SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

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KlasikUnconformity
Angular unconformity is used when layers below are clearly tilted or folded and then eroded before deposition continues on the eroded surface

Disconformity is used when beds above and below are parallel but a well-developed erosional surface can be recognized, by irregular incision, soil development, or basal gravel deposits on top. Paraconformity is used for obscure unconformities where correlation with time markers elsewhere indicates missing strata, even though no evidence of a gap is present locally. Nonconformity is used for deposition of bedded strata on unbedded (usually igneous or metamorphic) basement.

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Seismic Stratigraphy, Vail et al., 1977

Definisi

Seismik Fasies adalah unit atau paket pola-pola refleksi yang teramati pada sekuen seismik.
Hubungan perlapisan dengan refleksi terminasi: Toplap : refleksi terminasi yang menumpu permukaan erosi yang berada di atasnya/ hiatus.

ke

arah

Onlap : refleksi terminasi yang menumpu ke permukaan miring (maju ke depan). Downlap (berada di bagian bawah): refleksi terminasi miring yang menumpu ke permukaan horisontal/miring.

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Stratal Termination
Sequence Boundary (SB) toplap

onlap downlap

onlap

Erosional Truncation Sequence Boundary (SB) Downlap Surface Apparent Truncation

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Asosiasi Seimik Fasies

Basin

Slope

Intraslope Basin

Slope/shelf Break

Shelf

Physiographic Areal/ Seismic Refelction Characters

External Form Internal configuration Reflection Continuity Reflection Amplitude Upper Reflection Terminations Lower Reflection Terminations

mound hummocky discontinuous variable onlap bidirectional downlap

sheet drape concordant continuous moderate to high concordant some onlap

chaotic basin-fill slope front fill chaoticclinoform hummocky discontinuous variable apparent
truncations&onlap

wedge divergent continuous moderate toplap & truncation downlap

tabular concordant continuous moderate to high local toplap local downlap

continuous moderate to high toplap downlap

random downlap

(Mitchum et al., 1977)

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Horizontal

CONFIGURATION REFLECTION

Parallel

Inclined Undulating Clinoform

Sub-parallel

Regular Migrating Irregular

Divergent/Convergent
Angular

INTERNAL REFLECTION CHARACTER

Lenticular

Discordant

Contorted Hummocky Chaotic

Reflection Free Continuous REFLECTION CONTINUITY Discontinuous Variable High REFLECTION AMPLITUDE Moderate Low

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Reflection Configuration: Paralel & Subparalel

HORIZONTAL REGULAR MIGRATING

INCLINED

SUBPARALLEL PARALLEL

IRREGULAR

UNDULATING

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Parallel & Sub-Parallel

Parallel and Sub-Parallel : Stable basin plain, Subsiding shelf: Even & Wavy Divergent : variation in the rate of deposition, progressive tilting of depositional surface

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Reflection Configuration: Clinoform

SIGMOID

CLINOFORM

SHINGLED

OBLIQUE

PARALLEL

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Clinoform
Sigmoid : low sediment suplay, relatively rapid subsidence, rapid rise in sea level. Oblique : progradation pattern, small channelfill configurations. Shingled : prograding into shallow water Parallel : progradation pattern

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Reflection Configuration: Discordant

ANGULAR LENTICULAR CONTORTED

DISCORDANT

HUMMOCKY

CHAOTIC

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Discordant
Hummocky : pro delta, inter-delta; shallow marine Chaotic : slump structure, cut-and-fill channel complexes, highly faulted, folded, contorted zones Contorted : slump structure Angular & Lenticular : Large cross bedding
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Reflection free
Homogeneous shales, sanndstone etc., Nonstratified Highly contorted Steeply dipping lithologic unit Large igneous masses Salt features

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Reflection Configuration

FREE/ TRANSPARENT DIVERGENT/CONVERGENT

DISCONTINUOUS

DISCONTINUOUS

CONTINUOUS

REFLECTION CONTINUITY

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Geometry (3D forms)

BENTUK FACIES (2-D)

UNIFORM

WEDGE

CONVEX UPWARD

CONVEX DOWNWARD

DOUBLY CONVEX

SHEET WEDGING MOUND LENS

UNIT FASIES (3-D )

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Terminasi Refleksi
(Te) Truncation adalah terminai lateral suatu lapisan akibat terpotong dari batas pengendapan aslinya. (O) Onlap adalah baselap dimana lapisan yang awalnya horisontal laps-out pada permukaan yang mulanya miring atau lapisan yang awalnya miring laps-out updip pada lapisan yang lebih miring. (D) Downlap adalah baselap dimana lapisan yang awalnya miring terminates downdip pada bidang yang awalnya horisontal atau miring. (T) Toplap adalah lapout pada batas atas sekuen pengendapan. Toplap mencerminkan nondepositional hiatus sedang erosional trunction mencerminkan bidang erosi. (C) Concordance dapat terlihat pada batas atas dan bawah sekuen. Pada bagian atas hubungan yang konkordan dapat dikenali dari kesejajaran lapisan dengan lapisan di bawahnya yang pada awalnya horisontal, miring atai tidak teratur.

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Jenis dan notasi ABC untuk konfigurasi internal sekuen seismik adalah :
Paralel (P), subparalel (Sp), divergent (D), chaotic (c), reflection-free(Rf), mounded (M), sigmoid (S), oblique (Ob), comples sigmoidoblique (SO),shingled (Sh),, hummocky clinoforms (HC), Even (E), Wavy (W), Regular (R), Irregular (IR), Uniform (U), Variable (V), Draped (Dr), Lenticular (L), Disrupted (D), Contorted (Co).
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Model Sekuen Stratigrafi

Sekuen stratigrafi adalah studi stratigrafi yang berhubungan dengan kerangka waktu pengendapan dalam kaitannya perubahan siklus muka laut (global/regional) . Setiap sekuen pengendapan terdiri dari perulangan perlapisan yang dibatasi oleh permukaan erosi (UC) atau hiatus atau permukaan yang selaras (C) (Van Wagoner et.al., 1987). Sekuen dibatasi secara regional oleh ketidakselarasan (UC) atau permukaan keselarasan (C) (Mitchum et.al., 1977). Elemen penting dalam menentukan pola-pola sekuen stratigrafi adalah shelf/slope break.

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Sequence Stratigraphy Diagram

SMST (Shelf Margin Systems Sract) HST (Highstand Systems Tract) SB.2 (Sequence Boundary 2)

SB.1 (Sequence Boundary 1)

TST (Transgressive Systems Tract) MFS (Maximum Flooding Surface) PGC/LSW (Prograding Complex/ Lowstand Wedge) SFC (Slope Fan Complex) BFF (Basin Floor Fan)

Vail et al, 1987

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