EIJ= @A -NAH? ?

E I 
 5A @

CA>H=
) = ( )

E A=H

2 3 5 7

)(

x y

1 3

@AJAH IEIJA

E A =

x 5y 3x + 5y = 1 2x + z = 3 5x + py z = 0

F II LA F=H= K

AH

HA=

,=@=I =I

=JHE AI

A =

3 1 4 2
JH=

,AJAH

m = 3p ( ) 2 0 B = , 0 2
E A = =JHE =JHE

IE@AHA = = I

=JHE

J=

GKA

X =

At .B 6B 1
@E=C

5=>A @ @AJAH

GKA

@A K @=

GK=@H=@=

= @ I A A

A J I @A IK=

= FHE ?EF=

E A

JH=

X ) ,
F @A IA = H =H

"

,=@=I =I

=JHE AI

A=

2 3 1 4

)
A

B=

1 0 2 1
=JHE

( A
= =JHE

 

FH @KJ

@=

=JHE

M = (2 1)

FA =

  ) I

= @=

=JHE

=JHE

JH= IF IJ= @A

=JHE

4 2 ( 1 1 (

3 4 5 5

) . ) . ) .

  )

=JHE

C = (cij )2x2 ( a 3 1 b
I @=

@A

cij = aij

IA

i=j

cij = bij

IA

i = j

)
IE JHE?= @= =JHE

2 0 2 4

  )

=JHE

M=

IA

a = 2

b=4
#

  ) I  

= @ I JAH

=JHE

A = (aij )2x2
ECK= =

(bij )2x2

J=EI GKA

i<j

@AJAH

E = JA @=

=JHE

B B

  )

=JHE

E LAHI= @=

=JHE

1 0 2 1

5A =

=I

=II ?E=@

+= ?K A

2 4 2 =JHE AI A = 0 5 0 A B = 3 6 1 t =JHE A B 1 0 2 1 2 1 3 2 @AJAH E = JA @= =JHE 0 0 2 3 1 1 0 2

5 8 3 7 4 2 2 3 1

+= ?K A

@AJAH

E = JA

5=>A @

IA GKA

@AJAH

E = JA @=

=JHE

E LAHI= @A

1 1 1 2 1 x+1 1 1 x3

ECK= =

1 4

&

IE@AHA =

=JHE

L= '

H @

@AJAH

E =

1 0 2 A = 2 sin x 0 0 2 cos x JA @= =JHE A )

A =JHE AI A IEIJA

@A

L=HE=

K J

@ I

AH I HA=EI

5 >HA @AJAH   5A

E = JAI

=I @A AGK= A J

AI E A=HAI

LAH@=@A

A=

  5A

  5A

2 3 1 A = 1 1 1 A f (x) = x2 x + 1 A J f (det A1 ) = 1 2 0 1 sin x cos x A= 1 0 0 A J det A + sin 2x = 0 1 sin x cos x

2 1 0 2

X = A1 + A2

det X t = 65

3 4

  )I HAJ=I

 



5A =

2x 3y = 1 A x y = 3 E JAH?AFJ= IA F J (4, 5) 2x + 3y z = 2 IEIJA = E@=@A @A I K AI x y + z = 1 =@ EJA K = E x+yz =3 ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 1 2 0 A= A B = += ?K A 2A 3B A 2A 3B 4 1 0 1 2 0

F=H= GKA =I =JHE AI



,AJAH E A I L= ) HAI @A x,( y Az A ) R ( x+y 0 13 0 A B = z x 2y 1 4

@=@=I IA =

ECK=EI

A=

(
 ,=@=I =I =JHE AI

A=

1 4 2 2 0 1

) B=

0 1 2 0 1 1

1 C= 1 3

(
A

D=

1 1

,AJAH

E A

= > ? @ A B  !

A+B 2C AC CD BC DA
= =JHE

,=@= K J @=I =I

@E A

I GKA K KJ= ?

=JHE AI GKA ?

=JHE X) ? ( 1 0 A= 0 3 = AIF= 3K= LAJ HE= B=J

KJ= ?

IA

AX = XA

,AJAH

E A

"

+ A A = H

IE@AHA = IACKE JA = H A J = I =NE =I @A -IF= @A

= E?

ANEIJA K IJH=@ A

E?

LAJ H

A ?=@=

F IIKE K

E LAHI

@A

=K = GKA =IIACKH= AII=

#

7IA

8AJ HE=

F=H= FH L=H GKA IA

vE

AH

=JKH= A J

nv = v + v + ... + v
nparcelas
$ 5A = IA %

u, v

LAJ HAI JEF ? @A

I @

AIF=

LAJ HE=

2H LA GKA IKF D= K

3KA IA F @A @E AH ?=I @=I =JHE AI GK=@H=@=I

v I u

JEF A

@A

IA A I AH FAH=

A JA

@EBAHA JAI @A ? =I

2H LA GKA KIK=EI @A I

K J

nxn

-IF=

8AJ HE=

AI

= A FH @KJ AI

F H AI?= =H F=H= FH L=H GKA = ? =I @A -IF= KJ=JELE@=@A

&

7IA =I HA = F @A IAH @A

2(u + v ) = 2u + 2v 2w = w + w
IJH=@= = F=HJEH @ I @A =EI =NE

u+v = v+u

8AJ HE= IA A I A JA IA

' 

,A

= =

@E= ?

1 uv = 2 u+ 1 v 2
K J @=I BK

2H LA GKA AI 

(u v ) w = u (v w)

u=w

2H L=H GKA I = = = I

L= E  A L=

= KIK= @A BK @A K = BK

AI ?

K JEF E?=

F H K

R B H = K -IF= 8AJ HE= I >HA R @A = HAI HA=EI (f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) F=H= J @ x A A AI?= =H a R @A E@= ? IA @ (af )(x) = af (x)

F=H= J @  ? K J

xA K [x]
F E @ I F E E I ? ? A ?EA JAI A = @A F E

B H

= K

-IF=

8AJ HE= I >HA A K JEF E?=

K
F H

2H LA + AI?= =H A K -

IE@AHA =I E

FAH=

AI KIK=EI @A I

E I @A CH=KI

R2

= JA D=

I = @A

@ E

FH @KJ @= I

@A !

= AEH=I @EBAHA JAI = @A

v @A K = u+v

AH

F HK

LAJ H A

=I

@E GKA -

@ I LAJ HAI JE K=

u = (x, y )
L

v = (x 1 , y 1 )
LE

?=@= JA J=JEL= @E AH GK=EI =NE = >

=I @A AIF=

LAJ HE= ?

E@ I A GK=EI I

=@ I

u + v = (x + y 1 , x 1 + y ) u + v = (xx1 , yy1 )
!

? !

u + v = (3x + 3x1 , 5x + 5x1 )

=?DA AH I

u = (1, 2, 3) v = (3, 2, 0) A w = (2, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)

,=@ I

J=EI GKA

u + v + w =

6H=>= D 

"