Fundamentals of Finite Element Method: Variational and Weighted Residual Appoaches

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llnl1L LLLMLn1 ML1PCu:

vA8lA1lCnAL Anu WLlCP1Lu
8LSluuAL ACACPLS
WlnLer Academy 2008
Culde: rof. S. Mlual
AmlL Agrawal
ueparLmenL of Chemlcal Lnglneerlng
ll1 8ombay
1
lunuAMLn1ALS Cl llnl1L LLLMLn1 ML1PCu : varlauonal and WelghLed 8esldual approaches
AmlL Agrawal, ll1 8ombay WlnLer Academy 2008, ll1 Madras
!"#$%&'
lnLroducuon Lo lLM
Weak lorm of roblem
rocess of lLM
MeLhod of WelghLed 8esldual
lece Wlse Lrlal luncuons
lnLerpolauon luncuons
numerlcal lnLegrauon
varlauonal rlnclples
8aylelgh 8lLz MeLhod
2
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-'#.!* /,'-0
S1A81Lu : lor solvlng llnear problem ln solld mechanlcs
Cu88Ln1 : lor solvlng non llnear, dynamlc, LranslenL problems.
lecewlse appllcauon of a varlauonal and welghLed resldual meLhod
uomaln dlscreuzled lnLo nlLe elemenLs
ulerenual Lquauon converLed lnLo algebralc equauons uslng lnLegral
approxlmauons
123456734 1889:37; ,'- 1889:37;
Covernlng Lquauon ulerenual ulerenual
LlemenL ulerenual llnlLe
Soluuon LxacL ApproxlmaLe
LlmlLauons CeomeLry, 8.C. LlemenL 1ype
3
<'1= ,!)- !, 1 >)!?$'-
ulerenual Lquauon Weak or varlauonal Lquauon
Conslder Lhe dlerenual equauon:
for 0 < x < L
8oundary Condluons :
Muluplylng Lhe ulerenual equauon wlLh a LesL funcuon : v
1wlce ulerenuable
whlch sauses
lnLegrauon by
arLs
4
<'1= ,!)- !, 1 >)!?$'-
lnLegraung equauons Lwlce by parLs:
Weak lorm
ConunulLy requlremenL of soluuon weakened
8oundary condluon aL x=L lncluded ln Lhe varlauonal equauon
8oundary condluon [ x=L naLural 8oundary Condluon
8oundary condluon [ x=0 Lssenual 8oundary Condluon
3
@'&')1$ >)!+'AA
Covernlng ulerenual equauon ls known
a) Assume a Lrlal soluuon
1. ulscreuze Lhe domaln lnLo dlerenL elemenLs
2. ApproxlmaLe Lhe eld varlable over Lhe domaln (lnLerpolauon funcuons)
b) Sausfy Lhe 8oundary Condluons
c) Sausfy Lhe dlerenual equauon wlLh Lhe Lrlal soluuon
(Lrror ls known as Lhe resldual)
d) Mlnlmlze Lhe resldual over Lhe whole domaln Lo obLaln
seL of algebralc equauons
6
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Covernlng ulerenual Lquauon:
8oundary Condluon: u(0)=0 &
a) 1rlal Soluuon: u = c
1
+c
2
x+c
3
x
2
b) Sausfy 8.C.'s: c
1
=0, c
2
+2c
3
L=0
c) 8esldual: 2ALC
3
+q
d) Mlnlmlze 8esldual: C
3
= -q/2AL
llgure 1: unlform 8od Sub[ecLed Lo Axlal Load
7
.'1# +!&*"+#%!& %& 1 A!$%*
Covernlng ulerenual Lquauon :
WlLh C = 1 for 0 < x < L/2 & C = 0 for L/2 < x < L
8.C. : 1= 0 x = 0
1 = 0 x = L
a) 1rlal Soluuon:
b) 8.C. : Saused
c) 8esldual:
d) Mlnlmlze Lhe resldual
8(x) = 0 ??????
8
-'#.!* !, <'%@.#'* )'A%*"1$ /-<)0
! 8esldual made zero ln an average sense
! WelghLed average of resldual ls zero
! 1rlal Soluuon= _C
l
f
l
where f
l
's

are known
! W
[
are arblLrary non zero lnLegrable funcuons
! SelecL as many welghung funcuons Lo geL enough
equauons
! LxacL soluuon sauses each and every welghL.
9
-'#.!* !, <'%@.#'* )'A%*"1$
!"##"$%&"' )*+,"-
ulrac uelLa welghL funcuons
W
[
= (x-x
[
)
8(x
[
)= 0
8esldual made zero aL nlLe number of polnLs
CrLhogonal Collocauon
./0-"1%2' )*+,"-
uomaln dlvlded lnLo subdomaln
W
[
= 1 ln
= 0 elsewhere
10
-'#.!* !, <'%@.#'* )'A%*"1$
3*%4+ .5/%6*4 )*+,"-
W
[
=
lmplles mlnlmlzlng wlLh respecL Lo C
l
)*+,"- "7 )"1*'+4
W
[
= 1, x,x
2
,x
3
...
l.e.
11
-'#.!* !, <'%@.#'* )'A%*"1$
8%#*692'4 )*+,"-
Welghung funcuons do noL have any consLralnL (degree wlse)
W
[
= f
[
where f
[
' s are Lhe Lrlal funcuon
8esldual made zero by
maklng orLhogonal Lo Lhe Lrlal funcuons
L.g. : W
1
= W
2
=

12
-'#.!* !, <'%@.#'* )'A%*"1$
llgure 2 : Soluuon of u.L. wlLh dlerenL M.W.8. ( Zlenklewlcz C.C., 1aylor 8.L.)
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13
@1$')=%&A -'#.!*
ulSAuvAn1ACLS
! ulmculLy ln chooslng Lhe Lrlal funcuons
! Selecuon of Lrlal funcuons when geomeLry ls complex
! Plgh compuLauon ume
!:; <= >?=@!>)= <A B.C;8 D=:E F>@) :;G F=)
! ulerenuablllLy of soluuon lowered uslng weak form
! need Lo sausfy Lhe essenual boundary condluons
! SysLemauc derlvauon of approxlmauon funcuons
14
1& 'C1->$'O
Covernlng Lquauon:
Where a(x)= 1+x
g(x)=1+4x
8oundary Condluons: u(0)=0
u(1)=0
WelghLed 8esldual:
Weak lorm:
13
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a) 1rlal Soluuon
1) ulscreuzlng Lhe domaln lnLo elemenLs
ulvlde 0 Lo L ln Lo n parLs
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
W1
W2
W3
W4
W3
W6
uomaln
S
h
a
p
e

l
u
n
c
u
o
n

CharL 1: varlauon of shape funcuons ln domaln
16
>%'+' <%A' +!&#%&"!"A #)%1$ ,"&+#%!&A
2) Approxlmauon over an elemenL
uslng Llnear Lrlal funcuons
lor any elemenL e
, are shape funcuons
Shape funcuons are conunuous, llnearly lndependenL
Soluuon conunulLy aL sub domaln endpolnLs guaranLeed
17
>%'+' <%A' +!&#%&"!"A #)%1$ ,"&+#%!&A
b) Applylng Lhe weak form aL Lhe e
Lh
elemenL
Lquauons wlLh welghL funcuons W
e
and W
e+1
would be non zero
WrlLe Lhe equauons ln form of [k] [l} = [c}
[k] known as Lhe elemenL maLrlx, symmeLrlc ln naLure
c) Assembly of elemenL equauons
Comblne all Lhe elemenL maLrlces
llnal form [A] [l} = [b}
[A] : suness maLrlx , sparse maLrlx
[l} : dlsplacemenL vecLor
[b} : force vecLor
18
>%'+' <%A' +!&#%&"!"A #)%1$ ,"&+#%!&A
Soluuon obLalned uslng llnear Lrlal funcuons
1o lmprove accuracy lncrease no. of elemenLs.
x
llgure 3: Soluuon uslng plece
wlse conunuous Lrlal funcuon
(8eddy !.n.)
19
>%'+' <%A' +!&#%&"!"A #)%1$ ,"&+#%!&A
uerlvauves of soluuon are lmporLanL
lnformauon abouL physlcal varlables of lnLeresL : heaL ux, sLress
Soluuon can be lmproved uslng more no. of elemenLs or
hlgher order Lrlal funcuons
llgure 4: uerlvauve of Lhe
soluuon ( 8eddy !.n.)
20
&1#")1$ +!!)*%&1#'A
CoordlnaLe sysLem Lransformed from global(x)
Lo local(c)
Crlgln aL cenLre of elemenL
-1 aL le end node and 1 aL rlghL end node
ConvenlenL ln
" ConsLrucung lnLerpolauon /Shape funcuon
" numerlcal lnLegrauon
21
%&#')>!$1#%!& ,"&+#%!&A
uepends on CeomeLry & number of nodes
lndependenL of Lhe problem
Pave followlng properues
l.
ll.
22
%&#')>!$1#%!& ,"&+#%!&A
! number of nodes = n
= number of funcuons
! Crder of funcuon: n-1
lnLerpolauon funcuon for node l :
23
&"-')%+1$ %&#'@)1#%!&
&JQI:2 +:IJM RD3F93ID9J
LvaluaLed aL n+1 equlspaced polnLs
n
Lh
order polynomlal evaluaLed exacLly by chooslng n+1 polnLs
1rapezoldal 8ule
n = 1
Slmpsons 8ule
n = 2
24
&"-')%+1$ %&#'@)1#%!&
@3DMMS $JKJ2F9J RD3F93ID9J
LvaluaLes n
Lh
order polynomlal exacLly aL (n+1)/2 polnLs
8equlres lesser base polnLs as compared Lo newLon coLes
for same accuracy.
Where c
l
are Lhe rooLs of Legendre polynomlal
n+1
(c)

23
Mlnlmum oLenual Lnergy, LeasL Lnergy ulsslpauon
1oLal oLenual Lnergy (l) sLauonary wlLh respecL Lo any small dlsplacemenLs
(sLaLe varlable [u})
u for whlch l ls sLauonary ls soluuon
l.e. l=0 for every u
lor muluple degree freedom sysLem glven
l
are dlsplacemenLs
for l = 1,2,3.n
T1)%1#%!&1$ >)%&+%>$'A
26
A#)%&@ >)!?$'-
Lnergy Lquauon( varlauon)= lorce Lqulllbrlum Lquauon (u.L.)
lorce Lqulllbrlum :
Lnergy ConcepL:
SLraln Lnergy :
oLenual Lnergy:
1oLal Lnergy:
Mlnlmlze l
27
llgure 3: SLreLchlng of
sLrlng under consLanL
force
T1)%1#%!&1$ >)%&+%>$'A
lor xed x value of u whlch mlnlmlzes l(u)
lor u Lo be soluuon l should be zero
28
l = 0 ls valld for every u
8oundary Condluons:
L.8.C.
naLural 8.C.
Luler - Lagrange Lquauon
T1)%1#%!&1$ >)%&+%>$'A
29
T1)%1#%!&1$ >)%&+%>$'A
Luler Lagrange Lquauon:
Weak lorm:
30
T1)%1#%!&1$ >)%&+%>$'A
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31
)1U$'%@. )%#V -'#.!*
Assume a Lrlal soluuon
Sausfy Lhe Lssenual 8oundary Condluons
LvaluaLe Lhe LoLal poLenual wlLh Lhe Lrlal soluuon
SeL up equauons by = 0 for 2 = HI JI K L ;
(varlauon ln dlsplacemenL ls due Lo change ln coemclenLs)
32
A"--1)U 1&* +!&+$"A%!&A
lLM approxlmaLes Lhe soluuon uslng dlscreLe
elemenLs and funcuons.
Calerklns MeLhod on llnlLe LlemenL uses Lhe weak
formulauon Lo generaLe seL of algebralc equauons.
Laslly programmable uslng lnLerpolauon funcuons
and numerlcal lnLegrauon .
varlauonal MeLhods makes Lhe funcuonal sLauonary
wlLh respecL Lo Lhe dependenL varlable .
33
)',')'&+'A
llnlLe LlemenL MeLhod Zlenklewlcz C.C.,
1aylor 8.L., 1989
1he meLhod of welghLed 8eslduals and
varlauonal rlnclples, llnlayson 8.A., 1972
lnLroducuon Lo nlLe elemenL MeLhod ,
8eddy !.n.
34
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33

Fundamentals of Finite Element Method: Variational and Weighted Residual Appoaches

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Fundamentals of Finite Element Method: Variational and Weighted Residual Appoaches

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