continuity Check Message (CCM) periodically.
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A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. CBR transfers cells based on the constant bandwidth. It is applicable to service connections that depend on precise clocking to ensure undistorted transmission. CCM is used to detect the link status. Used to protect optical fibers. See central processing unit See cyclic redundancy check A technology used in the case of the Co-Channel Dual Polarization (CCDP) to eliminate the cross-connect interference between two polarization waves in the CCDP. A part of BGP/MPLS IP VPN model. It provides interfaces for direct connection to the Service Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or host. See coarse wavelength division multiplexing A procedure used in checking for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking uses a complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sending device performs the calculation before transmission and includes it in the packet that it sends to the receiving device. The receiving device repeats the same calculation after transmission. If both devices obtain the same result, it is assumed that the transmission was error free. The procedure is known as a redundancy check because each transmission includes not only data but extra (redundant) error-checking values.
continuity check message corrugated pipe CPU CRC cross polarization interference cancellation customer edge CWDM cyclic redundancy check
D
data communication network data communications channel A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to support the Data Communication Function (DCF). The data channel that uses the D1-D12 bytes in the overhead of an STM-N signal to transmit information on operation, management, maintenance and provision (OAM&P) between NEs. The DCC channels that are composed of bytes D1-D3 is referred to as the 192 kbit/s DCC-R channel. The other DCC channel that are composed of bytes D4-D12 is referred to as the 576 kbit/s DCC-M channel. A kind of PDU which is used in Connectionless Network Protocol, such as IP datagram, UDP datagram. See direct current See DC-return common (with ground) DC-return common (with ground) See DC-return common (with ground) See DC-return isolate (with ground) A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited with the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and also on the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment. A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited with the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and also on the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.
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Datagram DC DC-C DC-C DC-C DC-I DC-return common (with ground) DC-return common (with ground)
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
DC-return isolate (with A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited with ground) the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and is isolated from the PGND on the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment. DCC DCN DDF DDN DE differentiated services See data communications channel See data communication network See digital distribution frame See digital data network See discard eligible A service architecture that provides the end-to-end QoS function. It consists of a series of functional units implemented at the network nodes, including a small group of perhop forwarding behaviors, packet classification functions, and traffic conditioning functions such as metering, marking, shaping and policing. A marker in the header of each IP packet that prompts network routers to apply differentiated grades of service to various packet streams. It is specified by the DiffServ policy proposed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). This allows Internet and other IP-based network service providers to offer different levels of service to customers. See differentiated services A high-quality data transport tunnel that combines the digital channel (such as fiber channel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel) and the cross multiplex technology. A type of equipment used between the transmission equipment and the exchange with transmission rate of 2 to 155 Mbit/s to provide the functions such as cables connection, cable patching, and test of loops that transmitting digital signals. A digital modulation controls the changes in amplitude, phase, and frequency of the carrier based on the changes in the baseband digital signal. In this manner, the information can be transmitted by the carrier. Electrical current whose direction of flow does not reverse. The current may stop or change amplitude, but it always flows in the same direction. A bit in the frame relay header. It indicates the priority of a packet. If a node supports the FR QoS, the rate of the accessed FR packets is controlled. When the packet traffic exceeds the specified traffic, the DE value of the redundant packets is set to 1. In the case of network congestion, the packets with DE value as 1 are discarded at the node. An Internet gateway protocol mainly based on the RIP. The protocol implements a typical dense mode IP multicast solution. The DVMRP protocol uses IGMP to exchange routing datagrams with its neighbors. A DS node that connects one DS domain to a node either in another DS domain or in a domain that is not DS-capable. In the DifferServ mechanism, the DS domain is a domain consisting of a group of network nodes that share the same service provisioning policy and same PHB. It provides point-to-point QoS guarantees for services transmitted over this domain. A DS node located at the center of a DS domain. It is a non-DS boundary node. A DS-compliant node, which is subdivided into DS boundary node and ID interior node. See differentiated services code point
A-8
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
dual-polarized antenna An antenna intended to radiate or receive simultaneously two independent radio waves orthogonally polarized. DVMRP See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
E
E-Aggr E-LAN E-Line E-Tree EBS ECC EF electromagnetic compatibility See Ethernet aggregation See Ethernet LAN See Ethernet line See Ethernet-tree See excess burst size See embedded control channel See expedited forwarding Electromagnetic compatibility is the condition which prevails when telecommunications equipment is performing its individually designed function in a common electromagnetic environment without causing or suffering unacceptable degradation due to unintentional electromagnetic interference to or from other equipment in the same environment. Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment. The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field. A logical channel that uses a data communications channel (DCC) as its physical layer, to enable transmission of operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM) information between NEs. See electromagnetic compatibility See electromagnetic interference A mark on a cable, a subrack, or a cabinet for identification. See Ethernet private line See Ethernet private LAN service A method of avoiding selective fading of frequencies. Equalization can compensate for the changes of amplitude frequency caused by frequency selective fading. See Ethernet ring protection switching See electrostatic discharge Electrostatic discharge jack. A hole in the cabinet or shelf, which connect the shelf or cabinet to the insertion of ESD wrist strap. A technology complemented in LAN. It adopts Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. The speed of an Ethernet interface can be 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/ s or 10000 Mbit/s. The Ethernet network features high reliability and easy maintaining. A technology complemented in LAN. It adopts Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. The speed of an Ethernet interface can be 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/ s or 10000 Mbit/s. The Ethernet network features high reliability and easy maintaining.
electromagnetic interference electrostatic discharge embedded control channel EMC EMI Engineering label EPL EPLAN equalization ERPS ESD ESD jack Ethernet
Ethernet
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A-9
A Glossary
Ethernet aggregation Ethernet LAN Ethernet line Ethernet private LAN service Ethernet private line Ethernet ring protection switching Ethernet virtual private LAN service Ethernet virtual private line Ethernet-tree ETS ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute EVPL EVPLAN excess burst size
A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-point EVC (Ethernet virtual connection). A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-multipoint EVC (Ethernet virtual connection). A type of Ethernet service that is based on a point-to-point EVC (Ethernet virtual connection). An Ethernet service type, which carries Ethernet characteristic information over a dedicated bridge, point-to-multipoint connections, provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer networks. A type of Ethernet service that is provided with dedicated bandwidth and point-to-point connections on an SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer network. protection switching mechanisms for ETH layer Ethernet ring topologies. An Ethernet service type, which carries Ethernet characteristic information over a shared bridge, point-to-multipoint connections, provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer networks. An Ethernet service type, which carries Ethernet characteristic information over shared bandwidth, point-to-point connections, provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer networks. An Ethernet service type that is based on a Point-to-multipoint Ethernet Virtual Connection. European Telecommunication Standards See European Telecommunications Standards Institute A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.
See Ethernet virtual private line See Ethernet virtual private LAN service A parameter related to traffic. In the single rate three color marker (srTCM) mode, the traffic control is achieved by the token buckets C and E. Excess burst size is a parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket E, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded. An operation to check if the protection switching protocol functions normally. The protection switching is not really performed. Connecting a storage system to more disk enclosures through connection cables, expanding the capacity of the storage system. The highest order QoS in the Diff-Serv network. EF PHB is suitable for services that demand low packet loss ratio, short delay, and broad bandwidth. In all the cases, EF traffic can guarantee a transmission rate equal to or faster than the set rate. The DSCP value of EF PHB is "101110".
A-10
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
A.3 F-J
This section provides the terms starting with letters F to J.
F
failure If the fault persists long enough to consider the ability of an item with a required function to be terminated. The item may be considered as having failed; a fault has now been detected. Any network that supports transmission rate of 100Mbits/s. The Fast Ethernet is 10 times faster than 10BaseT, and inherits frame format, MAC addressing scheme, MTU, and so on. Fast Ethernet is extended from the IEEE802.3 standard, and it uses the following three types of transmission media: 100BASE-T4 (4 pairs of phone twisted-pair cables), 100BASE-TX (2 pairs of data twisted-pair cables), and 100BASE-FX (2-core optical fibers). The link pulse that is used to encode information during automatic negotiation. See frequency diversity See forward defect indication See fast Ethernet See forward error correction fast failure detection A kind of fiber used for connections between the subrack and the ODF, and for connections between subracks or inside a subrack. A type of semi-customized circuit used in the Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as the PAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits, but also overcomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in terms of the limited number of gate arrays. See First in First out A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two computers on the Internet. Both computers must support their respective FTP roles: one must be an FTP client and the other an FTP server. A stack management mechanism. The first saved data is first read and invoked. For normal traffic signals, switches normal traffic signal to the protection section, unless an equal or higher priority switch command is in effect or SF condition exists on the protection section, by issuing a forced switch request for that traffic signal. Forward defect indication (FDI) is generated and traced forward to the sink node of the LSP by the node that first detects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of the defect and its location. Its primary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affected higher level client LSPs and (in turn) their client layers. A bit error correction technology that adds the correction information to the payload at the transmit end. Based on the correction information, the bit errors generated during transmission are corrected at the receive end.
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. A-11
fast Ethernet
fast link pulse FD FDI FE FEC FFD fiber patch cord field programmable gate array
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
Also referred to as the data plane. The forwarding plane is connection-oriented, and can be used in Layer 2 networks such as an ATM network. See field programmable gate array Piece of a larger packet that has been broken down to smaller units. Process of breaking a packet into smaller units when transmitting over a network medium that cannot support the original size of the packet. A frame, starting with a header, is a string of bytes with a specified length. Frame length is represented by the sampling circle or the total number of bytes sampled during a circle. A header comprises one or a number of bytes with pre-specified values. In other words, a header is a code segment that reflects the distribution (diagram) of the elements prespecified by the sending and receiving parties. A diversity scheme that enables two or more microwave frequencies with a certain frequency interval are used to transmit/receive the same signal and selection is then performed between the two signals to ease the impact of fading. See File Transfer Protocol A full-duplex, or sometimes double-duplex system, allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time. A good analogy for a full-duplex system would be a two-lane road with one lane for each direction.
frequency diversity
FTP full-duplex
G
gateway network element GE generic framing procedure A network element that is used for communication between the NE application layer and the NM application layer See gigabit Ethernet A framing and encapsulated method which can be applied to any data type. It has been standardized by ITU-T SG15.
generic traffic shaping A traffic control measure that initiatively adjusts the output speed of the traffic. This is to adapt the traffic to network resources that can be provided by the downstream router to avoid packet discarding and congestion. GFP gigabit Ethernet See generic framing procedure GE adopts the IEEE 802.3z. GE is compatible with 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s Ethernet. It runs at 1000 Mbit/s. Gigabit Ethernet uses a private medium, and it does not support coaxial cables or other cables. It also supports the channels in the bandwidth mode. If Gigabit Ethernet is, however, deployed to be the private bandwidth system with a bridge (switch) or a router as the center, it gives full play to the performance and the bandwidth. In the network structure, Gigabit Ethernet uses full duplex links that are private, causing the length of the links to be sufficient for backbone applications in a building and campus. A global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users. See gateway network element See Global Positioning System
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Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
graphical user interface A visual computer environment that represents programs, files, and options with graphical images, such as icons, menus, and dialog boxes, on the screen. GTS GUI guide rail See generic traffic shaping See graphical user interface Components to guide, position, and support plug-in boards.
H
HA half-duplex See high availability A transmitting mode in which a half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. See high level data link control A type of QoS that can control the traffic of users, and perform the scheduling according to the priority of user services. HQoS has a perfect traffic statistics function, and the administrator can monitor the usage of bandwidth of each service. Hence, the bandwidth can be allocated reasonably through traffic analysis. Typically, a scheme in which two modules operate in active/standby mode to achieve high availability. When the active module fails, the standby module automatically takes over the system functions of the active module. The HDLC protocol is a general purpose protocol which operates at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. Each piece of data is encapsulated in an HDLC frame by adding a trailer and a header. A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirement for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables the maximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing the WCDMA network topology. In an SDH network, the higher order path layers provide a server network from the lower order path layers. The priority of the tunnel with respect to holding resources, ranging from 0 (indicates the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the resources occupied by the tunnel can be preempted by other tunnels. A network connection between two distant nodes. For Internet operation a hop represents a small step on the route from one main computer to another. A mechanism of ensuring device running security. The environment variables and storage information of each running device are synchronized to the standby device. When the faults occur on the running device, the standby device can take over the services in the faulty device in automatic or manual way to ensure the normal running of the entire system. See higher order path See hierarchical quality of service See hot standby See High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. A-13
high availability
high level data link control High Speed Downlink Packet Access
A Glossary
hitless switch mode high tributary bus The hybrid transmission of Native E1 and Native Ethernet signals. Hybrid radio supports the AM function.
I
ICMP IDU IEC IEEE IETF IF IGMP IGMP snooping See Internet Control Message Protocol See indoor unit See International Electrotechnical Commission See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers See Internet Engineering Task Force See intermediate frequency See Internet Group Management Protocol A multicast constraint mechanism running on a layer 2 device. This protocol manages and controls the multicast group by listening to and analyze the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) packet between hosts and layer 3 devices. In this manner, the spread of the multicast data on layer 2 network can be prevented efficiently. See inverse multiplexing over ATM The indoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements accessing, multiplexing/demultiplexing, and IF processing for services. A method of looping the signals from the cross-connect unit back to the cross-connect unit. A society of engineering and electronics professionals based in the United States but boasting membership from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on electrical, electronics, computer engineering, and science-related matters.
intermediate frequency The transitional frequency between the frequencies of a modulated signal and an RF signal. Intermediate System The basic unit in the IS-IS protocol used to transmit routing information and generate routes.
Intermediate System to A protocol used by network devices (routers) to determine the best way to forward Intermediate System datagrams or packets through a packet-based network, a process called routing. routing protocol internal spanning tree International Electrotechnical Commission International Organization for Standardization A segment of CIST in a certain MST region. An IST is a special MSTI whose ID is 0. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international and nongovernmental standards organization dealing with electrical and electronic standards. An international association that works to establish global standards for communications and information exchange. Primary among its accomplishments is the widely accepted ISO/OSI reference model, which defines standards for the interaction of computers connected by communications networks.
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Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
An international body that develops worldwide standards for telecommunications technologies. These standards are grouped together in series which are prefixed with a letter indicating the general subject and a number specifying the particular standard. For example, X.25 comes from the "X" series which deals with data networks and open system communications and number "25" deals with packet switched networks. A network-layer (ISO/OSI level 3) Internet protocol that provides error correction and other information relevant to IP packet processing. For example, it can let the IP software on one machine inform another machine about an unreachable destination. See also communications protocol, IP, ISO/OSI reference model, packet (definition 1). A worldwide organization of individuals interested in networking and the Internet. Managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), the IETF is charged with studying technical problems facing the Internet and proposing solutions to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). The work of the IETF is carried out by various working groups that concentrate on specific topics, such as routing and security. The IETF is the publisher of the specifications that led to the TCP/IP protocol standard. The protocol for managing the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups among the TCP/IP protocols. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish and maintain multicast group memberships. The TCP/IP standard protocol that defines the IP packet as the unit of information sent across an internet and provides the basis for connectionless, best-effort packet delivery service. IP includes the ICMP control and error message protocol as an integral part. The entire protocol suite is often referred to as TCP/IP because TCP and IP are the two fundamental protocols. IP is standardized in RFC 791. A update version of IPv4. It is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). The specifications and standardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6 is also called. It is a new version of the Internet Protocol, designed as the successor to IPv4. The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits while an IPv6 address has 128 bits. A update version of IPv4. It is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). The specifications and standardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6 is also called. It is a new version of the Internet Protocol, designed as the successor to IPv4. The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits while an IPv6 address has 128 bits. The ATM inverse multiplexing technique involves inverse multiplexing and demultiplexing of ATM cells in a cyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose rate is approximately the sum of the link rates. This is referred to as an IMA group. See Internet Protocol See Internet protocol version 6 See Internet protocol version 6 See Intermediate System to Intermediate System routing protocol See International Organization for Standardization See internal spanning tree See International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A-15
A Glossary
J
Jitter Short waveform variations caused by vibration, voltage fluctuations, and control system instability.
A.4 K-O
This section provides the terms starting with letters K to O.
L
L2VPN label switched path See Layer 2 virtual private network A sequence of hops (R0...Rn) in which a packet travels from R0 to Rn through label switching mechanisms. A label-switched path can be chosen dynamically, based on normal routing mechanisms, or through configuration. Basic element of MPLS network. All LSRs support the MPLS protocol. The LSR is composed of two parts: control unit and forwarding unit. The former is responsible for allocating the label, selecting the route, creating the label forwarding table, creating and removing the label switch path; the latter forwards the labels according to groups received in the label forwarding table. See Link Aggregation Control Protocol See link aggregation group See local area network See local area network link access protocol-SDH A component that generates directional optical waves of narrow wavelengths. The laser light has better coherence than ordinary light. The fiber system takes the semi-conductor laser as the light source. A data forwarding method. In LAN, a network bridge or 802.3 Ethernet switch transmits and distributes packet data based on the MAC address. Since the MAC address is the second layer of the OSI model, this data forwarding method is called layer 2 switch.
layer 2 switch
Layer 2 virtual private A virtual private network achieved by Layer 2 switching technologies in the packet network switched (IP/MPLS) network. LB LCAS LCT line rate line rate forwarding Link Aggregation Control Protocol See loopback See link capacity adjustment scheme local craft terminal The maximum packet forwarding capacity on a cable. The value of line rate equals the maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media. The line rate equals the maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media. A method of bundling a group of physical interfaces together as a logical interface to increase bandwidth and reliability. For related protocols and standards, refer to IEEE 802.3ad.
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Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
link aggregation group An aggregation that allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a link aggregation group so that a MAC client can treat the link aggregation group as if it were a single link. link capacity adjustment scheme LCAS in the virtual concatenation source and sink adaptation functions provides a control mechanism to hitlessly increase or decrease the capacity of a link to meet the bandwidth needs of the application. It also provides a means of removing member links that have experienced failure. The LCAS assumes that in cases of capacity initiation, increases or decreases, the construction or destruction of the end-to-end path is the responsibility of the Network and Element Management Systems. Protection provided by the bypass tunnel for the link on the working tunnel. The link is a downstream link adjacent to the PLR. When the PLR fails to provide node protection, the link protection should be provided. linear multiplex section protection A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few square kilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANs are generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/ s (that is, 1 Gbit/s). A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few square kilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANs are generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/ s (that is, 1 Gbit/s). When the switching condition is satisfied, this function disables the service from being switched from the working channel to the protection channel. When the service has been switched, the function enables the service to be restored from the protection channel to the working channel. See Loss Of Frame loss of multiframe A troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that the signal or message can be analyzed for errors. See loss of pointer See Loss Of Signal A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost frame delineation. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer. Loss of Pointer: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the pointer to the start of cell in the payload. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer. Loss of signal (LOS) indicates that there are no transitions occurring in the received signal. lower order path link-state pass through See label switched path
Link Protection
Locked switching
loss of pointer
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A-17
A Glossary
LSR
M
MA MAC MAC MADM main topology See maintenance association See media access control See media access control multiple add/drop multiplexer A interface that displays the connection relationships of NEs on the NMS (screen display). The default client interface of the NMS, a basic component of the humanmachine interactive interface. The topology clearly shows the structure of the network, the alarms of different NEs, subnets in the network, the communication status as well as the basic network operation status. All topology management functions are accessed here. That portion of a Service Instance, preferably all of it or as much as possible, the connectivity of which is maintained by CFM. It is also a full mesh of Maintenance Entities. A MEP is an actively managed CFM Entity, associated with a specific DSAP of a Service Instance, which can generate and receive CFM frames and track any responses. It is an end point of a single Maintenance Association, and terminates a separate Maintenance Entity for each of the other MEPs in the same Maintenance Association. The network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by CFM. The devices in an MD are managed by a single ISP. Maintenance Point (MP) is one of either a MEP or a MIP. A type of database used for managing the devices in a communications network. It comprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities (such as routers and switches) in a network. Switches normal traffic signal to the protection section, unless a failure condition exists on other sections (including the protection section) or an equal or higher priority switch command is in effect, by issuing a manual switch request for that normal traffic signal.
maximum transmission The largest packet of data that can be transmitted on a network. MTU size varies, unit depending on the network576 bytes on X.25 networks, for example, 1500 bytes on Ethernet, and 17,914 bytes on 16 Mbps Token Ring. Responsibility for determining the size of the MTU lies with the link layer of the network. When packets are transmitted across networks, the path MTU, or PMTU, represents the smallest packet size (the one that all networks can transmit without breaking up the packet) among the networks involved. MBS MCF MD MDI Mean Time Between Failures Mean Time To Repair
A-18
maximum burst size See message communication function See maintenance domain See medium dependent interface The average time between consecutive failures of a piece of equipment. It is a measure of the reliability of the system. The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of the data link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connecting the physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocol checks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain control information is added to the data, and then the data and the control information are transmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MAC protocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmitted correctly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the control information is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer. A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of the data link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connecting the physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocol checks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain control information is added to the data, and then the data and the control information are transmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MAC protocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmitted correctly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the control information is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer. The electrical and mechanical interface between the equipment and the media transmission. See maintenance association end point maintenance end point The MCF is composed of a protocol stack that allows exchange of management information with their prs. See management information base maintenance intermediate point A piece of angle plate with holes in it on a rack. It is used to fix network elements or components. See maintenance point maintenance point identification See Multiprotocol Label Switching The MPLS L2VPN provides the Layer 2 VPN service based on an MPLS network. In this case, on a uniform MPLS network, the carrier is able to provide Layer 2 VPNs of different media types, such as ATM, FR, VLAN, Ethernet, and PPP. The MPLS OAM provides continuity check for a single LSP, and provides a set of fault detection tools and fault correct mechanisms for MPLS networks. The MPLS OAM and relevant protection switching components implement the detection function for the CRLSP forwarding plane, and perform the protection switching in 50 ms after a fault occurs. In this way, the impact of a fault can be lowered to the minimum. See multiprotocol label switching traffic engineering
medium dependent interface MEP MEP message communication function MIB MIP mounting ear MP MPID MPLS MPLS L2VPN
MPLS OAM
MPLS TE
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A-19
A Glossary
MPLS TE tunnel
In the case of reroute deployment, or when traffic needs to be transported through multiple trails, multiple LSP tunnels might be used. In traffic engineering, such a group of LSP tunnels are referred to as TE tunnels. An LSP tunnel of this kind has two identifiers. One is the Tunnel ID carried by the SENDER object, and is used to uniquely define the TE tunnel. The other is the LSP ID carried by the SENDER_TEMPLATE or FILTER_SPEC object. See multiplex section See multiplex section protection See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol See Mean Time Between Failures See Mean Time To Repair See maximum transmission unit A process of transmitting packets of data from one source to many destinations. The destination address of the multicast packet uses Class D address, that is, the IP address ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Each multicast address represents a multicast group rather than a host. Multiple spanning tree protocol. The MSTP can be used in a loop network. Using an algorithm, the MSTP blocks redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed as a tree network. In this case, the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided in the loop network. The protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and multiple spanning trees. This solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded in a VLAN because in STP/RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs. The trail between and including two multiplex section trail termination functions. A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between and including two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to a "protection" channel. A technology that uses short tags of fixed length to encapsulate packets in different link layers, and provides connection-oriented switching for the network layer on the basis of IP routing and control protocols. It improves the cost performance and expandability of networks, and is beneficial to routing. N/A
N
N+1 protection NE NE Explorer A radio link protection system composed of N working channels and one protection channel. See network element The main operation interface, of the NMS, which is used to manage the telecommunication equipment. In the NE Explorer, the user can query, manage and maintain the NE, boards, and ports on a per-NE basis.
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Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A Glossary
network element
A network element (NE) contains both the hardware and the software running on it. One NE is at least equipped with one system control and communication(SCC) board which manages and monitors the entire network element. The NE software runs on the SCC board.
Network Management A system in charge of the operation, administration, and maintenance of a network. System network service access A network address defined by ISO, through which entities on the network layer can point access OSI network services. network to network interface next hop NLP NMS NNI node An internal interface within a network linking two or more elements. The next router to which a packet is sent from any given router as it traverses a network on its journey to its final destination. normal link pulse See Network Management System See network to network interface A node stands for a managed device in the network. For a device with a single frame, one node stands for one device. For a device with multiple frames, one node stands for one frame of the device. Therefore, a node does not always mean a device. A parameter of the FRR protection. It indicates that the bypass tunnel should be able to protect the downstream node that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the PLR. The node cannot be a merge point, and the bypass tunnel should also be able to protect the downstream link that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the PLR. A network element whose communication with the NM application layer must be transferred by the gateway network element application layer. See non-gateway network element See network service access point not stop forwarding
Node Protection
O
OAM ODF ODU OM One-to-One Backup See operation, administration and maintenance See optical distribution frame See outdoor unit Operation and maintenance A local repair method in which a backup tunnel is separately created for each protected tunnel at a PLR.
open shortest path first A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Dijkstra's algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. A link state database is constructed of the network topology which is identical on all routers in the area.
Issue 01 (2011-06-30)
A-21
A Glossary
A framework of ISO standards for communication between different systems made by different vendors, in which the communications process is organized into seven different categories that are placed in a layered sequence based on their relationship to the user. Each layer uses the layer immediately below it and provides a service to the layer above. Layers 7 through 4 deal with end-to-end communication between the message source and destination, and layers 3 through 1 deal with network functions. A group of network support functions that monitor and sustain segment operation, activities that are concerned with, but not limited to, failure detection, notification, location, and repairs that are intended to eliminate faults and keep a segment in an operational state and support activities required to provide the services of a subscriber access network to users/subscribers. A device installed at the end of a fiber, optical source or receive unit. It is used to couple the optical wave to the fiber when connected to another device of the same type. A connector can either connect two fiber ends or connect a fiber end and an optical source (or a detector).+ A frame which is used to transfer and spool fibers. A channel that provides voice communication between operation engineers or maintenance engineers of different stations. See Open Systems Interconnection See open shortest path first The outdoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements frequency conversion and amplification for RF signals. A method of looping back the input signals received at a port to an output port without changing the structure of the signals. The ranger of optical energy level of output signals.
optical distribution frame orderwire OSI OSPF outdoor unit Outloop Output optical power
A.5 P-T
This section provides the terms starting with letters P to T.
P
packet switched network Packing case Path A telecommunication network which works in packet switching mode. A case which is used for packing the board or subrack. A performance resource object defined in the network management system. The left end of a path is a device node whose port needs to be specified and the right end of a path is a certain IP address which can be configured by the user. By defining a path in the network management system, a user can test the performance of a network path between a device port and an IP address. The tested performance may be the path delay, packet loss ratio or other aspects. See peak burst size See printed circuit board
PBS PCB
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PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus. A high performance bus, 32-bit or 64-bit for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and processor/memory subsystems. See plesiochronous digital hierarchy See protocol data unit See provider edge A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded. A traffic parameter, expressed in bit/s, whose value should be not less than the committed information rate. Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a Label Switched Router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an adjacent Label Edge Router (LER). IETF Diff-Serv workgroup defines forwarding behaviors of network nodes as per-hop behaviors (PHB), such as, traffic scheduling and policing. A device in the network should select the proper PHB behaviors, based on the value of DSCP. At present, the IETF defines four types of PHB. They are class selector (CS), expedited forwarding (EF), assured forwarding (AF), and best-effort (BE). See per-hop behavior See penultimate hop popping See peak information rate A multiplexing scheme of bit stuffing and byte interleaving. It multiplexes the minimum rate 64 kit/s into the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, and 565 Mbit/s rates.
per-hop behavior
Point-to-Point Protocol A protocol on the data link layer, provides point-to-point transmission and encapsulates data packets on the network layer. It is located in layer 2 of the IP protocol stack. polarization A kind of electromagnetic wave, the direction of whose electric field vector is fixed or rotates regularly. Specifically, if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is perpendicular to the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called vertically polarized wave; if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is parallel to the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called horizontal polarized wave; if the tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle, this electromagnetic wave is called circularly polarized wave. A direct current power distribution box at the upper part of a cabinet, which supplies power for the subracks in the cabinet. See Point-to-Point Protocol See priority queue See pseudo random binary sequence primary reference clock A board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
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priority queue
An abstract data type in computer programming that supports the following three operations: (1) InsertWithPriority: add an element to the queue with an associated priority (2) GetNext: remove the element from the queue that has the highest priority, and return it (also known as "PopElement(Off)", or "GetMinimum") (3) PeekAtNext (optional): look at the element with highest priority without removing it A cable which connects the equipment and the protection ground bar. Usually, one half of the cable is yellow; while the other half is green. A specific path that is part of a protection group and is labeled protection. It is a data packet at the network layer of the OSI model. A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE is responsible for VPN user management, establishment of LSPs between PEs, and exchange of routing information between sites of the same VPN. During the process, a PE performs the mapping and forwarding of packets between the private network and the public channel. A PE can be a UPE, an SPE, or an NPE.
protection ground cable Protection path protocol data unit provider edge
pseudo random binary A sequence that is random in a sense that the value of an element is independent of the sequence values of any of the other elements, similar to real random sequences. pseudo wire An emulated connection between two PEs for transmitting frames. The PW is established and maintained by PEs through signaling protocols. The status information of a PW is maintained by the two end PEs of a PW.
pseudo wire emulation A type of end-to-end Layer 2 transmitting technology. It emulates the essential attributes edge-to-edge of a telecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a Packet Switched Network (PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the real situation. PSN PTN PW PWE3 See packet switched network packet transport network See pseudo wire See pseudo wire emulation edge-to-edge
Q
QinQ A layer 2 tunnel protocol based on IEEE 802.1Q encapsulation. It encapsulates the tag of the user's private virtual local area network (VLAN) into the tag of the public VLAN. The packet carries two layers of tags to travel through the backbone network of the carrier. In this manner, the layer 2 virtual private network (VPN) is provided for the user. See quality of service See quadrature phase shift keying
QoS QPSK
quadrature phase shift A modulation method of data transmission through the conversion or modulation and keying the phase determination of the reference signals (carrier). It is also called the fourth period or 4-phase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK uses four dots in the star diagram. The four dots are evenly distributed on a circle. On these phases, each QPSK character can perform twobit coding and display the codes in Gray code on graph with the minimum BER.
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quality of service
A commonly-used performance indicator of a telecommunication system or channel. Depending on the specific system and service, it may relate to jitter, delay, packet loss ratio, bit error ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio. It functions to measure the quality of the transmission system and the effectiveness of the services, as well as the capability of a service provider to meet the demands of users.
R
radio frequency A type of electric current in the wireless network using AC antennas to create an electromagnetic field. It is the abbreviation of high-frequency AC electromagnetic wave. The AC with the frequency lower than 1 kHz is called low-frequency current. The AC with frequency higher than 10 kHz is called high-frequency current. RF can be classified into such high-frequency current. A device in the RNS which is in charge of controlling the use and the integrity of the radio resources.
random early detection A packet loss algorithm used in congestion avoidance. It discards the packet according to the specified higher limit and lower limit of a queue so that global TCP synchronization resulted in traditional Tail-Drop can be prevented. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol RDI received signal level Received Signal Strength Indicator Receiver Sensitivity RED Reed-Solomon-Code An evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, providing for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change. The RSTP protocol is backward compatible with the STP protocol. See remote defect indication The signal level at a receiver input terminal. The received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver, within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter, for TDD within a specified timeslot. The reference point for the measurement shall be the antenna Receiver sensitivity is defined as the minimum acceptable value of average received power at point R to achieve a 1 x 10-12 BER (The FEC is open). See random early detection A forward error correction code located before interleaving that enables correction of errors induced by burst noise. Widely used error correction scheme to fight transmission errors at the receiver site. See remote error indication A signal transmitted at the first opportunity in the outgoing direction when a terminal detects specific defects in the incoming signal.
remote error indication A remote error indication (REI) is sent upstream to signal an error condition. There are two types of REI alarms: Remote error indication line (REI-L) is sent to the upstream LTE when errors are detected in the B2 byte. Remote error indication path (REI-P) is sent to the upstream PTE when errors are detected in the B3 byte. Request For Comments A document in which a standard, a protocol, or other information pertaining to the operation of the Internet is published. The RFC is actually issued, under the control of the IAB, after discussion and serves as the standard. RFCs can be obtained from sources such as InterNIC.
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The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is designed for Integrated Service and is used to reserve resources on every node along a path. RSVP operates on the transport layer; however, RSVP does not transport application data. RSVP is a network control protocol like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). A traffic control method. In telecommunication, when detecting that the transmit end transmits a large volume of traffic, the receive end sends signals to ask the transmit end to slow down the transmission rate. See radio frequency See Request For Comments See Routing Information Protocol remote network monitoring remote network monitoring See radio network controller An alarm directly caused by anomaly events or faults in the network. Some lower-level alarms always accompany a root alarm. A route is the path that network traffic takes from its source to its destination. In a TCP/ IP network, each IP packet is routed independently. Routes can change dynamically. A mapping table that stores the relationship between the original address, destination address, short message (SM) protocol type and account. The SMSC delivers an SM to the designated account according to the information set in the route table. A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is known to waste bandwidth. A table that stores and updates the locations (addresses) of network devices. Routers regularly share routing table information to be up to date. A router relies on the destination address and on the information in the table that gives the possible routes--in hops or in number of jumps--between itself, intervening routers, and the destination. Routing tables are updated frequently as new information is available. See received signal level See Received Signal Strength Indicator See Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol See Resource Reservation Protocol radio transmission node
reverse pressure
RF RFC RIP RMON RMON RNC Root alarm route route table
routing table
S
SD SDH SEMF See space diversity See synchronous digital hierarchy See synchronous equipment management function
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service level agreement A service contract between a customer and a service provider that specifies the forwarding service a customer should receive. A customer may be a user organization (source domain) or another differentiated services domain (upstream domain). A SLA may include traffic conditioning rules which constitute a traffic conditioning agreement as a whole or partially. Service Level Agreement * A management-documented agreement that defines the relationship between service provider and its customer. It also provides specific, quantifiable information about measuring and evaluating the delivery of services. The SLA details the specific operating and support requirements for each service provided. It protects the service provider and customer and allows the service provider to provide evidence that it has achieved the documented target measure. See severely errored second The priority of the tunnel with respect to obtaining resources, ranging from 0 (indicates the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the tunnel can preempt the resources required by other backup tunnels.
severely errored second A one-second period which has a bit error ratio X 10-3 or at least one defect. Time interval of one second during which a given digital signal is received with an error ratio greater than 1 X 10 -3 (Rec. ITU R F. 592 needs correction). SF SFP side trough signal cable signal fail signal to noise ratio See signal fail See small form-factor pluggable The trough on the side of the cable rack, which is used to place nuts so as to fix the cabinet. Common signal cables cover the E1 cable, network cable, and other non-subscriber signal cable. A signal that indicates the associated data has failed in the sense that a near-end defect condition (non-degrade defect) is active. The ratio of the amplitude of the desired signal to the amplitude of noise signals at a given point in time. SNR is expressed as 10 times the logarithm of the power ratio and is usually expressed in dB (Decibel). A network management protocol of TCP/IP. It enables remote users to view and modify the management information of a network element. This protocol ensures the transmission of management information between any two points. The polling mechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, which can be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on the network and report these activities to the network console workstation. Control information about each device is maintained by a management information block. Designating or pertaining to a method of operation in which information can be transmitted in either direction, but not simultaneously, between two points. See service level agreement See Service Level Agreement * To divide data into the information units proper for transmission. A specification for a new generation of optical modular transceivers. See subnetwork connection
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See subnetwork connection protection See Simple Network Management Protocol See signal to noise ratio A diversity scheme that enables two or more antennas separated by a specific distance to transmit/receive the same signal and selection is then performed between the two signals to ease the impact of fading. Currently, only receive SD is used.
Spanning Tree Protocol STP is a protocol that is used in the LAN to remove the loop. STP applies to the redundant network to block some undesirable redundant paths through certain algorithms and prune a loop network into a loop-free tree network. SSM static virtual circuit See Synchronization Status Message Static virtual circuit. A static implementation of MPLS L2VPN that transfers L2VPN information by manual configuration of VC labels, instead of by a signaling protocol.
Statistical multiplexing A multiplexing technique whereby information from multiple logical channels can be transmitted across a single physical channel. It dynamically allocates bandwidth only to active input channels, to make better use of available bandwidth and allow more devices to be connected than with other multiplexing techniques. Compare with TDM. STM STM-1 STM-N STP sub-network See Synchronous Transport Module See synchronous transport mode-1 See synchronous transport module of order N See Spanning Tree Protocol Sub-network is the logical entity in the transmission network and comprises a group of network management objects. The network that consists of a group of interconnected or correlated NEs, according to different functions. For example, protection subnet, clock subnet and so on. A sub-network can contain NEs and other sub-networks. Generally, a sub-network is used to contain the equipment located in adjacent regions and closely related with one another, and it is indicated with a sub-network icon on a topological view. The U2000 supports multilevels of sub-networks. A sub-network planning can better the organization of a network view. On the one hand, the view space can be saved, on the other hand, it helps the network management personnel focus on the equipment under their management. The technique used by the IP protocol to determine which network segment packets are destined for. The subnet mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine, server or router and is matched with the IP address.
subnet mask
subnetwork connection A "transport entity" that transfers information across a subnetwork, it is formed by the association of "ports" on the boundary of the subnetwork. subnetwork connection A function, which allows a working subnetwork connection to be replaced by a protection protection subnetwork connection if the working subnetwork connection fails, or if its performance falls below a required level. SVC switch See static virtual circuit To filter, forward frames based on label or the destination address of each frame. This behavior operates at the data link layer of the OSI model.
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Synchronization Status A message that carries quality levels of timing signals on a synchronous timing link. Message Nodes on an SDH network and a synchronization network acquire upstream clock information through this message. Then the nodes can perform proper operations on their clocks, such as tracing, switching, or converting to holdoff, and forward the synchronization information to downstream nodes. synchronous digital hierarchy A transmission scheme that follows ITU-T G.707, G.708, and G.709. It defines the transmission features of digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing mode, transmission rate level, and interface code. SDH is an important part of ISDN and BISDN. It interleaves the bytes of low-speed signals to multiplex the signals to high-speed counterparts, and the line coding of scrambling is used only for signals. SDH is suitable for the fiber communication system with high speed and a large capacity since it uses synchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping structure. The SEMF converts performance data and implementation specific hardware alarms into object-oriented messages for transmission over DCCs and/or a Q interface.
synchronous transport Synchronous Transfer Mode at 155 Mbit/s. mode-1 Synchronous Transport Module An STM is the information structure used to support section layer connections in the SDH. It consists of information payload and Section Overhead (SOH) information fields organized in a block frame structure which repeats every 125. The information is suitably conditioned for serial transmission on the selected media at a rate which is synchronized to the network. A basic STM is defined at 155 520 kbit/s. This is termed STM-1. Higher capacity STMs are formed at rates equivalent to N times this basic rate. STM capacities for N = 4, N = 16 and N = 64 are defined; higher values are under consideration.
synchronous transport A STM-N is the information structure used to support section layer connections in SDH. See ITU-T Recommendation G. 707 for STM modules of order 1, 4, 16 and 64. module of order N
T
tail drop A type of QoS. When a queue within a network router reaches its maximum length, packet drops can occur. When a packet drop occurs, connection-based protocols such as TCP slow down their transmission rates in an attempt to let queued packets be serviced, thereby letting the queue empty. This is also known as tail drop because packets are dropped from the input end (tail) of the queue. A congestion management mechanism, in which packets arrive later are discarded when the queue is full. This policy of discarding packets may result in network-wide synchronization due to the TCP slow startup mechanism. tag control information See Transmission Control Protocol See time division multiplexing See traffic engineering See traffic engineering database
Tail drop
Telecommunication A protocol model defined by ITU-T for managing open systems in a communications Management Network network. An architecture for management, including planning, provisioning, installation, maintenance, operation and administration of telecommunications equipment, networks and services.
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trace identifier mismatch A multiplexing technology. TDM divides the sampling cycle of a channel into time slots (TSn, n=0, 1, 2, 3), and the sampling value codes of multiple signals engross time slots in a certain order, forming multiple multiplexing digital signals to be transmitted over one channel. A technique used in best-effort delivery systems to prevent packets that loop endlessly. The TTL is set by the sender to the maximum time the packet is allowed to be in the network. Each router in the network decrements the TTL field when the packet arrives, and discards any packet if the TTL counter reaches zero. See Telecommunication Management Network A ToS sub-field (the bits 0 to 2 in the ToS field) in the ToS field of the IP packet header. See tributary protection switch A technology that is used to dynamically monitor the traffic of the network and the load of the network elements, to adjust in real time the parameters such as traffic management parameters, route parameters and resource restriction parameters, and to optimize the utilization of network resources. The purpose is to prevent the congestion caused by unbalanced loads. TEDB is the abbreviation of the traffic engineering database. MPLS TE needs to know the features of the dynamic TE of every links by expanding the current IGP, which uses the link state algorithm, such as OSPF and IS-IS. The expanded OSPF and IS-IS contain some TE features, such as the link bandwidth and color. The maximum reserved bandwidth of the link and the unreserved bandwidth of every link with priority are rather important. Every router collects the information about TE of every links in its area and generates TE DataBase. TEDB is the base of forming the dynamic TE path in the MPLS TE network. It is a way of controlling the network traffic from a computer to optimize or guarantee the performance and minimize the delay. It actively adjusts the output speed of traffic in the scenario that the traffic matches network resources provided by the lower layer devices, avoiding packet loss and congestion. The protocol within TCP/IP that governs the breakup of data messages into packets to be sent via IP (Internet Protocol), and the reassembly and verification of the complete messages from packets received by IP. A connection-oriented, reliable protocol (reliable in the sense of ensuring error-free delivery), TCP corresponds to the transport layer in the ISO/OSI reference model. Tributary protection switching, a function provided by the equipment, is intended to protect N tributary processing boards through a standby tributary processing board. See two rate three color marker See time to live tributary unit A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs. In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The tunnel ensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases, a tunnel is an MPLS tunnel.
time to live
Traffic shaping
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The trTCM meters an IP packet stream and marks its packets based on two rates, Peak Information Rate (PIR) and Committed Information Rate (CIR), and their associated burst sizes to be either green, yellow, or red. A packet is marked red if it exceeds the PIR. Otherwise it is marked either yellow or green depending on whether it exceeds or doesn't exceed the CIR.
A.6 U-Z
This section provides the terms starting with letters U to Z.
U
U-VLAN UAS UBR UDP underfloor cabling UNI unicast unspecified bit rate A VLAN attribute indicating that the current VLAN is a user VLAN of an M-VLAN. Multicast services are copied from the M-VLAN to the user VLAN. unavailable second See unspecified bit rate See User Datagram Protocol The cables connected cabinets and other devices are routed underfloor. See user network interface The process of sending data from a source to a single recipient. No commitment to transmission. No feedback to congestion. This type of service is ideal for the transmission of IP datagrams. In case of congestion, UBR cells are discarded, and no feedback or request for slowing down the data rate is delivered to the sender. An operation to report some or all configuration data of an NE to the NMS(Network Management system). The configuration data then covers the configuration data stored at the NMS side. A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send a datagram to an application program on another. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IP to deliver datagrams. UDP provides application programs with the unreliable connectionless packet delivery service. Therefore, UDP messages can be lost, duplicated, delayed, or delivered out of order. UDP is used to try to transmit the data packet, that is, the destination device does not actively confirm whether the correct data packet is received.
upload
user network interface The interface between user equipment and private or public network equipment (for example, ATM switches).
V
V-UNI variable bit rate See virtual user-network interface One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike a permanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidth and is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice calls. See variable bit rate See virtual container
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VCC VCG VCI VCTRUNK virtual channel connection virtual channel identifier virtual concatenation group virtual container
See virtual channel connection See virtual concatenation group See virtual channel identifier A virtual concatenation group applied in data service mapping, also called the internal port of a data service processing board The VC logical trail that carries data between two end points in an ATM network. A logical grouping of multiple virtual channel connections into one virtual connection. A 16-bit field in the header of an ATM cell. The VCI, together with the VPI, is used to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on its way to its destination. A group of co-located member trail termination functions that are connected to the same virtual concatenation link The information structure used to support path layer connections in the SDH. It consists of information payload and path Overhead (POH) information fields organized in a block frame structure which repeats every 125 or 500 s. A logical grouping of two or more nodes which are not necessarily on the same physical network segment but which share the same IP network number. This is often associated with switched Ethernet. The field in the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell header that identifies to which virtual path the cell belongs. A type of point-to-multipoint L2VPN service provided over the public network. VPLS enables geographically isolated user sites to communicate with each other through the MAN/WAN as if they are on the same LAN.
virtual local area network virtual path identifier virtual private LAN service
virtual private network A system configuration, where the subscriber is able to build a private network via connections to different network switches that may include private network capabilities. virtual route forward VRF performs the function of establishing multiple virtual routing devices on one actual routing device. That is, the L3 interfaces of the device are distributed to different VRFs, performing the function of establishing multiple virtual route forwarding instances on the device. A virtual user-network interface, works as an action point to perform service classification and traffic control in HQoS. See virtual local area network An IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voice information over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in a digital form in discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). See voice over IP See virtual path identifier See virtual private LAN service See virtual private network See virtual route forward
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W
wait to restore WAN Web LCT weighted fair queuing The number of minutes to wait before services are switched back to the working line. See wide area network The local maintenance terminal of a transport network, which is located on the NE management layer of the transport network A fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidth allocation weights. This scheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of an interface to queues, according to their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. In this manner, packets of all priority queues can be scheduled.
weighted random early A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global TCP detection synchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-priority packet when calculating the packet loss ratio. weighted round Robin N/A WFQ wide area network See weighted fair queuing A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which are physically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as a province, a state or even a country. A tool for fiber routing, which acts as the corrugated pipe. See weighted random early detection See weighted round Robin See wait to restore
X
XPIC See cross polarization interference cancellation
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