Ch1 Geometry 2

1
Geometry 2
Terminology
Arc: Part of a curve, most commonly a portion of the Radius: A radius is the distance from the centre of a circle
distance around the circumference of a circle out to the circumference (radii is plural, meaning more
than one radius)
Chord: A straight line joining two points on the
circumference of a circle Similar: Two figures are similar if they have the same
shape but a different size. Corresponding angles
Concyclic points: Points that lie on the circumference of
are equal and corresponding sides are in the
the same circle
same ratio
Congruent: Two figures are congruent if they have the
Subtend: Form an angle at some point (usually the centre
same size and shape. They are identical in every way
or circumference)
Cyclic quadrilateral: A cyclic quadrilateral is a figure
Tangent: A straight line external to a circle that just
whose four vertices are concyclic points. The four vertices
touches the circle at a single point
lie on the circumference of a circle
Vertex: A vertex is a corner of a figure (vertices is plural,
Polygon: A polygon is a closed plane figure with
meaning more than one vertex)
straight sides
Chapter 1 Geometry 2 3
Introduction
You studied geometry in the Preliminary course. In this
chapter, you will revise this work and extend it to include some
more general applications of geometrical properties involving
polygons in 2 unit and circles in extension 1.
You will also use the Preliminary topic on straight-line
graphs to explore coordinate methods in geometry.
Plane Figure Geometry

Here is a summary of the geometry you studied in the Preliminary course.
Vertically opposite angles
+AEC and +DEB are called vertically opposite angles. +AED and +CEB are
also vertically opposite angles.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
Parallel lines
If the lines are parallel, then alternate angles are equal.
If the lines are parallel, then corresponding angles are equal.

4 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
If the lines are parallel, cointerior angles are supplementary (i.e. their
sum is 180°).
Tests for parallel lines

If alternate angles are equal, then the lines are parallel.
If +AEF = +EFD, then

AB || CD.
If corresponding angles are equal, then the lines are parallel.
If +BEF = +DFG, then

AB || CD.
If cointerior angles are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
If +BEF + +DFE = 180c, then

AB || CD.
Angle sum of a triangle
The sum of the interior angles in any triangle is 180°,

that is, a + b + c = 180
Exterior angle of a triangle
The exterior angle in any triangle is equal to the sum of the two
opposite interior angles. That is,
x+y=z
Congruent triangles
Two triangles are congruent if they are the same shape and size. All pairs of
corresponding sides and angles are equal.
For example:
We write ∆ ABC / ∆ XYZ.
Tests
To prove that two triangles are congruent, we only need to prove that certain
combinations of sides or angles are equal.
Two triangles are congruent if

• SSS: all three pairs of corresponding sides are equal
• SAS: two pairs of corresponding sides and their included angles are equal The included angle
is the angle between
• AAS: two pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides are equal the 2 sides.
• RHS: both have a right angle, their hypotenuses are equal and one
other pair of corresponding sides are equal
Similar triangles
Triangles, for example ABC and XYZ, are similar if they are the same shape but
different sizes.
As in the example, all three pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
All three pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion (in the same ratio).
We write: ∆ ABC <; ∆ XYZ

∆ XYZ is three times larger than ∆ ABC
XY 6
= =3
AB 2
XZ 12
= =3
AC 4
This shows that all 3 pairs of YZ 15
sides are in proportion. = =3
BC 5
XY XZ YZ
` = =
AB AC BC
Tests
There are three tests for similar triangles.
If 2 pairs of angles are equal

then the third pair must also Two triangles are similar if:
be equal. • three pairs of corresponding angles are equal
• three pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion
• two pairs of sides are in proportion and their included angles
are equal
Ratios of intercepts
When two (or more) transversals cut a series of parallel lines, the ratios of
their intercepts are equal.
That is, AB: BC = DE: EF
AB DE
or =
BC EF
Pythagoras’ theorem
The square on the hypotenuse in any right angled triangle is equal to the
sum of the squares on the other two sides.
That is, c2 = a2 + b2
or c = a2 + b2
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is any four-sided figure
In any quadrilateral the sum of the interior angles is 360°
Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel
Properties of a parallelogram:
• opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal
• opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
• diagonals in a parallelogram bisect each other These properties can all be
• each diagonal bisects the parallelogram into two congruent triangles proved.
Tests
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if:
• both pairs of opposite sides are equal
• both pairs of opposite angles are equal
• one pair of sides is both equal and parallel
• the diagonals bisect each other
Rectangle
If one angle is a right angle,

then you can prove all angles
are right angles. A rectangle is a parallelogram with one angle a right angle
Properties of a rectangle:
• the same as for a parallelogram, and also
• diagonals are equal
Test
A quadrilateral is a rectangle if its diagonals are equal
Application
Builders use the property of equal diagonals to check if a rectangle is accurate.

For example, a timber frame may look rectangular, but may be slightly slanting.
Checking the diagonals makes sure that a building does not end up like the
Leaning Tower of Pisa!
Rhombus
It can be proved that all

sides are equal. A rhombus is a parallelogram with a pair of adjacent sides equal
Properties of a rhombus:
• the same as for parallelogram, and also
• diagonals bisect at right angles
• diagonals bisect the angles of the rhombus
Tests
A quadrilateral is a rhombus if:
• all sides are equal
• diagonals bisect each other at right angles
Square
A square is a rectangle with a pair of adjacent sides equal
Properties of a square:
• the same as for rectangle, and also
• diagonals are perpendicular
• diagonals make angles of 45° with the sides
Trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of sides parallel
Kite
A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal

Polygons
A polygon is a plane figure with straight sides
A regular polygon has all sides and all interior angles equal
The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is

given by
S = (n − 2) ´ 180°
The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°
Areas
Most areas of plane figures come from the area of a rectangle.
Rectangle
A = lb
Square
A square is a special
rectangle.
A = x2
Triangle
The area of a triangle is half

the area of a rectangle.
1
A= bh
2
Parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram

is the same as the area of
two triangles.
A = bh
Rhombus
1
A= xy
2
(x and y are lengths of diagonals)
Trapezium
1
A= h(a + b)
2
Circle
You will study the circle in

more detail. See Chapter 5.
A = πr 2
The following examples and exercises use these results to prove properties of
plane figures.
Examples
1. Prove +A = +C in parallelogram ABCD.
Solution
Let +A = x°
Then +B = 180° − x° (+A, +B cointerior angles, AD < BC)
+C = 180° − (180° − x°) (+B, +C cointerior angles, AB < DC)
= 180° − 180° + x°
= x°
` +A = +C
2. Triangle ABC below is isosceles with AB = AC. Prove that the base
angles of ∆ ABC are equal by showing that ∆ ABD and ∆ ACD are congruent.
Solution
+ADB = +ADC = 90° (given)
AB = AC (given)
AD is common
\ ∆ ABD / ∆ ACD (RHS)
So +ABD = +ACD (corresponding angles in congruent ∆s)
\ base angles are equal
3. Prove that opposite sides in a parallelogram are equal.
Solution
Let ABCD be any parallelogram and draw in diagonal AC.

+DAC = +ACB (alternate +s, AD < BC)
+BAC = +ACD (alternate +s, AB < DC)
AC is common.
` ∆ ABC / ∆ ADC (AAS)
` AB = DC (corresponding sides in congruent ∆s)
AD = BC (similarly)
` opposite sides in a parallelogram are equal
1.1 Exercises
1. 3. Prove VW < XY.
DE bisects acute angle +ABC 4.

so that +ABD = +CBD. Prove
that DE also bisects reflex
angle +ABC. That is, prove
+ABE = +CBE.
Given x + y = 180°, prove that
2. ABCD is a parallelogram.
Prove that CD bisects +AFE.

5. BD bisects +ABC. Prove that 9. CE and BD are altitudes of ∆ ABC,

The altitude is ∆ ABD / ∆ CBD. and ∆ ABC is isosceles (AB = AC).
perpendicular to the Prove that CE = BD.
other side of the
triangle
6. (a) Show that ∆ ABC / ∆ AED.

(b) Hence prove that ∆ ACD is
isosceles. 10. ABCD is a kite where AB = AD
and BC = DC. Prove that diagonal
AC bisects both +DAB and
+DCB.
7. ABCD is a square. Lines are

drawn from C to M and N,
the midpoints of AD and AB 11. MNOP is a rhombus with
respectively. Prove that MC = NC. MN = NO.
Show that
(a) ∆ MNO is congruent to ∆ MPO
(b) +PMQ = +NMQ
(c) ∆ PMQ is congruent to ∆ NMQ
(d) +MQN = 90°
8. OC is drawn so that it is
perpendicular to chord AB and
O is the centre of the circle.
Prove that ∆ OAC and ∆ OBC are 12. Show that a diagonal cuts a
congruent, and hence that OC parallelogram into two congruent
bisects AB. triangles.
13. Prove that opposite angles are

equal in any parallelogram.
14. ABCD is a parallelogram with 19. Prove that the diagonals in any
BM = DN. Prove that AMCN is rectangle are equal.
also a parallelogram.
20. Prove that if one angle in a
rectangle is 90° then all the
angles are 90°.
21. ABCD is a rhombus with

AD = CD. Prove that all sides of
the rhombus are equal.
15. ABCD and BCEF are parallelograms.

Show that AFED is a parallelogram.
22. ABCD is an isosceles trapezium.

Prove the base angles +ADC and
+BCD are equal.
16. ABCD is a parallelogram with

DE = DC. Prove that CE bisects
+BCD.
23. Prove that +ADC = +ABC in kite

ABCD.
17. In quadrilateral ABCD, AB = CD

and +BAC = +DCA. Prove ABCD
is a parallelogram.
24. In rectangle ABCD, E is the

midpoint of CD. Prove AE = BE.
18. ABCD is a parallelogram with

+AEB = 90°. Prove
(a) AB = BC
(b) +ABE = +CBE
25. ABCD is a rhombus.

(a) Prove ∆ ADB and ∆ BCD are
congruent.
(b) Hence show +ABE = +CBE.
(c) Prove ∆ ABE and ∆ CBE are
congruent.
(d) Prove +AEB = 90°.
Surface Areas and Volumes

Areas are used in finding the surface area and volume of solids. Here is a
You will need some of these summary of some of the most common ones.
formulae when you study maxima
and minima problems in Chapter 2.
SURFACE AREA VOLUME
S = 2(lb + bh + lh) V = lbh
S = 6x 2 V = x3
S = 2π r (r + h) V = π r2 h
4 3
S = 4π r 2 V= πr
3
1 2
S = π r (r + l) V= πr h
3
In general, the volume of any prism is given by

V = Ah
where A is the area of the base and h is its height
In general, the volume of any pyramid is given by

1
V= Ah
3
Where A is the area of the base and h is its height
Example
Find the surface area of a cone whose height is twice the radius, in
terms of r.
Solution
h = 2r
l2 = r2 + h2
= r2 + (2r) 2
= r 2 + 4r 2
= 5r 2
` l= 5r 2
= 5r
Surface area S = π r (r + l) where l is slant height
= πr (r + 5r )
While surface area and volume is not a part of the geometry in the HSC
syllabus, the topic in Chapter 2 uses calculus to find maximum or minimum
areas, perimeters, surface areas or volumes. So you will need to know these
formulae in order to answer the questions in the next chapter. Here are some
questions to get you started.
1.2 Exercises
1. A rectangular prism has 2. A sphere has a volume of 120π m3.
dimensions 12.5 mm, 84 mm and Find the exact value of r.
64 mm. Find its
(a) surface area and 3. A rectangular prism has
(b) volume. dimensions x, x + 2 and 2x – 1.
Find its volume in terms of x.
4. A cylinder has a volume of 250 cm3. 11. The area of the base of a prism
If its base has radius r and its is given by 3h + 2, where h is
250 the height of the prism. Find a
height is h, show that r = .
πh formula for the volume of the
5. Find the volume of a cylinder prism.
in terms of r if its height is five
12. The area of the base of a pyramid
times the size of its radius.
is 6h + 15 where h is the height of
6. The ratio of the length to the the pyramid. Find the volume of
breadth of a certain rectangle is 3:2. the pyramid in terms of h.
If the breadth of this rectangle is
13. A rectangular pyramid has base
b units, find a formula for the area
dimensions x – 3 and 3x + 5,
of the rectangle in terms of b.
and a height of 2x + 1. Write a
7. Find the volume of a cube with formula for the volume of the
sides (x + 2) cm. pyramid in terms of x.
8. What would the surface area of 14. The height of a rectangular

a cylinder be in terms of h if its prism is twice the length of its
height is a third of its radius? base. If the width of the base is x
and the length is 3x – 1, find an
9. A square piece of metal with sides expression for the
3 m has a square of side x cut out (a) volume and
of each corner. The metal is then (b) surface area of the prism.
folded up to form a rectangular
prism. Find its volume in terms 15. Find a formula for the slant
of x. height of a cone in terms of its
radius r and height h.
16. A page measuring x by y is curved

around to make an open cylinder
with height y. Find the volume of
the cylinder in terms of x and y.
17. The volume of a cylinder is

10. A cone-shaped vessel has a height 400 cm3. Find the height of the
of twice its radius. If I fill the cylinder in terms of its radius r.
vessel with water to a depth of
18. A cylinder has a surface area of
10 cm, find the volume of water
1500 cm2. Find a formula for its
to the nearest cm3.
height h in terms of r.
19. The surface area of a cone is given

by S = π r (r + l) where l is the
slant height. Find a formula for
the slant height of a cone with
surface area 850 cm2 in terms of r.
20. A rectangular timber post is cut

out of a log with diameter d as
shown. If the post has length x
and breadth y, write y in terms of d
x when d = 900 mm.
DID YOU KNOW?
REGULAR SOLIDS
There are only five solids with each face the same size and shape. These are called platonic
solids. Research these on the internet.
The skeletons opposite are those of radiolarians. These are tiny sea animals, with their
skeletons shaped like regular solids.
A salt crystal is a cube. A diamond crystal is an octahedron.
Diamond crystal
Coordinate Methods in Geometry

Problems in plane geometry can be solved by using the number plane.
You studied straight-line graphs in the Preliminary course. Some of the
main results that you learned will be used in this section. You may need to
revise that work before studying this section.
Here is a summary of the main formulae.
Distance
The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
d= _ x2 − x1 i + _ y2 − y1 i
2 2
Midpoint
The midpoint of two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
P=e , o
2 2
Gradient
The gradient of the line between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
y2 − y1
m= x −x
2 1
The gradient of a straight line is given by

m = tan θ
where θ is the angle the line makes with the x-axis in the positive direction.
The gradient of the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by

a
m=−
b
Equation of a straight line
The equation of a straight line is given by

y − y1 = m(x − x1)
where (x1, y1) lies on the line with gradient m.
Parallel lines
If two lines are parallel, then they have the same gradient. That is,
m1 = m2
Perpendicular lines
If two lines with gradients m1 and m2 respectively are perpendicular, then

1
m1m2 = −1 or m2 = − m
1
Perpendicular distance
The perpendicular distance from (x1, y1) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by

| ax1 + by1 + c |
d=
a2 + b2
Angle between two lines
The acute angle θ between two straight lines is given by

m1 − m2
tan θ =
1 + m1m2
where m1 and m2 are the gradients of the lines.
Ratios
The coordinates of a point P that divides the interval between points (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2) in the ratio m: n respectively are given by
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
x= m + n and y = m + n .
If P divides the interval externally in the ratio m:n, then the ratio is negative.
That is, m:− n or − m:n.
Examples
1. Show that triangle ABC is right angled, where A = (3, 4), B = (−1, −1)
and C = (− 2, 8).
Solution
Method 1:
d = (x2 − x1) 2 + (y2 − y1) 2
AB = (−1 − 3) 2 + (−1 − 4) 2
= (−4) 2 + (−5) 2
= 16 + 25
= 41
AC = (−2 − 3) 2 + (8 − 4) 2
= (−5) 2 + 42
= 25 + 16
= 41
BC = (−1 − (−2)) 2 + (−1 − 8) 2
= 12 + (−9) 2
= 1 + 81
= 82
AB2 + AC2 = 41 + 41
= 82
= BC2
Since Pythagoras’ theorem is true, the triangle ABC is right angled.
Method 2:
y2 − y1
m= x −x
2 1
−1 − 4
m AB =
−1 − 3
−5
=
−4
5
=
4
8−4
m AC =
−2 − 3
4
=
−5
4
=−
5
continued
5 4
m ABm AC = ´−
4 5
= −1
So AB and AC are perpendicular
So triangle ABC is right angled at A.
2. Prove that points A ^ 1, 1 h, B ^ − 2, −1 h and C (4, 3) are collinear.
Solution
Collinear points lie on the same straight line, so they will have the same
gradient.
y2 − y1
m= x −x
2 1
m AB =
−1 − 1
−2 − 1
= −2
−3
=2
3
3 − (−1)
m BC =
4 − (−2)
=4
6
=2
3
m AB = m BC
So the points are collinear.
1.3 Exercises
1. Show that points A(−1, 0), 4. Show that the points X ^ 3, 2 h,
B(0, 4), C(7, 0) and D(6, − 4) are Y (−2, 1) and Z (8, 3) are collinear.
the vertices of a parallelogram.
5. (a) Show that the points A ^ 2, 5 h,
2. Prove that A(1, 5), B(4, − 6) and B(1, 0), C(−7, −4) and D(−3, 4) are
C(− 3, − 2) are vertices of a right the vertices of a kite.
angled triangle. (b) Prove that the diagonals of
the kite are perpendicular.
3. Given ∆ ABC with vertices
(c) Show that CE = 2AE where E
A(0, 8), B(3, 0) and C(− 3, 0)
is the point of intersection of the
(a) show that ∆ ABC is isosceles
diagonals.
(b) find the length of the altitude
from A 6. Find the radius of the circle that
(c) find the area of the triangle. has its centre at the origin and a
tangent with equation given by
4x − 3y − 5 = 0.
7. (a) Find the equation of the 12. The points A(− 5, 0), B(1, 4) and
perpendicular bisector of the line C(3, 0) form the vertices of a
joining A(3, 2) and B(−1, 8). triangle.
(b) Show that the point C(7, 9) (a) Find X and Y, the midpoints
lies on the perpendicular bisector. of AB and AC respectively.
(c) What type of triangle is ∆ ABC? (b) Show that XY and BC are
parallel.
8. Show that ∆ OAB and ∆ OCD are
(c) Show that BC = 2XY.
similar where (0, 7), (2, 0), (0, −14)
and (−4, 0) are the points A, B, C 13. Show that the diagonals of
and D respectively and O is the a square are perpendicular
origin. bisectors, given the vertices
of square ABCD where
9. (a) Prove that ∆ OAB and
A = ^ − a, 0 h, B = ^ − a, a h, C = ^ 0, a h
∆ OCB are congruent given
and D = (0, 0).
A(3, 4), B(5, 0), C(2, −4) and O the
origin. 14. (a) Show that points X ^ 3, 2 h and
(b) Show that OABC is a Y (−1, 0) are equal distances from
parallelogram. the line 4x − 3y − 1 = 0.
(b) Find Z, the x-intercept of the
10. The points A(0, 0), B(2, 0), C(2, 2)
line.
and D(0, 2) are the vertices of a
(c) What is the area of triangle
square. Prove that its diagonals
XYZ?
make angles of 45° with the sides
of the square. 15. ABCD is a quadrilateral with
A^ 3, 1 h, B^ 1, − 4 h, C ^ − 5, − 2 h
11. Prove that P (−2, 0), Q (0, 5),
and D ^ − 4, 3 h . Show that the
R(10, 1) and S(8, −4) are the
midpoints of each side are the
vertices of a rectangle.
vertices of a parallelogram.
Circle Properties
In this section you will use the properties from the Preliminary course to
answer questions involving proofs.
On the next page is a summary of the properties. You may need to revise
them before doing the exercises.
Arcs and chords
1.
Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.
The converse is also true:
If two arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle, then
the arcs are equal.
2.
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.
Equal angles subtended at the centre of the circle cut off equal
chords.
Angle properties
1.
The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the
circumference subtended by the same arc.
2.
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
3.
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
Chord properties
1.
A perpendicular line from the centre of a circle to a
chord bisects the chord.
A line from the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is

perpendicular to the chord.
2.
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of the circle.
Chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.
Class Exercise
Prove that chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.
3.
The products of intercepts of intersecting chords are equal.
AE $ EB = DE $ EC
Cyclic quadrilaterals
A cyclic quadrilateral is a figure whose 4 vertices are concyclic points.
1.
The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary,

then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
2.
The exterior angle at a vertex of a cyclic quadrilateral is
equal to the interior opposite angle.
Tangent properties
1.
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn
from the point of contact.
The line perpendicular to the radius at the point where

it meets the circle is a tangent to the circle at that point.
2.
Tangents to a circle from an exterior point are equal.
3.
When two circles touch, the line through their centres passes
through their point of contact.
4.
The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point
of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
5.
The square of the length of the tangent from an external point
is equal to the product of the intercepts of the secant passing
through this point.
S Q
R
PQ2 = QR $ QS where PQ is a tangent to the circle.

Examples
1.
Given AC = GE, prove that BD = FD.
Solution
Join OD
+OFD = +OBD = 90° (given)
OD is common
OF = OB (equal chords equidistant from the centre)
` by RHS ∆ OFD / ∆ OBD
` BD = FD (corresponding sides in congruent ∆s)
2. Prove AB < ED.
Solution
+GED = +DCF (ext +equal to opposite int +in cyclic quad)
+DCF = +BAF (similarly)
` +GED = +BAF
These are equal corresponding angles

` AB < ED
3. Prove +COA = 2+CAB.

A
B O
Solution
Let +CAB = x
AB = CB (tangents from external point equal)
` ∆ ABC is isosceles
` +ACB = x (base +s of isosceles ∆)
+OAB = 90° (tangent = radius)
+OAC + + CAB = +OAB
` +OAC = +OAB − +CAB
= 90° − x
Similarly, +OCA = 90° − x
+COA = 180° − 2 (90° − x) (angle sum of ∆)
= 180° − 180° + 2x
= 2x
= 2 +CAB
4. Given AB < DE, prove ∆ ABC is isosceles.
Solution
+DCA = +ABC (+s in alternate segment)
But +DCA = +BAC (alternate +s, AB < DE)
` +ABC = +BAC
` ∆ ABC is isosceles
Generally, in these exercises O

is the centre of the circle. 1.4 Exercises
1. 4. Given two equal circles with
centres O and P, and chords
AB = CD, prove that the chords
cut off equal angles at the centres
of the circles.
AB is a diameter of a circle with

centre O, and AC = BC. Prove
(a) OC is perpendicular to AB.
(b) +ACB = 90°.
2.
5. BC = DC. Prove +BAC = +DAC.

A wheel has 9 spokes, equidistant
from one another. Find
(a) the angle subtended at the
centre between each spoke.
(b) the length of the arc between
each spoke in terms of the
radius r.
3.
Prove that if two chords subtend

equal angles at the centre of a
circle, then the chords are equal.
6. Prove x + y = 180°, given any 9. Show +XOZ = 2 (+YXO + +YZO) .

quadrilateral OABC where O
is the centre of the circle, A, B
and C are concyclic points, and
+AOC = 2x, +ABC = y as shown.
10. Prove +BCD = 180° − +BAD.
7. AB = BC and BC < AD.

(a) Prove AC bisects +BAD.
(b) Show +BAC and +ADC are
complementary.
Complementary
angles add up to 90˚.
11. O is the centre of the circle and
MP is perpendicular to NQ. Prove
(a) +QMR = +RQP
(b) MN = MQ.
8. OABC is a quadrilateral with

O the centre of the circle and
AB = BC. Prove that BO is
perpendicular to AC.
12. Given +DAC = +CDE, prove AE

bisects +DAB.
13. EF = FG. Prove EFGH is a kite. 17. Given AB = CD, prove

+OFE = +OEF.
14. P is the centre of the larger circle.

Prove BC is a diameter of the
18. If AB = CD, prove AE = DE and
smaller circle.
CE = BE.
15. AB is a diameter of the circle with

centre O. Prove +BDC = +ACO. 19. Given BD = CD, show
(a) ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ODB
(b) AB < OD.
16. Prove AB = DE.
20. Prove CD = FG.

21. (a) Prove OP is perpendicular to 24. BEDF is a cyclic quadrilateral

AB (O and P are the centres of the with +FDE = 90°. Prove AC is a
circles). diameter of the larger circle.
(b) If AB = 18 cm, AP = 14 cm and
OP = 26 cm, find the radius OA to
the nearest cm.
25. AC bisects +DAB and +DCB.

Prove AC is a diameter of the
22. (a) Prove CF is a diameter of the circle.
small circle and GD is a diameter
of the larger circle, given CD is
the perpendicular bisector of AB.
(b) If AB = 15 cm and EF = 2 cm,
find the length of CE.
26. Prove x + y + z = 180° (O is the

centre of the circle).
23. Given AB < DC, and AD < BC

prove ABCD must be a rectangle.
27. Prove +ADC = 2θ. 31. (a) Prove ∆OAB and ∆OCB are
congruent triangles, given O
is the centre of the circle with
tangents AB and BC.
(b) Show +AOB = +COB.
28. Prove ∆ ADB is similar to ∆ CED.
32. Prove +ACD = +CED.
29. Given ED = CD, prove AB < EC.
33. Prove OABC is a cyclic

quadrilateral. AB and CB are
tangents to the circle, which has
centre O.
A
30. Prove F, E and D are collinear,
given AF < CD.
O
C
34. D is the point of contact of two 38. BD bisects +ABC and AB = AD.
circles. Prove AB = CB, where AB Prove ABCD is a rhombus. BC
and CB are tangents to the circles. and DC are tangents.
A B
A
B
C
C
D
35. Prove AB < CD. AE and BE are 39. Given two concentric circles with
tangents to both circles. centre O
(a) prove ∆OAB and ∆OCD are
similar triangles
(b) find CD if the radii of the
circles are 5 cm and 8 cm and
AB = 12 cm.
36. D is the midpoint of AB. Show

AO = BO, where O is the centre of
the circle, and AB is a tangent to
the circle.
40. O and P are the centres of the

circles below and AC is a tangent
to both circles at B. Prove O, P
and B are collinear.
37. Prove
(a) AC = BD
(b) AB < DC.
AC and BD are tangents to both
circles.
A
D
E
C
B
41. Prove +ADC = 2+BAC, given 44. CF is perpendicular to AB. Prove

that BC bisects +ECA. BC bisects +FCE. O is the centre
of the circle.
42. Show that ∆ ABC and ∆CDE are

similar. O is the centre of the
larger circle.
45. If DE < BA, prove ∆ EDC is
isosceles.
43. Prove +BOA = 2+EAB.

46. DE = 4 BD. Prove AB = 5 BD
where AB and AC are tangents.
47. Given BD < CE, show ∆ BDE is

similar to ∆ BEC.
48. Prove that the figure below is 51. Given AE = OA,

impossible. (a) prove OC < BD
(b) show EF = 3 AE
(c) if OB = 8 cm and BD = 7 cm,
find the length of OC (O is the
centre of the larger circle and EF
is a tangent to the circle).
D
C
A
49. Prove B E
O
(a) +EDF = +BAE
(b) ∆ ADB is similar to ∆ EDC
(c) AB < FG.
F
52. DC < FG. Prove A, B, C and D are

concyclic points.
50. If Y is the midpoint of AB, prove

(a) AC = BC
(b) ∆ AZY is congruent to ∆ BXY
(c) ∆ XYZ is congruent to ∆ AZY.
Problem
What is the wrong assumption made in this proof for angles in the
alternate segment?
To prove: +ABC = +CAD
Proof
Let +CAD = x
Then +BAC = 90° − x (tangent = radius)
+BCA = 90° (+ in semicircle)
` +ABC = 180° − (90° + 90° − x)
=x
` +CAD = +ABC
Test Yourself 1
1. Triangle ABC is isosceles, with AB = AC. 6. ABCD is a parallelogram with
D is the midpoint of AB and E is the +C = 45°, AE perpendicular to ED and
midpoint of AC. CD = DE.
(a) Show that ∆ ADE is isosceles.

(a) Prove that ∆ BEC is congruent to (b) If AE = y, show that the area of ABCE
∆ BDC. 3y2
(b) Prove BE = DC. is .
2
2. In the quadrilateral ABCD 7. In the circle with centre O,

(a) evaluate x and y +CAO = x and +BAO = y.
(b) prove that AB and DC are parallel.
3. If the diagonals of a rhombus are x and y,

Show that +OCB = 90° − (x + y).
show that the length of its side is
x2 + y2 8. In the figure AEF
. CB CD
2 (a) prove =
BA DE
4. If A = (4, −1), B = (7, −5) and C = (1, 3), (b) find the length of AE.
prove that triangle ABC is isosceles.
5. The surface area of a closed cylinder

is 100 m2. Write the height h of the
cylinder in terms of its radius r.
9. Given A = (−1, 3), B = (−2, −4), C = (5, − 4) 14. In quadrilateral ABCE, AD = ED = DC

and D = (6, 3), prove ABCD is a and +ACB = 90°. Also, AC bisects+BAD.
parallelogram.
10. AC is a tangent to the circle in which

BD = ED.
Prove ABCE is a parallelogram.
15. If A = (1, 5), B = (4, 2) and C = (2, −3), find

the coordinates of D such that ABCD is a
parallelogram.
Prove BD bisects +EBC.
16. (a) Prove that ∆ ABC is similar to ∆ CDE.
11. A parallelogram has sides 5 cm and (b) Evaluate x and y to 1 decimal place.
12 cm, with diagonal 13 cm.
Show that the parallelogram is a

rectangle.
17. (a) Find the equation of AB if A = (−2, −3)
12. Prove that ∆ PQR and ∆ WXY are similar.
and B = (4, 5).
(b) Find the perpendicular distance from
C (1, −3) to line AB.
(c) Find the area of ∆ ABC.
18. ABCD is a kite.
13. Prove that if two chords subtend equal

angles at the centre of a circle, the chords
are equal.
(a) Prove ∆ ABC and ∆ ADC are congruent.

(b) Prove ∆ ABE and ∆ ADE are congruent.
(c) Prove AC is the perpendicular
bisector of BD.
19. A(1, 2), B(3, 3) and C(5, −1) are points on 20. The surface area of a box is 500 cm2. Its
a number plane. length is twice its breadth x.
(a) Show that AB is perpendicular to BC. (a) Show that the height h of the box is
(b) Find the coordinates of D such that 250 − 2x2
given by h = .
ABCD is a rectangle. 3x
(c) Find the point where the diagonals of (b) Show that the volume of the box is
the rectangle intersect. 500x − 4x3
V= .
(d) Calculate the length of the diagonal. 3
Challenge Exercise 1
1. In the figure, BD is the perpendicular 4. Paper comes in different sizes, called A0,
bisector of AC. Prove that ∆ ABC is A1, A2, A3, A4 and so on. The largest size
isosceles. is A0, which has an area of one square
metre. If the ratio of its length to breadth
is 2 :1, find the dimensions of its sides
in millimetres, to the nearest millimetre.
5. The volume of a prism with a square base

of side x is 1000 cm3. Find its surface area
in terms of x.
6. Prove that in any regular n-sided polygon

2. Given E and D are midpoints of AC and
the size of each angle is b 180 − n l .
360 °
AB respectively, prove that
(a) DE is parallel to BC
1 7. Line XY meets ∆ ABC so that
(b) DE = BC. +BAC = +BCY. If a circle can be drawn
2
through A, B and C, show that XY is a
tangent to the circle.
3. Prove that the diagonals in a rhombus

bisect the angles they make with the sides.
8. A plastic frame for a pair of glasses is designed as below. Find the length of plastic needed
for the frame, to the nearest centimetre.
9. A circle with centre O has CO < BA. Prove 13. Triangle ABC has P, Q and R as midpoints
(a) +OCB = +CAD of the sides, as shown in the diagram
(b) +CBA = 90° + +CAO. below. Prove that ∆ PQR / ∆CPR.
14. A tangent is drawn from C to meet the

circle at B. A secant is drawn from C to
intersect the circle at A and D. O is the
10. A parallelogram ABCD has AB produced centre of the circle. Prove
to E and diagonal AC produced to F so (a) +OBD = +DCB
that EF < BC. Prove that ∆ AEF is similar (b) +AOD = 2+DCB.
to ∆ ADC.
11. ABCD is a rhombus with A(0, 0), B(a, b),

C(2a, 0) and D(a, − b). Show
(a) the diagonals bisect each other at
right angles
(b) all sides are equal
(c) AC bisects +BCD.
12. In the parallelogram ABCD, AC is

perpendicular to BD. Prove that AB = AD.
15. Two circles have C as a point of contact (b) If 6 such circles are stacked in the
with common tangent AB. Prove same way, what will their height be?
+DCE = +FCG.
16. In the circle below, D is the midpoint

of AC and O is the centre of the circle. (c) Find the height of a stack of 21 such
Prove that +AOD = +CBA. circles.
18. Tangents BE and FD are common to the

circles with centres A and C. Prove that
+FBD = 90°.
17. (a) Three equal circles with radius r are

stacked as shown. Find the height of the
stack.
19. A cart is made with wheels of radii R and

r. The distance between the centres of
the wheels is 3R + r. Find the length, AB,
of the top needed to be put on the cart, if
AB is a tangent to both circles.
20. A pair of earrings is made with a wire 21. The sides of a quadrilateral ABCD have
surround holding a circular stone, as midpoints P, Q, R and S, as shown below.
shown. Find the total length of wire
needed for the earrings.
(a) Show that ∆ DPS is similar to ∆ DAC.

(b) Show PS < QR.
(c) Show that PQRS is a parallelogram.

Ch1 Geometry 2

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Ch1 Geometry 2

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1

Plane Figure Geometry

Vertically opposite angles

Vertically opposite angles are equal.

If the lines are parallel, then alternate angles are equal.

If the lines are parallel, then corresponding angles are equal.

Tests for parallel lines

If +AEF = +EFD, then

If corresponding angles are equal, then the lines are parallel.

If +BEF = +DFG, then

If cointerior angles are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.

If +BEF + +DFE = 180c, then

Angle sum of a triangle

The sum of the interior angles in any triangle is 180°,

Exterior angle of a triangle

We write ∆ ABC / ∆ XYZ.

Two triangles are congruent if

We write: ∆ ABC <; ∆ XYZ

If 2 pairs of angles are equal

A quadrilateral is any four-sided figure

In any quadrilateral the sum of the interior angles is 360°

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel

If one angle is a right angle,

Builders use the property of equal diagonals to check if a rectangle is accurate.

It can be proved that all

A square is a rectangle with a pair of adjacent sides equal

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of sides parallel

A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal

A polygon is a plane figure with straight sides

The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is

The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°

Most areas of plane figures come from the area of a rectangle.

The area of a triangle is half

The area of a parallelogram

You will study the circle in

1. Prove +A = +C in parallelogram ABCD.

3. Prove that opposite sides in a parallelogram are equal.

Let ABCD be any parallelogram and draw in diagonal AC.

DE bisects acute angle +ABC 4.

Prove that CD bisects +AFE.

5. BD bisects +ABC. Prove that 9. CE and BD are altitudes of ∆ ABC,

6. (a) Show that ∆ ABC / ∆ AED.

7. ABCD is a square. Lines are

13. Prove that opposite angles are

21. ABCD is a rhombus with

15. ABCD and BCEF are parallelograms.

22. ABCD is an isosceles trapezium.

16. ABCD is a parallelogram with

23. Prove that +ADC = +ABC in kite

17. In quadrilateral ABCD, AB = CD

24. In rectangle ABCD, E is the

18. ABCD is a parallelogram with

25. ABCD is a rhombus.

Surface Areas and Volumes

SURFACE AREA VOLUME

S = 2(lb + bh + lh) V = lbh

In general, the volume of any prism is given by

In general, the volume of any pyramid is given by

8. What would the surface area of 14. The height of a rectangular

16. A page measuring x by y is curved

17. The volume of a cylinder is

19. The surface area of a cone is given

20. A rectangular timber post is cut

DID YOU KNOW?