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 Prototype and function declaration

 The function call and returning value
 Local and global variables

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 Predefined Function
 User-defined Function

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 Its programming code is already written.
 A programmer only need to know how to use
it.
 Need to include the header file in the
program
exp : #include<cmath>
 Some of the predefined mathematical
functions in header file cmath are:
 The power function, pow(x,y)
 The square root function, sqrt(x)
 The floor function, floor(x)

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 The name of function is used in three ways :
for declaration, in a call, and for definition.

 Function declaration is done first with a

prototype declaration.

 Function definition contains the code to

complete the task.

 Function is invoked or called by Function call.

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 Contains the code for a function.
 Two parts : the function header and the function body

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 Function Header
Consist of : the return type, the function name and formal
parameter list
Return type
The type of value that will return by the function, the type
of the expression in the return statement must match the
return type in the function header. For example void, int,
char and double.
•Formal Parameter List
List that defines and declares the variables that will
contained the data received by the function
Each variables must be defined and declared fully with
multiple parameters separated by commas.
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 Function Body
• Contains the declarations and statements for the function
• Start with local definitions that specify the variables required by
the function.
• The functions statement, terminating with a return statement are
coded after local definitions.

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Function local variables
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 Prototype declaration
• Consist of three parts : the return part, function name, and
the formal parameter list(has to be same as in function
header).
• Terminated with semicolon.
• Placed in global area of the program
• General format:
Type Function_name(parameter_list);

• Example :
double average (int x, int y);
double average (int, int);
void display ( );
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char pilihan ( );
 The Function Call
• The operand in a function call is the function name.
• The operator is the parentheses set,(…), which contains the actual
parameters.
 Formal parameters are variables that are declared in the header of
the function definition.
 Actual parameters are the expressions in the calling statement.
 The formal and actual parameters must match exactly in type,
order and number. Their names however, do not need to be the
same.
• Examples of the function calls :
cout << average ( 3, 7);

avg = average ( z, x);

cout << average ( 3, 7) + 5; 12

More examples of function calls
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The Function Call

Parts of a function call

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Void functions with no parameters

Calling a void function with no parameters

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Void functions with parameters

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Functions that return value

Pass by Value
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 Define a function Invoke a funciton

return value type method name formal parameters

function int z = max(x, y);

int max(int num1, int num2)
header
{

function actual parameters

int result; parameter list (arguments)
body
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1; return value
else
result = num2;

return result;
}

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 pass the value i
pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 i is now 5

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 j is now 2

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 invoke max(i, j)

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 invoke max(i, j)
Pass the value of i to num1
Pass the value of j to num2

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 declare variable result

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 (num1 > num2) is true since
num1 is 5 and num2 is 2

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 result is now 5

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 return result, which is 5

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 return max(i, j) and assign the
return value to k

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 Execute the print statement

pass the value i

pass the value j

int main() int max(int num1, int num2)

{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
cout << "The maximum between " else
<< i << " and " + j + " is " result = num2;
<< k;
return 0; return result;
} }

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 Variable Scope
Scope-determines the the part of program in which you can use
defined object.
• Global scope – any object defined in the global area of the
program is visible from its definition until the end of the
program.
-global variables : variables that are declared outside the function,
recognised by any function or program that start after its declaration

• Local scope – variable defined within a block, visible only in

the block in which they are declares.
- local variables :variables that are declared in the function body and
can only be used in that particular function.
- do not relate to any variable in other function (can have the same
name as variables in other functions)
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Scope for global and block areas
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You can declare a local variable with
the same name multiple times in
different non-nesting blocks in a
function, but you cannot declare a
local variable twice in nested blocks.

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A variable declared in the initial action part of a
for loop header has its scope in the entire loop.
But a variable declared inside a for loop body has
its scope limited in the loop body from its
declaration and to the end of the block that
contains the variable.

void method1() {
.
.
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
{
The scope of i .
int j;
.
The scope of j .
.
}
}

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It is fine to declare i in two It is illegal to
non-nesting blocks declare i in two nesting blocks

void function1() void function2()

{ {
int x = 1; int i = 1;
int y = 1; int sum = 0;

for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
{ {
x += i; sum += i;
} }

for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) cout << i << endl;

{ cout << sum << endl;
y += i; }
}
}

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C++ also allows you to use global variables. They are
declared outside all functions and are accessible to all
functions in its scope. Local variables do not have default
values, but global variables are defaulted to zero.

VariableScope Demo

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If a local variable name is the same as a global variable
name, you can access the global variable using
::globalVariable. The :: operator is known as the unary
scope resolution. For example, the following code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int v1 = 10;
int main()
{
int v1 = 5;
cout << "local variable v1 is " << v1 << endl;
cout << "global variable v1 is " << ::v1 << endl;
return 0;
}
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After a function completes its execution, all its local
variables are destroyed. Sometimes, it is desirable to
retain the value stored in local variables so that they
can be used in the next call. C++ allows you to
declare static local variables. Static local variables are
permanently allocated in the memory for the lifetime
of the program. To declare a static variable, use the
keyword static.

StaticVariable Demo

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