Part No.

PWA 109702

====:::::==-=-ENGINE

PWA 0 I. 100

_-:1

THE AIRCRAFT

AND

ITS OPERATION

INSTALLATION ENGINURING

February, 1955

~ ..,.. ..

..
'

'_
,

11'
__ ,.

.,..., ... 'HI

,.._,. "

.a.-. """' "., ,.,.. ...., IfJl

r~_" 1fU

~.. , """ ,,1_,. 0 ",'" ""

,_,.,w ...........

THE AIRCRAFT ENGINE AND lTS Ol'flRATIOS

TABLE 0.' COXTt:S'I'S

TABLE OF CONTENTS
fOltJo;\\,'ORD _ _ .. _ _ _...........................................
6

PART I THE AIRCRAfT

'('HE A1RCnA:~'" VO\\fERPl..ANT

roWERI'LAST
_ _..........................................

THE POWER SECTIOS ...._ _ _ _

_ _

_...............

7 8 10 II
16

ISSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS_ _.................................................. TIlE ACCESSORY REAR SECTIOS. THf: I'OSE SECTION, A~'D THE PROPELLER..................................... TH.E I.UBRICATlO~ SYSTt-;.r .._ _ .._ ,............................

TDE COOLING SYS1'Ilt Tnt INDUCTION SYS1":\1_

_ .._

_ _.................................. 19 _ __ ,.".,. 2.&

26

I. CarblJnttion ._ _ _ .._ , 2. Suptrtharafa.r _ _ _ _.................... S. Du<:Unl' ...... _ .._ _......................................................... Tilt;

sa
42 dG

IG~..1'T10N SyST'Ea.I_

_ _ .._ ._

"

".

"ART II POII'Etc, 8~lEP POWER ASO iTS MEASI:REKENT .BMEP _ _ _ _ RATINGS _ _ _ .._ _ ASO RATINCS _ _........................................... ,__ ~ , ,...... _ _ _ , , "....

.7
55

60

I'ART GEXERAL OPERATING STARTING _ _

m
INSTRUC1'IONS

_ _ _ __ ..__ , _............................ Control Position Checlc _ _ .._ _ , ", " ", Clearing The Engine _ _ .._ _................................... Primu.1l' _ _ _ .. _ _ _ , _.,...
StArting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,...

6&
70 73

76
81

..

- - -

- -

~- - - --

c:nO\:ND OPERATlOS
Wann-Vp
)lagJ><tD

- ____ ~-..---._.

~i l ~

SaI.1yo.l
.... _.. __."

c: round

Ched. Id!t lI.ixtu~~ting

.7

so
91

,'axii":g COl.1>Wt;ATHV.R OPERA nON ProhHlinlr :i~ur:in"Cald Er.;lftH Warm-l."p FtI"ht (')p(:mtion Uilutinu

.. .

92

._w

..

... - ..
,

.. __ . ~._ _....... 92. ................ , ...... 94

'

... , ..."

". ..
._,

,... gr.
97

9i 95

rr.ierrr

Or1:RATIOl\
fik.,.o;f

Tran";L!on from T......O" To l'limb Flilllt _ C:.nn!

_. _.. 97 .. . _ .._ .... 101 -.... ._.102

_..

rl)-.u

__ 1(V~

St)etUooR

Bmep $<10<"" Aiutud.f ~ltrl.wD Ind""",,' ~:t'II\ la'.

OliN>

104 1(111 109

III Fl'p!
III

T.... I__ t..... ("lomb 1.<,.1 Flpl

r. ~toI

1.11;
119

~""
Landi:. SI_ln~

(;lido andApp.-h

..........
,

... 12'\ 122

:-;hutdoWn I'AR1' IV

....

122
,

'2:!

..

,._

FOR&WORI> I'I:KI'O~t: OF S,PI!JlCUARCISC Rl:."ILTS 0. SI;P&RCIIARCII>C TIlE SINCLE-SJ,~(;g ~lIP.;RCHAR(.EI~ 1. C!'Ouod Hooitinl 2. Low AlbWcJ. 3. lUg!> Altitude g'DI"'S~ -r..-o-Spe<d

124 _....... \_~4

'M'"

..
_

_ ____
_

_~. 135 _ __ 13[' .__ 136 13i _ __ 13>1

0

rus TW().STACB

~~

".,...ab'.....~poOd
_

___ _

__

__. 146

..
_____
___ ..~.__

. __... 1"
._....__ . 144
_.. 146
~\ 1

SlPERCHARCt;R 1. T..-o-Statt". T-tro-Spe<d

2. T..~. Varia~""S,3. Other Two-SlaKe gy,,\crna

APPEND1X

._ -

..._......

"RArT

WlUl"EY AIIICJLUT

FOREWORD

.OllE\l"ORO
Tht atre-rnfi ('fl~;.De is dOlgnNi Cf)poetr Aln;,...'" :n ftight~ Itg con Itruet~. jrutalkbon. ~nicln2'. a..ud l't'iNUr p'l"Mltnt many inu."n."I>tting and impol'lar.t J)rob!~w; but its 3ttUru ()pc"."on IA.naturall,. of n".Qt'f; imnltdiate I;C;IJlCenl to th.e PilOlo. A numbt.-r or ,.xc.... hard'booll, and nanua'JI are

A\anab:c \,h~~ dtscusa thf, prinnpk"t: of ~"tr1I~ d.. l", and inAtAJiAtion, nnd
dCllcrlbf. th e ptodurt'$ ul nminlenar.Cf .. net o\'crhaul. " $uppJcmcn:t. to tht, malijrial, it I~ th,. pu~ Ihi. buok to dlJlC"UlI, Iht l)Owcrplatit Ali k iUMIiO'lhlJ(uuil. and all Internal fIR" of (h~ alrel-al' In whleh It 1" in~trdled.

or

tutd so to flro\'ich- A baai, for an ul1dcnl .. r.dlrM of AOund oJ)Omllojf preetlee.

The fm part of lho boojc g dvut4fd .0 A ~rtpdOI\ of th. bRaie en$lilu: .uetKlrl;l and ",qattm!l'" 'CI'hk'h tochcr Mlttlel up t.hfI r>Owftl'pl"nt,

them in rdatlor. to tl'.c chUfO,..nt h\lt!f'Jnlt-UU and colitrollO by of whkh the- pilot rtt:ULah ... th~ petf4'lrm.t.nf'f of hit tflAine:. The '.'<Of\d part ..... ",ilh 11-.. tundanwnt.'\I Nln11'..1 of pu...... ud It. meNU"'" ""nC. bm.,. and n.til'Jt;I. "Ith partu."ular "'(~"''''W"t (0 it.. pril')tlplelt o! ,mann. "ptr.~ioo. Tht tar. part ftf the book. CtOJloIat' ut 1 0' .... t.11l1 oPtmUnJr 'natruebow: Ui.h.ich the matntal t"..tfid In the (IN' part. Lt appll4d to t~ .Pf,ril\t: pfOb\rnu of RM'lUI .... lion fincou.ntt:Ad in fti.cht .~d or. \he .~a4. It is ~ that !~ I"Mdfrt. J'tfttrall, famiUar ~ith .,.... main (t.tuN of cor \cnuooaJ w,rlnt d... WlOa the nam", and tunc tiullII u( lh. more import.r.t unit. o~ ~~f I'O'Wfrpl&at. ADd witb tho prinalld dlll('un6
mMft!';

'.'0

,p.

t'lplel

of

tM

tour ...troIr..

t)'<.k:~

ltan)' tratlon and

of u-e n ... rneric:al \'.Iu.- (I'IOlN A", few Ihft pll~K of IIIv5" r:rn.)' 1~0la.PV1Y to.U e ,l.h.4. ... ' .. riuUlI'!IIIJ,M1....lutcl ..rc u.u.Uy

Klvfol1 in both f'nt\rel'IMit- and C(litf(CMdo. For euy ~mbr4noo mos" 01 the lllm(,H!rahll'@ values are n:MInd@d out. r,,~hflr than heing ~Ac:t "<11,11\,nlenhl. u'Cpt UKI6e limild Ulttnlt,.J by ap!.dRtutiuu l'\.'qUltCtctll ... F'ut II*"Ulc \'Uhl4!11 (or an,)" partkular tnalnl (On,"ll the RJlPU('Able Specific Opel'RLing IJ.~\Nl:UoIU (or \he ~o.PM lD q",".Uun.

lh. malerial

iD lbt.: lJooil and ia wJ,lpkmtnta

tht ",di~, 3ir..a:JOfed enl1n8 manu'-.c:tul"fd by Whitn.,. Ain::nft. ..ad .. baMd 00 U. upui.ca..."W: of mon tban Q'-'&rb:ru1 et'fttury in ope.r.. ti~ theM e.,r.f'L

""'tt "

1't'll4lAA prindp.&lb

to

TIlE A1IlClUFT l'01I'ERI't.Vn'

Of'RATlO;\

&; DESICN

PART I

THE AlRCRAFf POWERPtANT

orERA1'IO~
The.lft-tatl ena1ne and Lbe aut.omutnl ..,alne .... fundamenl8lly ali~in prlnti"", lAd -rn. Bu01 ton\'tft the tMtnleai I'Dtr'17 of .. mlXt\l.re of futl and aIr into IUetul .ork by thf. ume pruc:.. "" of h'!tornal eombUltion. Both lhlrpoo rite Llle .IIime bask ~hanilltll. Knth '\1m ...., tht 1'I10tl\0 po...,er tor the vehittG. In .. hkh the,

.',thout "pm to oil and fuel pre.".u,," or to fuel..a.i.r ratIO. h.. I.J t,..tifll' a si1U.aUon that ("An
0tI17 ltd to kM-tnd ~. t.&tUN ." ..... lua.. an ,..liabilitY aDd puuiLi

_1"",<1
tnattnl

au~,..ftenlOne tJ~ pilut l' '11111111. bAak p....,ltm of >mbinlllg

obtain

-PHd 1M <',.Under l)I'CUUl'O in om",r io poo.\'~r. The mannPr in which t.heM twn
.... COInbfnod, wifClJ'utr with the mahllo
01 cooJiug. lubrlen-

I ... 1lIl'Ilallcd. The operAtion Of LlI(!,h,tralt ,.nJtfne. ho_ ... "", fllttflrt in muny Wa,yfl hom th... of the: ftutomobit. ,nltln e, TI\Cperforman ~uln.-d of 1M latter I. rvlatlvtlly limited. a.nd w ht m., be ""'.roo,tv uted to InJUre w-kSf ma "" at E,.n thf untntormed drt ....., ("IJ'\ do hUH to .buM hl~ ""rln .., "nd to lb... utent t1M: bll. pn..rp ...n~ .... boon -'ooIp_r..s. - B7__ Irut, a ...Kt. "'1"10 of pc.rionnJU'w dt1n.a.n4td "f the "lrcra(L en6ineo ,,'hU. lb tJ,ht of the VlI"'flrpl",nt mu.t n~.rH.Y be kept to minlmum In th",lnter06t' uI. 0\,..,....11 .mdf-nt'1' or the
.lrJlIAn~, Accordingl)', tht open'lor mllJt .uhAll~ Iute hili IIlI(ler6tnndln~ atld Judgment tbr rMre wflla-hl. aud IIolidit;r or ttrudurt, and. in place

f,tton

hlltu,;_'or luluh1,. condllton!

.t.I~.
.'Hy.
muat

HoI'. and mhctu''OlItJ--uuI.'ih, delermin e I' the (l_m.. tiea.cy of tllf'l JMlrln.m1lncc and th. dQP@ndAbll 't:r In. durDlUty M tht power 1l1~nt.
I)f;5ICN wit to tho prutlee. rom an oPf""lt.or"a po4nt. of \ ''''', aQ"pk.1 AI,('n.I\ ~.r planl m~ be COOlIdorod at couJ-i"tl@lnt "

.~l.tnih.nt7 wnh th.

a ..de:ntandtna

of Mund operaUnlt

"'* of:
1. A I'o\\,or 8Uon No.lle Section. LOgclher wish the PrflJ")t'II01' 3. A LubrirAtinl' Sfl1em 4. A Coolilllr Sy.1em S. An Induction Syatcm comprb,in.r c.........
H

Z. An A~:tMOl")' I{ear Section Aud

ot "tootpl"OOtina"
b.,

the .ugint. the Optratur "toulproofPd.tt instead.

or
an of

).:n.,.lho Ndup.
fnafin. oPf'ration.

,he reIl.ricUOGl pl_....t on

Ultl.,. pf'k(kallukrat to lhl' automobile d.river .aJ..Gce In tf.. C"OafW of ordinlu')' drhinx- he cannot ee.t11.Y c~ ~
I mita. On the other hand, e.rtrIM rafln .., mu.1 I... Ol,e of tnlo1 t\nt concern, of the ilJrplant' pilot. II ~ Pf'I,,~{bJcto operate virtually Any IJUrerait "'110"1110at exee.!IIIive poWflh. vwJ in mo6l an.d."nC'('8 there l&uoUting tn T'e'l'Jtl'aln the oJk'rator trorn ex(:eeditlg ttl(' limit.. !let by lht' mtlnJ'J u(~pt h4 ulldf!Mltanding and Ju.d~m.nl. It the Jlllot makes UM!or engine tpeeds and c.rlinder Pl'\I:'o.UU'"th:u are abow the rated IImi" he is

Wr9tlOn

and

NiJ)e-l"C.h.U'Srll1K S)'.lcll~

G. An IVltjl)ft ~nttm .~KI or _kpi. inatru........... pp..,_,tod 1. the obaer'\N beha\ ior ur pG"1lerplant a"d Air.. pI&ot-. enabtt ~ht opfntor to dcl.trmine lhfl man .. ner in \\ llich the dift"erer.t paJU of hi.! en.,nn~ oro tunctioning. A <'Orrelponding sc:ries. of cOlltr()l~ pennita him \.0 f't'iu1Rt~ t.heir fun('tiOlliuJl', Em ckont operAtion CRlIIllor tile inteJ1igent cool'diM' UUD o( OIl: -,'era1 fllncti01l8 of lite \tQ.f[OUl~II\!C"
rio ...... and .)"Wtenw of the powel'pla.nt to m~L manling condftions as Lhe)' are e.nc:ountforwJ. ha"fl.n i.o c:Ilnd Lhe type of performance detintd. and "Klth dit ruanl lor the aalet;y and Pl'Ow"

ftly In" upon ntJU'ina of safely "hkh m-.,.~ dan,,,,rouab" D&l1"O\!>". U he laib: to obItn'e C),En.dctr hud or oil temJ)eruu.re bml"" Of" otwn~

tiOl1 of the trlaine~ 1

PW'\. 01. 100

rRA'M' & WIUTNEY AIRCRAFt

THE roWER SECTlO)1

I'~ A.~OF1r.\(."'1'IOSS

.truk impri. .1TIit during thf eomn~21ion

fWjwtr

nroke5;

and retease the

UUTnt

,UeIl

amI duro

A. t~ n"mlt hnpbts. tiN" pUwer .eetion b tht itlon or the fOr.gine in ""bi~ Lbe poC'tr I, d.".. .:IOped. und "'hien is the liNit. to reeelee lhf' ImrllwL ut ttMt h:Nlid. cleated. It con~i~ ba ..Ienil)' or thll iollnwlllR au.:mhties:
1.

ittl the e-chawt stroke

The val\'e-otWl'rltl"c

'ftl" Cyll"d4!fil

Thfl nln'ra(t 1l1ll(lnp. l$ a. he.t. en.ri!'!('which dt rh',,_ H!'t power Irum the bumin. nf a tom hu.,I!)I. midI)", (If " ... &olin.. aJld afro Tht rue'" tilr rh ...rli!'fiI I" J,",it,.tl U)' a "park, and the h#!at (#l\lntNi b)' the bUl'nlna: nf It.f: fh.M.rtll: .C..
"""do I'" ~...... l"""teI dUrilll< 110

~~

VAt'"

'Af/llHr

<om""''''''

..... _-tlM.vt' TAaH"r If(J(.tl1#

ftMIt~l,m

"not' ()( u.~

r)flt.

tun'iillf

of a .. t ot c.m. anJ a p\1lLh roct., .nd N(k" .tmI

1#1 rr

IICtuotlfd by tht Nl.mA to ~ptn and ('l()ll aQ

vaho. _t the ptuPH' mom~nt tn ttu: P.

IIH"lJlr ~T

,,,rAIft ~r_
$JIItA~1f

I'f.1IG'.,iN,.,.
.,.. ('",,0Ii.

fIICIlIJOaJIIA( C4AVII leI/I ....

IIIIt'

..., "IM,.I.. ",."

-'

". p~

The cIM:mol tnersY

aJ the fuft aDd air ;. thU.J

r";'el\.e the !~ ut Ute (!x,.nd P"fI' and t...-rer h to the anic'.ulMll'<l and t .... rvdIt. LaM- the cyhndt.'n. tt.e pilton. art jttd to ~beheal ar...d pre$..IQJYe ()[ ('OJnbulllio

lr'arllllort'Dlld into Ute mcd\a.nicIl enet"I'Y of tt.. ."l*ndina' ,...... Tusrtt:b!c _lin lhe gUtorll,. the <111 .... '" ronn Il>e chamber in ..blob III.
po .. 'c-r .. pnM.l\K"ing como:,)8tion takes pJa.o; and IL Itt (1"1 lhrm lh.:.t &.he g.rtates1. eonc;enlntiOC1

_ell u to ndpnlCMt:n.r
A~.bl_

Ioeeee,

4. Ttl. ),",,1 ...... d Artl... tot<d Rod

01 heaL and 'Pn!2IlU:re is found.

The m&5tt'-T Iud and artieu!ated rods trar ttl. ttclprOCating motion of the piMon' t.
tft1'l1u:hllft where it ls transformed into n . motion. At the piston ends the rods are su to re('iprOCAting forces tand to pr""l!.ure ret.u.lUnll from combustion. while nt thflt cr 'haft. eentritugaJ loads are alao impo:t!d 1.1'1

2. The V.lvltt! and the Vatn-OperaU".

M4!'~h&ln.L,m '1'hu VI\I\'t)' comrct the adrniWon of tho fuel.

etr 8

dU\l"I't

to the cylinders during the Int.akt


THt: AIRCRAFT rOWERPLA.",. ......,.mbly.s a eonuque~ of t&e high rotaIhmai ~ of tht t'n:cine.~re i.i eee ma.~r THE POWER SEC'1'I0N ('OWER ~t:(""ON Whi.l CO:>."TROL

/~'''

..-

ronchtian~ Ir: the PD'\\"t!:r section are ultJ. the duet ~m or the operator. tbu til'" .....Ion Iino! dirod, .. nd 0IIIy .... Ill. eylinder bead tomptttlure rare. III tlttuaUy eeeneeted to it.. Instead, c:ontrol :1a t'{maMd thmugh ollil"r pam of the po werplan:. and the effect. of tbi, regulatinn are mcuurod Indfrt'lCtlyby \'arjou" in",rumt:ub

_,11>1 .( ino""_..

..

tfoly

whkh tnd'ratf' c<>nd:ttonaobtAined

in

the noee

ond ro..r ~U4'ln. And In the lubtirJl,ting.

coothl".

indurtJon,

l4nd J,nition

1yat.umM . '(IT f)Comple.

'''HI articulMlJd rud IWItmbly .00: one c.r.r.1c throw (or 'ftC'h rew 0( C'flind...,.
$. The Cfllnk"h.h

t'ylJnd"r I,,...,,,.ore .. 111"0 ('ontrolled by UtU Lhl'ottl~ of the Jnduc:don 'Ylltt'm und by tht'! nropellor _PHd rtt\'f'rnor on thft no"f $ocLJon; and thC!.e pre.ure ..... m un."tl in tf'l'mll o( thu reertIna" (If t.h4' mar.It td flrl'~.l.ut!and rl"'1JlI~Lur
IUr twn""tAtur.: PJC\'" nt thp, ind",cUon IlYl'tem (CIt trot ~1"lu"n'H"t('r JrIillJr' frnm the nUM JltfC~ tlo<n) and tM t&CM~t.tt' C'O.nntrnfd to th~ I'Mr NortiOl\.

Tb nftflklhlrt tkM"N ctwo powcr~.n th. ryh",,",.. tram lh. muttr aM anu:ultltd rod .~I'nbly. and ,ra"..ftnl it t)UOo.lb ,.r

-"'I~ ...... i"':

AD undrr'llltaflol'lln*

(J proptr

tn2i.j('

",,,,,,,.tlM

1. A ramaharity ",iUt thf. \"uklu. (,UC.plt

'rWl\.n&m.rnu and control. ..DdtMit Inc.Uon.

_ thd.r n&mu

""''''_ JlM/' '. "~II.r,

2. .An .PPrft("ilUOU (If the meAn.lnr 1hfl " .. dJnl' of etch inat.rument.-.tb,* ~ndl~ tJun It. '"dicole. at. t.hl! pAftJ_cuh,uJJlIft or Iht' l.nw"l"I)hmL W wbJcb It i8 ctlIlI11'!01~d.

or

And .hu ,lvnifleJIncc

ur thj" tondit.(UH

Ill'

It Alrett. the lJQwcr seetlon Plft..t of t.he cnginf'. 3. A knowlL-dKe or the {unction

OUiI uthtw

u-aIM tu th... ...,..op"I"',. the lu~er. tk w.J~.,..~,.tin.l l'rwduuUsn'l. the oil aDd fUfI pum' ... the tnla"W'(I)t, the pI'OpI!iler &'O"'"UJIOr. the ,t"Of'nlor &nd ott,..,. acceueoOa.. Jt .. ~~ ff;t to 4"Ombin.boo of C1!fttrtfQDI. ftClpt'OcatJQI', .ud P,...,.Uft' Joadt, wpt:.Mr ..nth \.01'. tJonaJ _, ... ~
Tht.

of lllM'h ('(IoI1trul -- th., part.;cular pArt of the TIO.t;:rvlllnt which it controlS. "lU! thfl f'1ff'lt't of !.hi' n!-guJatioo un (!oncUUun.. rn th. po.')'lff" l4un and ehtewhf"l!'\, throD~h lb. engint.

t' ",,"ca_!IIt

Th. trankcalW, rtn ..r-.JJ}in t.wo or more parl.a~

hoUHI lind 'UP-Purtl'l th.e aa.nk$ha..ft, and \0 .1 .rt ilUachfoCi the cyLindel1l and lbe JXIi!if' and uPf'n'hAr$C(:r huutling .st(tiOtll. Its hearinn ab. IIOrb lh .. (Jow(lr.produl."lng loads from the pis. ton .. and l.:unlulhRtt.

_-

1 1.

PRESSURE
COMftOL _ .... _ .........

O-'"....4e .............. IMfUt.a SftQ

.... ICAftOH_

. ..,. _...., .._ .. ......... _ ---.. '" _., __... .....

o._

_,.....,._..., ...._

.-

.._

.... 1

,,"',

"'UUU

ncn.

c,w. .....

I. , .....

....

.,_ .......... -::;:::=' .............. ..... ...,...... -~

o\ ... _~

CHARGE
(,01111101._
'illlete"fMlfII

... ............ - ~.,.--_---... ....... --..,.._.....-_ -.......,. -...... -..-""'"-

_ ~.- ....... _ .......

....... c_.....,

..... _. ................

TEMPERATURE
...

,._.
'--"
_

_~,..

c..._
,.. Mien.

.....

''' ..... noe ... "

..................... -, '" ........, ....... ......... ..

._.f!IiIt........_
...... h.ioI ..

, ..... ,.. .,.._

--- _
~_ '

.....
~

'
_"...

_ ...._ _.,, __ ....,., _ .. .._

........

MIXTURE

STRENGTH

.....

-.....".

,
t.
1

---"noM _ 0. _ t ....__~

II!oA

.........

.... _

..

-w_.__
_ ..... _ ...........

'-""Wf
",,1,00.

O_toII4oo..:ll

........
__

...........

r.. 110 """ .. I" ,.. ......

4..

_,

., I"" .......

_....

........ u

COl'mlCM.

.......

... ~notI _ ....,.,

.......

"""lOtI ~.cn
l.

.- -.
.....
t_., .... ..__
.. --.,

...

oJ""

...,_

...._
.........

eOHTlOl _
INOrc;"TIOtf
UOCIO

,t.,
_

SPEED
e , if _IoOt.,_I;,.....d

r."'

.,,,c;r$;

L .... ;,.....c.-'i ... .... ",

~ .... ... _

....
,

.., tI"

'-I.d .,.;
"1 ........ " I ~ l,

..............................

L Po .. ,. 2. .... , _~ "III", S,_",

.._ t ~
_ &11 ....

"""...... _ rK_" b, ....... , _

__

... _,

.to.c.. ..... _

)oy " feM"_ " ",1 .. n..... ' ..-.II,.~ .... _1_ ""11.. ,,",'" ..tl,1 to.

""".. .,,,,,,,,'.'h'''''''' ,..

."';.~_

._
'1.tV

... c-to
._ .._

... ,..........
"',..

.........,....
_~

............. ...., ,,--,. " .

' .... _ tl~

"-"'

...... --.
0r..I0

....... Ni

to _ ..
". .,

"'to""

100410,

.;,;01

, '.. " 1>,

CYUNDER TEMPERATURE
COHTtOl _ "..... "

.. " ...
c ,.
~

, "" ..........

It.....

1M It, "_
..

~101 .. ., .. "" II....... _1

II "'''',.......

....c.now
n.
..

C""'"t u__ "'

hoi

llcnl

~".... ""..... C,-.,III

a. , __

'-'I"" .. ,
,
...

.......
(

c,..... w .......

" PI}I 1111 .... PIli.' "'""

If ........

t!.._.. ~

AI _<l .. _

,.10 .......

"" ..... ,'" 1M...

LUBRICATION
COfftllot. _ .. .., 0..
"D'!CAl1OIf UMUeA-nC>If _ 011 a.

.,.".....,,_. ,.01

00I1~",",

c._" .~.l"oo ' ..,....

, ._01, ,..,,,

0'1

"",.t,'_ .'.' ,t_

.t

t.

~o
.,\" ,II _~.
v'

t. ,

............ ............
no. ~"'
,_,

.."..Ctl:

w..

,..t C"

s. u n.t
01_ Ski .

, _

"""'.

'c

I')

10

Tilt-: AIRCRAFT

I'QWERrLAXT

''lfB

ACCES.<;()RY RF;AR SE("'II)X

THE ACCt:S.'roRY REAR SECTIOX'. THE NOSE SECTION, A."iD TUE PROPELLER

THF. \(TP''I()RY

IlAK MtXTlOX

',",1 ~

a.n

&Crt'UtII')

RnkJhat!\. pow-tr II tnu .. mJttf'd by tMtoo.t~ of Iln\'" Ith.att 'hr'tlUrh tht 'Upc:,...
th(' tKc;e".tIory rear " .... d"'u. Ii,,'rl~~ c)( "t!:tr trulljll at.turn. I""._mll
(I)

thl" V:\CUwUl aed hydrau1k pums-, 'til. .... r,.tor. ,he- .. c:~. ttlJ HI. fUn \ I"I('h~1 l&4:r. 1't.., a('c(" .... y ~,. IlOCdun

.h,,~ ,.

harU" r hnUlllnll

die' pow"r- tn drih: u"v "U pno4l"U.fI: and .... pwc.pa., c~ munetOA ('" rntmo:.ant.I).
nnGUlI

f~

Ind

mHr"'~n atrH.!Ou... it.c;win. Ul~

' -of> oil pn:.IIUJ"tt 1.1'u1 8C(WC)llllll I)UMTlJili J\t'O\Id,,. rroOUntfnA' ,,,,,d. fur thl\ mOA'ltutu uml \hI" fOr r1nt..c.Jrj\<t1l .r"f'I,,'-OrJ~.II: ._"d tunll,t,cd ( Ill... Ut,.. f('lf' th~ the au_mar'' dn"", .Dd the oil hr('ll..
hl'u~.

.Uirt~'.

pO"'"

I'W.'. 01. 100 1.

is. t:nU\..r,;r"_i_ttNl t4)f'WJ.rd throuab lblt nOM: a.QC":ioD ;0 u,_.. ~. Ttu~ l~fWI@ I(I(:Uoc:houteA lb4: proptUerwt rt"du.cticm
puww $(,'1'",n", .. "d OIW ur mute
(,('1Im

I)rhe.

Cronk.tw.n

provid,"

0l1.!(2'ftllP- po.nnp!. It pewee cakl'"-olf(()r the attuth~nt of

l.aJ"tf't IWII'l:oc... rec;o.I'''' ~g:&t:t" pr"Ol)f!iel"l lA "I). turn ~ter ~ dc."~-eloped. Tht> IIml~ CI' pt<iJlf!ltl'T M.tt' and rpm ere re&chf'Cl wh\,11 1h" nl"".t1 (If the hl.a~f' tJ~ ex.. 'ff'W 1.I~1t~ Or MoUnd. A~ ~",N'h flOir.~ Ute thrust {'tT:~H<nty Itt tht' f'1"I:lpC:JtrlJ.p-J.f.~ tn 'lJr... 'k dQ....II. ,,htl .. t'n\' fntr.,,. tit '.lle f'na'iM' is di~~';Jllll"cd m m.khlg 1'>1"'" H~' plat"'illl' .. ~Tieed l'\!dll('don "..:r'n,ll bl:l~Hn the ('rll!':.'tCl~h.rt Hurl th(' IlrOI'llltur ..haft, lIoth (>nKIr.~find flTulw!lcr can 1)(' filM'.' \1) UIK"l'.to o~ clTkilmt. ~tlOud,., '["(If' t'l'.llll~of n d\04",Inn Jrf'IU' fjll,iu,. i!t 'from -t:/{ to :$: I.

tu

~'rI/
-, I-

f'J1'Optl! .. r ~ he. ltC'l)pltr

Nt.ol"

drh'.;

and It, t~T"

nl.h,. mount:"r p:ulJ and dri..cs for eN

vr ... pumpa.. tho nl ee-~"~~
(Uillrlbl.ot.otAr.
.'-'C"...,." ....

&".

,'If

,rLU'Dr..M .rul

p~t.r

",\~rnor.

aA4l fidLl'r

I\
I

I :

, ,

,
I

nEIIt ('rt"", (,tlMllNU Otlln: 11,\1lOS

I.

mrtct O,lu

~JllAli una1u\l' wh.i<h upt,au, at re"lh~1 tow

which It\! equipped ~Iltnt ()( "mull 4111uMat do not oornu&Uyn.'Qui'" A re'lu... ~lon,,(11\1' tx:t~l,In itw c;nw.k~.fl and thl r1rOf)f'U\,t. In .. J<''h C.,.~ t'we propcUfJ" ahAft I,
rllnt Mil

,,'It"

U
(\

I\

\I
I
I

uu ext.on"lol\of lht"ct'-.nk~b.;lft. and Uu~ ~I tel' llii dirt.:ctly drtvcn at engine speed.

12

TH Po AmCllAfT

POW1!IU'LANT .. awUf .. d _....

THE PRO".:l.tER
....".." UJJebanged. tho

THE PROPELLER The llrwcl1er i.. E!S$E!ntiatJya ~&c:.I tor eee\,..rtlnil .hM.Cl horaepewer into thruA. beesepOwel". It, i" quite JlOt'.~ible. bOM!\'U, tor a pro.
)J('IIt'lr' W ~lI<11orbUte

rpm wilJ ctet.t.ae. ec",~e1"'8ely.a ~reaH 1n pltclt ,....1 '"Uti.. in a higher rpm. Engine 1Kt"t:t
and 5pl"'od. aITfIrd!n.a1y, no longer bear any flxed re;adoo to UI'W tlnf'ltl':er. Tho nHu,t .. nL "ptoed propeller i!\ n \'tlrJnblo plteh pruJ",Ufor In which the regutatlen of tho pitch i. automatically controlled by I. y.u~'cruur te .tuch a way that the rpm i" mnintaiucd unchanced at It ftturc ""Il'tted by the plloL .. ruardJes.s o( ('han..., tn ,,",Wff Of' manifold pre....u,.. Su.eh an arranl'\:~nl ruff" tht .truoletlt poa.,l .. hie IInHI1I:ty of "pcoraUo.l\. 001 it pIaoq upon the op"aWcf' tt:fo rwpondb!btY ttl tboOIUng a ,,"I.

enttre po~(!r output of

&1\

1.I1ll(lne And deliver HUll'! or no ueetut return. ft it lIS to tUllctiutl etlk"'ntly

pf!lIcr mu ..L be:

w()rk in

the pru..

t, ConccUy m'HiS'ned tor it. part5cular laUon- tllu~ .ha~. number lind pltt:h of ~1\tIa. IIlId trwdnm front C'.ldMh. rib.....

".La"

Ion.
2. (~roltd "'ithin tJwo lftpt't I do.ollCfl. ~KOI'ELLER TYI'ES r"I"'OI>~lltirtl mwy be dlvid ..d im.~ r\'ll4!tal tWII:
I. ~".d rltth
I)r blade ~U;lfI, of LhlJl t)~ ut."..,. ter III Ilxed Ilnd cannot lMli varied in rUahl. (In "gmt! m<KI.:I.lhv pitth Sa kdJut",bht on Lht

..............

f ....

Th .. pltfh,

..round.) Thi" lruu,Uat.ion .. II,M and 'IMP", .nt'l ai~ .... pH10ntWnd Wlthin hmh4ld ranae o( po .... and ~ The~, .!>outbod by .hla ')'1)0 01 rl .. u .... nbll or tbe rpm - t@., ~p .. K X rpm' Ar. conJJnlly. fQl(' any ,.iv,,, powu tl'w-ft b C'Ot. t""J.II,Uldlni rpm. Smte power can bf> "'I'Ulnted

u.rac1Ory

..,.,pon.r

hy mllnitohl pr~..,un onty with Lh. '"''

ht"U"tlon, prGpellut .~ h C'On(rol~

01

b)' Ih.

thruLLlu.
2. Twu I'ulfltloo A hydrAulic mecha.allm. Oillemtfld by ,n.,lne pn;..u~. mak." it I)OlIt4bl.t ror thtt pnot to M'l In lla.,h" ftthe.r a hlah pttcb tlO'w rrm) or a 10'0\' pitth (hib rpm) poNtin" (or mon .trlnl. ..p....d rqulation,. A ct-r.d powtf ma, lh 8 bf obt.alut--d with t.." d d'tRh\ combtna. Uon.ot rpm and ma.nituW Jll'URrt: a ha.h rpm Il ! luw manifold Jl~T't (,It tIM OI>I*Ilte ~ blnAHol) III hixh pitch. In bclth p(II.Liorll e~",.. V'Uw~rAnd, h~nCf .!l>C'N are teC'Ul.atfld 11 Lhtthrottle, "" with a fixed pitch pruP':Uer.

balallOoId l"Umbln.tKlf'l 01 rpm ud manifold f)1"U-o .. rot to obtain A d,""lrNi1>fl\\'Ct' Ilnd, at th~fll\m.C lime, ma the mu.t f'ftk-ient ulJe ollx>tb 8naine .nd .........I.. ',
An exwn"Jon or the vurluble ptteh JH'hlctplo nu.kea It pu lbh, t.n !loft tho pruptllJet hlade" rouahly U..,t to the line of lligbt, and 80 JtOD tM ~nliM whllfo 1n the air. Tbl$ III known ... (ntHri ... and I. often f(IUnd u.&c!fulin (lmt .... fVX'1~ ."JC:h tnyoh'., fnalOt IaDu", \\"th lM _ .n tho , hortd pnaiUon, tbe drq ol.h, ~ I while tho 1>OIIibili'Y 011.,. lhu cIa~ to M&n:n.(t and PO~lUIt (rom a -"incImJUi"," ", ...ioe It pn.-vented. It. i. Ill...,

on

pc:lR.._"I'bJe whh lIOmet)'pc.t ot. ~nerl

to tu..rn

3. Vnrhtbl4! Pitch A hydrllulic, electrieal, or mbo.ok,.1 meehanuam permitt' the pilot to !et tbto P"'ptner blade. .!'ule In nighL to any desired onr a tonoId.rablt ran"" ..... the pitch of the 10 the l'eSi_ oUond to it by die afr bfocomN' fCrt8.ter. and if other racton.. Judt

the bladea put f1l1l low pitch into n rtJ\'4,!fl'ed pikb pullLlon. thu. tc\,l'hfittg thp. thru.L ut the propcJIc.t,. feature ,.... bkh j" helpful in maneUa \'eriD$t aplAno On t.he water or Ln~kin. all airt:nd\ on t ht'll'n)uJ)(). lIP)! CONTROl.

a.DIC"

In""""""

_u.r

EAino IJII!O!d. C1t."m. U Ihus controlkd La ...

of Iht Iono..na...,t:
13

PRA'rT & WIII1'St;Y AIRCRA.,. 1. By the throttle !t."'''f. in the ~AlIOof fixed pitch pro()t)ltc($ (t>r the hhth or low pileh l)(lF.:tion U( A t\"Oopoddon propt.Utr) ; or,
,

PWA. 01.

ino

2. By the propene,. l'O\"'P.mor~tmJ 1eTer, in the ta~.:of vtui.bm pilch pn!pl"Otn.

(!Ullllt(lllt

"1)flltd pro'Pellt'r in~ta!latkm.

ece-

monly i!'.cluOO A lovnrnol' dri\'tn b)' .. Khr tni" from tho ~",",ud,ah: and mout1ted on ,tit' nc.r

iI~.'ttcm. By dlN('ting enA'lnf oil undt:r hi.... pret.. "UI"'O 1.0 tho m"C'h.ni~m cont ..tned III tho prOC)eUer

It a.houbl bt nnt.ed that. if the: pnmor I' .... to n.-aulat..e at a high or at maKimum tpm. And thtl .",Ino Ie:nnt do\'cloplnll lumcicl:nt ()owtr to rurn lh6 Pl'Optlll'r .1. tM. 1IIJKl<,'d. thtl h.ller will be drJ\~lr. ,ull low Pft('h In Ute Mmu rna.nntr .. I if l1. W"tNl tbN! plt('h proJllflI~r. Tn oth... p1"O\)t1ll'r.Pf't(t , tun('Unn nlAnl10td tx't'''UI''t. and .It tontroU<!t11"y the 1hrulUn until

--",til.

ur

10ht fO'\"+rnl ..

"l.k .. oth ... ((fOund

m.ad.

rpm h. at"'feed. TbJ. chArACterUloot" nt in rtf'-'Urht c:h,""Cka a"d nPfrauun. At low p.,lwer.
of h)'dn.uJle

Pr"CIpCrfllM'".tlun

l'IJ'nJ)flll~r'df'-

hub. or by contrvlhnl' th l:trieaJ tmp~_lVIt to a hUNMI,*:d motor, the ~nmor I"tautate. the 1)It("h or I.hu propelktr bJodM in .uth " w ..,.
to n....Irualn a c:nn.llLIUU.I'1>m or pnw~. maill10ld pre.._.... u.nt, or altitvdt On otftu in.taliatiQQ:j tM propellt:r iue.fincludu tbt OV. emct- All an Intt.,..J pan f>t U:e hu~ and 1M
I\JI

n'!,,..rtbeM

auuadlthat. &.h. uil be.t th. ~rreoct t...mJ.M!ro.tul'fl and """'I.U ... O.J th... t "I too eofd tfl dow Creely .lll re&ult in a .Ju."lh J'''"SNIl!~ ot th. pruptlleJ' to tho am't!nlUr.ln 1he ClaMu( elect riC'lirUrliOUOl'8,
.,ruptr optnldoo I'frquire:, thul thefllfloftr't power

cumvlelC control flylA!m. Indudinll t'M' 011 SUI>

ply. " Jl1df'pendlf:nL u[ th~ fqinc.

"""'"e be r.paL.!e of dell,OI"fr., a curn:ollUtn. o ..nt to aC"tu.aLot.ke pitch control meehanlam, Operlt'on with wellk batLurlC8 drllintld IJ..,. other dtmanda an Iud t.o aerJuu. oveJ'...pe,-o.dI.u~.

l 1 l 1 1 1

THE AIKCRAI;'" I'QWt:KPLANT

rns

LUBRICATING SYSTE)I

THE LUBRICATc\G
Oil is onen rererred to
M

SYSTElII
U two !ucl1 surfAces were to $.Iide oo:er one another in direct contact. the reMllt would be an

the ..ti{~blood of

the eualne," and b)' ll.nru<l2Y the tubrie.:dir.g ay ... tem mlly be somewhat c.'fudety comp:U'ed with ~htlll\,l'II"1I dt\:ul~lur) !l) lIolEltu, Oi.lia forced from the pret!08ure eectton of the oil pump (ri~ht. side of h~art) Utrough 'inriou.s pipes And ptWage9 (Ilrt~riE!l'I) to dift'E!"r~ntpam nt' ihe engine (capn. lari~~). After perfQrming its tubric:a.tinlr and cOI)ling func:tionll, the oil hi eoUf'(ted in one C)t'
more Jlump!'. where it 1:'1 dra\\'n through othlltr

pM~lifejl and pipe,. (velns) by one of eN _ve,..1 KC.~wen.lt~ (\llml)~ (It it ,idi': trf hf'art). And aoent thence th"(lulth the l)iI (oo1tr (1\11'1S" -tM "1\31. Oil)' 18 A triftc ItrQined) to th~ tank. and 10 bark once mono to thfo pm"ure ))Urn]).

1
l

The I>rJudpnl tcntuttf-OC A t)'pkal JubrleaUnt tytvm a~ .how-n. and their (untUOfll brieny \Ixphdnc...t,In Fht. 1 on PAn 16.
f'UNC'rION

inwr(c;nmcu betwC'Cn thu l4urr.c:. 1)4ll\lcll, which woukileAd La exeessfve fr!c:tlnn Hnd find b)' rll'. .lrvy1fl#" t.hu !JurC.cu.

By leparaUn,
IIoYlltem or an alrtNll em.inC! th .. f'riC'tm 11'

the

lIur(l:\ce"

wit.h u tUm 01 oil

1
l J

Th!) lubricutinll l, It r.du~

P'J:r(c>rmllothJ'@e runcUon~:
frldion
A

"I"durM t(l t.hAt~xt"Un2' between lb. mea_It. o! t no lubrkftnt. Tn, oil h\ dlroct

tw,,,,, n tlUdln" and NU,

hlahly ftnish.d me,.lliUr

Ina: ~urfat':t!:M.
To th~ nak ed ere

rnce "pJ)enr~ like thl!!o:

But under a mkrOKOptl

look more like this:

b.

tr~&ectiQn

woukl
contact with

the surface., moves with the surfaces; frictioll then occurs only by reason of the

intermediate oillayera aUdinl' over one another,

WiUt perlect lubrication no wear of the bearing aunllce... should occur except, possibly. at 8tartl.og~ foratAU other times they are separated by an oil film. when properly de"igned nnd lubrleated, plain bearings rna~f have a coefflcient of 1rietion as low and a load carrying capacity as hiah all b3U OT rollf!r bearinga.

15

PRATT'1t

wurrxev

AIIlC'.RAN

PWA. or, 100

t ,

. . ]11
16

I 11 l { I ,

THE AIRCR.UT POWfJRPLAN'T

2. 'l'he lubricating $ystem cools part.s of the engine that cannot be cooled by air. For example: the piston. wh.ich form..'i one end of the cnmbu~tior. chamber. is aubjed to the mn!lt intense heat present in the en@'ine. To cool it. a ~pra)' of oil il'. directed to the under side of the pteecn through jeb located in the ~ranlt. ~haIt. This Npny all&o tubricates Ute ey1inder walla and pitrotonpins, and asSi8t~ in tooling tb6

THE 1.1IIlHIt'A'l'IN(;

sys'rBM

CONTROL OF OIL PIIESSt:RE, TE!IPERA TURE, AND .'LOW

To perform ily.lubrieaUng ite several illt\etiolllt. sati'(aetor~ oil must. be:

I. Within the pruper pressure IimilM. Jf oil Tll'eRsure is t40 jew, oil mAy not reach all p:u'u of the eng:nc. win not b(> (ucl'l'd In between bear-

UASTI!P

/101)-'1"- '

~.~)--~t:'~~ L
lrur
,urilu""4)5.

or 1)f'C)vdt;! ulluquKte

Hew

tlIli.l

L:

'pm), 'or _Una-.

ot the cylinder w'nll.The mutu rod hMrinr j"snl)thfll; eXAmptp..nf a]'tart thAt h~ bnth cooled ami luhricated by the 011 of the a,..Utm. Approximawly l()~;' of the heat rel"aaed by combustion ill removed from the tmgine through the lubrlcnting y&tcm.
lower Portl
3. The lubricating aY!fte.m turni.he oil for the operat.ion uf vmoutt unit. and aCCftSlSOciu, such a5:
8.

The blade angle '..u.rying ma:hunmm oJ thi! hydraulical.lyo(l-perated PlOpeUeT. (10 this inateece engine oil pressure ia boosted b)'

U oil presaure to. high, oil lO4ka ore likely to deve)op and oil ccnsumntron to become ex .. eesslve .. Of the "'ariou, co(')tpjt g;.\ges, none i" more impori;aJ:lt th:m the oil pressure gage. Lul's uC

the propelle\' governor or by the featheT_

inK pump.) b. The impeller drive clutc.h~. variab~ spark advance mechantwn, m.anifold preaaure regulator, and other untts, (Units web as these are operated by normat engine oil

oU pl't".5.Surelis an indication ot the failu.re of the

oibupply, and wit.hout Jubrteatlon it may beon1}' a matter of seconds before pa,l't~ have beated and burned, bearinge have eelsed, and tho engine is brought to an abrupt. halt, badly damaged.

pressure.)

17

PRA'IT " WIll~EY

AIRCILUT
1n perlOn'ftinr ill lubricating

PWA. 01. tOO and coolint'fune-

,",It om",,"oi ... tb. Tital ~ of 1Ukic, tbe proper oil pra:au.n.> c.IH!tb prior to tabotr. An 011 JlN'Mure ~.Jd \ah~ AI. an uppw

lIml~ to tn"ine oil pr(l&sure C~ tbe .nll". hh bOun wormed up. (Because of the ytaco.hy ot
(old vII.
prC88Uff!A

Do1)l: tM oiJ at.orbl COI".!iide:rableamount. of heat-the equh~.Jcnt Or 30 horsepower or mo1"e i1'l u,.e la'1:e::r I:na1ML With very small fllRtn&41
thia hNt un
t:UI.'a

be dI

pated through
foJ

the cnKine

of aeveral

hWldre<l

Plf may

ec cnecuntere when ",tatting.) The relief \lalve rnult be sot on the ground, and cnnnot bt ado.

of tbe nil tank; on lInser en,ginea an ~Xll,!rnwtoil cooler is neeeasary. The and the 'urf

Ju,t.od In maht.

oil oooter I. ,""'lulpJ)t<Iwit h ahuttcrs or nflp,l by meaIU of "hkh the "ow of moling Q.{rcan be ....:uta"'" w 0... 1. Ih dNln!d otl IA:nlpcrBturo 11te can ~r .huU ........ controllbd automaU. taD,. or ftlahUaUy by JDC.-ana of a eoetpit te\'er. It ill the Jlf'I(c.&~ to m...u.nr the oU tf'm])tr.tore at. point U!I the Uil1ne tubric:atiOQ .y .. um dial .. .._. to tho oil Inlet By tlld tho wmpttatW'O .t thill pcIjnt, the oil It.mper.turIJ R".d.ia. I. thfl't c-hl.'Ckut the eondition of the

lubricant belote Ii ("nttJ"l tile ertl:;no, Mel1lur inl' thl \A)mJ)el1\tur. lit thu outlet h~ been .r~lf,Jy Mft.hlff'(.'C1 but.,At the temventuN nL tht. poln\ i rMaMlt'ft ('If th. oil LomDer"turti r_ in tbtl> fona1flf\ th. fi[aMf rt.dl~ will "ury

un

_.,.

WI.II """lIlilll: oo""ltioo. a.d wW no~

COtWtit ...t.e ._ .tandard (or devrrn'nln, til. cond'IJ<>n 01 tho oil

If. dun a Will ..... th wiclt ...... &bult .... Iho W __ nol rTO\"hle rudenl .... 1". ..-tor of air m., be obtllnod by redUar.., tt... a __ oC climb And ao IncreAJ(nar t.M apeed. uCtM airplAn A final mOons o( lower. '- oU kmper"tuN I. t.u eeduee power. 'I'ht~ ahou.kt be dont' by lowtrln, tho rpm AI well AI'!

.ta,,"

no..

WARM

OIL

tht
DUlfW

manlCold

fJ!"f'1I.-Ut"@;

,dDOO fricti()11 and oil

tt'.Dl_p<':rat.ureIre .trtc:Wd by engine '1*d

lha.D by PO"Ii'tr.

even

a. ot nJ'-lMe cuallty ud auJlkient mKhan;. thot tile 0<1 111mwiD noL t...ak
doW'Q u..Dda
pr9SI!ute

coI~' ..

Mll)'

eonchtion oJ temperature

And

lil{t'l,. tr. be MtW.at.eted. SYSTEM

CO.'iTROL OP TilE LUBRICATING 011 hi tee cold, it will Got flow f-reel,. It lit. oil I. too bo~ it ""nnot I.wort h.. .,. ooarinA'lOadi. [t canuot carty any enout'h and it ma)' result in too gre,t Nt oil flow. Aa eon.lIIequtnco:. oD pre8$Qft may drop bclo ..... eoCf"'PUbie limIt., exc~h.... 18 and oil cooawnpuoa beeomes

The opt:rnlur hAl no eoutrol of tbe lubr1catin&, .,item while In Oitht other thun lu regulate the

h.,.

tempentu1'fl of 0,41 oU in reapousu to tbe readinn, of Ott inlet. oi1 temperllture gaSt:('. The ,ita! imP<l'f"U"ct1 of the Iu.bricatina' "yatem ren~ de1'$ it impen.U,. that .u ground dleeln be _loutJ, porlormod to mal<eeertain th.t all adi_" han _ p._ty made.

THB AlRCRAFI' I'OWERPI..\NT

THE COOLl~G SYSTEftl

J(N.S"
CAA*I(#

tHI,

"

,~.sT

.m<

I
2$,10.
rs
COIIYC.U.

'Mro -,<It.

_ ..

5-~
OCMOI'C.

'Me

...

,.

."

+
thKt Uti. "*'(11.101\ t.t'n:.p.rat~rta ClAY Lead to~"'"
:

tem, It
Of the total h".t ,nfrlY rtltated b combu ... Hun (lnly about OIUMll,lartAlr I.. CObvwtA:d Into u-.. Cui pnW'tlr. Tbt bat-nee th. h .. t mu.t be d'"

i. eontf'mod.

't Wllh th. hutt .ynem

.Ipa,fd Inncb. ".r that 1M rt.ultlaa' t.:mptr IlU ..... 1IInot pl"O\'. ~tructh .. \0 tht 1ftI'\M. In. t)']1I<&. alreraft PO"'" plant hw. diwpaliOG I. lKC'ompU~hcxl wu .. h:y ., IIhown ir. "'... 2the elChalUt "YIIWm. the )ulJrlc.Una .)'Il\lm (a" ds..cUMed In the l)revloUd .."c:tlon). and th. air coolin ,. ...
Ueat fs ..hull dh,,,tpated throu.,b

or

FJ'tX'TS OF TEIlI't:1tA TUnE IUch

tTl tndu
QU.J ~~t'I(_~

1. Wmtnf or Ih. (,yflnder huth . Cylfnck:r

btadJ. .rt tOmmunlr IlUIide 01 an aluminum ,,). loy. Tee "trtoath of thlt materl"l I. l.'fWit/I)'

to ILl ttmJ)trature, a& shown In Fill. 3. 1f the 'ndir""t"d cylinder b~.ad teml~rdur~~ nl'c .:)owed. to VXCft(t the UJlUI,) limit" Of 4GO~5UO~.
ftla.LM

r_-:o

TYPICAL lIMITINe
TCMPCRATr/RE FOR

~C:O:N~TI:N:UO:U:S OPERATION-

-~

'CAL~"ITING
1'R SHOIfr

e:

ALLOWED ERIOD

or

JD

PitA 'IT & WIiI'!'SEY AIRCRAFT (232~26()C)" the material

#

PII' A. Of. 100

The thermocouple location iff selected because of jts stabillt), ~ Vi It'mt>e-l''atlll''e reference and because of t-he l'fIech:mic-...aJ ad\'anLQgct> Ior mak.

will be sericl'l,uily

weakened. 2. DamlOl5e 10 tylintler and pi!1~.n put!. Ex~ cessive temperatures may lead to ~arping of the valves and valve scata, and rnilu~ or \'a.)'O'e stern nnd rocker arm Ju.brication. and the breakdown of the oil rum between pilton fWd t..)'ljnd~r, with even seizure. the Jlor.s.ibiHty of scoriY.lY.#lnd

ing a prac.r.cat And durable connection. The temperature recorded at either of these points i! merely a reference ~I"control temporelure; but so long u it is kf"Jlt within UtI.! presertbed limiu. numerous testa have shown Lhftt the tempernbJres of the cylinder dome, Ute exbauat with itl!1- seat lind guide, find the piston will alltO be within B s.&Lilffactory rnnzc.

3. Tn(""tOn"'.) tendene,' Ut pl"Cipaition llnd det .... nfllinn. IIi8"h temperatures llb,o inCre:L._1oe the tE:ndctlcy 01 tilt'! ~u(!'-(\ir C"h:U'~u to preignile ar.d d(,lOIl:lte. (Soc pp 2j~9) wmpel'rlt\U(!N _

".'\"e,

As ... rough exampJe, it can be jn\tl;gil:cd tht\1: the hou~huld ther~.o.lJtAt hl'lS been p)tttttl'll\bo)\,e

I'I'cilfltiUon in turn causes hi.;h cylinder head ~nd~ a '-{cious ~'elc il be!tun, Re~ardl~8 Ot \\:hich come" first. tiowe,,u. Ih~ dffK't 011 the eng1ne I~ lne..ftAhly dntnn.Rina. 1'E\II'.;'tA'I'UR'& INI1ICA'fJO~
Cylin~l(!\' head LtlmperntUnlJi aee indf.e.~-.odby mCfm)l. of u gttllC conm:dl t(l Il Ulormoc:ouph: I.H.tuchcd t('l thtll <:yHnd-et' whlell oxperftllC!b 1.0 be the hOttc.1~on :t.r. enstne In any pankulur IIl~tulln'.lon. 'l'h+' U~OI'm(l('oupleilltlf b Ioeat.ed:

.tH:7w.

1:udor

.i.'uur spark plug in ..... ,p:.i.al,""ket.

or

In order to obtain the desired room temperature it t\'m be neceMAry to set tho U\Cl'mostat. (ref_renee or oontrol tl:!mperature) to IOt'OO hlghcr tillure. Tho thermoeouple 1& tlie
a radiator.

cylinder. thennoatat Indieatnr. ]tR limit is (l$tabliltiled, arbitrari)y, in order t.okeel) at :-lOUdfactory tempentv~ the vital pol't;ion~ of the cyUnder whose temperatul'l! eannut Le meueW<d_y,
In a 8pecial well in the top or rear of the
c,ylinder head.
.. Th6 Cliindt: ttmpef'Atuf'Cs .1l'01td .boT .. and In lbt ffillaJni1lJl' portio! ~t mt.& blXlk an -.host .tich bI.~ applied III lnlln,. tl'lginc owd!!'!'bttofon lltAJl.. .,.~ by PrAtt .t Wbiclltf Aile-...dt.. LlMi.. appl,q '-0 en~n.' Q/ Mh,-... auLnuIaCN:re, 0-'"ta seree J).."'Mof1fI' Of' j'utlll$ (rom ~

M the thermocouple Jd dtliehcd

ttl

one cvllu-

4er

ouly it can do

no more than give evidouce 01

general engir.e conditions. While narmalIy it can be presumed that the renuuuing eylinder temperatures wiIJ be lcwer.Joeal condttinns ijuch
Ai

detonation or ignition failure will J)ot.be in-

Pratt Jc Whitn~ Airerdt tnOdf'!', mal'dilln~" ~MpElat.llt'1!3 quolecl a.bo'rf'.

dieated unless they occur on the thermocouple

cylinder.

20

THE AIIlCRAIT

roWF.RPLA.'iT

THF. CYLINIJn

COOLINI': ~YSTEbi

1,llIIITL'it: TE~lPERATUR T,..., limitina: cyha.@r h.e..d kmperataT6 UJ;UIJ)y found in $pfdft<: enaine IIfIeTatin.l
~trueL(onA:
aft

head t~m.peraL..:n 60 r (~OC) bflo_ this limIt to kHp -:he cyh:xter btad !!lateria', at higb
(WJIiUatJq tiilffJUrLh.

i-

THE COOI.ING SYSTEM

1. Th_ hlrher

l1mHlna: tt:mPf:c.t"r.

rM'rl(l~d period llae,. lak..otr.1O maximum ptrfUtmaIlCf> le\"'f'1 Ol,fht., anf1 to ~mtrIPl1cies.

0'

Ia for and .. C'Oftfir.:ed to

'''' eJie.b aNi

J.D tJ.1 a:rcnft coo!lnQ'.yateml Iljr I. ulltd to ('&TTJ' \ht neu a.... )' (rv.m ~ c~lin~.C'n. Wben this if do"" directly, witho1Jt an IIlu,rmedlatc !iquld c.votant. the 1)tUbh~mM cooJilllll.rrely reoIOI\'ee It...t)! into then uf I

L !

I:o:~ng u"'.C'if.nt sr..rhC'f' .rl;. or 1M

('r.;~ to tbf ('MUng .. riP.
DlMr111\Sl' the

air f'tr.cientl)" ftKalnltt aU

Pitt. nf Ut' l)'J",d;>-r~.

3. rtovMJll&"

MuffiC'i .. nt cuoUnJr 61I'rl(>"",. to, I'ttnl,lr with tulM mtan. of r"~lIlalln thot aJl'{'.ow in ""'PQr.Je to \Ar' inlt ('(!"" dlUOft"" lIXPOft.Cdto
..(rnow I. fnc:rf'A8Cd 1.1,)" th~ usc 01

Th. Iftllpertlturt hmlt retr rt!'ltrku.-d 1'$IC"'h~'" .hnuhl, ,hereto,... be u.od for t~ AhortC41 sx-,Iblt.! tlm~ (')nly.and mU.iIl ".ewe bu uC'N'ded. 2 ...... Iolill'trIi.iu,..
Im\lN for tHlln~ \.tNPtnta,.. t. H.eau .,.,..tkla. It n.ouJd M\fl'

"M .urate art''' uf the t'yJlndon

the ~Jn*

cooI{n~ " .... The ftri('itnty of the tlru ill In tJ"f'Ucd. UI) to terU1n point.. u dwy are made dNptr .beI .putd MuN clewl)' Wu.th.r.
tll,afne c()ullnl1 WClI Me compUI'hoo by 111m ply huldln, tho c:),fhHlen tllLO
lA'O

Not

mall)' )'~

"hJ.s atrlll-l\M'lJmfont ev .. ,.."J "hort .. Wcile ~I th. ... 1., nl th. palh of lbe D,JifWl' ~ bK_",-"CInIhe ()lUnd..,,, of 1..btI en ... giM. onl, ... mall POrt..lunof JtCHrn. etese enough
the~"

(oaun.,"

".tI..

to tM

nn.

La

f'f-movc

much (If th6 hOM. The

tl(eecdvd uUopt undl!1' tht ,.,,,u,,=\ed operat.l.nt condiLioDi *ndoned i.e the ptt,iou:I paz... I'fllph It i~ !IOund prad1ce to bGlc1the cylinder
be

c:ylfndt"rt" I,Ir. Wl)10tl un(l\'f'nly. tbt portion, of..ch Ont Umdin. w run h.otter thin the front. n.. turt.ul ........... t<d .troctt<1 011 part. or tM ai.rp!a"Cl' .fL of the CllUth,...

T."r

21

PRATT & WIII~.:\'

AIRCRAFT

PWA. Or. 100

_-)'0"" )'Ui.:~ntlyintcr-cyUndtr

bafflA.:. n.H'

and c,)'Undtr hoeId bef>n u.Nd lU tOrte tht C'OC;JlJII. aiT

no.... the "'umo of e001ln" .. Ir .l"6Qulredt. much

lv,l\j,(\ ""h .U a-&rt. or tbe e,Und,.n. tn thlll way fh~ .ndrc ... Irllow ... ulld to Can')" !.Itt,! h\:u\ "wnl (ron' the tine. A.khouach tho ,.. "IIIthUI,:U un'cI't'd by ttl. b'lttlt. .. and ftn. to the

Into duw

ot. I'"ros.. rty d('i.it1)ed ')'Iltem r...dthe rt4uluf\I me fa a<tuaUy dtcNll.Md. A ttv.. or e()OIln ... 11" 4IuOidtnt. CocAny
fflduetd by the uM
6t1\fI(101t"W

uf

J*8SRJl'l.
appn:ch.blo

(If

tht cooHlut .rr dt1'lWUU ~.\

PN'IIIloUI"Iclift'~rtntlaJ

an

be m.LIDL&tMd

iU'rou lhv entf".

lO obLatn the ntnlla,.,

.'r...

a.,..., the hl ..." from t'-''' ('yllndurM jll obcl\(ned by mta"& ot tl\ .. cow! whtch fonrl(WI(',the (:"A'II1(1.,'l'h41 ot tbOft,,_. Mir ft\tI). bt ,.trUlMU .. >d 1,,)' IItTJek or adjun..ble ('ri1 flap' at lh!." rMr of th. eew .. in...

"V"'-

11
TH f; AIRCRAFT roWEIIPLANT

r:

mE

('YUNIH:R COOLING SYSTE\I

J\etu#U.)',on.,' about 10"( or the air In 1M

JMuh ur the enatr.t , .. fun:wd throul'h

eM

lh. ~Ml\;nder "ulnJ .rnoothb Ofti' out...dI: of tht ('OWl.nl" A ~It there: La httl. 1,"OU:hlJC dn ..-thfl PIJ"I.'" ton~med in rouluur

t'"

ro'frl

.mount." tc rUiJJ[hty31 .. ot 1he bl1~ PH'" l<1t munee It' not louitiu.,ll bM-aul'e or th<t thaI""

or ure wnvinl And It. ~owUnfJ.

'fE"'Pf;RATl:RE CONT~OI.
t..,.Ad to lI:uI eooIUl&"

In pra.r.unt at thfl ('owl emrenee tarN'1 m~ ... lit PUt the mirme tho.n I. llrttlaU)' r'9qull"ld; hul. III;f thl tII*Jd raq" I. lo.. , tht IfI1,aU t .. of ~ in"Qktd doN. "", ..... rnnt lh4 ..xu. .. fiaht .cd c:urnpUrat~ or adlU.tlll.lf! ((1\\1 tla .... On t-htc Ol~~r h.nd. \\ itb hllh 1)(: rl~rnl,.nr.. afrtl'1l1\ th ..... i. 1&" Almrc<:labl~ wallie (It ))()",l'f

In foreln .. OJtCitlf' f"oollntr ...Jr ])U,j1.th u ~narln(l fit blath tpH!(ht. lind tho ~Xlro ", .. Ihl,. Mid l'U111111l. tadon or MdJUlt.bljl: ('owl n~I,J)' art *("("ordinilly

T)..t aml'lw't of he"t tran

J... 'JI<od.
At b1.h tpMdI lh. tlClt .. red~ 110that onlt tlwt ~uirfd III'flu,f un puIi lhrvuKh. At k>w
tJ)Ot'dI the un an.,a" uKN.Utd. Thl .. d",rl" ....... the: prt.u~ lwh(nd the C)'lindt,.. to (10m pen ..l.4t tor the rtldu,,"t.'ti {ronu.1 l)rt--I'UI'"C nrf .0

_ir '" rou.ahb' pf'Ot.l'Urtlona~ co the ... ai.t4ow Conerol ot. tftCU\. ttmJW1"ItuIW 1IIa7, Ut..tt1Oft. boo A<tOmr!i.hed by 1'.. "I.li~ tho at pound, of..a.r thlt al"fl forced put \.hI "D.lint f. a .,h;en ume lJy Uti ('owlln . .ll ... air&otr In tum

n.""'"

h, fA"uJAted 1Jyvaryln" the PN.t.II:UN drop acrota th" "uQ'll)e. 'l'hlM mny be done in one of twow.y.: l. By Co,.1 .'lap'

maiuwin.

eh.., tH'4'PIIo,I.,,,Y drop AC'I'o.e. thu en-

rlne.
Cowl 8I.pa thu. 1'C1. AI Ii Ultottle for thu l.'1)(llIn& airfkJw. Th, ,11'... t1\" "mae 01 cowl nAp upert. iJ1@: u. limited by MiI"Odynamie tOb~id(ll'.Uon ...bleb \ ary from 1n,.tau..UOO to inlta.naU~n . ~or u:amp~: the ~ruite, OT form <I"" 0' eM alrcn!t is lnc::rM~ AI ~ dapa are uptnecl. and. it tlte ftaPi are OI,...,ed too f ..r, hutnttnfC may rnuit abnve ten. in alnpeedll, and th control of tbe uhtraft (IOnIOCQuCJlLI:; dhlturooll.

Jo'hf(l

esa ww ... ,. ~ntf't..Ib; ~ OC\ aircraft .. ~ ra~ of IpIed if .. maD. 10 -. II the (!,tJt i1lP l' ,uttk:Hlrttly laJye to Jl.N ... de the nt'(~o!!ary .JrlIo.. 'W1th the Ullranre Pf'*'At,

.ure ... aUabte

th~ llJ~ellt climbitl2 apotd.. At

the hi.Jlhcr I.'iplHld" ()r lo\'el Right t.br incl"ClNO

PWA.OI.

100

)
~t2

]
bfoto'W ~ t1,)fian n.f'O th.. n~ of atr lr. t~ c~ tf"IIlk_ U~(lcambu"tMI tlf'mptl"tt.u,...~ \\1\.n tM !'!li\."tun" it. t.l:hf'r fhltn this flltl-I.tr ".do tho ~ (.Ir f"'fC"t".' ('0'.:1 rtduee.,:. It-,. mrnOOi{1on t.r::.;.traf!lff, A rrl":\lYll'if! ut \.'UntTnl OYtf'C)l.1nJo', bMd ll..!1IIIi'Nl.1Ul"MUn tl'\f"n bOQ\.f.. tal ..... "" by i0U'0al1l'll ttl. !ut'l,.i" nt.11u rrom "'.it4f"\4tk k .... n to .utOrn~'lit r'id\ pN\oiderl th.~ .U\CIC:;I4U( "r~ mlluur,. hr, .. un'ic'f"llt:y rit.tlc:r tn.1\ Mat $10 .. er, (:"ncrMlIy. It. the I,;ru!ltlnll ranp. IM!'a,,,,mi' th~ t'Ilhrt.ure cutltrl)l reem automaUr ltan to RlIt"n-:. ..tK! rlt:h will ttli..c It'.f''

2.. Ry Air "'PHil

uriaUon II'!-tt: ,forWard JlpMd uf th If .. plWlO Atf,pd411 thw p"",,~I,," ., lh(! tA,.. of tht tna1nft ""d, btnw. U'" mill .... ,('". I*$( th. t-yllJul(.Jrt. It .i"'lJ'l""t loAn btt Inn....,,'" w,lhou\
At:y

cullin. uJ'W)n lh~

th. NoIJult","I
(ltalnt.

tor namvk, by rlHrMJtl1Ut Ih.. r,,. ul (h~

h4r
Ii nlOP

4.Ir,I"" tor

.drht nnal pu"tr

IfIIYU\~ tf'I(Iilnlr at

11,\\

t""

01'".:11 TEMrr.RATllIF.

(ONTHOl.ll

Thl'Jrl'l ar" ,dill,) {We') wa). ('nntrolUnac 1M tfomper'ulUfiJ 0' I\n t1t*lnCl. ",,;lh"f ur whleh.

ur

rr.i.,tul'fll IItNultth to .ppro:(ltr'I"t.f'r

IIt-rletly .ponkins, I" \llTc~f<l by n"*ftS nt thu

~uwul'plnnt'" ('oull"" _YAtfm

AUIt.that.

u'"

1T'oo~JillOT Milot ~I,;VIW"",Y U)J lcun ""'Kt puwc,:_rwith the 1'1.' t.'yUndJitr hctul terrperlillurc will

inc""""" raU,,,, than IOYle~d,

1. Jo'ultl.;\lr R::ul.,.
'Iho hMt. 2unernla<l hy c'omhtllltlcm I.. K~'-t with {I fuel-ula.' mHo .. e "1\')N"'IIl\A~ly 0.067 ~IiJlhU~'bolow th" lIo-cnU,.d1 ..,101: bvt.l'It)w,," rurc s~ttillg. (Sec 0(1&(' 20). 1C thfl ",iXl\art" I~

",ax

2, rO'lll't.r. It. rf'ductJuu 10 })O\'t'er wUJ allio caUdC n drOll til (,)."ndtr h""d WtnpcrAtur~lI. 1'0 obtain lho pcawt ttll"t't.. I)()ft'el' .bwld he J"Cd\lood b~' lo1t'ennv buth rpm m~r.ifold vtCl!"ur~,

.,wI

TIlE ,\IRCRAJT POW!lRI'U"T

TUE L~DUCTlON S\ S1'llll-L

CARHU[U;'I'ION

Do"DUCTIOX SYSTE11

FU:\C!'IO!l'
The Iunettou of the fooU(tinn .y"tf'm III to The 'nducU"u .)'.d~~ om eonvenipllUy bt dill<u .. ~d umk',. ~ht1."V'-'l'Ilf'!ral hp.J!.dR: 1. C.rtnlt'f'UOn - dCAUng pl'in<'ipally wlth tho c;u11Un.:t4.>l"and 1h_, 1"f.i>I'I!"S of ob~nfnlnu til"

Il"UVtlf II combusaihle mtxture of (u.'and

air to

tht I:),Undtll'rI nnd, !'ubJect to mttlJl,lmL f"antrof b,v the Ol)lijfl\tnr I tt) dpUvtl" the ('hAr ... :

dt.-11"t't1{>k'l.r.rr r .. trOl,
., Superrh ... ,lnl' _ which Is e".i~y concerned wl~h f"'fI" JmiC ttr. .uh.-quate airflow wlthouL tm rn'Il .. t",mp.:tBtu"" riAt or po"~r l't
Jlr.ct,ann

tl)

at the prOJl'."l' {DeHi, ..... bo 10f' .h~ par

ticular t}-prttf C'IPffl'tion drmandNI:

(b, In ... tnr~nt q~:n:of~ tc mHI aU pu.tr .-.qui """'A'nlS :

Cd at I kmptr.lt'oJ1"'t that .. 11]IrtMll"t' ('I')M bu..tSon :

tn".. knt

3.

J)wtt". - .... hkh onl. ~t.h the t'IIJt'1rw'.

a.ir C'O"':d. tJftnh. ,)",tltm.

I. CAlillURETIO:'ll
hAl'" ("tImplctdy fl.mo\,;ort th6 .A$ulluu \il.II(11", and hf' w 111 hll"-' ~utt'eNI,.rt1n a:eUhijt Uw lmTn In,. mater. ('Illy vwrt trft.y to Lr.\! ruel when he ... J! bf> MlllIti l,IalH.iullv aware of thl.l to"," that act on .1'1" fl'It.tlolA ur an f"'ttrna: cc;mbu.l on fn
__ yrn'tnl and CIln hoomto UJJtr1ml

'rht' dlJt4.'rmlmltionor lh. fombUJIIllbf. nnre (I .... a",,,lir..... lt mlxl;lnt i.a ,.imp" .nd.pot'ttDC lnve ..tlr ..U4>n:Th. AM JlbS>'~ In h,M. maid,

1ft air ~nta'nln"

no tnI~ne

.. III b\lrn. but t~ r.o pbi(ID JIII'O't .. l~ that a,,, m.,""I)' ..upportt C'Umbu.t.on Tht I Illd Ht:J) .,. to remove (;&~tuU.)' aU ttw fU,., \ "'l'orA .l-o"" IUl oper Wit:. !.it lu.l r.d U n da&h
M

win""

vapor Th,. lftIlt('h

,t.. t II mbctu,..of ,...,)11,,1' \'.1100'

.'1"

t)fI

~.lAII ..t

'IOk-Ia\.b .:.xp~\'(\ Iud Ihal ~l1d bt rlMKJI), ~nll"'Olk."<I.

",~

ur.a!'n",

In eMr,),

U'hJ~ dHT4tl'fl!:nt mix-

lI"htt!d ml'lt('h into lht: .;quld, J( lhf f'CPU;' m\!nlt"r "'ul"l...~clAin Sli:lUJIJt thl U.. httd makh Into tilt"!"k~I'lillf'l, ,he n{l.m4.! be utin.ulolht-d .",rIlvln,. th"t a:l~olil\c \,;)'Utltlt II' nnt. combu ...

IUN. (If.,. ~.,~.. nd air are lllulttMttld htlow:

wm

tlhll'l, Mure tluHI Uk,]y th, Int!,UIC.tur

lACt~$AJ~' ~

wtll not:
__
------

TiMi \\f'faht ur rUt) dh'irlf'd by ~h4!WllfllM of air In a ri\tn ndxlur~ I" known "'" th ... Intter'!f f~ .... ir ".1.10 (r A) Jt wUI 1.;0. JJutle.,J Ihnt the tanp ftf atll.lAblv tud .. ir rAtio lb rellitlvel IIImult.
t..rtlSI fII.ICt

,.. .. - C~

lo..lllpe01 Fuel 0.1 AN Miuw.

PRATI' &> WIIIT:-t:y .\IIU;RAFT

o
rwA.
01. 100

ture .ttcngth hi varied [run). OM \lxLteme to.,,. Mhu.'l will bit !ouc.d that: t, The mOir.JCuki l'~ nrclUai'N to ~
rluee I.h" Ki\'e~ ;M)\\'Clr At. thtt tHif"n rym be ut Ii mlnheum when the rm:..air ralto
. ,)t~ "IWj(C

"II~RT ('ow.m" and UEST [CONOllY" MIXTURES It III. powo ullla' (".. b """"""" ..... 1 ODd rnm uC an el,vitllJ are kept CClr.slanL. and the miX

w,n
I

of

.11701 - .~l

By definit.&uf\

.07-1 rut: -Ilr n.ho ill "bn .,....t l'I)W.r' mbmJI'\! and .080 tlk'll-u:r n~~tO it "rk:h 1Jl!3t nower' fr.hu.ure. Any :l~Ixt\.lN wt~~n 0701 and .Otto fud.-ot r n.t!Of h. a "beat rn~'t'r" mxtuN. 2. The I1UlUlllLyM rud ~1I~,.d \0 prod~ (hl'l gfvcn rower At the "h't!! '1)m will bft At I:t mmlmo1Ol .."htn the ~UOI'I'i.t ra{~ " upv""',lmaltdy () ~ tb" "'110". ~d.

I'UlCt,

..0.........

I.

,_,,,_

.., Act""

/Ye'.A',

Ra,io.

Ie P"'l \J<4. ho.clot-r, tn,ri .l' J'f'Q~il\:m!':flh eeu

_"ft

tor dnl"tionll from tM' ide"} curve, lind the rwual ptrltlt"mlU\co*; (:ut\'eIOfH(I wore Hku tho one
cinrC'R
In

duUH! III'"

1~,.. 1'.

Nt" ~mp'()~"11.'1'''.11'I", lIuulr h)' d"ddUon, tht "lJt,l!t (l(uJtI,my" m ,tUN.

AdVhtlto tlflt.tirlR~ A".n c,,"QC' p~on

Th~ pr,n6pal tN.~nA

Ideal 'Ul'I ... tr n.U(.III

(ut

flf"t~t"bn. (rom ttl!.:

Th~ rei ... on I:K:t"'Of'n but JOY.AI, A"II AtTl:AI.

J'I)Wwr

ar..d ... t

uc<momy brt'l mut~ f)rtd.cly ,hown iJJ Ftc. ~

""e: L To InllU.n: \n":oo~h~rlltio:t In 1h~ tll)jnA' "'", ...... hPn the tll~r.fI .II <lOId. 2. fo IJMtfllC\. tho f'n~e (t'(."1'1 dllulI,.tllm In
tnt h!,b 1)(1\\ fir
tlllll4' c I,

vv"""r .net

w( Nt

tbcrv

110

v\:1.I~

Fn:I~AIR RA'rlOS otbw than .. T, thf. kIMl I .... rctUlaUq~"I~ra~14;l""

mUNG

\1I;\'Tl:RES

d.wll;o would 'lie (It~\l wt'!I("t\ ww:t! r"" n t"",l~ .. lr r,UIt) uf O,n~fI",hen "",xjIl:\um 5"Vrtormanct .... d".. ired fkI whiC'h could lMo u .'4t te .. "t

IcUIrI. and UXJUll' r~lIt .ptCiAI cumhtionl . 1M- !UC!I'llr r.do 1111),,1 hl! h~lt.Iwtth!n lut)'rt)w
r'lrewQl \~ ~patk JlIup from f(tuUnll tlf UI.""""'I",- neh!'lC' ..... liD lht ("f hand. and. UD \h4! Qt.bt-!", \.(I avoid Iny tt-ndIWC,"- to "die- ur .~ko:t..t(' ttt."h;HllllJ(ly heC:fl'.l1f1J <lr (wera."U.fI!I"N. Pt"OP'",I)' ttct. illl", mixwtp. \\'i" mali,'
bt..g'f"
pnu.l

hmtb'

to

ruft'nit rallo of O.062I1l.:hfon fuel M"n00Ql.,) .... the prlmury ('on"ld~rndnn, rlo:tIod in ttwo (orm
of '" cor.v"nLivJl:ll
n,;~,.~

C'.rLJurfitor

Ptrlortn&1'k"f>
an-

run-Go tl-..e

~l~

!~1-a',,..1.10and
, jrt~)

}JUWl"r (IlUmCl1'lm_ expr.-MIfd

n.

lu"trll~~d by thi.l lOlin Ilr* in F, 6,

~.

It cnntiJl"""". of louLn~.

~mooth

ktlin.-

Wlt,hI)ut

TilE AIRCRAFT I'OWflRI'I.ANI'

THE ISUl:CTIO~ SYSTEM-I.

CAllBURETION

NORMAl.. COMSUSTION

Xormnl combustion ia nlpid. bu&. it 1$ b no

mCAnIJ M inS{1I.nt.anfOUt; ~xplOM-ion. The dtorge blU"U eveuly and ..moothly, the Hame front- ad

spol1t"neou"ly 8.nd l'imullKneOuaJy thl'QU.l:--itOUl the unburned charge, Tho "~nlt I. t ,uddtn And ,'Solent foxplosion of the thttrllC

will tx-aln

Wln<'inv At tI, mttAlur.bl" rul~bou\.. reet Pftr sccoud when eombu.stion bt$tins. inrre3liin,. to t"O\lghly 'I~o (eAt PfT flijcond. and fiunlly .do\\. lnll dewu II.i U\(S Prooo.Ni nen,.. eomplHion.
If $uftklf'fld,v he:&tftdand COml)r~. any oombl.l.tJlJlo mlxture ot IlMOUe "AllOr And air will cnech th'fo. Ac:cordlnlrl.r, if the l4Imperatu.N

s.s

kno\\'" u detonation. 1k't.4)lJation (a the 8'J)ontnnl"()n~C'ombmttlon or

(.,~ unburl"'NJ chJll'g'e (rtf"" norm.1 i!'fllt{oll, It
M'U 10 mo~joJi IH"Oj$UI"C wnvea 11\(\1 trfwel +'1t

oltd

pJ'ulllIU'O

or Uh: unburned portfon of me-

futlalr (hDrlll! rel\4'h cl'Hir,.1 ,.tub,. wmbWl~ion

$UpCl'6Onlr Itl>eed nnd prodnces M"IlIlCI'QUy .\lll'm~ (ul ",trot,", on (,()Jt'lbU1tfon ehl.mh(Jf t'~rlll. 1-'1'<1" flufnt operfit;lOIl wlt.h detountiun wlJl usutl,lly ee tvld@ilet.-d at. U\'I!I bnul by dlshod pi3t.{)1'1 hmuhl, coUal>$Od val\'e heRd!, brokcli r1u~~ nud ring

oETONATION

27

PRATT 8: WHI'I'NEY ,\IRCR.H'T

PWA, 0[. 100

arda k.. !rinctho d!ara'e _""rature Yilt.in .((, limits.. The proper- fuel srrade muu be s.eltMtd, lunit$ <Jf manlfuld pressure, rpm, wpe_rthArv.lng a.nd cyllndur head v-ml)llratUre mttS'!.be re.pec1~ not from f"-fir of immediate e~ bot from III. Im_-t.dge thol .ponU ... in I!UUf Or t.Jwo> limits ,,'m C"UM! dam.a~ which may brln. about raih)",! In UtO futu". An et tOnoouc: impr'OJ.1llion h1ll' tM.ITicd over trom the <tA,a oJ unsuJlotrdu_rged enlllnf'A And illItld by m.&J'IY OI)eTato,.._that incrtllWkodrpm I"C!:lie\'"H tnd.llon 0' detonatIon, "1'hl~ I", dl~tJ)' oppo.tlte from tll(!t. Jllf.flP,l\JIid rpm In. ............ ~ lh4II.peed 411\h' int:.rnal .ul>Orr-h",."er which .~ . te. tho tha'V. lemptraDU'fI m"klng ue .llUAtm wane. A. wit" praeUcwly All en.. &ine dlffi(.u1Uo.t. dft'l'rulfNI rpm ,.. j he propor

bmdlll 0., e1'oded l>llrUon __or vaheJ. pl,to". And ('ylhul ..." he ..d." A. dowratlon can"", Uluolb' be ...._ .. ..s r._ t~. rnc:kpl'lhro.,.h "",",,_ ..... d.'_' uunpcC'at\lN\ In<:NN&IUo"lot~ot ~t:r. ",fllttcUOft 'l'on' 1!1iIl)l,lllibic (')C'C'IU'auC()mUAt h. pro v id~ 11)'th.Il~~htn 01' tM tllW'Jne .lUITMR!OOby .elM,, eeee tc) cht ftptJtaUnl'lim'taand p1"'OIrrhIWltat enee.
OUlULUI.LlOIl

n.m-..b' It df'IOI1ldon

i'1)ftllof"l1t And NC'()J(nl7.ed.

occur."

t;('(IIUllfI

Lilt

lina' nrmai.o-

iUA'

unhun1l'd

pot"tt6n of thl'

c.harM"f't ,. c,,\"f'r.

P'rttl"Ubon ,_be. unmnlroDed :'1n... or d'l' eharp M oJ, ....... " of uurmnl 1R'"itinn. Th14 PI"(> m.hlr1!('ocnhu..lSon ,.C'"ult",ln l,utCI!"lvo J)l't!JII8uru duri~ ,be """I porUuu of the M)n'lIII."..,lon tlJ'Ote nIdi auALo.Jd,ut "b"utli\-e tanJ)e"Atufft. Ar.y ... .u.inod 0,",",'''. eOt briO{ porlud In lhiI condition tan re..ult In burned "IMt'HIr., b1"Obu q-lInder head., .fCulfod ('..,vlind .... wells, and d:\JM,I' \.0 \'aI,et .park-plusc ..

heat4'd Mudumt.rol of fk\QDlUOD ih"CVIIIi",IJ~ed bt cUlitroC ot U.e dUlra" tfmpe:n.lUR. In tht dol'lign 01 Lliu englne, (~yllU\.hJ"head ccdiuK. (\1("1 grad4!-. c,ltUJHlg comVrl'fI,~r(>" ratio, _parle ti~ a.r.d hot.t ..Me Ltrou.h the 5UPf'reN,," ILt'e facto". .tr..:lil':g detona&tkJo tHtdanry IIlfte\' they lntlucnce ~hf' tf'..mpcralu", of the. c:harat just pnor to combustIon. An fR'tclh'c meanl. of toatrol is the u..~~ excess tl.ael in the charp.. The fo1C1,.. lu~u.id. Jowers 1h. cha.rge ttmptr.lure and l0'4fl"1 the t:jlt~of combustion IiU lh.a~ the nual portion i$ sLiU cooltr than its kindling teroperaLI.1l'C. ~ .. ti<>aal control ol cktonatioc .. to is dJ.

."et

The 1)~ce

ot prolltT1ltloncall luulllly be In head

nteOguil;\.-d,in the rockpfL by roughnflJlt', back ruin.. and poMiblY by .. "uddtu incr('a~ ~tun. candescent sen'PA "" a"
ti.OJl.

It ia C':auMdby the P""",,",N ~ hhin

&Jl

\he comblatiou cha.mbw ot

a.rea "'hkh f~in-

dU1'ing the COMpression llitruk. snd

hl'uitor in advance of TlOTtl'IIlIiKUi-

Dttonation can l'Ave the way tor pre .. ignition by proctodnll' an uocIod sure ... that becomeo 1_01. ){0I1 probably1-' de
positS attUmulated on t.he chamber aurfnee5 Are

""'porlSiblo.

TilE

AIK('ILU.,

l'()\n:KPI.Al'T

THf:

I'\"Dt:CTIO:\" SYSTEM-I.

CAIU!lIKF.TION

proptr IDAinttnUlee and ~radD prooedQJ'ft atnuod at m&lnlAinlnJ: the combcJstion chamber

in proper condition.

----1

--t- -~

Ar. duu'l-'W tltmpenLu.res are r.l~ ~iLh 1lD t~ tf~fH"7 to detonate nat., well. Deeauae ()f thi.! it Wi n"",.qAry to d4"O'i"tfI (rom thof' ideal !:.leHir ratu" Mud )(n,du;l.11yfJnrieh the mixture M t~ J'n" fOr ill In("r"I\~f'(1 Jl.b(Wf appmxun ..t.e\y 67': uf Nurlll.lil Rnlud puy,.ijr. TIto minimum luta'31r ratio ntlrf"alll.l'1 to Pf(')[Ht chI" enaine h. detu"tllI~d b)' tlJ.t ud UU,In:aJoluant dt-partllfM frnm th, Ift'AI t'UI'VtI will tnok somet1-.kv Ii~o
itl<'re&IC re unll;r 1n<"1 aMi

flO"",..

~tt=--,-- -.-=l .;.-.----1 Hill CAllUl'IIFTOR

Fltr.7.

t,.,.

It t. toIl~.'\'.lblt chat minur~ regulation muM

.vc"Cmpll,hw

1.1,

ItIt"IlOI.

nf _ m:",uAlly vpcr-

,-.

~ ... .

alN \&h'

i:'rt.d

In tht !uljl'11mC'. But. , .. mA)

'fill t::lth

t. .... "n;lhly
ftttm~

dnubted t.hol~ &n), pllnt. nr plio... h...

,I.

IIwit.tut!. by coDunuaJlr '!akin, .II.tICk ur t.h",

mort \Inn. IIn6tlt' ()JIlfra'lr_ nd

I U1-

lhvm":ohiJ. r".!-.aJr rauo~un~. cwld

++t-~II
t
'..

It
n,n,Ilc.lcIlht'

II
QII'

I
'HoI
Ivfi..AM

,.JfUIf'

ICIIhMt ItATU I"OlItt#

.e.q~/'"'It

7 _ 0.".11 ..,. ,,.,.

-.,io

iD."

1HlIrat')"

ItLXlUff 'tith s.WnciWl ra.pa..hty or to .N'(\mmodate the C'On&rantl)"'a,.,. cImlanc:la Cli the f!"'~. llixtu..rv I"\"J(\llalion

O,del PO 54fl'pt'<Hs ~10.11

TIIE COIIIPII:n;
tl1.ldlln"

1'1.IF.1,.\18 C\. 8VE adju.rlmenta ratio

, ...... ~1dI p!'rtorm. diu f_ auloma\k.ol),. 11ua df1t't4" hi, d:~ carburetor. )I...... Irfto., or th~ ""f!ight of ait t:Onawncd

aa a('C."Of'drnvlr tu~

ever- to a mec.hank"al

de-

After fMkinsr the n~aary

tor
cu.rve
l'e-

ptl"

hoor, prcwidK

:.he Hnk: by which th" furl

mcterinr of the urburetor is coordinated wuh

:M dfmand!l or the engine. MUla ait"flnw Rnd po'IIo"tcrftrc dJr('tUy related, and if U1Ccarburttor i. made ..enetttve to changes in airill'>w,

and power l'M.tl.Me&, lheeomp1eted

po""''''

U1Jr'tI9cntlnJf th~ engme'S! (uel-air quiNment' throughout it$ entire

operatiJ'\~

rRnf(C wJ)1 be 6Omewt\at like Fi,g. H.

It un be mad~ responsive to \'ariQtioru. in power

2!)

I'WA. 01. 100

and..o pN\Jd~ :he fut': 110'"apPJ"Opd.tt toacll part trf t.... ~nainf. opttaUna 1"a.CWI'. 1" othu wONti'. the t,~1nwt*roAM' rut"Cu!n the (.rbufttor Orfll,.IJ""h:d '0 rt-s,lOr.d to Airflow In .U!th Wa 1\11tn produce 1\ t'utll..~lr t'aU" rlOW\tr cur, ... 1m. Ilar \.1) fill. 9. which {" typ~c ... l (or all ru\tun-

dtnllll-b
l"T8.....

iL If .~WtM or u-mper6wro It'f'I iutbe a....mt ~i.hl u( .'r ';11occupy.

Wt"Mtn

tarbUNwt

eelume, ~d thu . J] no.- throUjfh the .Jth n. hl,ht.tr \'('ll,I(lt1. 1"111 .. htl& th~

fft'ect of Ifltt~"""A' t.he fUt'l mcterin force., The

"mp" .1r!\ow mouurinll du\'Jc.oo1 th6l1c)J)..aUtomabt o.rbUn=M dotll not (uilY t'Ompt_nIIMlC tor Utt .. utra (..,1ft, wnh the,..,tt thaUhe mht:tutt beco,,*, "tMf " tfmp..-r .. Lure or .ltltude II IncrwJtd Tho toffee: on t.h.r~"jc ftliurlnr eurve
01 an Infl'u.-e :n Altftudl' II~mu~Lrde,dIII Pill. LO,

w..... nlt .. fta'n dAlfly "..emb~J

",do cut\-~

J .,

t.h., (uff-a.tr

dJacuNM

l'or l)ut-PUtofl" <:If dllk:UfI",'nn. ""rbuRton may be dlvldcd lnto two ll't.lucrnl tlN_t:.: 1. Non IJutornati('.

2. A.ltuJt .. lft.

To ro..mpi:ot&1e for thla \:urkh.ment. n'U'DU. tUr opmat.d m'X't\On> tontrvl f'W')fChanf.m " 1ft.., eor'pOl'at~ tn the carbu ... tor,
lJ .. t,
(

NONAlI'IOMATIC l"ARBURETOKS
A. ))"",-101.1.1:; pointed
Uon de)XlHlt
(Ml

proper tu~ rtfU_ .... tOe: III.btUtr of t,hu urOJl"ttor to

meaaun t:~rrtrllr eM aht or aJr ~

By

mD\'m, the mi.xt'u'~ tOntrollever.

thl area;

of

t~

~. ereaeed or JDcrused.
t-IOIiII,jAl". IVot[O

rnKtring Jl'.1 (orlnt.) ia rut.riclNl or en-. and the fuel now toul'5pun<llnrl1 de-

U no actjUlft4.ncni is m"dt, the !lu)_l~"h' ratto will normaU)' be ~,,'hNl richer than the rninl.... a:~ ~VIN!d:
oy eond'Unn~ in the

/;". JO-U'Mt, 01~

UtKOIft,_,.tofH Carbwdor

rrulNng

range. To ~aliu.--;:}le tnu:.lmum fuel ft'Ohomy

30

poNtbie for this I;ype of operation. mUit be manmlJy Jeantd.

ttt~mir.:u~

Non ....utcmatie u.:riJuretol'l an! u.ual17 ee.lr1ctfld to the float l)'pe c:arburf'tOrs. AI1'OMATIC CARDt:IIEn)U$

It. ,.. the usual prutice to litnit the uee of It: r automatic bft MUng to POweR ~1() ... 61t:! of Normal Rated _ ee. ltOTe rec:enUr ~
don earbu.J'('tt)~ lcwa:
hln'A

At;ltom3tir pressure itlJtI<'

mixtJIf'e )'I(\~iti('lrllla. (01

AUlom~ti,. f.J\rbure,ora hiNtpUna~. an auto..

.1.1 ...

1. NOC'ltUll- Thh.

pmvides

matte mixture control unit. ttn"U"e to presand temperature. whk-h COCl'IIptn .. tH fM ,.ha,.~", in both altitudp and ltmJ)enUurt. ThMe ~.;\rburtto" meter ilJ.el 1ft audI a ... ,. AI to C'On~ fllnn t4) tht- txuie tueHir ratioa&.r'\" tJu_It""' aU 8tth. eor.dit~ 4l"Id it ia ~lw: ... \un,.", gr,. 10'''", t"'e porIiliOl1 of th. mi:xt\1rt f'Otild 10 mAlnt.ain the n"'.t'll'lually Itkctfd m:xlu,.,. "IIII\'.

ftit:bt. condiUoni lor talct+Oft' "nn rinalllfloPfOAch.

mixtu"" rut" .11 except in 80m,. in"t.'\11C ....

rOAl

Fur lu,"", pow_ en t~ provtdl-'i a mixture "tn>ngth C'Ompu .lhl4o to au~tk lean 6Clun.r of ot.h.r c.amlolI'Wwra. At hlp.,. pov.-~nthe tnl ..tu",

,t'I,

u e rKh. 10 1[ht mlxtut'f" .tr.. nrtlU C'Om.

parabff 2. to auUwMt\( rich. IUC"b - Thi. pt'O\okSH minu~ 4;tron&tlll tJf,rhtl)' ,Ich:r !.hun oormll1~ It JII u""d tor all fCt"OUr4 OI)f11rAt:on, Ilnd when l'rJl~cllt..n "IU" w~"'jnr ffilUit'H n mlxtut"f riehor umn !ht nbt.ntn~1 whh uQrm.I, 111IIUIII)' III lLAuWl it.. I" the r'@fIuirt"d mintl'" eentrot pofll on for ulkc-o!f find 011.1 KJ)PU)lh'h

",.:t

'I' we mlu1ntdly eeteered euxture Nt!ln", tltll.lI;r A\''\U"hloe-. ~!ltom.tlC' Hi..!.- (T k"'('" untl (11,,,")

,,~

'1

" .. 1... ",.11,.'-"In (Crulu)-Io pro,,:. mix hltl.:. 1i1\'lnS the .. ,..attat poe.tlble !\III:' eeeeonly; IImilcd ~ "nriM pow.r and ~ n"
(u"': and ~t-r.alI)' penn_able

t.,urab.

unty under condiUoni of J'IO'I"r IU'lti t'OO4ln

Autnmatir- f ...hu,...t.ol'~ mAy be of ,ith4:I' lh" ft.,.t ur HlJl-'\:lJUIJ pea.

'>

l_o ul ee u\. ml.xtuJ"f

TIlt! carbUl"tlOr porromllin~

If'!'t1l't",

curu ,U\ tnt

1.1 tIIUMr&ttlll by

F.

II.

On... 1>0 , ...

h........

meI<rcd In proporllon
lUi

10 a.irGo.., ,t..lalnLmdU('lf!ld into tho air ttl't.'lUt'I

ftrf ~IJ.Od .p,-..y. In .lOme Indurdon tty .. lema thfl fuel I, ,to1nlud Ilt tho carl.HmJLuI'; In o\hon lhlt .. .w:cumpU.bed hy If. IIoo('AlI('<1 ~1)ln net" dllwl1l\rllo noulo which di~hul'..c(!i tJw funt Law UUt im&WU.r in both lIY15tEln'l.IJ the f\C'tion of the tuJ)tr(hamr furt.hcr Q.S8iJlt.... lh@ prQet'''I' nt alOmlutit'm And ,a)lOri'lAtion. The aW\t InJt:<lion ."",ems
Wodd
tnJfrU

CO\erHI. 1'11'6('
Il)!ltfo.m

ticalb' aJi.ll'uatt ~RiM apph~l.ioru:Jjr,or to

War

n.

An additioctal

'hkh

119. f - A Sett'ng C_,.... A"fom.fiC'

C.,"""'.'

'fH

,jIiIIIo

TIw "bow nW:tll.-rt. p(l$b0l'l cbo.t-,I.,. ....~1I lorn ~ 1ft II .t !lIn ... 'III. ~~l t:I~ .... la.lld.vtd >7 ~"It 9tltiQey A,.1'C:nft .'IId Ii other _lIUb.ch.fIr ,1)11 .,.. ",.ritw4 .-b .,.... U'f .... ffl"'. (~d!Jn.. 0tJt,n dIwa~ _ .", ...
~

ttH. futt directly int.o etda mdi\ Kfuat (yliodtr II beins- offered b.r !IE'\,(",.I ~nsrtnc manu'u1urtrt at a.tand.anl or altunat. Iqulp. menlo Thll q'.tfm Jlf'rm1t1Sthe COll\rol or the .. mou~1 Of fuel tUtni51'u.+d lU I!aeh indlvlduA' c,'lhtder find f'f':I'Ult3 in III mOre fl('{lorlypertcd diat.ribuUon tt{ Ole hquid portion of til, mj)(, tu"" '1'M~ ad\'Anta~ may be &omcwhat. ofT'Aet It Uan .. Il\Ck of pE>rfectAi.r diRtrlbution and by t~e jncrcated weJ~l and complexity or lhi.
arra.GgcmeonL C'onbnuad develo-prnent ahould f't'5IlIt ift !.he more ..-.ide!pn&d WIe oC the dlrKt in,jeetloft V"Wm.,

t,Jliwr &.uUt~ildcfU$,. ~.".,

ton ll.aw -nch" e.I .....--

....... ~

ridI-UI!-~~.'"

.,a...~ ~

:.

__

...,.,., u.-- -,...,.

:..:ad illrwtlti-

31

r ..
PIIA'rT ~ "'H ITNE\' "IR':KAFf 1~)NTnOI.'
Thf (u1".etlonlr.a of the carbu..notor it. J"eg"Qlat.ed P1FA. OL 100

Tbt to" p.re:aQ..ft pge is the oob'" iMirunu..1lt

ronn_ltd dJrerd, to the C'aJ'boretor-. II is (On. nted a~ mfl '!vf) Mtainer chamber Md tbe pfft.-aft "'J'llUrN on "-he gage h the differenLial ",.,..."',.. t..e\ween that or the fuel and thAt of thl( ..~ph.N. (Centrally, at. Ute carburetor

by two 40.'08\'0":
1. )1a"uliIl

",h'.r. C'... troJ This c:on:rol.s the fud now and ., r~ta the iwel-air... Uo 01\ ron ....ut..)Cli.ouieenrbUn!lorL On ~.
or

"'~H.

tOTl"lAlir <:lltburcto ... it WJ. the minure in f!llh(lr Lhtl A~lt,..rn.alh; Ric'h or AutOmatie l...Mn (Rh:h 01' Xormal) 1)O lion. (On SOC!.\e t.Vl~ eorbul'l'IlOnl an addi\iomd pMition,

""t""k-". )
In ..ddlUnn, three uther hl~trUt!:.l.mts 1:\)' be l.ddfd t4 th.lndu<'til)ll A>'r.WI\ in order to l!.ii-I!t, in thf\ e.. "lrol of induLlJon fI:)'!l.tt'rnL'ol\dition~

known
tllitl

~'ull Rich.

I)Mlrtl.lly "llyhLly rich'"

't nlf() a.utomtlhe pro\lded. It i,

than rieh.

I, 1l0~ l'uhJul:\ tc compt!r.Aaliou by th,. olltOn1IHil- mlxtu~4'ont.rul uults with lht: re"ull O \. lh~ mlst,u'\! 'tl'f'1":lth undtl1tOH !urlhfTl' normal .lU~ud4" int:l"t'~.) ~ both r)'Pf'~ or t .. rbumof'lll Utili Cut1 ttl')W may be Mnllfl'-"J 1J.Y O'!\f,nr the mlxtu1"f!lcontrollt\"'fl' in u-e fdlll ('ul,..()ff uoai'ion_ ntil " the no,.- m.1 11,). ut ,tnppin an tfllinf!. lhJljnac mix .. lUk ",~n Itt ldUnx .~. ~T alio be

.rod the
I,

''fIgulftlKMt

of fupl ftow. "\ose

:",,:

f:.. ..hl&fttor Mr T..mpm-ahu'tt (;ti4l61-'l'hfo tAlb"n .. wr Ail' tf'mJ~ratu~ S(Wg:\! Is U!Ulllly Ill..
KOOJ'Ielbow imm4!'dhl~l)' up",,"m (nua the ('arburdor ent rance, AI the mNlMIn.od a, .hi .. lueation if. uie m...~ n-I .alll. rooMt" Dfdetuminina- see (0""" tVon. condJuonll It a_ pro\ Id.. the rt&dina o(
\ath\-c!

in

!....air

'''''I,.''lrt
tu""

11<110","'. wI OIl'V n. th. "",und )

2. "uftHI~. A.. lhflir&rburttor ~ th< air en.. hllll~ tt) th. t'tlIIU~. U ,~ " ~a\I plact at
w hi"h \u prn~{M MlI'Q(' m.M 01 ~,,\roll th-.' ah1t()~. 'Th i (COmpl~4'd by tho

,,~.tt'\ol,tl..uhb fur ~nnJninK

to!)!rJllKtl1

the u.-rnpera-

ft,

thWltt!4I," \'Ih'~ "..hkh. b,. ~t"yll\l' lbt Uta

thrlluxh \\ hl"h

of tit. air for the purpcl' pC ...,..U c:wkulM on. 'nl\: tIomptrloftA 1'ntAMIrt4 lit po I t, ,,. the Irdtlon 116ttm t...(.\\eI!n ~.... t:ft.l'tmr.{.,r .. ltd tM 1ntaLkC po"- do noc: rtro~~de (L ,""u,h''''' I":'A'.:" of m,.uunng tem~rillurfll\nd ., dn e,ot, pro\~. t,,4i,blp mlro'yn" of dflh:rmin Jr.1f dUllltO dtn.I1..)', By ullbrotlng tlLltlllt fltt'"

eh"

('hl\l",II'4'..ir

pQ...~

ton-

lI'tJl. th(" Hnw. 8hl('(' JllrHu,," lJ d.tf!otlb' ....

1"1,,,,1In I)U\\"I)I', thfl thM,:l,' I- ou\!. btlt not lhll uI)'. 014'",nll t.'olltl'olllllli ~tr.

or

On IH~"""It1 I,VJ,l1!r-nrburtr\ul'_' 1tw- tU4!J n>elf't"in)( row'lIif"JlLaLlhhf'rI h~ propl'lr11on 1.0ainto,,' ... 01' '11.'11t. mAKnltude 1.0 be utl !ur r?i{U1a.li.n~ Jucdllll"iMmlt \\ JU.lt>1,t fun{'tJ'UnJI'I5[ nil.l\ HUT _"ith

rormA'U~","""ft \'IIrhI.LlOI\ h, ~h(l lcmflerAt\u"O of thf; air ''!WAf-ured w.l the c:.rburet.or tHiLt'rUlr~ Ihf eft'",.., of t1ur H'f'III1101~ ill tetnpcrtl{ur41 uL Ihlti polr.l. can 1>0 "C'Cull~~I)'d~\(:rTOined. AIl('fllpU. hl\\'. \K.~n 1rllu!u L~n'U!A!tul'O lh.e rundiliun of 1M ... -h(\l'!tfl ..ut al point.1I-betweeu tho
c:ot"bunotUl not

"urn

po .... (>f.

All 1''1[1\0plc vf thil

n(.'(:l'Itlnilm

'" Ute AOJtomati("

.VII-ric nd\'Anl'.

""d tho int.akfl pt,Irt bu~ til..,}' h.. fHl JlI'O\'fCI IU. l"69dings of.ll fuel ... r n-;a'llu,,' (Annot W obtained iJi t.he widely \an th6 r... of mixture ltTP-ugll .. tJlat &J"C ot!.

f"""w~,

.tA"'~

Jot l:.L f'R~,''''l ME

ftl:..tUCe of tt:.e Ired on the: (ueJair ..ttl", I r It ~ not raJl wltbm t1:.e $~fied ljmitJl, carbundor win not meter fuel cor I'f'~t],.,' in Tfl't,pon..: to nlrfluw. The opt!ratOT haa Jl(l ('.(Inh'o1 "t t~\!rulti Vl\"S!oure p~ by th4.I"ngine-drher. hlel pump while in flighL Con Jlcqucntty, he .lIould c:hec:.k. \0 N!e t..~tit regiaters C(U'l't'l;lI~' dm'lnr the 21'()uud test!) and rnaj.;e nil ucCC861llj' Adju,dmenhc prior to t.ake--.off.

'I'hf. preu.J:rt

0#

~,..,@(uw) at the
~n'I('IC\l"ftU1t

2. "wi n.... \1"c:Tt ..Vel t\o\T" me".en. are ~ pr'O'Vuled ('In I~ 3irt'n.C\ in order to l>TM Id. a c.IoM ctAck 1111the rat1! of fuel ron-

cnrborvtol' hu an

.umod 3. F......a.Ur Au..11 ... r: On f-Otne iMVllLat.ioU!. p.arbeularO- ~ IlMn" non-.u\o.rn.~tic t&rbure
4

tru:

Cucl-l\.lr an.d"en. 11ft Ule onl.)' meaus ot dl..... e~inil1.lf whet'htr of not mixture $trenl[th i~
tt)nI

\\1thin the pl'Op!!r range, This inFOtnllMllt d~ tenninal tJ\. fuel'Air ralX> by ~IUl1plillg the ex
hfUist
p.M. ....

THE AIRCRAFT POWERPLAN'I'

THE L,(Dl:t'TIOX SYSTEM_t.

Sl:P':RCHARCINC

2. SUPERCHARGING
POWER AND MASS AIIlPLOW IIlrcratt engme i hMt tnti_ .hkh derive, iI .power frOomt.he bumin, of. m.inuft ~
of tuftl and all'. 'Tbe enet1D" "leAsed by cocnbu. t.ion ill: dl*Uy proportional to the WtiPt, <w mau, of the eharge drawn Into the obAclen.. Aa:ordin.I,. it IJuo tud-air ratio fa RlKtob.ItAzlt .t the ""bNt f'j)WW' mi.xtun .. tti~.the ~tr deh~)()poodjn the cyJ1ndW'1 'Willvary direttb' wl,h cinv1n.r the a.eeeuontl; while SOme of It i.. ab-

_ in dririna .,.rclwvi .. .,...h i.m. What remains u-eful power .v.nablfl at the
proptUe.r abaft i, lmown
I:t~ brake

hor'f'J')Ower.

the mAn of atr consumed. Thb ~t relatfon .hip ill Indf!Jlflndetll ot rpm, .X-pI ILltbet t.tw atrt. thtl ttnriM'iI (Apacit, to handlt air.

(bhp). In other words: Ihp - bhJ) ! power 10lltl. 1r'.ltSmur.bIlA tl'l .. nower ]O$w. lire func, tioa.t of bMh rpm. ud PO"'e.r. bhp bean no !xed l't'Ja"'Oft to J'PJn car tOo In.I._ .il1\oW. Although bhp I. _ 5Ui<U7 1'1'01 ........... 1 tAl .1", .... the amnteUOD bel ween t.he twe J, nl!vtrthf'rlt'a8 dUIIA..",d In the tin.1 anAlysis the power output
of an ~in.'8 centrelled by the mft&lor wdllht of ..tr tlowin, thrOUKh the elrburiltor In " rcJ ven
It....

'1'0 <>bwn. hi", pow", tp<lt. II loll.". thaI

Lhe delb(Mr

ptyfna tor MJI ('Ol'IdlUotlAlWhirf! hj,h pcrlorm,mce (, ....... nded.. T. d<> thla Ntlata .. orlly - ever a
WWSt ranee 01 alutudt. and wlthout too ,Nat.
n_ In the temptntu ... or the rutl.. lr ('haret.

mu ..t pro\'tde IClmo m<!II.I'IM of IIUp.. the I,mar1"e wjth 1\ mAl, aJ.rOtJwItufnclent

or too put an IntreAle In t.he ("omJ)lexlty. wt.i,hc. and dn", of th. In8t.allat.lon-ptJlillii oue
of Lh' mOllt ditrieult l)roblcJnIt In .Ircr"ft enalne

dt.lJrn.

'" " -'''err,. OM

n"
~4I
"hpl.

HA ,...,_

(/H'I

TH& ESCI:"E AS AN AIR rUMP Alr~ or ~ IItr'(\.I), 'l)UlcJng, the (lxy&,en in

tho .dr. i.. by \'Orumo And by \\'C!leht tho most Important part (If tht combu.tlbl. mixture. Rou.h)\, 18 ~ of &ir, 01'2.6 puuodll nt oxy. &en. art COOiWDItd lis Lh. rombutltion of 1 peNnel 01 p>Ollne at powe .." mb<1......... nrth.

A"".w

~"'llr d.vtlJoped In the qU.Ddtrra of an

t.. known a. the IndJcattd horwpower

S.I aU 0111 ill doll tAl Ihe prvpollu abaft. ....1 boI _ 011 1M hp t.lntlt 1n 0\--e.1"WI'n~1lI'lntMnal friction and In

"b."

,,

.-

f/
I

--53

PRAtT

lit WIll~Y

AIR('RAFT It ..
p!l1

PWA. 01. 100

.aD

llnEl:e lhe 1'QCkit. "'bicb to bf. KJt~l4,nm must (:aM',.. both in~~1'\.i!joi'nt&.thf" COOYfltticma&J .h'('I'nft CUl'J':f'1IclIlly nne IClW','ectienl In it...t.anlt.! "lid tl,e.. t~rouV"hthe o~ht'f'.
'l'ne Internal CIJ(nb05tlOn engino fna,.. aecordfngl~', bu thoughL or 1i!>)ln "Ir pump, wt:Q:ffo (If'.rform"' .... de~nd. in laJ'!~ fTM'alO'Jlrt on iu tapKtty. Hl\lt o( ee.ch po1IRr('yC'iP i::t devroted to pum~

abldu~

.,.11 n4)\ " ..~ " 01" d~lIera:tiaJ pressure, ~'AUred from ~m., reference point, such I\lI
.t..rnOIfphtri~ Vn."2>MJN.

"".l!Ul"oe. nu,'aJUrerd from

Itero

Any ftt1&uon or rt.i1trie:kt:. of airtluw atrt:da lM preaaul'\' IIi thc colleeeer tJtr1, MnulCold I)fl.lal:
$.UN 'Jt.

u,,:terO-re. n.''lfUbt4'd eh:efly U)' the earbuf"rim throWf uh'f'. ~v()dar:l.), It f. COli
('11.1'

hll! .lil'. At. lhC plJl\ton d<,~('.. nda during dt61ntak6 ltrok4'l, .Ir It dra..... n into t.1\, c:yUnd.or. Durirc lht: t:Xhln~l drolce It NIl I'f'lanu:d to en. .tnuwphtn, IHI n (Jlltt ur the I.Ixh.au.at rues. by lht .,.....u~ c>t Ute jJldcm. to the c.~r,., ot the rumprt_kIn

tl'\llltd by the Ift"~.t.I,. whleh ~xillh' lit th~

and ~ur f'tro:CIo." ':"two cna-:rw ta ...... nm" out (rom pumpin, to proc.bc" .1\0000,hpotrrf't to keep
Itl'teJ~lIolna Ami deJiwr ... rCAJ~n.ab!e balal'lol~

.t

tM pro....:.. , .hat:.
MANII'OI.D

I'nt:SS1,;Rt:

"",,\.or tUlrar.e@ MJthe

Of lhe

......ull, of altitude, rnm,

~rarJoa

ulan .uxmar), ~r comprv.. or It oll.uld be noted, J. not

oc ... ponha
The "'flrht of aUt
('()n.NIft)l>(t

by an er:a1.ne ...

l.I~ndilIlrtma.tfl>'00 ,..,. tutaJ pi.ton di..., mcnt, the rpm, the tf!mlNflltul''' or the c:hkl',... and tht Jjr,,'NUfO txJ.l!tinx.t. t~ jJJt,akf' potu. If tbll: L ..", CJf tt".. 'tdon i. {ncrn..pd I'rW6l.tr 4,unntity of air 1.8 ton:c:d tnte th~ cylir.dt'-n. .od. KI lone u t.be (u~l ....Ir ratlo and uLhe.r 1.r:tC>rl remain cvnuant. the IftUlt i.a to (naa..M the wvight ur the ChilfP, !;mr. Uat- tnf"l1 N'1H.ted by ccmbustfcn I. in tu m PNPOrtional to the weight ot the C.Mr"IlC. it foUowa thAt mtake port J)rel'lfiUl'U II. an jmpon~nt Indu of poww "hep.. Iwer the oth~1"tatlvrtl aN' knowl~,

poww. but nx.rcb tGQ\tDhmt Index (or mta. unr>.@: cee nt the: H\'f!f.l facto,. afTott n.. power. It I. on;), In t'Omhlna\Jun with rpm, uud uflf,r

:IIau!r.'"

maki,.. r..u.iA ~)

CftM'OCUon' for urlJu\.0

rwtur a:Jr t..',mpentul'\'. that manJJoId pn.'hU1'f:

ma, be u ....d in ma.lclHI! An RI;pro.xlmlite deLo ....

mlD1tlfmof bhp h)' nd~n,..
OJ'M'f'W,tul.p'

Lhe aA')ropriltte.

turns.

CAK14URETOK AIR T&lIPERA1'UUE

no

)I"'"

AJRI'LOW

In

J}.t&Cti('e

thl. preau~ ... not :'DU.IoIlI'td at

port, but at. the rim n( ~ IUperc.harger cOllector. U is known ~. manilold pre&or .b..Qute blower rim P"'f'tU\U't" (abrp). fir even manilo!d ab::Jolutt Pn!'JI!SW't' (map), and 1&e-:c:pr(!~Hed in h~ch~ nf mertur-y (i~. I[t.).
An intake

.U~
34

Ao...vt_.-tor ? hkh c:htlllK"" the m""" (It the lutoJ..&ir ('ha.tJe wiU a8't.. the ~"e:'5 power outwt. Tn.. ejfcrtJ: lit variaUo.DI 1n manltokl prusure h..... e been JlotE'd, Anothf'r Important actor is the temP"t"&t.ure of the charp. SJnoe t.h.( .-eight of a sivl v-olumo of the fdcl .. Sr nux-wre at a li~ pre$$ur'tt I. inver~ly proPOrtional to its abso)utt Wnper.Lu.rc (abll. t~m)), =
F

459 or C _.._ !73). it lol.,ows that

&.Ii..)'

'"_

Cf"fUe
p\,(:oG

jn tt:.e tem'Of-rat-ure04 tbe charge at u. manifold prP:MltI,lrC ~lIult.ln a decrease III

THE AIRCRAFT P()WERPLA:>"l'

THE INDUCTION SYsTE)I-!.

SUPEnCUAIWIXG

itA deNi')"

And 'W,","ht. and hfonce In d~. &rDC)QDt

of tntfICY .val"~

'rom ita tombuttlGn.

th. wid.
be

In pnctlu Il1o \tml>ORlw'o of Il1o r... tlwp I",," 10not m_orod. l.. t.o4, the t.. perat.u.,.. of th~ ch.rre air t. taken all U._. about. to ollter th. carburtlOr prior Lo the (nJdon of tho tUIJI:.nd, tn eJlt~blilh1nr ut. carbu,.,or air

..n-

oJ)tn pualUnn. manllold prf"\lrt will fOUnd\0 dlcTftM altitude inc,....." o.nd \he ~prtIM1l)n or I .. ot powtr would be eon. "mod br .. corqut:mwter. The l"i"uon f()r thll ta to be round In L" .bUltror. be'lAIr. Inability - ot. the ,",Int w pump ~utncrC:J1L air.

ttmperatuJ'V Umlt ... Allowance la made for the coolilllr .ft'oct 01 f.. 1 .aporiutloa. fo. Ill. heat riM due to comP""~ IIItM .UpeRharctl'. and for o\.lwr l.4lmperature ~ cecumnc bea ,.. eee \hI urburtt.(ll' an4 th4l1nt.akt pl~. H i.rh urbu riltor air tempera Lu.... are u.nt.IQir ble, not only b,c.UI~e th~y reault In .. Ion of power, but IlloO OOCAu.&e they may Iud to detonatton and conll4lquent enaine ttalhU1t. Jt thus becom_ one of the pri.nc;ipaJ furxUo,. of the
to

lndUd50n '),It.em to debnr \.bt twt..&ir charp the c),lindeft at the propel' ttm,ptftluft&.

THE lJ~SUP.:RCIIARGED

E:-'GIXE

Aaaume. for H"mpto, that an In. iI.'IOOIb.t_If

{t..

OJ)fUIl

df'lfvcfI

U the lUt!l~.lrell.rae hi (Ofted ~nto ebe tyliDdeN! admpl by the prtaW't uu'ed by the .~ motphen. the t.nain.e lit c:aIled 'na tun.1lY upirated" Or .......... rd>araed __ (-AtpU'&~me&na to draw by 14lt'tiorI.) Such III lndudloll
.ystem sati.tAt:1 the reqQit"t'.menli of moderate

600 bhp at IOIi I.vel And. to produco thl41power, toIl.I.umes in one hour 43,000 CLt tt. o! .Jr wei.rh-

performanoe at low aJliuxle:e. Prima.., trainln planes are oCt"., equipped with luch tnglON, Rowen", once thl. type 0{ en,cint hu left the
.round ita UmltadOC\$ beeome aPPI-reeL If the' rpm ia MId _tIIIt "'"' the Ihn>tut axed in

po"

ve1. At an aUitud. or 10.000 2..460 Ib tl.Ddat 19,000 It weish. """ UIO Ib Sin<e the !>OW" output hI the ~ c:ltpencl.l on ita &bllit)' t.o oonlume rather than C'ubitfeet or air, it follow.
~OOO
ttl

ft ~r .,.lgh.

that the IKJ"'"l!.r

,,m dec~a.~

with altitude

much

Iho"'n in Fll'. 13. 'The relation between alli~ude. "'tbrhe, and roIume ca:!l be illUllt.ntfd in anothf:r WIY, At ON level. the 3.300 lb .1 air ....... ,. 43.000 eu n 35

PKATT

" WHI1"NEY AlKC:RAFT

\l"o-Itorr

PWA. 01. 100 .Ai. rNCREASING THE PU1IPIXG CAPACIt'Y

__ bout the abe of

buildJ:n.r.

Tbt JW'Obttna01. deti,mng an en.ri~ ,hat. win ,..rnuhl 1\.1po.;er output .t altitude thus .... 5Ol'\~ illoelf intoo ooe of intTe&ai_ the engine" *-(r-flO"","",c&,*u:y. Three di1f~nt methods
may be ~ to accompU,h l.his: I. 1_,....,. plMon .li",llItf';mf'nL hy .ddjnr or c:nlaml'rc,bndenl. Th[" i" a eumbersome mclh ad t.w. h Intl"NI'e" the ..itc of the engine wjth. out. InueI"in. tbe rRtJo of power to weight.

2. I"i:1'taa.e rpnt. '11\i. fl!is(,8 the pumpinA' l"At.e of lh" ~nrh\f'. but olTcl'ltonly !I pHrtinl R(liutiurt to U\fiI problt!m .,. rflnt.r1tukoJ rmd JleciprotAtina: tOfUlll .~b' tmJM).t!tAlimitrng &peed. lMjlO ft IlIli m. w.IRht .. ill octllJlY 58...000 eu 11. -",hl('h wtll recutre an ~rtr&M(Jl'yon the 3. ~Vpt'rt'Ur'l"fIby incvrpontfnr In tho ~lllline JpI.'Cial .lr PU"'P .. hOl'eprimary function J. to CCln\PftI'o.. more' .. ~lthl o( ,ut into tne fixed ,,0) _ of u.. handlod b, Ill. pllt<> ... nit II ti\. n::wthod ~t commonly u.ecllO raI~. n tndnv"
air
C'T'aJioe

,...t1\'''"

pl.lmJM.r.1 faJlM'it)'. 'I~ it ~ JD I11fft CW' .. r POWf'r Mt'tkln hlU-= to tMovcraU wti .. ht

.su. and addi or the pow.

for no in

tflI"nl

TlIII SlrER{'IIARGER
Ie .. c4!oLrUu.. I'll air comprv",or f)IACed b\rt.woon the carbure lOr and tht '1101\(0 ptptll. It J. usually houled bet.wl"ftn tb. po1IIt'lr and 8t(:CIIIIOr)' reAr IItlctJun Ita prlndl.1 ( elItUft". whlth .rc shown on ,.:~7, NntJ ..t of thn'C nu,tl1 unIts: TM COD\~ulion.J ,.uptrth"-"aer

~ulhllng At 10.000 It I~ will _.py

78.000 eu n _ lind thu or1a1n..' Lwo.~(or)' buHdinr i. nn .. three aUld(,,,ull-h~tt lII\.(Iri hlrh.

afr

A1t..orlNWiul{ U,e co-rl)uretur, ~be tbrough t.bv su,perch.rl!cl' throat to th.lmJl'l.n~r. ttrll)f'lI..r Sa driven at roughly , to 14 ~im('. Cftnkflh.tt.speM, and lM..'C"u~of Ita hlah rutAUonaIIf)ef'd impart.t. a "rae vtdodt7 tDtI'IY to lhe Nr,
I. .",,._lIt1'.
pl. ....

-n..

r....... oIuorlre leo .... the impellf'r it ~ into the mfl'UM'T, The vane. 6f th .. diKIolaeT -....art .. 'Imootb Aow while aILnwinK tht (~ to !IIOW' down as it mcn'cs outnJ'd, WlLb ttwoNM&llthat the Yclocity~ure a.cquind (w.m tho Impeller 1& rransfcrmed (nto .t.a PN"-t..u. ....
2 Dill-.-, ,..

u..

ue

3. Collettor. Aw leAving the di.ffu.'Iet'". the (harte ilt "\.(~ momE!ublrily and equalized in tht Cf)llt.oT. wbeaee Jt is drawn W the cyUndcts throwrh the Int.ah pipe5. It is at the. colleetcr
rim t-hat nutni(old pre'J.ure is '-KKen.

36

L C

THE AIRCRAFT

P<lWto:RI'LAN'T

THE 1-,"J)l:CTIO:-- SYSn:M-2.

$l:PERCHARGINC

C
L t:
THIS IS I(NOWN A CENrR/~AL COM PI/ESSOR AS

c
c

c---

THIIOT1L

IftI~tUIII

SECONDARY ~nf.CTS RUPERCJt AR{;):--G

OF

:i. Ris e in t,empentture

While the prlnclpal rundinn or 'l,upt"Rhorrins i~ to Increase nU11J1'I aireow by ra~ing the pn:$ewe. and hence the deo<tity and wcl~h\ or tht ruel~air ehurge, several ctber imP<ln~r.t etfecL! nre also asacelated with u, 1'b(Ol'(> are:

to

1. )1()re even dil!ltrlbutil)n of the tucl~irdurge the c~ UudCt';l, because ut \he radial con.dro.(.otiou M the euperebarger and it5 u.:<ial)oc.ation.

or I.b(l:{uelulr chal'Kt ~II'I a 1'C8\Jlt of compression. WhUe thip. rl""h,t..ll \'Iiporiu.tion. lit '.he same time it tends to lower the deMit}' of the ebaruc ~JUj ISO reduce rower at any given manifold l)reltA\Jl'E'!. In extreme t:u.dcd those hi!!}, temperAture!! mN~' lead tu dC~OIH1tiOIl..The temperature rise uK'reasep. rapidl;.- with hnVen!!I' ~pcocd. and. :\$ a eoneequeuw. un enztne m{l~r tll.,\\l3.:Jy be able to dcih'er more power at )!. low rpm than Nt a high rpm, stnee the- iowur ~h(lrf(c lC'mper ..turea permit eperatlon I\t higher manifokJ preseurcs \\"jthoot danger 01 detcnutlou.

2. l14)fi~COD,plett'! \'llpuri;t;"Uon 01 the reel, The fuel it'> injected into the :\$,. stream a; the- carburewr or aL the entrance to the eupercharger through n spinner dhlc~e noule altaehed to the impeller ahaft. V:rpori-z.a.tiuu is 3&.~s~ed b~ the whirling aclion of the impcUel" lUI. well as j)' the heat uf compression,

4. AbAArption or po~tr by the 5uperchtll'ging mechanism ... Additional pumping power is neccs5&ril~ requ;~ foy $.ny increase in airflow. Since the power requin..-d to deJiver a given weight of air uril)$ .rou-ghly a..o; tbe square or the tit> speed of. the impeller. it Iollcws that. Jor :)ll~' given

37

PRA1T " WHIT~J;Y AIRCRAM'

PWA. OL 100

rpm and manifold pn~

Ibe ...... r

by thu- au..-:n:h3T1er will be kept tft m.fnimWD b)' ()~ratfl'i" in the $owut. ptltf::I.ib&e impeUtr Itaf raLlu UUI\ \\jU provide the df-tired ~n. pt.r tOmla"(t.

._bod

It the......molo bOll! .turdily er:ough to absorb addili<mal Ioodo Impoood by rbe higher <flinder ~r'8 .hf~h result from supert:tllttg. ing. u.d if the fUll dDt!8 not detonate OOc.au~~ of inc:reued prt:I4I-UI"'@! and temperatures. tho

"GIlOU;\,D Jj()OS1'I~G"
In the Induction '),Item of tht; normally p!rated utj"Int ll"",,"Inu.Jy used u an exampt .. The qUoMMl will .t.1U pump 4;),000 ttl ft of l.ir p:' hUOIr. bUl ..be 1lU.JN.lThaf\.~r win compnw a .rattr .MOUot u( air lnto lhls ,oluDIe. A..tumo \hat the equtv .... '" or &0.000 eo fl 01 OUt.tdP .,,, .n C"nmpN4I4Itd Into th~ 43.000 ea tt per hour c.a~
SUI)I)OMl IIIJJ)erchllt'gf'l' i8 iNtal1('d

endne rna)' hi: run loll. lea lovel Wlth its thrcrtle wide apcn. and it.. full power c6pncicy mnv be
called upon til any alUl.ude. ~ueh a lUt')eI'clulrJr.,d

enaint

II k;D0\t1) ..

"'I'round boosted" engine.

and il typic.al of o.e pow .._' plAUti of many bll",rc

traini ",.10-.
.%1

"Tl'O .. SlrpEIlCliAHGING

h. " o( the (ylin(k-rt. At &fa 'e"1 et).0()4') ttl (! 6t air w.-Illh .1,000 lb, whU. 43.000 C\i (l, ...,
IIN\'luu ... lr uuLlJd, wcisrh onl)" 3,300 lb. S4nc~ IndlNtt*<1 h{Jl'MlPfl~r (Chp) (" pl'OpOnh'U'lal to tnl\11i1...h-tlow, thft@n,,'ne IIhould r@~pnnrl to thai

by en!Au'l'u.K the Iju or the Impet, ler ... by dr""lA' 110' blJlb<r epeed retattvc to the ennJullA!!.. 11,. d.~r cc of lupcrcJlor1(lna obtainable b, tither of UICIUmothod. i., hu\\'~ ever, lubJ4."Ct tu twu IImltatIonlf:
1

The aJ.r be In~'<I

'PUmJ)in. taPQd.l,Y or

Ul~ en:ctne n'l61

lneru".u JII ...1rnow by pNducJn,l\'700 hortel:lOftr In tho C!.)'lIndcrl, whol'CQ.t, with lhe oril1n.'.lrnow II proouc,od only &00. N'1rIecU 1,'<lIOll ,,"11other J)OWtr )0,"" 50 l\orItJ)OW~r mUM no.... be dhtJ'Wrd to drh'~ tht JmpeUer. to t~ 11ft rain In all&1>1o bn.ke ho... _ (bbp, 10 no.

'Tt'IDPt'R'un Itltoe Thruu.h clta....tr:

,he Supt!r ..

'.-

1M OI.CJJ"-'*'on uf loh.ru ..... ir ('harp ,,, At,. mm'Jll(lntHi b)' 1~J)('1'Ature rise IUnbut.ab&t 10 part to toml,,""on and. In I'I'rt. t.o "';Jiod tnc:\Jon and lUrbu.c~. U ,. u,.. l.ht.ble

~)ljl'(

1101'_

Thu II~rtorm .... n<:C! uf thu IUpijtt'-hnrA'od e.rurin. coml)u~dwJlh thAl of tho normallyuplratt ~fl.I'tn(! I. UlultrttlCd in Fla'. 14.

~ "-"P 0.. n.. to. minimum (01' lM twr.. POM or obt.a.i.r.il1,J maalmum dLkl'l@ den.Jty and .. lTIO~ important.. the Amuu.nl or lbl. rlac det~rmln" th~ limItation" of powfr 'ffl'lkh mwl. bu 'mpuiW to P"W4!nI. ..1C\OIU~U(l1l t~ .. CAUfI(t 01 fI!)Cce",.rVfi ('h"-... 'o 1.emperMUI'l'8. Thht lui C'.unMld(!ntlun I" t.h@ mt'll'it. l111I'>Ol't:'"1. limitation p4ACfd OIl tho tip ll>CCd ul whjclJ lhf imptllvr rna)' be driven.

38

To i::cn....sed pcrforrna.na! fr .a the tGSEuw ptVvlou.ly used as an i'umph". a h ahn n.paClt-,. MI(Xoft't:artrer iR: irurt.alkril in plau of the eee ",h;ch pNwidM the "ground hooAt ... 1M im()e1ler ()f !h~ new 1Oupereharg(>Thail a hll~r Up .pl"Cd, .nd It!. liu,ul11-ed tn Op.l'1"At4': JU"l "ah the dcumatlon !fmrtA inlposprt llY th .. tl'm),l(:raa t.u.nt rrH. It lmllpllfl'''' t hp. ey1inrlf:l' PUnl1)it'l5f UPI it)' of '3.IIUO C'U f~Pf"r hour with 1~i.'l'll .J tot 66.01'1) 1,;'" h (..1 utr per hour. At ...... tIS.OUO eu I:' fit aIr .. 111 .... :gh 6,500 Ib. and Ole (IOIrpr pr t,. ,tlnU,. uv .il&.bJe at the c:T&nk .hw.!t. {.... In D&".:lctinv !riction OIM'II Yo1Dbr ~ from 700 :0 I~OOOhn,.....powt>r Tbe h htt (".""",It) iJupctk'f". bc",~..r ~rba !

"&4

:2 PVllltr A~tbed

by lb. SQ,..rt",,..r; .AI 1>"""1ou,ty .!I! ... -d. lhr J.lO".rrr~ul"'" to dt.-hvu _ (II''''' wtl.Jht of Alt .. _tift .PPN"U" fNll"'1 .. tn.e w\Ure 01 the ImptlWr"', t1P .. p:.. -d... C4.>ftC!elvab1:r, In ~ml"'lIf'r ~ cvullS be J"'Nth4.~ &W'-t ",h.th .It .",uld no Irm.. , I,.. 1"11 t("l.nt to dri'if! the il1\.-kr lIrcau_ of thl t.rJU,'c~ ..,h"c Itartion of tM fI(I"'.:r

bura:JlO""

LWI,' nallab,.,

r. 1r.-INtI 0' &0. Sea, Ulit UOO IX,U'n III \.I,. p:roptllt!1' ..haft.

,n"JWI

. hl'lllrh"llJy Ltl(l..u~rdlarJNr,

Uu vee, the

IImlhlLJollt' ImlKJ'll4!d tw t.,mPf'MtU~ n'4J wil! 110ft rvon<:hcd cOlJsllltr.tt.v In .d\1lr:ra of Ihh,
~I",\.'(I

1 hI per' or ~r."", er l.ilCt e t.&rine equll'>l>cd wh.h tb. hfahf'r ('apftrlty ,ul)()rthllr~~r w(')uld t..uIllu Il'IIt'" 11)'the ('hart ill FJsc. Hi, Jw(wlrlNI It werv pot.,lbtt tel u t SVf!ry "I~it"{lu ..ll (>1 th" J)OWe,' thero pou.nliw.tly aVllIJltbl@.


I'RAT!' & WIIITN&Y AIRCRA}'T

r
I'WA. 01. 100

SUPERClIAIlGIXC:

LIMIT ATIOXI\

A muxtmum ot !l()CIbhll iii only pot~nliaU,. Iwallllblc, however, at the pl'IJp(!Uer.hun. How
much of !hilJ l)Otclltial power een &elually

SCI) mtJN power II' PQt;~ntIAIIY' :\\,.ib,bJe at ... aoWfr altiLU<k, but itt the ,IVfm maxlmum PQJ'oo

miNolule rpm \hi, "th1ltJan ..1pt)wur

j,

not. utt.Mln.

be

\nled may b4' dc~armin1. it thoetnri1~ i" t~lkon

to nlUhHlft, {l.nd 1\ vety arnduul d('m:ctlt tKtkun frum 26.U~JO (t fit: 1ull throttle Md m.'tXSmum

Able without. dciuulItJon. D<:)ow 13.00(1 ,'t, lhu OfIalnt mu.t acc:otdlnll)Y be oJ'l'Itl\ted et flutt bo t.l:t4..'C II ,\70. Thill ~wer

permfillAilJI(! rpm. 'rhv dO$oOOnl II ("'UIIUl"'A!J~ tlSJU.l{87 ()ttlHt~ (u\ll-I.@o., n fUf!J Qf re!l.\thely tow :'IIHI.knoel< VOluo. A.!:Ic.ltltufJe j~ ,k:c:n:ulh... d tht l)fl)"I"lll"e lU'Id tftmperatUre of the chArae in.
I,:rl.!~.!I(:. until
tiL IU.U()(1

ihrottte. and the maximum bh thAt. can ncturuly I,. ''''AU.bl., )\1; pm-I; throttle !rom 13.()()1I ft. thft tI()o(:ulh!d Jull I.nrnl,.

110.tit rrit.it'ylllltitude
ft Altftude

to

M~' Je\'el; :ibn,,'e IS,OOO

ovt.uincd,

ChO &70 1Jhp CAJ}nvt lJe

re they

"rr

rv.ll.th the critical

vl)luO& fot' this Otll'ti<:uIA.r type fuel. and dutOMtioll ht;ltin~. At thi.1Ii ,M)int th.e "nrin~ I,dto ....
\feloping 670 l)hp.

Or

ne t1.l~1wk.~tor v..lve J. now tlwltc:h.,d to ... luk cooUl:lllnv 100 oct.ll.nft fuel-I.e" O"~ Of blah 8nti.knodc: ".' ..e- - and tho de..tccU1. eenueued from 13.000 tt at mAximum pcrmJ2dllJI4.It).Im
..nd full throttk!, At )0,000 ft. ~orl"P.",pr.nding to II.

40

c r:

Tit!: AlRCRM'T POWERPLA.''T

bh,) of iSS, the .-~ and :em('oeC"a"'''' nt' the charaf bl":enmE" C'ritital tor Ute IOU u.n. rue~ .t,d I.k;lll.tLaLlon aptn bFa-:~. With HUll t;X'1 tbeI)()Wftr 1')1lt)'J'Jt must be .inuted to 6.l!i hhp, ,nd is uvwJtlollJJe JI.t p:lrt th~Ue. trom ..:a .v\--:) to 10.000 It, the erlrica. aJUtud .. Th6 selector vnlve is new IWikhtd tu third

THE I~Ul (TI().\" Sl'S'TEM-2. SCPERCUARCIM; ("()),PARL'-')"

.-unTUDB

01> ~ATlIKAU.Y ASPI.

,\SD

K.H.;U. (.ROl Nil-ROOSTED. BNCINES

cunk t'(mtllinitl$(

to mUKJC.

Clund~ton.l.nr fuel,

L C

And thtt fI!''MInt raeor:Hnu-.-d ~rOft.With thb it.fl, df'tcnunion i:l no I()n~ .. Ihv limit ..... r.c:(..uT. ~1:\lcrlh~k:.::I"" II': .1.000 !t tM,. ,. an uat)" nnl.k and tt:~ tr.alnf! (a.il~ 1IS .1 sa drr"'~'op'n, N "hp. fncbt.aU,.. th~ )iOUl Clot ,u .trutlura1 .' ... nQ"th h", ~n J'H,('hM. '1l:Lt. t~JttI.~ tal: m~'mum a\,.n..ble bbp ftprdLna et fUN qual. )~y, IHul 11,0011 ft i4 the currt'llpomllr, "uIl1hmt~ tltt. or rritlfal. altitude. "'''hilt. tbu on.r.uilC... Nd

Th ..ttfft:t\~ b,twPf':n a gt'()ur.rt.I)Oo"tNI "'ld an ... litud~ .. n.lno ill Il.irgdy a mwUl.!r ur duRn I tiou. "'0.' buth uurmuHy as!Jinnf'd JlI1r1 "round boosk-d t!ns1t1t''' th~ maximum u.!abtu pl)..... ur and the ~1lJ.'1JW"" thfrtil'f'ttirJll potenual PUWl.'tproduccapKI.!} an th" nnw-. In the ease ut an ",ttl "'"J'\t.iiI, un lh~ 11th,."~and, the maximum usabJ.,'Ow-H'.1 ... than th~er.S!'i:ntl' thl'Clr'Ytlt"a! C'aJMU~' It ill .1..,. rnntf'iVf.b~ th .. t An cnaUI4 .alarM b; ,"On.ldt~ .. ~Mund.bocJ,.o.!,,-<d tlJlhu:
IJlJC

m.t

With a h Ih QuaM~' !uc.l and an .)t:t~d" {"n,r""1 'fri~h. to rK'Iodc' rud.

'-hfl fOr'f"R'n4' iii: dlflitU1io'U,JUl)eIllt with tht'(,6 "Arl Itlo", nf ~hu ' ..mu \ltudc: l.mr!r.6. :!'hc power "f('tln". and I1HIl \\'(;,... "'IJIuml'd 10 "'0 1dutILlu~1 in cl6(h ('."'., th~ mlly difference beln .. In thlt dtjl'n."l! of *u(lf'lVh"r,.lnl'. 1111,1 j.l\:rtMm~,"(,fI t.he.teo th ....... nl"'" r" ('omlhu .... J. In ~ Iv 10 It win bfI fW~N !h ..L lh_ ~T(lond.bot.... t1 tlllclln. o.nu ... M IIt'lf, n( It, ptJ'Wa' i. d.,.('u-d to .. he IIoI.pwf'n.a,.,,,,.. C,.'l\'c-N n.ure p"-"u (bhp) to the ~r.h.lit at IfIN ~\d tbaiJllhl kl.rhb IIIUPfr~ ~.J ...... rw WlI~ 81 CIt' )00 oetauo (uel. ln. t..-ttf'r Imf le\'tl pcrfurm.r:re of' tho It'f"!Ilundbnro .."..d ""IUlle I, mUN ..han o1",.IIN,huw. cur. by th. IIn.14t!y Im)"f"'Or l>crlornH\nM th~ hf.hly '1J1)Crdu4rJ(,cd C!n,ine At A1Ututlu.

lit

700 bhr.

61'\

adtliri<tl"'nl 00 hur

tlN ..

er ~ ..rv

bulUIJ ,II,))Jorbtlcl by c:h. "llflttrt'h.Af'lt'r. (FrIction and other pow"" 10001le"ant UfO, fcINt.) Tht lolll 01'8MlIhunt.!I)O\~r I...thul' tnfo IhlH'ItI.w-it), l}~Ihfi flnj'tnft N d"t~rm.lllt,.'<I by n. atrlKtunl.lntnct.h r".t\nU .....;j_ (lr ..he ~.rw vt tulJ'l n:luI .... ,_, Tbe ..n.,!'If \u\ drn'brtd ean thtrdQr'W DC\W vll"ll Ih" ',oon (hp ot -two 900 hhr. Nl~.'"ialb .'fulh.bl~ ..... )c,,'Cl: aGd..U bl"'''Uon from .. If':wtl tq ttwo f:ntlcal ~lA'u,"_" cietuJII.i.nW Ly Ihu (:.wIor the t:~I\~'" ftl'UC'wrall mltatloMmu.l. bu at l*rl thJ'(,J1U,. S;)fh _n .nJ1ftfl: ff5r whirh tull thl"OttLe openL~oo ,," ... lc\.,1 Ie ,... ..trlrtfl!d or p"ohillited, i" kTIQ1Hl nl in .... ltJlud ...
,JIH(lltLt.

nr

,."her

or

__ tu_~ , "

[
PRATt' 4 WHITNEY AlRCRAFT
PWA. OL 100

.... _"nux-nET
'if, " -

,.tt.,,"alt'. C.mpoli .... - Un.",.fcho.t,.d, 0,...,,,4 ...... ."d .."huM $f#petd.al~ '".,,, ..
The

ct

'I~htt r..IIt...ll dOli plueed I,)J) maxlmutn PO'tlltt wif1ut. by .trurtur~t hmiunionJr. .hould not bt'
intnprrlMd
dflflftpHtlr',

..

~ r~Ik'<!lion on thf. er.lm.

Iwobh:m 14 to mAtntalr.. ."I1W: ddtnd ptl'riurmal1c. up 1.0 the hi."..", poulbt. a.lt.&tudo wnh tM 'tI't ht and m.. and ,.10\ lhe

,,'4'"

a,.llIIb)e qutalUy tu ..L Thll. 1& ac.binwd uft lb. hi.whly .u~~h"rpd. or altltud~.tn,rln" by pro.. vldln 11 pumpl" .. (A !'>Grit)"that r.. ,,"I4:t thao

MefMNty ur ... Ie t.u U~ at or nt':1r ~ Itlvtsl hi ()rotr to mMiI ,he ,,"'.~~r VUn\plnl" ~Qull'e.ment. at U.e bfJrtt4," Mh.,ludH. SlnM tht dan,..r that ,h ral.u.l mM) lnad~tr .end)" IT u.. of ~hlJiu:~u JNWIW ., Je,,,, .t,:t.udtf. r.y .xued I",. ..... te limit'". manl~oId p~.ll b ..... ntiaJ ttu.L h xt'n:'.1Mf btllh eaee and :ud.rmenl. t4 PR~t the t'11K!c ",,!nIt fh. I'\!I!I:.IJu ur.lt\. ...

r.e..

ur

ftUided ('IperatiMl,

a.
Tho !lor-trun of th4!l Induetlcn
"Yilt ..",

DUC'T1SG
_I "\l,'hlth lb" lun'n.cl h lJyiuN.. 'l'h{& tillS, thO

ahead at, ur "up-stream" Jrcm, the cnrbumw j. lIIounllyfurnl.lt~..t 1I) th~ .Ireran nmnutac;turee (II dblinct from tM eJ:l.flJ.~ e "nura('turer). WbUt' not "pan oi the f"",lOf' hill .f materia", thlt d\l('"Ur" is ali. imuo.a.t.. J)C.If1.IOO lhe indUC'Uon .>.ltm IU'Ii fl-Xf'1'U rorutdt:nbJ.t

,ha'

II

dfecl 0' hW;ON".a,"lrr U,. ,:.aptreutgJng tllp.cit)' MIld. If: t!:xln.'n"'1II! huu.uooa,. hi"b \<oloc:1ty airerdt t.,.p tet.VHr ram t'q1ftu.tnt to an additionld .. tage of .upt'rTh.r.,hbl INIn:CTlO~ S\STt~1 1(& PRIW8NTIO!'l
tltCl"" inc~n ~r5te.m agai:t1.~ W'~ fO""hl~, (Ir to 1'\1:%".0\'(" lee ...!.read> !0I"DH!d., Ute llIJ.cl.lCUl to the carbu~tor i~ al'Tf.Da;ed eo thAt.th~ r-.m .air can be eloaed ott

inftu.~
t.tn4n('.
lUI

Or pro,,*"

un '"KiM perlonn..,.".
alfKts

altd t)w

nun'

i.lPCfttin. ~ndiuon ... euloe opil!'MtW'lf1

,'ND 1I':1010~ AI To ~t\Jt:, l'

'I"h :n:r...t:l dudi".-

l(,)lIow#I:
BfI("nul'Cor the
IUCWHC"d

!lAM motton of tJw. aircrtlll.

cunKidCl1ll..1lu \'~ll.lcity flnel'gy is U\"U..lJk lr' 'he

1dr ontf.rI'g the t:a.rbu.rc\{lr air tntalu~ PrOpd formltlicJU v!' thfL a'1' entrance alJd the and f'!lhowl' or Ull' ilU' ducl. ca~. resujt in lbe "... OO\el') of .. Large po.r:io:l oJ thi" tMf1'1. Or ram. and a;.r will bt fu.mi3bed "to the ea.~Ot at " PN-NVrt f'Nter than that ot the attuude

.and heated, or mo.lduA--ftt. v ak drawn in [!'\1m 1\ ilel"(::tll &O:JJ't.'O. The deogree of heat required differ& hftt\'t'E'n fI:"(fine MOIJ.-I!' because uf diJTuJ'... ~ i!: U:.. rr.tthud ot jn.it.'t'tiLljl the fueL. The tnat~ ..t. preholt C8PAdty
mUlIt be {U,....

t*t"'A,"

!"l.iahP.dfor iM... ,aI Ht~ ... ()f englrw. in which lht rut: :. utitr..rd 1tn..-u.'Cti.&td_" d01lo"Mtn-.:-m from toe' (;lrh":;rrtUor. In ~h.,.,. cues the l..d evapora_ tion OttW"S i:tt a rtpCIID lo ~itit.h DO heat is re-

42

n
TH I: \I RCRAFT I'OWRPU:o. T

-- -- ...

.,.._,

..... .....", ....... ...-.t

-_,.-~.........

(rom oth~r IOUR('lt und lht &fm~,.tu,. or HII' eh.rae ls lo"~f'f'd a. murh &0 F (2" l') wltl'\ th~ retllJlt thAt lh. rnol'tun: eeeHWtt.t

la'n~1 in the C.hl\r'tCfO will trvt2u on flU)' con. wenlt'IIt, .utrate And l)OMlbI,. blod, thfJ Jrf' f th.. rarbumor .Ir te.mperalure i, bet n

III F .. O F (0 C.2~C). "",.n thf" tut.J tl tn;.tted ImmltUatdr .d;a...t to the reee of the Smpellor_ In. IIW'<baftl cal actwa of the rotattn. 'mpetJ.tr prat'tb:ty 011l1li ..... pooaibUi', ... d It ,_ MrJ t", u.. the quantity of p h .. l tor ice "..,..nU()n that ,. naqu"'-d by oth~r (QJtcUoD t.n, .

II. 1, .uiUUJ aOUfCCor trouble to an c-n"r.t, Dun rond""t of IIMAII J'l8rtlelfll n( haM "bru!\lf; mllt.f'l"l"l, T.kl'n In by the wlr, It tan cutloc," un the rncterfne Illeme.nt8 of !hI'! C'arburfotor.up~Un" th. prop~r rei. Utili (~J00.' tu vu",,\.r. It. nO)l\. Ae'1J~rh h"~lfIn ~h#l t1hndtl' w .. by I"fndlnr down th .."... u. tllW(1t and tbt ,"""ton rlnx Jt then e(l('It.mllu,tJo~ tl1" oil .1M til t'fI!rrk!td .h~.h the "'I'ln. ('au.ln,
tann4)'afk"e.

ur

n.

u.s.

y.,. ~"na:' ahd cu.n to 6.pcrit~:~ d... ~' I'!I. C''nft"'nt' e.... 111 M wtum\liadon may do. an
,.
and fAUM Dil atuvalaou.

Oil ......

Ho'_,v\tr, rttardl ... or tt\e 'YPI 0' ru~ in.. J4JC'tlon UM'll. ie can be Cormt..od tMrtaUIt ut nt8l'

WbuN. tlUIl Jot mu&l evident dote to ,h~ around. fn C'f'rtAinparu of the wortd It (':tn h~ c::a.m@d u, allttud., .." hbrh " lI5,()UO fe.t. e'en-

tlnu\.'<1U$k'fUliull under eueh wndltlon" wlihout.

en~ .. ie flMt,~Ucm wlJl ""ult ln f!\'irh~nI"!Q of ... n-

',",'nx
of

m"l.lurc in the atmOlphereor beaUM

th" tfmt>trature drop put thl t~U e, All uJ,K:rJ\1.tU:1oI accumulated to dMt.: CIOC;du:ai\~ly
dItntonatratel that ample flrfh8t capattt)' ,~ u.. emir IU,.. method of pTO\idln. tb.t tIm.pent"fW .-Deeded W feftkr\;. k. alre$4.r fOl"lMd 'I'k ~Ued "a1t.rnat.. .... r lAklrta &If from oyer \be CylDdt,.. or trom tM ~ compartTn@nt doN no( prod. ,uf. 6d.nt tempe... ture d. to C'n tbis ~Ual protection.

,,.t._"

Ilin. ,,"c.r ... '"tllcl.Il~od lJ.v bIll)) oil UUJ'''UfIll)ti<-,II. Durin. Wcmd W"r 11 in the Not! h A(rl('lul .,..00"", f'"tI.nt. whlch had dcmuJulrlolu.-J the .bdfl1 Let ~ ..r(orm .. UtfaetorUy for 600 Colt 700 hou", btt'Wfitn Ot'erbaula u.nde.r du.t-frH: combe.& rvnd,Uon .. (IW.1d' .wanow <tWit 1(.1".,IIh' 20 hnun lwfntf l"tICluinn.r re.mo\-al.
When
opft'alalm

in d.u,dy

atmu.pht'ft

l.

DUST PROTECTIO:\ Ou~t protec::tion W:lSno~ lulou8Jy conlldtred untH World War t1, but largto.fIt"'~ operntklta
at tr&lin1na- ba&C$ hi the l'nit'!d Statf2t and

DtJre6lary. tllJ(.ne prottion can ~ nhtain"d by mif'lA,,1 01 ,,;,aitably duigned alternltte air ('atnmc" lu lit!: JUl.lucl,jOtJ, &y&tem which Incor. I~~ " 11., ..1. niter. '1'h~ flyat.em "hC,Wllon tho
tiUe iIIu!lrat.ion h' t),pkul. As the air tntrnncl1
to the till.ct" ~. r.ot f~ direetil' into th('l (lfr uream. tonNurable dU.'It re;novlil rc.'lUllM In rom". th" air to tlottO U it cnteN lht duct. 'The dwn ..,.rLid8. being ~id. tend to continl,lt'o in J'ai.c:ht bne and the jtnlI.t.cst portkm of ~ht:;na~ f'tJ'l'lq\ect a, thi~ poinL Th06e that .~ drawn in aN I'luit.e -....ib- I"tJ:nOft'd by the (Jft'r,

undtr eombat COndjdon5 in North Attica &Cd oth~r lh.. t.en dearly demonMn.ted that .. heft It .... ~ to opente in dUlt-<harpd. air.
prottc;uoo. (or the et:.gine mo!it. be provided.. "'bU. du"( to most iIldhiduat. iJ: IDiCnIlT aa.

43

PR,\T'I' & WHITXEY ,\lReMIT

PWA. 01. lOll .~led twt .... ~n the t"Jtt'bur.1or M.Dd tM Itdja..('tnt port~ of the a;Jl'fTAft ~afr dud.
T'h.U ~I't'fn t~ lor tbe ef'N))Llru J)O~ of pre''tnting ~onl"" nota, bolt fl3.per$, rAIlJiI.tonl$ 0' any other k>Me objOC\from furt;hflr ponetratlu,t lJ'It !ndlK'tiOd lQ.. wm And eamliJ,::nA' thE' i.m.pelIet'. It&.Q,Jo" opf'.I"2t.on. hit\",. ftJDO'Io'f4 thel"O M!'I'OCfIIt in ordw to displ)'llf' nf a IIB..~ ,\lrfbOC tor see (ormlA-tlOin. W'hfle they WE:re "~(;1,:1:'5fut from this JWtint of vj~ their experienc.fI hltM

The Mtldo""y .r u,~AI"" deJWndo .pan proper m.lnt4!n.a.Dc'e and lUVic:oS'. Pt:r;cwhe removal fin,l denning or lher"It~ e~mer..u it&: c.s;ientiill to lI.:l.tistactory f!ngiJl(" prot'ldiun.
1.fOlil prndll('tioJl Ai'rtl'.rl tor e:viUw.n UM do not inthlCl. filren .., .t.ndard eq'lll~mcnt. WhPre tt:-. Up".r;uinm: are cor.d:..adtd trvcxa .....11...!!tabli$h~1 'hl~trn'e bit .., the O'!'fti~i(Jn of the

flltcrh1a "'>'''tcm ts jUJlitlrl4.ld in order to f!Um~uate

the nllvr(oell\hl~ w(.'jAM lind corupl!('atlon

ot

lhl.'

in_slnllot!on.
In l~ taJk.'S wt. .... tbe aift'nltt. if tiuId8hf'tl whh .. dlw:el'and 1\ " pM!:IbI~ to _ltd: p,lth~r nun or ti~tcrcd "Ir, tho ram P'*IUon fa pl'ofun'fld rflr ull du~t.trfl" condition, 4)( n~mtlcn "'''' the m\(~ring.)'.lam UWe.! rr.awr a~u )QU M 1'l'Im f"r.A.'I'X). in tM air au ""1 ":0 th~cn"!",,.

been an unh,pp), one In that. the tno\'1to.ble atone pltkod up by a pt"(IIpi!l)U. or tho nut that Y"U 1..)1f"1' kIOM 1l"hrn th. air JOeOOP ""u' re_ h.,.ed up tl>. lrr.f'OUcrand <ompl.'"
f'f\gioe rtMM'.1 ",(lS 1':t<'trlllll"ry.

!\Cm:~:N
rrtlH
tilth

& Whltntw

AI"'natt. furn'.bOA. with

~ III be I'_'

\"1'1,,1"1\, It l..'OI.r. mul-

1t the np .., ..liug PtrMCUlIlO) (an QXCrc1Mthu n~ ...ry p""",.utiOQl to pno\'eJll ltc (a r"ct.or 0'\'"t'I' .. 1Ort. thf!1 u,'o ttrk"the eontm) it will rAt be ,... .... 1'1 \0 rtmovt: lhla prolt:dlon to tl-..t e~n.. trom ('0C'.cHlI(>n4 0\... which thew hM.. IHUc, If IU'~)', eontf'nl. Pratt & 'Vhhney A irc.m1l. tot rotUrty 1"t'('()nunen d {\ t h. L 1h nt,1l ac.reen .. bt \1.1,." Int.!dcd,

44

rue

.~IRCRAFT POWRPI.AYr

'I'li ICNITIOX SYSTE~I

THE IGNITION SYSTEM

I
I I I

r.\RTS Al\O f'l:NCTlONS The chi.f IlaThl of I t),pal 'pat Ion I,at.-m
anel thtlr I CunctJOJ'lll .re: I'in,Jnetol~n~:rAtf!"A('umn' ut hhtb \'cd~

8. h[nll" Hwrft.c: .. : ,"vktc ~.n ..or tum. In.. the lIcnJUon f'lln@r on or orr,
ror Nltet)' I'\!WIC)Olt two ignition 8y"tomit .rll normally funll ..ht-I(I. In tJ:IC u,rent, of 1',,11111'0 or OIlU. UI\I othf'l" will tn&uru ecutluuud .'J'lIfntl(ln At tho 111m\!Ome dUM) ignition, A8 Uti.. arrlltillClmtnt tit (':.11<"<1. wUJ help the combu"tlan proCl'" by pru\'jdJr.r two flame front. which rto1loulu.l In
rDOf't

"fIt

ttme.
2

which i.!l dJ.1d .... r.td

"' the pro~r

DI!'tlrlbulc~r: di..tributH lh. curnnt to~ prwer ....... plO$. 3. H.mH!l! U'~lI1tmft. the (U""'t from the
d"tribl,ltor to the p'q;t.
... Clpa_ ....

tlflu~nt burnini' of the

cluu'fo.

PI..-: igm~ the tUfku (harp 1:1\

thf' ('ylioden.

6. Shieictinc! PftWldl'a ~ndtd metallic: CUcl05Ul'f! for the tnlltt ignition .y.tem to
prolOCL radio againl'lt jnL"'rttn:'ll~ from the ignition <lY$l.cm,

CONTROL Ar. 0 f H fX'KS .:n,aiM pe-rtormanc. fumi:BJMa the onl), clu~ 14' the runtuon(na u( the ienition tioYlttm.and UNo plJC1t.Iuu no control 0\'l'C it oth~r thAIl tu tlU'D Il uff or to Wm OIl either or both hah'e" of the 8,.,tA:.m.
1'I..1U68
FIRlse SWITCH

6, Venting Sygtt.tn: pr()vJd~ milur"l ai, m0ucn ur produces poslU"e air ftow tu prevent (ontamil".ation ot. lh,," "nltkln .,..ltm by moisture, eruriue oil or Ie. (ormed by flect.rica! action. 7. Uoc1rAler or lndad_ "ibnl.,: provides an Huxiliary spw.rk at trt.&rtul.r ont,..

,.",.,

rosrno
Buth
Lon (LI
Rl.t'b\ (Il)

....

Rear (ttl ncb crl) FroM (iTl

....
!l-

"-

<)"1.

Oft 1&

]
PRA'I"I' ;, WI!I'rSEY A1RCRA}'T

PWA, 01. 100

Moil1'b.lresumulatJon in !light is exrrcmclr rare, as the temperature ot Lhe system Is Mfecti\'o in pre"'cnting condenecrion, end di1fit'ultie& from this ceuee will more prchabty be evident on the ground. 3. The normal unpre.!i.!!uriz.ed ignition system can operate SB-t;gfl\etoril~' al hht'h as 25.000 feet. Above tbis tlJtiful'lc, thQ !GWele(::tl'i(!:ll reelstaeee of the reduced Mir demliL~' wi11

By operatin the enaine fit reduced power for

n tew seconds. fir~t on one m.ag-neio.and then on

tho ether, and notiug ib rpm \1rith the ignition

switch in Lhc BOTH, LEFT, RIGHT nnd OFf pru:citions, it may bf. po~"ible'to le<lJ"n fIOmething
about both the nature and location Clf an ob-

served or suspected i;,n.tion irrtKtllnrity.

JIIRt:(ItII.ARI1'IES ANO FAILURES

'I'he ignit.ion 6y!dem fumish.d with an tn.tine i~ the r.. "Sult careful desl!'n and thoroua:h I,roo( ~estlnjt. In nil prob:\bility It win aiTe deotmlahle Jatt"fiee p~viftf.d it i~pl'Opof'rlr maintuined and ser\lecd. HUWl!Vl'l'. irregular-it.iN ean

qukldy !how up am.'lrreR'ularity thfll would

nat be .-eriou .. at lower levele, A3 altitude
i~

or

iurlher Increased, it becomes nCCC:lN9.ry to 'uppl)' the B)'atoM w'iLh nlr under pressure
or t4 fill it ('()mplete)y with 1l l1on('onducting

il(.(:ur which will affect It$ pe:rlonnante. and while uieee dln'Jeul!.le$ Are J'3J't~ it ~ weIJ to
review thel .. C8.\nuu. in eeder thllL the .ymp,om;8 fir lRoltuncLli.ning cun be underitood. I. Rrp,l\k(ll'Iwn of ill"~I!Ilr;irl$nUlu:rjal~. bumln. o( l!r,mk.:r jJolnw, ..hurL tll'~uit~ Of bfoken
~)lt't('(ll
J()8)1.

aubslar.ce. in order to mainttt.in :lull'j<:!unt. fJedrical r~I'lttu'leo 1.0J)rc~cnL ftMhovcr. 4. PMbabiy the mOlt. commonly 1)lamoo !.It .11
caUIIQ

of i.rreru.li\r engine oneration is the

.pat'k plu,.

COlltteCtiOY'lIi Are

r-omvanu,h'l!'l)'

I'MO. '''hey f\reJ reve:llttd by rouab runr.lnA'. or ",ow,r. cr poJ;1lJlbly (.(lMpl+te fttops)q'CI.

2, M.)f\:ccmmun tn'u rrCfUl14rlt1t,ll Itue to "",,_. tUl'I.l whl .. :h ml.tlt fl,cc:umulnte In dilT...NIIL n:wC~(lr Itlt! ignition IYI\CUl. Thiv aumu
tatlnn
1f.....

Thlo mar be the eesu It of Incorrectly oolocLoa plyP, frM:Ol'nICt ap clearance, fau)t.y itll\tftl. "lJon. tmproJ)ar eusdnc QperatJl)~ earbcn or Iud foull,,, _d.n tlon In l:he cyl1nd... , Of' attul brtab". of the pIUI'A. On the (lnlt hand. t.ha. pJUIC" mo.), ru.n &0 hot bli to beeomf! Int.and~~t'It'ld f.A1Jj1If l'>l"ft.lrnltton
and tead to )fad fouling: on thl\ ()th4.1t,th~y

cnn

1.1(1 l,!uu!loCd lit brtllkat,

or I~

covera IlUowiusr dirtcllYctu

8wm.

M "'.t~r tc) tbo Dr('flthin .. , whlch OtCur~ durinsr tM

1TIOl run 00 cold .. to b. fouled out by tho

.COImutation q( unburned Cl\.rbon. Spark plug troub~ 511 Uke1y to b@ loc:.Ul<>cJ ut cue or \'+1'&1 pIUKl. but. I.b, t\'ldenc@fJ 01 sJ)ark
plug trouble are much the 8:une &14thOM of

J'NtdjlJst,I'1'\Mt()~ th~ ,y,\cQ} fl'6m 10\\' to high utnuJtphcrle 'PlC5~ur(l. (lin reKult In dru_iUM: itt moil:!turoladen nil'. Ordlnart ~undeo~tiOf\ o11llQi!lt alr, M thoOtj]j!'.h~c (0013. C3.n .lIto

otb ... Ir .... o! .. nlLiort lm!gul ... ltlo.,

The ooU,io.r out. oI ollo--hrut

jn ..pprccJablc mlll~\lrt! acculIlulntion. This mobtu1'f:~ (AUi'!@S the hlJuJadnsr matel'inl~ to IMe their clccLtiet.l .rcfiMar.ce.. A Hlight hlUUlIJ.lI. vI moie-ture contumJuaUon wiU el\UfI(' n reduction in twlgoou> output by le{lking pan or the (:ltrrtol. jl')tended {or the
l'CMUIL

'Yftem. Ot' the failure of

I)

ot the iR'nition "pl)rk plug' in j)M

8J)l).rk t,lllg. to i,"T'ound. ThLs c:ondition will li,rAt be not.ic.:d i.a st.arUng dHIitulty~ at which time U\e tnagttf!I;O output i.e alNad,. reducel'l by the low cranking $peeds. J r the moh;tu~ uceunH.llaUull i.:: sc"""s. th~ I.!nt.iro magncto oul-put will di.!-!i:mb! to ~round and ntight (~use fla.anovu and burning of in.!lulating parts, whith l.iUt result in

or more C'yiinder", wiJI f'e!;ult in R)OWQt c()m~ bution in thoOt'!o'linder$ .ect.ed. The etf~c1 is tolDt>Arab:e to th~t of delaying the timing of the spark diKhllrge, and tho C(lJlSUQ.UOtlcC' i.a 11 1O:tf of power. aJU\olli'h rpm llnd m~ni,M fold pre..,_~ure will, Ill!. a rule, remain un

~hanged. If both plugs

rau

iJl

OUl:

or mOl'e

(,yUock:".~ lobe resuJt i.!.. e6f)entially~ an en~ gine. of few-ef' cylinders. In WI}' eu&C, t.he

lhek pamuuu:mt. failure.

attempt to recover Ute Jost power by in~ creasing manifold pressure is unwisE'.., aincl! it lWly lead to detonation, e:!pcclally wben operating in the high power rAnge.

46

c
r..,... ~
""';':Q~ ~~\.It

f) ..."

\-0 ..o-.z..,..
k

.... _

,_.

... ft(

!J;-J.kl

n.,.,..
)I..

~,.

erv
l." to;.
NU I.I~

.&> ')(

f'"JtR. M

;X~~"'k"""
liP W~

""'!!- ~ ~

.lkcO

~5

POWER BMEP & RATINGS

"O'-ER,

8Jtll'

A.W BATJ:\C!>

ronR

.~'D ITS MEASI.RF.\lF."iT

PART II

POWER, B~IEP, A:\-n RATINGS

Since engine design and operntkm both have
n. UUlir ultimAte objedi\c UUt ctflkltnl and !'tll"hle )'IfOdllCclon ot pewer, it mAl not. t Ah~ he enrounl#.1"1 A fft\\1 ,.tr~nKe face!, OJ' It' lhu iII.'aid jlhOft.l ot &orne hAppily furgeuen C'OU1'"", in elementary mech"nir~ rige to h'Y his PAtience

!lcther inappropri:ue at ,hl.J point to In.jt a donnltlon of .'po ....... ~tho< with brit' d.... riptl~ or the methodA by whkh It .. "...... ul'td .... proc!u<td. and to <cud .... haatJ In\.tltratfocl or ~n of the hmltaUoll' to .. hlth it. appht:.ation is wbJtd. In the ~Unt or mil diIcuAion. \he readtr
mu.1. d@lIIertthe tockpit And Lb. hanrat (OT tt:t IAhnl"AlOry ot the e:n,,"inMf and thll 1\"0". lOOKer of th41 ph,v"lcl't. I t in UlOSoC tHI" .loItlwnciir.n

and "h;ltcfr hi. Interest,

t:ra\-~; that

his Indulgence

III

and JL 14 hnpPd thAt hill indu~triou"

application to the dun and difficult pa.num,ph. rol .... will be ..... rdod 1' .t I... t nod din. 1'tQ\lIintal'M:'f &Uth Conn.idabl.. as tndte ..lf'd horwpo~tr. t.urque. brab nw.n f"fftl("th~ prt'UUrt. a.rld ~ormal ltated JlO'4' .r.

_.Ut

'.nn_

...-tll a, by a beUt'r undf:!'5t.andm ot .otnfI of tht pr'ObJtnu tundRlnent.aJ to pcm trpl""1

U

desl,", and ()1)CrAHnn.

POW':U
fOtlu.:

,\I'If)

rrs

'II:ASUR;\I':NT
.... OKK (FOR('t \( D1STA~CE)

The dtt\nitlon of poo.-er IQ't'oh~ .. 1M ,ttf'ft boo,.. Id .... or r dl"'"~o .1Id 11_ Tho ..-pta or time dlotance ......... pti ... '" .Iu.",. and do not pe:nrut.a ,...dy dr.'-,tUo". but their motninaa will nonHh..,.ltM bt ~ Mlly ob"lou.a . 'nree rnatQutradw in .. ,.nll,. of dbKUilOlmcchkn1eaJl eJf!rtrkal. c:h~mka1hut It I. Anything whleh tf!flM to pr"OdiM:e, 14
~1"1t,

To many Jndhid~bt, \\orJc i. t.hl tfrort n _.ttd (if .ny) two ...... "punch I the <lock" 1ft tM MOI'ftinv and "rinarin~ out" at.. ni.hl. And 11 U>rTN of fatiaw. bol"'4"<km\. or 60Ilan and ~n\&.Tbe tnKlf*r'. dut\nltlon. ...htl. lataln., rn hum&ft !n\'ttC&l., b IIOmf!wiou,. mort preri"f'. "Or' him., worlt It the l)1'oduet ot rOrte And the d''''.nco throu,h which it llC'lA,

mt:aIoU"'" '"

or niter motion, .u('h AI A prvuUnt be 10 balancM U to

or:
\\'orl( - .01"t8 X PI,tAlIOO (in the dire<;Uoll vi 1.11" rorl't~)
h' 0,.,"1 It ....... 1IoCld ..,160 It. It tauc,", dl.t.II~1I .111 r", Uw! _k donI.'i.: &0 lit X II It ...IJIOhlb T... lIMIt ~nt 011fOt:C. ;60 I1.Ilb. wiU " \I",." U l' .b nJHCl a5 n.

w('h,hl, ft. tenalnn. Motion i. no'- 1It.~~rUy Implled, line .. two or MOr, tOrte. aclln lmultathwualy on a body may

n.d

the bod;, ;lIIm.bUt.

""Itc. ,.

WORK
FORCt
.. JCtLl$

sun-us.
HI' 'AtA'NCJH~

r""

nJ"" INl'!.'CQ 'YlfOr

'''tlln4 .,.

"'''~CE
'~"Nf

I ..

lIn

Ii

50 ~

j
.it

PRA1T & WUITXEY AIRt.ttu'T

PW'\.OJ.IIIO

POWER (WORK + 1'lUE) Power may be "juice" or "lIOUp" to the la,)"man. bUl to the ir.itiated. it. i.t thtl rate of dninl'
work - in other "4)rds. tho QDWUllt.ot doue in II certain lenl'\h of tim

""'' rk

Thut: Power - Work/Time

the .-4., f'!f",_ 4 M at" clot --'t ..... - iA.. tbIt !'fOII~,.f tit. -..l~t b1 c.a.. ..-.J '-vM.t etA '1&.1n - wU1 toe t.bt ~ .f ,~ ret. ~t.. te.r..... Oa U. if ..,... .. tn'
J{

Qu"ur. aIM.t,. .p die

Wnc .. "I .. c laa\. '" ...._ ... -..In! 01 hie .rt.rt:MI c.'.11 c ....,

.t.,.
,.....

.t."

"~w
<4

1
, ,
, ,,
I #Iff

d lJt~ " .. thlt

"'tr.
NT.

.,."pt,.don

C'OI,.W.nLb ... lM. C ..,lq- llrIe

.1iIou.1d

..u.,...,

*,"f~

rtrc diab-

Got ,.,W

.......

,
,
I ,

Power II t)Cp~ In a number o( Uolt..hOrM(H)\\'t'r, tdlOtl'aU, Stu PH' mfnutt. VApeur. etc. - of which lb.. n.ntt GIUDN .. pH"h.p" lh. m.. t familiar. 0 .. h..... _.' (hpl ill defined .~ work done at the nt. or MO n..1h
POt .,'(.'Otld. OoJ'. what I, Lb. ftlt. fit, mlnut.o.
(1) IffJr"JI@(lQwer=
'JU'M

me,"

._._, .., --_.j I

thin 33.000

x
Th" It." 3(1
I~ Ib
1)4Ir ,,~.

4).

ttlb

p!!r

10C.

83,000
.... 11,11 h do!"" 'llNf1l ., It.. , ... nl ".100 Ol' tKlOIOI) lL-lb p'" ",In; " .. ...",.,1 __
hp.

n)RQ~E
'"GII'I'

(FOfU:E X OIS'fANCEA1'
A'WI.P.S)

So tar, the dl~(,u8,ion of Work + Time con. 5fdf!t"I'Ithat thu Ioree f~tol' or work 11 Klln,
only in a ..tntight Unt, The Iurm of po.flr no i.t1ug In A rotMinlll!lhdt doelll not Itnd it..... , lu thi., elemCllLa.u-y cnnCtpt and the an.aI,lIia mu.t R'Ofurther eo that the pcrtorm.anct' of an en.ne ean be d crlbed. If the feree .pp1lod to tho ('rank shllli. thl"OuKb the Hnk rod. were ton.

sldered as btinx conatantl.r f-xt:~ III Lhe end of a lever and At richr #lnf!18 to the In.r. theN would be a tendtuC}" to twist tM Matt.
Thi5 twi!l'tinl' tendency tauaea ~ .Juift to 'rOtate and the rate of l'Otation will intt'llUle until aD equal and OOJ)OIite tOIft tabU,hoed in the prope'ler because of tho rH<t1oa tho

the air, If mil equilibrium eee<lilion is at 2t)(l() rpm. the pow.r formula f'OUJd blades "ilh
be ..-orked as CoISo ... :

Or

48

F'QI'f'f"

= 20.000 Ib

LI K
I'

rr

rO"Q"C
y .. Pili

D,.tnnc:v/Min ~ 2:t X radhy X "'"'

.r

TOIfOUC. WOIfIf IN ONe AEVO(urtON WOIII(III ONI ftllNt/"C

= 2:()c. 3/l2 n X ~'OOO

nr I ~uc
(I) Ill' -;,

= 8142 it/min
A III I ( 1 ) HP -

ttlb

t'!.lbp!rmln.

X !Ill.OOO
AS Ibtl And MI ('(HI

88.000

XCiW torqUO

r. dclln~

=
o(

~O.OOOIb X 3142 tl

~.ooo""

190
t

lain .. _ (OM nlue and also A dlltMCC valuf\, To oll... ln f't.lb/mln. Il hi nece ... ry 10 IRcludo

Th, h.l,tJn" tOJ'c:eu.iltin ttl tMIbah as \he rNult or "l)J)bttna the :W.()(I(I Ib load at the end

I., bocA,*, of <'Ire-ular motion And ."M to f'fl''''' Mnt .be numt..-r of drdcs tr,,,dod In " then
bmo. Thuot .... Ill' ftl~ -X
miu.

t.M

in

It-\

is kAO"'D U WI"qQt.

rhc.

who have hand-c nked autQmobU. Of' out board mown u\". applied torquo by ntrtlDl" pul'h or pull at right an.lt!t. to. "".r atl.cUd t(J rotnUnr .halt And
Torque

--:;,1= ... SS.OOO

1

= Foree )(

DllIItanr. -

lboft.
(d

wht~ Ihu dlluUlce [, me.. ured in l pls~ .. hlch It At n 1'lght analf to th" center nee of th.. ,hkIL ~UJd_ th\! IVI~ i. tll .. rlat'" .n.~ to thf' dl,.tllnee.
ha the f.LU!l.P" C"tel tlIe ton{ .... ~aaI I. 1U.000 ,b >< 1\ .,. MOt .~ It ..,., "- fICIIkIII &010 IJt..t\ cl 1.o.nI" t! 1COO ib f _ _.. app.Md ... ~ t~.,. ... 40.0t0 f~ ..,.... .Ftti-i WItt. ... ..,.. N 1"

2)

- Torqu. (Ibn) X 2lr X rpm X iiii;(i(;il _ Toniull X rpm

~1IJ;2
tXpt'Olk-d III

t.orqu. la
(20)

Ib-It or

t"',

.n

aboT'r

.w. .. otu,.....

To!'!! X rpm 63,O'16 it torqlle U "Jlrwaed in ttHn. Equatlo ... (2) and (2<1) ....
apply \0 lb.
PI>'llttr

...... n.. ~, tOlr'C.'ll .. tIw tM4 I. ___ ,~ u. pntodtlcl.r ... t~ c.... ~ ...... ,..,. ,.,...,1" ..... --..
irllll.!QC11dent Of its dio\meter.

rational.

nl<)'

'na.,dOff. l~ torque preltnt 1ftIhe ....... n. ill It i, ~IISU'" of 1f1*tJMud i.'t pJ'(Jpcrly. tt,ourh nt)l r:nJ'JIILrtantl,.. f'x~rtjllJ!f'f1in lb-It, It is not to bo coofu-ed with work whlch l$ eXPl'e!..~d in felb. IllII pos._-ibi@ to hnvp torque (1h-it) withoot mOllon in wbkh
t~1.!
JJ()

P.l"eMDt In _"Iy rotatina .bat\. rtnrdI .. of the kind of power prcduein,r unh that iI C:."'.JD the MaIL torol.Le.To mN.aure .. "d c01ILrol Ute j)()W('.r d..livered hy th@ thatt. it it on)y nec:e5!\.8ry to have mealnl (or rMQuri", IUtd eut.rolUnll rpm and torquf. 1'hft mon! dirtly WCI" two factors 8J,. m..a"ur~

the Jlret.ter \h8 accuracy of the power dtkr

minf'd.

wurk (ftlb) tR perlonntd.

Plunging beadlong inlo the mai.htTN.tiQ: nf bOl"k})Ower. ~tion (1) ~ be ""orked jill) that the usclul cnaine OUtput can be uprtMoed 10 terntS of rpm and torque.

The tachometer mea.~res rpm dirwuy. tn.

tx.homcUr C'fCIIlftW is. geared to tht ('tank Abaft "," r traJ I) and the on11 i.naurades art' thOlllf 01 iD.ll.na.meDl calibration.

PRArr

It WHITNEY AIRCRAFT

l'WA.Ol.1oo fo~ ~ired to re!train the brake from turning tould be me:a.s.ured and the power output cal~Jlated. The Pron), brake has been renlaced by hydraulic: or electrical devices hut the pril1cirlh~ 1"tQU;in'the ume and the term, brake norse-

TorQ.ue hl\S been less accommodating and for yearN, there hM been no tamtible "handle by

which to grasp lh[s qu.antity. It a din!cl torque meal)uring instrument is not Pt'O,,Kii!d. mere isthen no direct eockph evidence oC Ute Jrituation and it ifl nec:e.~R:\ry to resert to indirect means

of meaauremcnt.

pewee, refers to that part ot the engine's output 1ha1 ean be ~.asurcd by a brake.

A b....ke (-Amiotbe used for power measuretnCnt. in flight sa the device abf.OrLI'I all of tile useful 4!naine ootput. Actually, the })l"(lpeller i$ tilt bhlko ..nd tOt'quo could be calculated (l'OI11 ~idtration of blade Ch3l'ltcterlsticl provided thal blAdo an .. 01e, air delUdt.y and ait'spood W(!N
.... 1... ,

aCC'urately fV<'OUntNt tor. However, thiB woutd

be an indlNct. mCUUN

9~";

cr

torque,

I
i',

.J

,I

.' .

On AiI'<Nlt't equh>)>Od wl[h Oxod plteh prope:Ucrbladet, rpm and t..c)I'(rue lUI,! Jn~pnt',.ble. AdnncinK the lhrot\lt! lover admit' more nil' and (uf! mixture 'nto th6 c:yUndf't'. The eum-

bUllion torce Is t~t't'A~

ttnd Nt A COtHJCI'I\lCtlCO,

",'

':t.~') ~ , ,_.~

In tho In.bortltory, t.ol'(lliO ls ~\lrc:d by the devlce "loUd~uublorb thtl enltln~'. power outpul Th ,II... t method employed wns lb. P....,y br,,)ce which rQtul~L~ Lh+l t'Pm Md torque load
by m~anlln(
J~

hrake or t'rlctjon doYico. Tho

lhe torque imposed on th. c:ranksJul.(1,. it. b ..... ...s. The erAnksl1aft .ttompbl 1:0 .void this additloulload by t..undnsrtude.' bUl in ttf) doiuA' d.,_ llo<lf br t"rnlng tho pl"(>p.li.r ftor. WI,." the tlddod torque .b bod by the p .... tw'J~r m.-trhM thAt f)rt'l(h1(,~ by rh.fI r)'IiI1t1t'>rlt, t.'Cf,uilibrium i. rueh~dut. hitrbor .'PIIl lind M"lUf'. The C'tptrAt'or of tht, eIluh}ment only &oe& rpm and 80 un bt txeU8'Kt if he: 15 Ul"lIiWarfl o_r

50

POlIEII.

BMEP "-'in RATINGS

PO. Ell

",-0 ITS

JlE..\Sl:RElINT

torque. The (act that. at CODllt.ant rpm. torQ'Oe <h.n~ with ainpeed, altitude an4 &l.r temperature cannot be of any great concern. Tht o:pc:rall.al" signific.nce of the eons:tant .peed propelfer b that rpm and torqw a~

.p"rAttly ccnrrclled. The to.chomet.e.r &hen becom~fI ,vle)y a measure or th, tpm Voihk'h is
(ont.rafltd by the rpm control. The ,J\roctle i.. IN"p.lrated (rom rpm and applies ft.,nU,. anentlnn to ,tit rtt'UlatiOh or torque In tnpany ",Uh tht tupermal'ger cont1"Ol. the mixtun kww. p_1 "plato, ond u.. alrplall.

_,..,1

C'nluml'1 as it varia

aJtitudt'.

IMklnr. di... d _...."...1. u.. .... la.1or! 01 U'U"quehas been by rtff1"tflt't to matu(oId
PNUU,... The relationship of lhla qu."tiQ" to t. d6termlned on th~ cb"namorMttr wh(1't both Ilte mea,ured and InConn-.don ~ ptl.d '0 thAt act.pub),. t\CCuraLfo "'ahl. eoDtrol

b)rrlu,

i. l)Oulblc. The rtlation vAriea with chan,. or rpm, .1tItude, cAl'bun:lor nlr ttmptrature. huml~ll;Y. oxh.uat b6c:k p........ 11><1'01,nU IPirk .dv.nN, .upertharail\lRnd Hlln' eenditftm The AC(:OmQ' of uln, manltoad p...... aUN I.. plu. 0(. diNCt torque m.. u... 6tptoda 00 lht c()mpkrotentM of tolTtCUn. for uriatiou of thne facton.. )fON NC'fntlt. tol"qliteMeWn M\....btrtt!I m.adt
.",HAble on the l&ra'tr ftI'ln. and a di~ ><kult Indl U r to...,.o Ia ... Uabla.

..... ,......... _r
$) ."m

EQuation

(2)

t1~. ~_

BliP - lorqu ....... ' oil p'_" )

X K 011 p,_..... Ia IDdlt.llod In

eo.. "'n' d... rmlned for

tht c:o<kpU and Kit.

_h 1""1""''''' ckll"".

BRAKE ~IEAN EFFECl'fVE PRESSURE (UMEl')

On. ot lhG balk Umitatlon. pllCf'd on ennn.o
o~ratlan (II Im~ by the P dtulocMd In the .yUndon durl,.. _ 11 On tho .... hand... thne preuu~ ~ outu. the ,....ult it an increase in po".,.; on lA. odI.er. if Ih.,. __ too tlw)' Im_ hlJl> .... tlnuoua ada whi<h ."orten tn.hw til. It is tmportant. then. that the 09fJ'l.tor haye at hb dillpoul IIOme means of ettimatina thre.e pr-e.

If--"

au,,". not only to enable him to prott hit pow.rpl"", but sJ.o to <Ii"",t hIm In Ute dIIclerlt "pplic:ation of itt power.

Ilberattd by eombustlo, llo .... '....r, number of othu lldon mu.t be taken Into leCOUnt, DOla~T ttmJ)fraturc Ind fve1~ ..ir t.~io, And, .t bat. manifold p,...u.re ia me-rely .. qualltath. ~t. A conenient W_' of ...wn.Unr qhnder p..... u,. provCII to be an indlr.rt Onto and an iDdu ot I"MUUremmt, inberiloll frum .-m encine practkot~ II the brak. mean tfff'rt th-'t preAUf'O. or bllM!p-. term t.h"t i' KhW.v budiod about mQl"e ~ueut1y. ~t"h8()1. ttl"" it II und:erttood.
CYLIN1)8R PRESSURES

Cylinder pNSsun. an not ..ordtd on .ny cockpit inRt~ment or .an. aDd their cUred. measurement is actuall,y~.,. dUIk",It. They are rtJaU!d to numilold prealn"e in~ an,. ihO"t:Ue in the latter nsuJts in Mevler _eipt of the <ho_ beIDa C...... into !be cr!ind.... ""d
toDMque_-nt!y. a greater amc-lnt of ent:'I1 bdng

A atri.,. of et'Implicated and claboraL. me... tndkate that. the pressurel actually ~ ill cylinder of an airc:ra!t I12gln. dur. in.r complete J)O"fer t)dt can be nprut1ltC'd bT 0 _ph ol.aUlu 10 fW,tre 20.

~t.

~I

PW 0\. 01. 100

lif_ 10 - CVII,."., ,,. ....,., o.",Htt 'owe' Crt'.

INDlC,\1"P.fI lIonSf.pn\\'k:n (nIP)

'L'h(l ~hDlI~d AI"CM.T' "nil I, beluw th~ CUI,\'fI, I'l)prel'lcn~ the rl()wGr th,wt:loped In ct:.. (J'h"d~r: fl. lJy UU) tombu~tlon or ch {\I'''illr mht\UN: I. by the p,frq r. ot UI' intOmlniC ch ....... Tho uruh~1 Are (" and r~ rcpAlCl'l~ \hf" po .... r flCJ)fndfid t. Itl comprtain* dw: du.rp: C. I" .xptlIInac tM nhau'l. TM :'.cl uK! ..1 power. or IndJ(aled l'.orttPG",e_r (ih-Pl, M\'ChlPfd 1M' lhut be I"fIH'f.~nfd by the dU'ltft'H~ ~ .. ..-n th! ~hI4dt.:1I and u",I"flJdtrl .reAI. or IliV Sh.d.d A..... (P "' ... (r. I P.)
I) -

tut'\'e than with tho ab.tfAct nC)tjnnor ludiuk<! me,," f'"fffltI\'f~i prouUI"6 (imf'U). ,..(11' {",lance CUI'\,t ." hirh rI~ l.ocply to All
emntrMf'City hlilh PC(~ Il)d defJc.nd .. thCIII:t) in rapid UIfl'lIIntklorl,.. "hUt h. may (:!'Ick:..e .uh "ta.atbllr the unto "l)(,I"f"f' a. ".mwUll'f. ftatw ('\;f"\', U'I(hral.' t .... t tJle power of ,.nm~ bor~ioft i. bc-mI dtlh'f'.-..cI in IUth ... aY that u eannoc. bt .... dlty .. t.orb<'4 by thP ~n"nt. aDd Ifta> pf'O\'f hannful \0 tho cn.r"~. ,,.. ~Mhon cur\t IA:~ (, .n foxamplfl.

1\,,"."

1b. nlaUvD,thlp bttWf'f'n hnf'p ..lid the Actual

U",,",~...t

INIJICI\1'F.1) MF.,\'I" f.fF"~Cl'I\E r"SS"fI~: (t>IKV) ANO AC1"l',\I, PR~;~~lK.lI

of lhfl p .......u.ro curve hAlt M+l' foet"l). Af'CtII-dluly. it the Im<'ll of an en,tnl CAn IJu men.luf'l"d .-ignil1clu,~ 1>('111< J)~rn Alld 4'lth('lf l"omlJu"UUII chATMtQrl!lU':-" thA~
liabcd bl e~~rlln~nt n!n.a1ed
.suff.citnt

by Uw run e ean be predicted

aUrttCl'

.. dth

Jt 1'f Mm4'tlmf''II ~UlI"'.nitnt to thlnic ot lh. VMioUJ Q"hnd\l( p~IHS-u.wfuJ and .d\tne _ M ('t)mbh .. d Into u ill..JCte uni(.,rm p,..un wh;.:b ,,(l.. thlrlng lhe pcN'1lr allOM 810 r\d ,. C'JI""bl.t ot producir. ttl" Ml'en ind. -,nN ItOntpl)w~r (H',p) Thy :nay be ULutrated lr"'Aphk"Uy ur dra";ng a C'OtLlwl 1I~'"
Hue. AB. (fir th .. po ..... er stroke ;llonfl at wch , di.~tIUIe. nbevc the hori;onW &Xu t.h...t lht" a,.,.a

Cur practk'4l.1 PUTDOP;t'Ii.

~.

cnc:loaed bv Lht> rectenetc. ARtlJ,

1.iI\,,&Ui\t to

lit", 'I\ll Ql'OOI'cprel'lf!ntlng' the jhP. thlM: A"M AHCO Shooed Are (P ... I) l:ll!hllllcJ. Arta (C E) - Ihp. 'l'hf' mf-An, er a\~ra.Ke. pJ'easu.n (AD or 81)

,,1T~lh't

during- the po'Jlrc.r s"TOke- i. ~

\olR

n u

thf' tndlCllted mtan eF.eclin p.....

(imtp).

The orwrato,.
with &dual

i:l. naturally mono C\locemK shape and pa.k ptn$Uft of t!.e

--- --lot
';g.

21 _ c'(JiatN, .-,.... ,"

HOImcJ

Olt~

C\I.("\'LATlO:\ OF DIEP
J( the- Indieated horsepn,.,."l' of a" tn.-ir~ il. knm\ n, it. imep can be com.P'tttd lrom !..lw! ft\nnuIA:

r_u.Gt I-"no~
Nut all tho

OF IlI1' (DII'-Blll'

1111'
M

(;_, ... u,~ ihp) i. a\'1\:labk a: tbe propdJcr

pu_"" developed

in th ..

d n

aft..

( I) lmep (p.ii) 792.U(j() X _Ihp Uispltl(:f!mcnt f1)m

"11'"dcrhnttou

of thh~ rormula I. hri'~ u

.. \lw pNt (1ft ......... !

Aa .ul{","",\~, .d . In JO"t"",U'e ~>:!.l'oOmf' of t" t In nH'rmmfne fnrf'rnal fri,.tion. some ,. dJ\"l'rtfICI to drh'Irl( \.ho n~Ii .. )t"h"I>, such as the m",",lIni a~d fuet pump . anmA i$ abROrbed in rlrhlnir thf. tuJ)e1"'Ch'tw,JnllL mcchaeism. In"t b known M fn U Whal rerenlue in the (orm of UM;(ul pul'otr dtll\ered o:..tllkl. thf''' Iti eo lb. (n"nPf'lI,., ~(t and oc:ht.. .batl. .. called bn.\<t (\:Ihp).
(fhp)

U(JWJI:
Nt

Ttwt ''''",
1 ,. ,.,

11'1 I

U. ,,,,

~ A U) oU.,..... Ln ,.i) by lle atU kad u wh4d. t: aoru .,.

Tbt totlll I':O ..... po\Hr'

J'W'I"'~" 1hu,

n.. "'_.
U HI

.. "..t" ~!lr I!" ...,. n., .........

\U I> i.Ud

~ J:ow:.., 'r-IJ X 4 '-CI'" 11fl tb~ _t..tch t.t. '.,'('w ....... drub as the JIr"", .1 U. ~ !Ii (In-In!
curill,ll' .."-' ~ ..... , ..htll; .. it

*" )

h""JitO""r

Ihp

Iot.p T fhp

Tt.
,hili.

1\, In t~lh. e,o:le

WillI. (h.ll).) .. p y 0

blM'&J)( A )(' 3/12

It th.
f.Y

"~It\tl.

h.1IJ.~

uU.... k"-. ,'"

... ,to;

,..r

,ikffl nl ,,.. .~

t.,
~

""Itt\.
!It "-

.,.. A ')( a 'I( ..'....,._ -1:)(1

.u.r ...... ,,"*"t

... rt, ...

,,1.. ..w ~ :

antot ~

!'\,I,

Aranll~l,.
W
VI'

II ,...I'f'(ooJt~''''''.", rt U. ,.lu , ... 1U'tI_ f~1 .l"~

ThIs"

"~t'''1. , ..~, $ra.. ,,'

.., .......... at ........ ".

..
. \t

u..... ,I'll'

.#..,-''''''''

k
)14'1'
rl'Y. --

hUll ).

f'>l ..&;l'~I! :u

'1' '
11,

'JI"',

<.IrkPili" ruh!l.~ hi t,I', 'In

.",l ".,rtw.I\lW "':1:"

I'n'~ Ilhr!" _n
Dm.I"1I' thf' W'C't'k (..:In

,00.1, ,..."."

m '-

T"""''''''r, tM tu~
"I ,.".""

'"

Ixn ~

Vbp, ......._,~

..

"Po .

,,fPI't'"'\

..

, rr"

n ' I~'

""',

&J..uie Irt

r
/Hp.jJHPtFHP
llw

u.. \. " ...wr ..,

'iH.,00Xl AI'II. nnl" ....... ~"'.;:ll't r!1I '(>1'11.>'" nnllu"

'<

.!!.t.
~!f. "Ucclrr. Usdi.-

IH~rt.er~n~ r,JO

(\1", ...,

t-m

arid t~ (........ " t"Cf'itl'

""
'1'hi. would be- a ",-lWU".ol')' 'IUJ' of tClr':'i putin)t imc:p. a::d !i:&aapr~(htt:nj( .dual <)Ii... d4:r Pl"H.!IUl'S. were it not tor tht: (lL,tl that ibp fA diffitu;l to measure d.:..ndlT

=
P'i'A. 01.100 Thi~ ffl:\tiond\ip makes pos.sible a ~uft"j(~nUy a,,:turalt lind nolalht:y 6imple (Of'RQUt.~101': ~f itip, tuld "UJli,~t~ a aJ-..ort~ut to the tkltnnina. Hun or c),lindlolr pressUre$. Bhp ('.an ht ..._dU) (:n1c:ulll.t4ld"1 mt""11.'1 or ft Prurty braki." d.Yna momele", (II' torquemeter. In (net. wh.nt'u thu t'I,IIII.IOIl between bhp, rpm, Rnd mnnf(oId m'6MHI~ hM 1)('C'1l ct\llh rr ,\:ed for .. .:h'ftn t1~_'nt. the lilt", flUI.V lie Icund Irum a lJU"",'r,un". {(
the III"t t\~O qu:trtitieJII I\t'f; knnwn and ltl..: prul)Cr ('o)"fL-'lllOf't. malic for en-btlW''"''r air t.f!'ltlJ'fl''''J'''' ,uxl other ite:ns.."'rich"n h~ J)U\\ ('I' Utlp) t ... ()( a eorutant Ilulntity. bu,_ it'l('rtJaM'a ""Ith the rpm .~ Ur.",JJtt .~ or

"Iaa.: at 1'UP"n"Mrx\-s. It can .. d.ot.mun~ few .:~y ~vvn qm\ knd .$uptrtha.,..r.n ~hina-tion h~ m'.!..~III ..nr. on;l modiMd dyutnlWnw<cr.

th~ pC.HH'" I~~(.'~nilly to t~rn O~ftr 1M ",,_In .. with thf'lrvtlncl~r. not .irinr. ~uc:h. (aUbrul:on ()to uol'nMtl,v mudc fur cad: ty'Pt! oC ensrCne. And
N)VI'!I'AHII (lntln, "reed ),JlnvV. With I"'~p Ultd

Ihl> Ihut kIIo\\ (1"0111 it, Irr.fll' dtto"rnill.;_'d.

11,

HUrl

Itll) 1s r('tI.(HI), ("l\T,."lAMt, I'''ltl eyllnder PI"IWiHllv.I m.a.~ be

"1.1(.' ut~.' I(I' ANO (.Q\U'll HIO'l In prnd're. htl\\f'\'f'r, III~ 4'"'t'I.nd. f"..... AU"" "" .1Ot dt:l4mtiu<:d trum .lIp.. but (t"Of'\ bhp. Hy .1'1:\11)10'. lm.p un bt thl)uilho:. of .. tl\" .u,n 'If l"~ pn~~: one .~nR"~4) pnwtl''''' thfl Pfl\\ fir nft ....,.:.ry ~n OVtnvmf (r.cliun (tbp) thu u'h~r I() lJrvducv the lift poyoflr dfllh:"Nd "I th .. 1>I'(lII..-lIer "ntl ottu:!" 'lmn_ (Lhl'l. Ttw Hl'&t 1H ('AI11 rrlctiM mCM fltferti" .. pr~urf! (rmllp); 1110~(!c()ltd hi k:~()",,"n1.Iy the mo~ ftlmlllnr, hut r.o 11":1111 fonnfd:lble. nArn(l of hrllkt menu \.1(rcctl\e tm:uut'C (bmI'P). srn('~ Ilflllhcr bhp or bmep uk e "ny .C'C"Ount of (ritHon. the cwJdm: can be tJlou.-lu 0'. In ths. f'flnnfllt"don.

4JU
IHP

In"hl,~ till Ih. _.r ru""Joc>od ~ u.. hln", withl" th. c:yli&dt:ra is deIJ"\""e.n-d .. ithou~ t4.a Alii bhp to lh.. pmpelk-r. SubN:!tutinl" hhp for hp, lJrn-t>pUll bt wmpulC!d b:r on eQUA(ioe. Idtn-

lUI

a {rk.bon~

po .. er ph

Ul

UrAl In Corm And derivatil')l1 with th .. OM p..... \loU1Iy uloCd \0 (ompute imop. namtly'
)lm >

(p.l) _

;92.000 0i5J)Jacement

X blip
rpl1'\

lhI'N(UI"C. pro"",. to be ..omclhinK (It abIItrlllrUon - a &-tJlKluI prcUUJ'(!- \\'hJc11 tau nu teal n.i..t4.'C~ rn U.. t"yli"'ck>t"R, Jm..,., III dNrt, If'''Mt#r than bm$. .int' it tumpri1k" bodt bmtp and tl'tW"p. (1""JW'ochng '''rxfty on 1M rpm. Inrwp I1U\) be !rom 10 10 50 poi .... than iJncop. and fftIlr r"p~nl .u h~k .,. M' ot th~l&t~r.) F",rlM 1T'ore,th~ ..ctul fl"k P~"""'. &II> .... oYon nn tYhlldt'r pl'cs.su.t'e ('U.t\.Ct, an! in tu.rn ~n"\::ulc.:r An tho lm~p. N"e\erthE>IE'JlR. t.hUi abstratdor pro,.. to 1Jc II. u&efuJ (IN' in ~Ij'"at;"j( tltt\ IId.lilt! ~/1'1!"!'ure!lar.d ;11 c!tabJb:hjn~ o~r~dn~thnits,

Bmt-p..

an

I"

and. If lldl'l btnE!JI formula

thlll:

('(ll'tc&pondil1ll imtp fomu!a.

he dh'idl'd b). lhe it "'"iJl be Nlen

BlIEP A.'l) 1~1JF;~ O~c;n.'J).:K

PK5~lilL'i To bevin

lated at any .!ou."\< of OpH'8titln ir. :e.nna of three quat'!ht.:._ th.t. ani' caW.O' found: bh"

.,!""hm~ mJU' be readily

c.a.~:.r

rOWER. um;!'

AND UTlNGS
PkQPLt.l:R

(from P'>"er eueve, tonauar..eter. Prony br.h. or dyn:unOmtler) l"pDl tfrom .. tachomeeer). acd _ f;OIYt.an\ (792.(1f""D:sp~eer':)tDt). l(ortOH!r bmff) bea-., & dcl'in.i\e rd&ti.o!::!hip to
fmtp (bmep/inM!p btlp/ir.p) ... hj,eh it. f'Ctab-

8H.
1;00)
].'Y..G

'P"
1500
2'100

lIt.hed throo~:. th. e.rIlVl'It'.i ()~':Jf4!' nlI,st' by rhe t ..hbmthm of the !hp (ihp - ~,p tho), Sine. th au:tI C'Yli .. ~t" pl'tUa..r-es ..,Jd other C'nmbu.~tlon (ht.l"1I.('tcrhLles ean be decfutoed
Irurn ilU41P, tOO

I"~

~lOO :!'lOG

1-

TOP.Qt:E LB.PT

flWEP
2II!.

6300

~2--i2
1~J 3940

lSZ. 1.;1;.

1I~

136.
]21.

!l5OO

,ir.ce

tht

TtbtioYl

of lamel'

\0

imlilp I,. known, it rollo. 6 Uu,l these pt'eMU'" (;undltlun. un M d~ermined ft<Mn LrrI(!J.l fl. \\'.-11 1\,11 rrom lmep, and the fRet thaf
And other hml'lfl
NI1\ 1)0

mere

l'",,,,dUy

rOfr.puted su~.d.

iI .. 'hl\l )1.11

LtllllV 1\ mnr9 ('onvc'r\Jent iudex by whhh rfl rl\~ or limit an ens'h:.es per(orm:\n~. Since a rl ... In btnJo'p will lIorm~lym(!an an

A th~t".1 app.roach ~iLhuUl looking 1\( 1\11 or 'he: r."'1-\ln ,,"'mdd !Il\'or thf" "f"ry minimum rpm and ft ('OrrMpondil'utly hht.h torque or hnH'PI btor-Rlli(Io (hi. combination wnuld Pmcilll:O tho hqu.lnd C\U:p\lt liIr'!ddclhe.I it w the jJl"OPflU,,, ",Uh thft If''''''' lhp. B4,<Ci.UIHI (Ufo) (on.uJnptJol1 i. th(! resull ut JII~ dk.,tM hArt('l>O" Cr. rf)nJ!c ahoultl i"l"l'f'lIll~if a

III 'l..aJIII'I In (hI' N"lul\l(,Imder prusu,,". uM.lr. tUl'nl (,oli.dd"tuhOU~ ~'iU dktA~f> that optnllon

tth

(1' \

illue or ()U~put i. c>bt.AlnMt '" lUI the 11111 j.

tOr.a.~tll'll'l!l l't"fl'uirt' mudi(:n, ..

Ir.... m

n'""' I\nd maximum torque or bmfil1

be wnlln.pd bflntl. (en ..tn bmep ....Iu*' or ttwo. .I~M. ImtMKod mil,)' rtIIIU;t In .. nW d,ftkuj. \" 8m." limit. ""lIl not nee 'rJy bfo !1'~ JAm. IhrnuKhO:.ll lh.: ner."'. ol"'",on. nn~. for It I, 1M 1m..,. nftl t1'<f h!lW'P, thal ac1;::aI._y 1m ' 'h .",.,.. "r.le ...,..... &ftd 'f'ft1.

rrwllt"IItl

ppr t

hi,.,

1,,"

8\tU' ""

'WRQllJ;

liall o( 'h. th,.,T)'". Tht b .... h pn.tptH~' hllllf' .11"11 ~1"'If'\'J too .btorb IUch Ma\'Y torque lu&dlO .t 100.- rrm ,,"oold retoll in a .~rlou, I,.. nt PMpU'''l\C tIIk,cncy, WhUt th~ f!1'Iah... ""u.let be> 1:.\111., ill oupvt At a \~r) lu.. tv" C'CICMI~r1lnn. th,. propdh:r ~Id not. tn"\AII\t~ ,hfJ 'hle. tt:.. I'l'lOtt mire. pt:r pound.

mill
",I till...

Oi.llvlaet.ment

bmtl'l
X k .,..... .......

;92.000
I Ji!I' "

n.. C"ftnUnnrr.,- Mph tOI'QU6"'"ould ~tllt. In hltlh .".'a"u,,1 .t-n......ea on the poWfr t,nn~ml aJcm a.nl."I'n fmm 11\. I'Ihton to lhc IH'OI)tlU .., lIt.f, V..I~.-I~I)('C O\ct tho ye.fA Itl'l~l'lt'ovtll
Ihallb ..M to..d. mutot be IfmHt'd. To ..\"~d ""'Kg'nll n lnoodnll E!IIjlll)(!, I h" opnr ftr(lf mAY turn tu tht IlI]'!!r extreme of hl,~ll "1)111 IIl1d luI." tOMIU" "only to run ill~u "!lulllt!I' 11411,
n( tfUH,.ul'jftl. Jlh.!t:.cr rpm rt'tIullll In xwntC'1:' th".. At:cordiJlI!l~' j( 1 ",no bhll mUll 00 malllwin"" th .. lhfl 'TI'l,t be in('rcaK'li and All n rfl8utt th,. filM fn'lllut1lJlicHI ..... iLI be grp.:\ttl' at It h ltp. lIut Lhp. \hr,t co\"em- fUf'-1 now, llhth rpm ._ "'.tid.. to .m'llter redprouUng 1o.rllI, nnd thf' ftlOf'Y rA).udiv th. en@'iOf! turr!'t o,'er Colher Wl'I."'S bf-tn.. ..-au.)). thf' 6O(lr.(r it u .. ~r nut. 4t the Ml'n" tilf.l". tbeo hight>I"imp('lIn ~ r.-:a" maR tha.. rn-ir.aJ ehaJ'J!t' l....:nJ)f'n ..

hlllltI'II1I1'lIr P'~"tc rp(~1 )( K

".,,'

711i.411J1j

I') 'JI~, bIt,,,,,

J(

torqlM"rf':t't

I~) and bit":,,

,..hrrl." f\' I" t.'Un.tnw "'hM'h .. lhe product o! ~I'f' h) .... ueml,l'cr eu_la.::.l (J<) dl~id""hr lht CmtMtf> dYplacement.
19:1..I)lJJt UmtfI

TMt ttl.hon.h,p

indie.atN ti'.at torqu. .,.bich

is dlnrclly tnttU'Jrabjlt. Is lbaparablT rtia,l!'C! to hrYW'p'" hfl;h. Win$( a fkob:lou$ preswre (&J)-

ot .. m.... .:~ dlrenfy. Rqr.trdle.s of the tt'nn u-..ct II) Mktlbe output and the .unit.- of (lJ.en.t10n. the rr:.ur .... o~ mtoa..-.u1"t"~nt and. toet",1 t\"f'nluall,. bo') d.ow:: ~o rpm and lDfTlue. It h(ilc ~~l'l .ho ....:: tl:at rpm and tOfQu.e a.. illdcp"udlmtl}' eontrolll and Lhd the operator hn- A wldo \ndcty o! rpm-torque Jr"...I)inatiOOI Lu chool!-" Irom to obtain tM ('(lQuirtd pv.r.C'r
lU'o

t~'
tUnt

a ... bf.inx rppr'OaIdu:.>d. tics- .!IWJl(! .. "ht'n" bf.. t .. -r. the two nu'e "nf!A. .. 1..o"'K e~pct'iclK~ uf
Propf'r ftJ)frahon de&rb'
JtlJ and Vf"'\ice operation f' an be 6Il(cb' operated

in thf! following tAL:c w.i::g Wup lbjor

~R4360) Ali un ~xample,

pro\'" that 1hp f'''I with Kood d'Jnt, lMky J.tand.rdf- in the erujsinJ! range. ua.inJl'" fu'" at t-he J)fOt)Cr urlldc. for pro)ongE"d ppriorl .. ,,5th UUJ cylinder pres.sUre!l anri t~mllerAtun.'dI n.-pruentf'd h31 th ... maximum et"Ulsebmcp jjnnt
t

PRil''''

& WHITNEY AJUCR,u,. manufacturer lor the

PW..\. 01.100 where D = drag - Ib

.'!peeUled b}' the engine

pnrticulal" engilte TMdeJ in Question.

It must be emphaaized that cruise bmep limit.

C" = constant wbose value depends

upon -air/oi) $~Ctfon and angle
p_

are merelr convenient numbers that describe

operutlng tormmion. limltadons in terma t.h.a.t. can be ap-

plied in \Jl~oockpit by means of availablie- toThey do net define a kui!t!-edge line

air dEm~ity

on one Billeof which is ~afe operation whlle on tho other elde lmmedlete desrructlen will 00
limitin9.' (ruise hmep is cArofu!!y selected on the ba:t.Ls ct experlence and teat tL'J the operatinR condition combininjt destrod pcrrormence whtle obl4inib@' long service lite. C()ntinu()u~ uae nf exees.,h'e power. rpm, or temperAtu~ will mere probably encountered. The tt\;lximnm

.~ = Area
V
<=II

Velocity

cause lmmedlutc dimcullJ;' than h1irh bmep. USE OF I'ROI'Eu.ER OS "I""t: GK(lI:.\'11 FOR IXCIN Cm:CK

--~-If a piClUrt 's formed of 11.11 the Al'ea and all tho dn,c foft"e btlin", t(Ull'e:)trAkod hi 0(10 poiuL of applitAtion. IU1 an&rl>A'01JIJ t'qul\tion (An I:)fJ d~"Vlted to dt~rJbe lhe propeller I'CHo:UQIt and j~ "'ill not be neot",""l'T to ~tTu"le with the d'lfer .. enee in .~ betw~J) thu dl) an(1 W,lO l'U()l: in ""hldl esse, P (fo"", ollolns< oropoU.r)

In the ait, tho propollcr con\orb cnJrlIlCt OUt put, ln ~ho Jerm o! rpm and to"lWe, into thru.t. Oil tht) ground, with no rorwnld moOdon, (be propeller hna Iloth.inr 1.(1 do b\lt..e.n~ M b.-die

dl1r.lnR. whue the cmelcncy or pcrronnln .. Ihlo

fuuctlon IOtlr I, (It
01)

1,(1t'll~orb

Whll.t#''''fl'" J'lt)Wf'1'"!.I'll!

tmel""

bt

I'ro

(outern, th. propeller eh......

of vnluc bocnu,e LbCltorque roaulrcd to ubtaln ti gl\'.:n rSlm II pNKllet.bll ...

J\(:lflot'l"ti($ IlTe

Co A (2:-. 1')( 1'pm) II x

tI" the bltt(h!! anKle r" flxod.

wheee C. = ('onllt3nt, dHCribini' propelter 1>111<1. clltu'ACl<ri.llc. M {lxed

A

On the ground, with Lhe propeller adjuattd tt) rull inrt'el\fted rpm, the blnd(llJ ott poelttoned At {I deRnilc minimum anxl.." ThL8 .n,gle will

= blAde :lrea
w
PUlut of lor'te ttppHC'slioH

low plwh

r _ dit1aueo from enatnc center Jhw

lit! lhe same enrh t.ime thet.ttht prop.ellu control i~ In thu. J)06ition. when the blades Atv in fh::ed lew pitch. Lh~ engine ioll driving a Axed-pitch Jllvpeller and the f(!laUonal'lip between entdne porfol'mance and propeller rpm gh'u Ngnift
cent infm"l't'latiOll rtg:tr(linS( the c:onditiOD of the englne. Thls cbara.etoruUc l.! uaod du.rlng the

~= ~o.of blt\det
"hf!relo.re torque vari~1I di.rectiy all the 8QIIOl'O 0.1 \he rpm, In simpl!:!t U!rmll. if while! Lila alrc.raft if .t~Uc. on the ground and t he propeller

ground cheek of the powerplant, 'l'he lo.ad pfQ\idcd bY' the propc)ler i, the l"e.illn of th~ n!~i~Ut.il~ or the air to the motion of the blttdes. If it i~ imrurlned th"t the toc.31 air force a Mtlng fit OttC point On the bltde, the air force per blade multiplied br the-distance between the point of application and the propeller center Une times the number of bl:tdes eQut\15 the tot'Que n.~orbcd by the propeller and equals the tot'que oUlput of the engine pmpeUer

blades ..re in (..xed )0", pueh, the rpm 13doubled, the torque produced and absorbed i~ multiplied by four. This rclA-tio.nsllipmakes it possible to
use the propeller
to provide

a brake meaf>ure
w

ment: however. the blade anRle mW!t be the same eac:h U~ th1:lLthe mcat;urem.cnt 18 pcr formed 35 the blade angJe detennin~ t.he \'.!Ilue o.f C. in the equation abo\'(~ .. From the lIbo\'e equation, it is no cfrort to

cootinu.e to
HP

torouex rpm
5252

.h.ft.
'rhe drag force ot any airtoll can be t:rpNS$Cd by the following equation:
{;6

= c-

(rpm)' (rpm)'

X rpm

~ c-

POWF.II. l'nIEP AII'D RATINCS A propeller wbcse blades arlo!111fixed low pitch vertes 1:3 the tube of the rpm - J\ relation wbich hokls true unl] the tip speed. of the pr'Opt'~)erapprw.c.hes the speed of sound and C." i~ altered. Ie leu techb)"

POWEll

,\"1)

ITS )IEASlIRE~fE:-''T

or the power obsorbed

nic:'ll terms, this means Ihnt the power mw;.~be

ciidlt tlmes 8.'1 gt'el'.t to douhle tfl.e rp~ and twenty-seven time! as srrcat to triple it. a?:d $(1011, Fer example, on a Wasp }fajor (R ... I:!6().
the Icllowlng rela.tiontlhip.."1of l"(Im. power weulrt be N1COUnlCh>d.
CIt.\~K. ;OI'QIl~ and

rno.
RP'r
10(10

rROp
TOKQn: LB-YT

I'OW!:R All-

:t:lIAfT
LB-t'T

SHAFT SORBED
BY I'ltorr.l.I.F.R

t-:Nca:-;r. TtJ:I.{.F:R TORQl.'t

RPM

~7G
.'U2

S~O
IA90

l~OI) 21l0()

'750
9:11 112:;

3360
.'2f1,2

~OO
:lOOU

7>60

2'.M:? fiO-li) ~~ 11000 20178

161)

5.10
12811

2.iOO
4a20

Th~t\rurt..'ilupt,fy, or ('()ur~. to or-ty O~ Pf,rlit',dM' blAde 6ctthtK o{ a pil.tt.kuhtr propefler. t .. (1I'~\H lJ*vpeliets at the ~:\mft bladt onale "ill n:-tJulre more hortlf'pol\'ta' ror any Mi\'('n rpm but

!rl\'tU blade ~Hin" ~"'JI In nil

by (0"",1. (7).

("1\8('$

bt.i Kivoll

fOoIIU,,1 hor6CPOwor Rl ao:n4: lowtr blade "nalt. ~ml\lItr proptller. \,W ~ulrt blah bUd. Inilt" ()I' Ir.s tlowtl". l"le\crtl:.~k.~~ the ,..lAUnn between rpm nnd bhr> tor An,. J)ro~fer Arid A

TW. l,.btion " known ;'l~ J>l'OI)CII('rJoad 4I.ud in atllphical form Ii known 1.1$ pr('I.lt".II~I l()1\d

curve.

RATl'CS

~ED FOR OPEIlATL,G LI~II1'S

An cJlgitk: mil." be made to Inst tore\'cr, By "pic:kting" it in (l auitubht preservatrve, encMinl

it. in proper ccntatner, and storing it JII a eontrol)cd atmo5.pbere, it .!Ihould lie in tUt gnod condition after ~\cn.1yean 8.R at the bCR'innlng 01 !t.oragc. However, to servo a useful purpose the ClUlmc must be run. and i!l bclng run it 151)ubject to wear which will inevit.al)ly limit. rt...s lifi! span.

The previous discussion haa deAlt with the variow foree set up in the engine. in the prcceae of producing power. As the throtUe control lever is advanced cylinder Pn.'SlOurea: increase,

PR.\ 1"1' " \\'H ITXY and t: e ~tl'\"""~tbn.

AIRCJLU'T
from thea prew:ur"e!'
to

I'W.-\_ OL 100

K.o\XOnrM CO~TL'1I0(S

RATL'C

the prvuurw at... " that (an be tafely lmpoMd on the tyhl! h.'N. pi.ton&. link rocts. bt:arinD. and oth('r 1I.,lfhlfl pt\rb. Similat'l.lo'. Lbe contl'Ol of en.. air .. "r~1 thu)ugh the J)t'<IJlf!lI.-r gO\'enlur rnut( 118ht!ld \I. lthlu ddinitf.o Umita to prevent ch~ ... 1 li ..ul' Ilt f'xrtl>MJli\'e (.'CJ1Lrftu)tal nnrl lulprouLI It ,. r .... III Iltidition to mechanical it" ........ det 1 II hfl the deeldleg fa('toT 'n .t.. ~ ,. "Iwo it'l.e limit. lO ti~ho;.r pre~lUnI or rpm c.;rlaJU temp of fuel. cnee thft !lm.Lln .. p...... re and Tpt\ have been Htablu.htd tho r PG1'n La. 1tDtr.:\tkaily d,-r1ned. F.n,,,w rurthfor rnt.riet....--d br hMlt.. U'l, q-Iiru:tf'r .. nd oil Wnpera.ulNt. and on fue PI'\! .ItI"'

bome I"'M\tpr. Obviowly lhe~ i! a timtt

The !'aline ddtnf"" the m.uimu."Y'I power 8\ail.able for C'Ontlnuou.a operation ia )(a:'timum ContinuoDt 'I'M. fating is tn be \IsM tor emet"'g"@ttC)'i1i..-ht condio:-ionl relJuirltlst" maxi'llunt 8U1S1aini ectnue. Automatic doh mixture, (It. Its ~vivaJent. it tequltod when u!ling )(!axinHIM Continuous raUnr.

1)0"'.',

'"".1

NORlUL 1I~'ttO

1'('" f(.ll
l'

C() dt'llft'_'

liUllt~ o( or"mtiQC~ within which lhe nr IIf r~lItiblli~ r.An be obtAll'lfd 'u~
M Amply dt:mnn.

Thb, nUns- I pt(.tll'd by Prar; Ie. Whil;ney ~~i~!'at: a.od " tM mu;..nuJIn r~onur.endfd out.po:t for a!1 nmmal opcm.tlon~ &ueh IU ~ dne clitf'.b aDd hlp .Pf'f'd 1.\4.'1 tHJ'ht. A ,. ... ,..~ dL'nb po~ ratlnat ntablilhtd (01' many ,n.r.DO modf"jr., Aulun..atic net! mixtutC, or 1u (lCluin.If":1t. i.a r c~uir'f'f1 \\ hen tain. thiM) ..Ii..,.
>!AXIbIl III ClllISIX(; l'm\,~11

nov.n It" ~IIKIt\\: rat in"". Operation wnhua t.h~

ra11l1..... ,11'_1111"11 rI",plJndabilUy,
fa

.1 hy thto t~J)C or prt)()r tealt.i rHlulrtHl by ~ r".xunllM' or ~M'ul.t.llu.c Ij(t'nn;y. O~ratlon d ~If fh~"" hmit.. cannot..... 1.1... thUi "". tr ane) Ou.' r;tot II Nb-1nt MI maIIlJRj of
...rl'l,) 0\\

lIa:dmum ("",Ia"'tI J)U\\er ,. An ,,"'bI1rllrlly ts:Ablwl limit. tor UtfJ with .uwmaUe lenll

mu:ture.

0'

a!,

('qululfnl.

Nubnum

Ct1Jl..fny:

\.hat ha'" roUt. ~n ,.lhlhU,\y ocnopl

p~..d pl~ o( th .....

t

honl~ ... hle.h appl,r 10 All Of)f'",1.O,.. h"",. \)u(.11 .. l&LIubocl tor Ihe Wa.... Jr .. W..... and ''''In

.at ItnporUl'M"fo. nnd tht- rntJnp dt(lnt thfl: up!)\!r limit,. flC n:liablt perfor::rw,~. th"..rw .. IOKlrnl hc",lllll(nr fnr A dUcuAfoo oC Vi,.I", uperatinn,

uan.

W"1) SI~; .nrJDt1. In .hIt- """"" n( lhft lak:r mocIW maAllfa<lul'<'d '" 1'",1, " WlIill\<if AI". lbo "Axlmum Crultinlt ~f''' iI Mll,!t-

tr.lt1ed irdivutuaUy tor c_rh opu&1.ur 10 at '0 obtla. the op'iml1m bAl.n~ iJcl,,'oon length o'ertuwl JWlriocb and U'!u de$.lred ain:r.tt per.

or

'I'he rutiuloa

Of

pltn'cuJar cn$tine ant 1.4> .,.

1'.,111111hi th~ tnll'ln" IIPcdffcatiour. and In the ..).)~clt\r. O)HirtltiliK (n..,trut.ll<,u,. and in uddl~
tillll, .tre JndlC'l\ted IJJJ Ule tlflfllh:ablc <.IPCf'1\tifilt t!ur,'(.>&, H.. 1trrluK. Cor E".nmlJ1c. to ttwo ~,,",'\'1fic OperKlinll ]Ntr'lK'tion~ for Q DoI.Iblt Wup C' AlS

fonnance. Thl. limit 18 ftlllJl.lJlbJwd b~' ~on"ullaLioo btt.w~n thft RPtI'ator I'\nd Pratt &: ''''hit,.. ncr AiN'rAft .fl.tr A f"t_,tew or ull the factor"
.trC!C'UQ~ lho (nnd{Uoni u.nd(,'J"which the ellariDel ope.rat Indl' 'dual Umit. inc:rc.th<'& may (o&lcM I.,-onbk: tXPfrit~ if dClirecl.
pcr.I>"er

.inai~~.tA ... low"

()....

be. obLlincd fl'OM the

\W'iG C'ti."I"QR:IO"t

l'f\<Oo&J)tef'<l ~~ne, the raUr:1I"'''1 pilo~'& ehccc ct.art u (vi.1t."tCJ.."'(J:,.

)

, It

<, ",II" .,.Il" ',lM ."

K....:. "J J'e."

'I'"le :11"

...... '"''''' ......... ....... r. .... ,-. r ......" ,,- ,~ '" L" ........ .." '" '''~II) L_

Ai. :1
oA

f.lC:"

1-:0)

ut/J

~!()

U .. I.., ~kl,.lIl .....1 "'~ll", .... """ .... 1')1)

...."

.. t:,.,... ... ~ Iooc ..... , r...... ............ ).io.l<lII:;

"'" ...._., ~
t ..:c
tiC " ...

!"',

u.;-:c
~

141'.;(1 'I~

~'C3 to-

.. ,.
",.~

'l'C , pr.~,

~ AIIc1'" , ... _ f " ... C._ ....I ~ ""~ .. __ L:. Ok .... _. <4 ~ la:. ...._,._. ttl _ .,._ ~ e:.:. .n T.1~ __ ,.f ... 'iI*~ .._.~.,~

"

- -.. ... ... . ... ... .... ..... ..~ . .,~

t'_

ntv.

.1I1i..

........... ~ ~ ,., ".,,, ~ ...... , ."

....... 1..'11

A .......

;tCt

I' 1

.sormal Ral4.>d 11101" ... poG'u 3nd all utMl' O\JlPU-ti hav. tx.....'ft tnCNured br ftr erYt:e to thh ral.u~J[. For f!n[nple. OO~ power' hv meanl 501"} Normal Rated poWf!r and 60~ 'Pl"N ",.n meant. 6IY., of Nor-mid Rated ~ 'Se'4; alrt.nft.1H'trrormancc reQuirf!mll!nl5 ha"i! brouscht about. thtt ru\'ivon of the 1>l'aWrn 01 mtinJr! but a ,"-,Ill mAn)' individuals b,.'lRe their concept.. of pow ... output in term" ot

hr

a conJld .,..bI.

p4:riod.
AS

hal bKn nonrdtd

or

p".reta.tUt

of ~ormal P..atod power. A ~ret't

.:..:

.,.,. ........ w ........

portion of this book ..."" wriLtt:.n brfore thiJ. change &.::d. U rwult.. power 6election disc:o.s.9on! #U'~ bued ()D peroentagm o! Nonna! P.a:ed po'Ilet".

58

POWER. D)IEP AND R~TJ~CS the policy or establishing tru{$ing nonn illrli..,i~ually appttes onl)' eo the Twin Wasp 'D' and tarcr mode) engines. For pre\'ioU$ a:odcls. manufactured by Pra~t & WhitTlf)' Aire .... n. Ill.. crulee rndng~ appecxlmeted the ge.."Ie_raJ limit! of 0.30 bh.p per eu. in. for s.iftj(Je rou' serlea and O.lJ76 hhp pet' ell in. 10r the doub~ row i!~ri('s. Ra(il\ft~. b.~ on these nUos proved 10 be Po ~~i5fACtO)'Y limit for all normal.
d4!fi:nilO time limits. To obt.ain this OUtput OJ! the ~i~ of III e()r.tinuou~ rating w()uld require a. e1ucl! hea\'ier engine, And the Q.irera!ts em ei,,"~' i$ 3('.(ordinf{ly mereased by establishing a rating wbteh permit...'l the engine to mPE't lAkt()1f requirements, but llmlts thi~ perform. aME' to a AAnTt period nf rtme. TM specitic nme hmttatrona 81"f! determined by the lfilit.'l.ry Proturemt'nt A$(tllcy or by w Chn Aerotlautieft Authority. A$ lhhl J)t'riod limitation i& aubject to chAn~, "he $Jl('c:ific ~

me

lean mixture cruising and haw )(1\"00un aeceplJtble (.ombin"'tion of dUn'lbility Md pe.... rormance. In Heu oC a posltlve delinition or lite

Mnxlmum Crut,ir.tt rotln~. tnt usc

bn.'1e<1on the above ra.lioa will in~uye

or

limila

frating

ini(t)"Uttion~ mUM be e.OIHHlltEdfor in.

sriVllJl

that eeeservntlve powers a~ (I$M pending reuipt ot

mere 5pp,tille inr'ntTnp.tltm. In all ca"ft.. opem Hun within Lhu!Q Umll$ ,*iTl iusure the use ul J)owcr& thnt Me in die rAnge of ec:onomka.t fuel

tornu.tion t-e-lranUn~ a.

l'ngiuc

modE'l

FC)r engin('13 wit.h two-speed .upel"'ehllrl{en thE! Takl!..ofl' rating

I)" two-~U\Jl:,,"

i..IlvilllJlhl1t

on'}' In tho lowen impcller ratio or sta~e u(

1llllWrtitA""ing, ";x<:epdonR to j hift rule ml\y bft !ound \'\'hh Iudividuul enulne lTIod~I~,For In. !o",,;'\don reJn\1'dh'K all}' onf' modtl <,ol\sult th~ Applicable $pt."C.lfIC oporutill,lr Jtb~ructj(.lll'.

ton.~um')t!()ll.
Wh~n Lho )ti\'(lmtim Cl'\llsil'lj( I1ltin" 'S t;peelfi c~nytl~llned. the mnximum rpm for condnuoUi

<rul,. ~ ill .100b. indi"'lAld. II ill hOllntendtd thAt (hi. negtne ,peed 'hAlIl>< """ ror .11.. ,,11In~ I)OWft'" .. i.l\d Uut moat 1I.~\jda.clory ~llJJ

2. MIIII .." n.,lns. Tactical .IId combat quirt.mtI'nn nt"CtlloMritv d1('1,II.1~ thfl nmounr
PG"'f,i:r tha1

renr

will bt>obcAlnec:l b)" t'f'(ludnJt the rpm M Lh.. O\lt .. JjuL ilt h,lwet,'fl. to", I:llwine ,pc.-ecla ",ill ~-i\~ m(l"~tll'nblo return. ill thO rormor rwol et!OhOtT'., find Il'Icre.tt~@d dutnbillt.,t, pro\'"kkd \hal a proper bolQIICObctwoot'. powC!r And rpm Is rr.Qlntol ..t(I. "'1\0 10\\' limit of J1)m for ar.y dt4flnod power 18 flxpreftt.ed in Lorn" or bmep. WhUe 1M
rutiu.g$ may not lI~ci~eallymention a bmep Ilmit..'\tlon, MPeripnce hila Ir.dkatl th~ <kill,, abl1iL)' of udhlJrlng too a oot\n:able relatioll b.-tween power ~nd rpm, It i .. "u~ted lhat.lbo operl'lt()r btl.ge bl!o I)t!\\'t,)t and rpro combinaUon .ccordln~ Ule ml.:d.od outlined in Plu't OJ.

,,'m \10

v.t1.-'il 111mUILnt';V i.)I)\!t'nUQllIs.

In mfoflotinR' th~M de-mnnd" mUltltr)' porKOIUlcl ...... natUI'.n.l' J.... , ecnccrued \vhh thu Iifv of lhe
eI1kfne 'I':,m with tho Offen,.!vl'! Ot (te"l'm~lv~ :\(1.. VAll~"@ of o\ertNd per'JOrITlU.IICC. T'ho mililJir,v

ft..in.: 4,itLaWJiilu... \be maximum limited I)Cl'lod pertorm.u' for ~r\'ice l\iJ'l.'r:tft. I\nrl it'> 001 8\".ilabl .. to <M.her tJperat.urtl.. In tho )UWCt'lt. JJU. ~kr rAtio or "tar.c~of !Ul>et'(.hOfl:rinR' Military Powet lI.nd rpm Ilrt uf,uwly the li.ttn'le aft 1'01' u.k~!I'.
An Aircrllft engine CAn H.ctuaUy hI! fun COil

ru,,>

10"108.

R FOR '{Dw..I.I)m{.o CO"Un'I()N~

\n .... cs

A3 ..... ith mos; meeharkal devicefi.. ",n aircraft e.nglne b capable or 4u.ilta;ning ao O\'Cdo;ad tcmPOCQrily \\'lthot.lt lmpahiTi. itl} ""liabHity and withnut &pprec:iabiy atTt!dlug iu. dUDbillty, Accordin~ly sevuaJ r~tinga. ha\"(! b4!en f':itabJi!.hed aett~ng up Umlt3 within \\'hich the engine may be salely oPf.'t8tcd tor re.!trie,:ed periods of tiDle at powet"8 :tnd 5peedS gR"..~er than tho~e pet'miU.ed Cor maximum conrinuou3 tlP<'rati()J~. I. T S1ke.OfT. \\'Illie

uuu.oualy \UJdcr owtJood coullit.ioJll of power 3Jld ,~ tOT muc.h longer period,s th::m tho-~ permitted by th~ raUugll. J[()\\c\'cr. the ptriod of reli.A.bJe OJ)f..ratioll is thereby reduced to ~n imprnctical1~ short. time, imIJOJing lL lime limit. 00 TIlK(I-oiT and MiJit..'lTY J)OWC1' rnt,ngl' the cumulative eff.t of the (l\'orlol'l.ds 1s distributed nen)" over the period between over hAUls. and the useful life of the engine accordingly ienl.rthcm .. -d.

ny

grea.test

pt>\ ..'er

tak~it demands ;be output. ir; is ~ condition ~'i:h

3. ll.axitu.nm Dh;ns Sre('lli. 'l'hiR rating es:ablisbe.i t.he tnA.'(imum safe OVIlNIJ>tt.'1.1. 1L i& dictated by the a1Jowable l'eC;p1"OC\ltillg and eentrifug~t loads re!)ulting f-rom the hi~..J\ rpm. which may be. enOOo.nttl'OO. during airc.nit mancuw!.["$., b1o.xi.mum di\.-ing speed is usually Jimited. to 31) I>eCOmis.
69

PIIA'M' & WIIITXEY

ADDITIONAl,

AIRCH.~~'T

I'IVA. 01. 100

RATINGS

1. Temptnture and ~Ute RatiDp. In ad dltion to th power .nd &'1'Irn ratinn whkh Jt'(I\'em CJl)(lno fM"rlorrnQtlc~, lim!Llnsr ccmdhloTlA CI( It:npt''Tl\ture and f!'N'jI.un! "rP. spodt\tld b,. thf" E!lgin. manufut u rer nd the obNn~ of tbese hmila is Mnndal"". Tbeow ,.U"p uro: n. (;ylI!II.lVI' Trlmd 'r(jmf.l(\rt\t\lr\!-ma~lmum

ators 'Ifill natura!.:y $eled powtrp!an:s thAt arc PC:rT'!".itted to dorve!' a hip ~ .... e of their
maximum J)Dten1.ia1outpu';. On the other )',a".d, (J\t.-r-ent'hul( .... m l"f'g~nUnu l't\tinlll> j!! held in cheek bl tM con~derRtion that the engin" IliuM 1*" a riaid proof te:st. a.nd the mc.utnd.urflr's npvbtiora _ ill et; frer it Lt:e .... iability <d hi. pro~t fa!lI to ""..-..ute up to tM daim madt- (nr 1\ TM ptrtutmal')(:f' nfTtr<:d I. thua the manurft("t.urer"~bokt JudgnK'ntM t.he output an till-tine e&J) deli"f'r, within th .. at."toPttd JltamlArd I'If re-

1>. OH (l?'ll,t-) tr.lnhnum

Tcmpernturflt-msx:imum.

and

hah.Uy WId.. df,mon!tntM b)' the ty~ kl..t, t:NIOINK Dl:RAI1I~m'

l)un.birt.,. h, the me.AlllUrfi o! cnJrine lieu ubtK;td whll.- mulu ..... inin. tho dfl,,'red r"lIo.blllty.

c. 0-:1 "r~o1I.Jrt' maximum and minImum

d. "'IH~! Pa'lJfo"url"!--rrUlximum
and minimum
EIl(:h ur lh~,IIf1 fU!itu:S I" Itt..en lOT ",.r:ou. f'IPo fOrlllinK ('(')f1t1I1JiJJl'. Th. tilIJMq~ (It 1Allure to ~\' d'CI .. ,hrJt.t h.~ .1n:ad.1 bfi-n d.
tUlI.fd.

TtMo (atl t-bJ' ar. f'na-ln" mnctPl hl4.i 8UC'N'jII.rutly

rornplt."!td tr. lrlMl'or ;mwJIldt .. an tndJ..-Uon IN.t '1: ean be Ul'M'ftWc! In a nonnd mAnner onr Jc,... Pf"riod iJ\ofon ~ur1n.r f)Vlr~ lu1. Jlo.. enr# r.u dennit.fO tlme 1nterVttl lJetW"lln O\'~rhaull iI 51wl~ ur implied In tltfl rul!uJr.

~. COI'l1I\1U, n~tlll.'" 'n,\! \:oo\'40ntio"",1 I'\nrmnl nnt~d, 'l'III..o-O'T uud MlHtnry VQ\lrCl' ,,,tin,,,. ""'

1u.IlIo:don J'lt"nrl,,:Jtllu Ct')nf.pla ut tnrfr.oi rdiAhU. ;h' and duuulhY In .. ...n..,. thoH <",**ra tlnn.turc not ~.~ti'y ttN a,.,.t Imp<lC1.AJu' e, uud t~c:tklll all~1 C'nmbd ck'm"ntLJ w,rrftnl the 1111(' or IK'\\t1r" til 4,::(4"11;1ut Lh~ IlOI:tml:lw:1
uudtr n<'Irmul ('1t"('lIm~hlllC'(IIII, 'I~h~ ~rrorlNl~'t ()t'I kU..h, CIC.'CiII.'[()I, .. l, t:J1Ure'y ftlCu.I.&ted b\ the.: mlht~.r,. ",r\~ ,td ,)0... dtm(".lntIQA ut ~h~ eOI'IIU;" .,,;Lablll1)" tM thlJ ~r out .. put ioi IlOt I\n f,\tllll'atlnn nC 'he manut.ctUHr. Uvurntionl'lof ~hl~ tYll. l;ume und~r th~ Ciltog()I'Y or I;(lmhnt r...titl2'~, I\nd ~ not to be ((M'l. 'IUI.'re<i nulll.h.l~or the miliL..,.,. Hni"
A\,.n.1J)(

Th. d.rablllly .....II...t II d.....rml d lorr,ly b,. u. lH .... ~d tcJ'IlCilLon nf op.:nat!on. Tho pertud bttwHn o\-trbaull na.r tit reprt"~nll'd
'I)IICh'1 by I'1R, 26,

3, Other H hur! ecro'enna "pteiAl *pphc.aUou m:loY b~ aUlJn'lfd (rum tlrNo t4't lime fOT lndlY1dmil Opgiul'l lItodioll". llELIAlJII.I1'Y STANOAROS

8ta.ndarua of eqri.nc .... labWt.l' al'f' &&n'fd UI)uJj by thf' .hiDe rr.anufac\urP.l'. on t.M (JIM h'Hld, and thO t)roclO.riuk 0' ,..ub.U1I ,J\:MY on the ot.htr, Tho accumullllc::d experit!lK.'Oot lhe Inlftt mak!11 pOI\,Iible the c8t.bjU!.hct.ento~ h ... Un. iltandards th3lt .l"t.Ur:.t.e(y ckmonstnt. Lh~ ability of ,n .n.sf.nc to periorm at giRD l*t""" .t thf! standard ot reliability .~jfted or IID'ted upon. Comp"tlLjon ghoe5 t'rCr1 hwenti\'ft to tbe ll1Anu.tuctuNt tn offer the hl.rh4:a~ pouib"'=nt.
ingll. O\7~l'o('C)n&crv;).t:am io rating enKine pte. lornmme .. m J"\!!u1t ill )"'''''ClI6':ne hf......t>ot orten on thf' ma.autac::tul'e"." lI::.eJTea,. sinoe opulI'IOIII>Ot ~

I
Uf.
26 - Effect

0'

CCh........

ts.Y

Corrf'ltrtuo."'ow.,

on Durobillty

The \o-aluea Mowtt in }'''il'. 26 ,_,.e onJy IHlJ'lt'OXlmate .and

VW)' t\'t!O

at. the -amo })er'"ntllJ.f': of

po~ outpot becau..,_~ of web other f~

as

60

POWER. B)IEP

A_>ID RATI:'i(,S

RATll'iCS

'It U t.. mlW"I'MUl'IJsud

'.iff

1:.,1.,. T .... S2C I G hn- fI thud, I"' HHlnK. which f)ttrmit.l lh" tllW tit ~7 octane lUi" \\' 111 IOWfr f:l.tiHl-!i. TtUt unl)' ttlr. tt ...... 't"t'~ In the! 1.Ii1~' of M:UfOriA1. tif th,"w Ih"I'!\ bun:to,'
t4HIIU,"" A"fI 1hl\ dole ~'tjll.~ u,

tv
h'l

1,. und~i'lIt('lO<l
ulJ.:rlltiQo
mlf1f),

lyP't' or ;nl't-AllnUoli.

I, 111,,1 lh\! IMlrkld

rol1j('ltw

tw

the,;

(or dutlblli,>') W (.(X~lhhIOU. du~p~l UMd.

0' NlClabkInoMYI&.-

",-:

point

fuC't,

T'I~

,I_ \\',.,."

'.KllIt

')r n n,
Qt bMi(

C;:~Hwr..:lor (IArb ....hi. ....HoNl 'u tud 1111,)'4

.... '\V

ntf"f'fd th (h I~n\ ral.mp ." .. LAb:ed~udUUt ou tho lIudflt of futJ to bet u.kd Th. on.\" d'''fl''tfU'"e bet" Ct:., lhlllM ott.. ,..,..~ iUtulu .u Ul.rJn~ ant th.. ur Atlnn. :u \hI earbl,tr.t()l'""ttl'" re-

model ot C'bl(.11C'

tna'"

, uln: Ito !urnf~"

II.

,11'.. '" d,'lOt'dti<.l!).

:-It Ie;

(,IC (Ul.ll'UmU'nl tn .up"'(lr uamJ'l14J' the """,In W .....p

now

tor Itt'tnat t Ir-h I'tm1lllh\: u.. or ~fr Kn.d-= (~I. I' hI' ~r -.dt ! .. fol mAy be ua'<l .... Ithem" c;~~ .. In opt'nUlltI: ptul'l.d:JN!. For t<"f\t'I\))Jc .ht. T,,!n Wop ~(". f. mAy be \lhl.-d ",".h ('Ith~r 9) 'ttl or 100 130 fuel. It wftuld be l~l'lIlhl~I)J1" to ~ 'h~ rA1fny" avnilabl a w 'U, lhO h1w-lwr

In tMt,.",.

"e WIlInD

pr'O\,ded '1IHlh e..,'bur ....

luUl "(':\t'bu~t.or .aI-:Lun,whM"h Pfnn:UI ttll' l'lll(UlC tu de-\'~Iop itA ""h,)(, \\ilh "rade l!lfl I!lO' ruel (1(\],)', TM TWin W.,p ~IC"-G It !I itlt!ntlclli ra~in~ bUt it i, "roVlckod with
nrc retor soL ."lmc:imlb' rkh.r to permlL thHe ratirp to be ... 'dopwd. Wllh .,nci. 91 ~

.,,,do f\k:1. uu.t

UJHlt"'"

len would bo un8utl"rlu'~

tol,. b@.c:J\u~of e)l(,cln~h'c I'JU"irhmont:, It " no~ pt'rmllf.,.lible to use ruc~ 01' lower
.rade
thl.\l\

lh"'l

.J.Iie(:in@d

for' lh.e cnl'liul"\Ilor

1'(1.

.tun&,

.n. _J",
_ ...,.,. ed

_~ MIt

.......... w. k ........... _ "lw,;0. I~ &I: ~ ..... ~ k _ orta1Ir _, ... "'1: ., ol ..-..... " H"",",, It lM,' ~
1.1' ,,.... __

tae

'....:IUIU" .. ~

.,,,ed.

of thfl

enine, This p.r.ctl~ WAIl

IN .,.."..

ci ,

r..... ~

"""--.dY.__,.
I

*....... ~_
L.
f_

r._

.. ~

tuft

Iw II!-I.,' r"l~ I,. "~'Vf~I:J,l W bf(1II._ 1110 Ih .. 1111" 0.1", by t..-:! 1l'Jl::lbtn.. ,.., .,., . .1 tt Inti kenrl; nltina, I'" "h\'tM:o ~kt

III , "'.'

.. ,. ... -.11' l"Ittti..w 1'.'; ~t.-=- ,.. "'" CliPloUe of u tor'J..lt", .. 4. , .......

.. a;xRn ',1, If flo!' It ir1r ... .." ._... ..

d ,. 'I" 11' .tUX' if

,.."

.U_

ltl dunn .. the war In order to <:On""'t'" tuIlbI.t qUAlity .r;uohne for 1M A.hUnr tl'lf"~ \ert. no~C'\..r, thl~ w ..., distinctly an eDWI1f':IIC), pmt'f.ldu~ artd. In ..plte or the tad. that en.,tnt"S .-e ... c,,~,..ted .at ronltlderMl)-" .red\k'\-d. po"'.r.., thft. """ulu. wert unlltlJtactory. 8)' "a)' ()(IUU .. 1.l'a!JOn: if the TWin \\'''&'1) SSC4-C CLlI!!lIU' "\In
to ~ optr.u."CI on gr~de 91_ 96 (in.1AWt Df 100 laO), with the t"J;e(lfT ratiu~ rt.'dut.:l!d IQ Hi)) hOI' .. epow(!r, the mixture }ltl"'('llscth pro"id-.:d by the carburetor at llml p0'f'Cr .,utpUI 'Quidbe in.umriE'ntto pre"~t detonAhOIl.
tda.1:fd .,
..._,... ,to f" ~ 'fIIoIo I~

t1wM

~~

lI'Ii\1"t,. II ,11.1.1Uo.:k.Olti.nar A h:cllUt ILl. ;( ,1 .,... l., d",hltluf'" ,1_"H.:t)'); ,: btmc t~ lull , 1I:t .. ,.,. I(Oflt-., ... I'II( )ollu... oe IUt ,....,. r..Io "", ,., I... 1ft " ..... Ill"

nr. .,_,.tt

,.., ..'Ii""

II

~_

1IOr1 to"' lM JI;I:u:n CIaO.u.ch.,.,t Tt'~_, tR: a IIIIt .lI( '" 11",
:

61

!'!lATI /( WIll1"NJ:\ AlReRAn-

PW~. 01.100

r&;t"'*
heve brtn

412 thl\tU,h ~.
11)'

am:t.ud

tho-

N'\ I~

GROUNDOPERATJON

I
(

-..
~

GENERAL OPERATJ~C

INSTRUCTIO:>iS

CROU:>iD OPEllATION-STARTlNG

PART GENERAl. OPERAT~G

m
INSTRUCTIOl'\S

STAIITIl'iG

GEXIlRAL
'l'hE'N! are a number of rr.ethods for obtaining cousiewnt 8tnr;'r; whh an,)' engtne modl!l )t~or those tTc!holi$ urc ~r\lAU)' )Cood e\'1.u lbol,lJlh lhl\}' UUI,yvnry conJlidl!l'ahly in delail. Some l\'ilI xivc burc rcwh.$ tor 011\1illdh'idual but fail ;0 glve "n.ti~laclinn for ()th~r~; whit. Mme ml"t.h. od<'!can be u~,.'d w.!cly uuly by Uu: IIlW\ cxpc.rl anced persnnuel.

the iN!t.a:lation 30 "hat ,I'te Y(l1'lo.\I' conrret mo

nipulaUoM
It.

HI be aceompllshod eil'('cli\'(!ly und

Voitoo.J". h~i~tSo.n

or Jos.t motion. car-

On or~jnC& \H,iUIl the pl'cs.!ut'c injection

buretor. PrAtt & WbJtJuc)' Aircraft recomtnends tha~ the llAr1. be accoJlll>Ushcd without Intro-

ducing fuel into the supercharger b(!Con!startjUt! by use uf the mixture

ccntrol, a prlldicc

The method:r. cudlued in thi!: secbon hA\"e PI'O\'ed e:a-edivc if followed tueUy and with uuL individual changes. The)' are based or. die oxperioncc of Prau &. \\111LneyA.irtl'af~ and CU"C recommended aa it is known tbeyan give ;he
desired reeulta with the greatest protEClion to the enzmo. It is not expected that coosbteo: re~ult1\ will Ah..aya 1)e immediately obtained by

oommonly known J'.IJ "wetting the hlcwer." The UJ>4.> 01 the mixture control co duml' Iiuuid fuel into the intluction pa!lMgf!R may cause the enI{iue to "hydraulic" (see }.Ia~c73), and the I'OCONof enJriJles damasced by the misuse 0.1 tile mixture control t.eatif1e" to Ole soundneae of this reeemmeudarlcn, It is recommended thal the
mixture ccntrol -rernain in idle cut-off at. all

indlviduals new

\0

cedures require nraeeiee end familiari:y

Lhis cqujpmcnt. These prowith

times that the engine is not. firing except in tho instances .bat are $peei~JJy mentioned in the instructions that full()\\',

6.

YKATI' 4 ... HIl",EY .URCR.UT In VCh:.c.raJ.thn!e ditterent ~brtiAl' p~ dUn.:t wtu OOYU .U Pratt \\,hil!:.4!, A\~ratt tn)l'infl.; 004: lor ellgi1lfoJ'. usin_' ~t ~pe c.arbu. f'etorliind the oth~rtwo tor ertllinM Ulin~ p"'_'_
:Hit" (4)

PWA. 01. 100

(}pf-rate ,.ulIbIt VJmp alo~1yor turn ('In etcal'ic .U~miU)fuel. pump n~Uo-

rr.entar11, unul fuel pressure regia.I.... 3 pil.

In lnctfnn carbul'etors. These l,,'tfw l.wn nrn<:tldlH'l!t \'ary bMlh';tlly because of dltYtn:nu, ill primln~ 8y"temR. The !pinc l"lrOt.<OOUt'(lt(01' I)fI(h (If theso IIl..ucU,.Xllroeedurcs r()uo~: 'he \ll\l"InuJI IIWIJ" are rllIlCI.,;,!'iscd i.. d.-tllil on Peg",
7UpP-Z,

b. If lepan.to pnmp.f pump is used:

(1) Koop mb:turo
(2)

C'OJltrol in Cull l'ith.

""im", '" J'N)uinod.

7. If infrtl. or ('.rhictllfl MUlrtrt i. U!f'd. tum Ignition to "K4t.h Ou:'

l'l lll.l._t.am " r-i (wi prfMQf'e with wobhlP -pump ~r on mt flfIt1.rie auxiliary fUll

F'nr .fI\ p..rUnalar ~iJW'. ~n.uh Ih~ .pftHrahl" "'-Pftl&~0lwr.tU. lrutr\#ij," ...
."tAltJl\r.

wnt

PR()f::t:1)lA, ..,,, ., 'arhun:.onot

\-~hh

... h..

p... mp.

9. E1'IPJlf' .ta.r\tot (and lJCTliholi boo6u,.. if "J'!'nlt~y contY'OII..-d).

_ 1';11 U. II
I. MI.' I

OK
'111 It"" ", 10" nl""
_ H.",I IflI"I ~11l""\; \ _

to.
1)01." 1"111 Ih"''"'

r,,!!'

lit I

... l:h,

If d.I'\.'('tfrAnk.oM' ..tarter it. n~, \HnL rOI' ~nf(inft u. 1\U'n twu ft\'ohlt Ion... WHlch fvl' indiC1\uou. uf "hyrtuu1ickwl.'." If nOl1ti,

"II.'\(~ II

". ~l III't
J\ "I ,. 1 hl'l.' f ..,IIUI " "I, Hill Il ltJl (.II .. at .. 1oIf . i I'

w.

'I'. I~ ~I ....... ~ ..

turn hlnftlo.I tn "U<Hh On."

Jl. A/ttor ""Mil'" flft" adju"-t t.hrol.lh.I ~O hnld r.1r'n~ t>I*~ AI GUU rpm.

.J.

".1'

t: ...

tI.;"!

l':lIrrtJ

., ... ,

- ... 1,,...

n~.

- '" ~'"

C1oo~

"-'0 ... 1......

,..,_,. I

......

:1 ~. JI'$""

.stir,
....

... ,...,." ...,. ..~~I'

~""'"""",

_li .... ~~
_, ......

'~f'" .,..,....,_
l , If In.-a'LItl.<lr eurtrid"" .tarter u uNdo pull l;ro",v))~r lht'ouVh in Lbo dirwUulI of normal rotfttion Il)t' At lcAfot five t(! ..oluttoo. of th<' CU.ljktIHl~t. If ditl.'Ct (r,,~klt: .tart~r l~ u'f!l1 turn til.lflllO o\"er for e1l(bl C'T'ft.nnh.n ""uIlAtion" 2. TU"" on Cu.d tuppl:r (rom .u:\.Iblt Wilt., :i Mm. m1xtu~ ~nlrol lO full rkh.. " 0.,...", Ie wOOl.;Ie pump slu.. lY. or ,,:: ..11l on
"It'drh: alol~lliary fut!'lwmp ~ntarllJ't
untU 'u@1 pl'l'UU1'(l
I),

"" _",n" ~...-., ~

'.ft. _ ~ CJftt'I

,.

t 2. It I'tjU 1rPf1i _I th IIAJnilto'!\ StAndard W ..n t.", ..vhL \)'1)0 (not lI~dI"OlllMi.) pm pol

ter. noVfl ro"tnJlw

10 obluill 1000 rpm.

hl)th rpm {Io.... plt.t.:h.

13. \\'tu"" nil ,uu.Ut" ,1':0"<8, !Vt\,an<:ctbro-Ue l! f~~tan fI, nnt.

It ., I1UI.dt.! III A

l~a&OnIt.bl~ thuu,
:lA

po.uib;' th.. t: o\'traoMfItd (U\U primed) indi-

1. naiuu!ll

catftl by dlltC'h" .... ul rud 'rom C'.Arbun~lur drai~ 01', an U.o C'.Me 01 cold ~\irin~.. by :.t:.c- p~~ of hqwd tu~ 1n the uhlou.sl outl ..:. of the primocl ()'h'D<tmL In thil ~..,.:
.. With diN!d C:TaI'Jk.inl".taner:
(1) (!!)

1>';. 1 r itu:rLln type IJta.rt.c.a i.! luted, btrIn tntf'

~t.eu
3

Continut

c:rurunnfr
in lull leaA,

Place: mL(\ure

gh:ll\g IItur~r while p.dmirS{,

A. 'PdOl\!:
0..

(3) Dia.eonUnu@ ojJ'!l'aUnsr wobble pump or turn 011' ll\c eJec:tric aux..lHAl";V
{ue.1 p\lmp.

(1) :)[ove mixtu.re

It ('t\rburctor bas integral pnrMt': oontrnJ to tull

......n.

(2) Pump thro,tle

throu~h ,,''''plot.

(.)

Fully opon Ihrot.tk.

lra\"cl far number of !Iilrol.el ~ I.a.r)' to gin required 1)rim~ f3) Ret-um u..ir.l.U't' control to lui rkh. 66

(5) At'ttT8lfhl te\'Olutions retard throttle, plat..~mixture contrOl in fun rith ed ",*l .larliJ:;:a: pl"OCt!du.re.

(;~NI:R \L OPF.ItATtlI(;
;\""1 It ~~Iy

rxsraocnoxs
,. f'f*

CI!()ll~D

()PEIUTION-.;;T4RTlNC

~N

c.:.! b>:ady Ie rdJIll It'11-1 ._-~ u..e cOtln (KlIcJ t. :

drarbc.u -.::. ~

_ ..~

0_

.-art ~ *
~t.r

-a..dy

(1) Operate webble pump to m~nt&ln 3 pal fofol Jl-ressure or tum on d PC-

nO

b. Wilt: inertia or c"l'tridlrc JLamr: (1) Tum of]' the ignition.

(2) F"uIU' Open throttle, (3) Pull propelfel' HtrouJrh about ~ "ev olt;;Horu in dinoclinn 0' Dormal ro'alin., to t*r t!'~tM:. Retard throttle and npe.at startinc
p-"",11 :h

lne BU.xiJUU")' tuel pump. (2) Prime.$ 1'ElQuired, b. It Clect.rillllly operated primillK valve 1a u..... (1) Opuralu ""obbl~ )lump to mall1tain roquirrd fucl preaauee or turn on I,.)ectrle auxiliary (upl pump.

(2) Prime u recutred. Jt

btrt.& O( C'.rtridKe

(.I)

iK'"ltlM '0 "80th

turn.,. On....

ia ued.. tllf'D

2.

r. _..ne

'n th.

u!5dt,...,nm.ed.

6. Operal ... obbI~ JI'lmp to mAinl&m n:qulred

(u.' pr-.-urt or Wrn on t!'let'trie .UUOWr UI' fire ellrtrldn.
.U1t

(Me:

&a1T

ltp.pt;\t

priminA' ptuu1CJunr LO rh.... ume eddulonel primf pr(l(fdure.

rUt,! .,.._mp
7. ";nKal" K. If dh'N't ('rnnldn~ lllu'I,.cr I. ulW'>li. \liM! to)' 4.lt!M,ll1lJ to tum two l"fI\'olullons. WUldt (01' Indlt'Mlon, ot "hvdNtulleklna'." If nnnt'.

h. Itopenl itatlillV

I( It IJ' "dU nnl 1'I000fbJ.c'0 tl': nth~. rh," II l)t 'ilt feu ijr curbu rll:or tor MIlltul'l("lSoniDg.

.to".

turn Ia'nllinn to "Both On."

O. Wh(n cnJeint 11tH, reeve mixture font rcl ,mmffilAt.ly to .'.ltomAtiC' ejeh posUlon, II). Ma.nl&ln tOld pl'tlNur. wU.h wobb'", ploimp or fW1nr aU1tlhIUT (Ut) pamP \lntl' .n.h,.. .,.."..~1 ... ld. up ap.dliod , .. I p'_"",. J I. Adju\l;t rotHe \0 malnt.ln a.\)ou; f,()l1 rpm
IU'''II.1IU,"" Abo"'IJ,
&Iln':. H ,.11 "\UI'II". ~'I\J J

"T \Rll'C PROU!I)l, tu;, R.-f! ..... :fnci with P""_Uff 1,.;""Utln (," .. ,,1"'""0" U.. OM... (" ...... r 1, ... Ii(l l't~ .'rC""a ....

,.1M 1\.1 c.l 'hll'~'" \f , .. ", I '&If

..... 10'1

, c lUI" I" h.
".'" ,."

u",,1I1 .. d
,_"

r I,'"
, .... ~~

01.. ,; II lucll 'PI il...... "ltdi)

,U

....

Ie" '&1 pruuu'CI 'f'P'IM ~hl h u:

11"_"' 1' ". "r.,tlr..

,'I illlJ

!I;II.r.~"."..
TItl"'_ .. .. ~t

jr;~. CM

_:..1

12. If Ifqulm:wd wl1h Hnmiltou

Coli
-ld

S~ulldlll'r1~'()un ttN:l,.h,hl ty,IM! (not Hydl't)mJl.lh.') IlfV",l.l. }f.r. mfl\fOI ('()rIirol to hiJ,:h rpm (10 .... p1lth)

-'aJ .. -C'_'
11&11...
~W'f!

... aI)

13. When (N. preNIure ~ho....s, AdJUlt lhnlul to \' 04H1 rpm. It .(_U:~ doe.! not r ee "~l nuuedUlt~% L W.lh oiP"flt't f'l'a .. .._k.i X 1l&rter (ext .....' mod. eh~GI,.... upelrd! catbu~o ...) .. If t:n~nt i. l.mdct-primed: (I' Continue crII_nking.
(2) Mn.lntnin fuel Prcl!JlUff.

L If InfOrtia or e3:nricln 11.&rtt:r .. LUed. puB t-ruJl(:Uer through in the dlT'fC:Uon o( nonnll rntatioll fOorat 1eHt l'V\'oIUt!OM of the crankshaft. If dlrec:t eranlnn taru.r it: "ANI tum t.'Ua'ine o't'er lor ei.bt crankahaJt re~oluUoru, 2. Turn on t'u-cl.supply rn)Cn lUitab~ l.ank.

n,.

NGI~I Keep MIXTURE CO~TROI. IX IOLg Ct:TorF.~.u dJDd ."t.. ,~ l. ~ t\!nlr:,. ~. 3 It inerti.a starter i$ u-5ed tart eDe~ riArUJ' W"bile prim.i.ng.

lfo\oo mixlure control to uutYltlMLIc rkb tor Jlot mure than :" ~Ql\d3j, (ill J4tum mixcure fontrol Lv idJt ("ut 011' for 5 i>L"Cunds (unle~ ("tlKlII~ "rei. (3)
nlunwhile).

.c

rrlme: L It luutd priming pump Ia _:

IG) It.tcts.!aly repeat .u,.. (3) .IId (of) or.-e :0 three tiJDe:I. 67

1'11'.\. OL tOO
b. If' (2) (3)

enrine' "

o''erloaded:

ins:.

(I) uontinu\) trankhlg,

PI3CE'mb:turfl ecntrol In Idle c:ul-olf.

e.od aU Uat! (!'linden reeeive , combu!tibl~ i'~J air ml~"ft rnthe:r than ju.sL a IimiWd

<)po.

lhnr..1e ~,d e,

w
i1

u.ndc.Ilrable p~~ miXUlTe eentrel

number 01 pruned t)hndel'~. Con~1UellllY. the of re&OrtJngie U'6 use ut

to

.upphorncnt

m.. pri.rnin.

('I) After ubout iii l'u,"oluUObSof the en.ginl.' " .. tA rd throttle .Tld ~t

fuel ~

ia

eliminatod.

.b\mnr
OUl

proctdunt.

'"vih'

l\u

not )\\lIl'ted duri"K thi. deatirllr

pr~f'dure.

:.!. With invrtia or canridp ltartu: 11, [f cngln~ h ovel'lufidetl:

(I)
(2)

Keep mlAluN (()Q~rd In Idle ttlt-otr. ni~nttnue opcl"fttw,n or ..'ObbIe pump fir wrn ott .I~trk AUXUlA,., r~1pump.

)M:ead Of priming bet()rf eng-Raing tho $"".~t. Ult prilnint' ,'.utdt ia dosed "lmtJJtafM'~r with the F>tlll'\~;renglliling awitch. A.i n C()mh~iblo fudilUr mJxtUI"f. raJlJ,o<eh. rCllehf!ri "'I~n.e ...ill ilAd .houkl boo! at\'("\eratN with .t.. pnmtl'. after which thf! mIJct\,1"" con. trol &. tJow1)' mo~t4i out of tne idle eul~(JJl'1)1'11\1. tioo ~Gautomatk rkh. udna pri~ a. nrquirOO

tn.

Ii,...

unt .l '.t:.<t

'tan ~ 1f("U~

To .",uld owriuadtna:
j",

warm ..nllh!,!. fhekinK thtt prJll1el' !twitch

vi ..,\t)"'_ A <dder ~'.Ine pnmlnK until Il nrc..
T~

ud ..

will r~ui)'f, C'ur.l6Unt

(3) 'l'urn
(1)

(In

ilJnlUon.

1"","1f wid (5) (;I"" .nlOne br pal1ln~p'_' .. r

throUgh H N\'Ohnlol'l.1-.

01><"

,ntI the ..

"UmiMtk)n ur 1>rlmln~ befol"t CfAnklntt' or Utt mb;\u,.. ('()ntml in .up))leI"!WtIt tn- pnl"lW hu ehmir.ated or n.>dUt'fld tho

U('(1lrrtn(.O o(

"h,)'drA.uHc:)UrK'AJ)d othijr hn~-

(6)

Retard throttl. procedu ....

end rtp.at

alAr-lnV

ant .. b*,lakod _'hh o\,,,,vrlmin,,.

A typita] ,"-artlnc ptOOledur-. Collow"

h. I' Ollllillo I, ul1derprsmN1:

(I)

T.". propollcr f"",otd 'IJ .., ... -

tfon to ditenPW. tlan.r Jaw.

(2) It"'vrlmc. (S) Ile!><ll' .Iuti"a

p_...
diftCt

,-

,w1.. 1.,.~"'-IIU
... ..11'_ ),1 ...... :.1

.......
!ococ- ...-r t ..... w.orf--\.
(' I....~ ""'

If fllal'L I, noL ubtained alter A l'1'uonabl nuruber or tu.-'!JXlPt'. nn iU\'OItiaallort ahould tit n1old~ to d4l~""i". the: ~alUe.

.....
.....

'''''
.. k;..

;.... II~".."
,~'" '''' ...

_"II""',

..h") , ;tl"'~ 111 hW ll,m flu.. .I'rll).

h:xccVLin the wlde1Jt '\~ther dw .iartmlf, pruccdu~ "C" foUowiul( h- l'eWMme.ndl Q.!I bflng pret~r.ble (or ensln .... tln'n,r e1ectr.... (It'inling \''''''\!l'! And fltlUlpped "'ith d'r'fdcrank
InK or c.ombinntion lr.crtiA ctankml

Y_ 1IIlI.. ....." ...... ,~,

,""lln Coli'.

... "'" _k. ....

(.:I(.It" ....
ul,W"ll

c...
- Of
-(

Cu4J.Ih (' ... i ~ 0iI ___

:in

ta.rtut. ~TAJITIN(; VIIOO:I>URE, C. Enlln .. "",b

and
P"I!NUI'e fnjrdlon ( .....buntu... tSfo,",('r Rlm. 81 ... u 'Chr-' M l'rilnll1l:.

F"J

Carbu:rflo ..

.au.

Starth,. Pt'OCi(!lllur~
L I"Ild
~:

"pili, "On".

Man.\ 01 tM la.l<:r engir.eI are pro'tded '4'llh hluwer rim. blown LbRr&t or ea.Jbu.Ntor prim--

primin,. .yst:ema introduc. fuel Into tht) blower nm or the blO'ft"er throat inatf:ad of the eyhndu i:na.b 1'1')11. The pr-itmn. Ho\\ It pncn:ally m..a.:h
isH? &yahmlJ. TheM)

*... bt-::t f""'~ I_ ao-t ~

Kf"$ ~"'N

0A:IQ't01 51!! J.<ll~-Cn1.()fJat ..11

thfl primfnr
gn!ater

2. AUiillary pump "On". :l Turn f"ttiUaC O\"f'l' "'hh 'larter for e-iPt <'Olnkshoft re... -ulutions.

thM.u ""ith cylindtr

int.ake POl't prim

68

t, Tp",

tl'"iUon "On",

.s.peed (l~OUO

to fllfer 2:0.000 rpm) by

f1'\WI,

fI, Aft~r engine 'l"ftI.llowly

tA"f mlr.u~ eontrol out or Idle CUl-OO' lu AUlumaUc: Rich uliing prime t'L-~ l'eQuired unUI cntrinc i&
.Cl.;urd)' 511t.t'ted.

of a hand <rank or an ftet'lric mobnr, thu6 ,tor. inx coMiderable Amount of encrj.'!' 10 the tty. ,,-~. T~ \tAl"\.er la energized by h:\pd, (,)r by m.l'1lU" o( tOKl(1efiWitth. after whIch It i. tmgalt'ed by .. JO"CMlpt!'rlltM dutch, or (I atartcr .",itch, 111M U,ft mementum of the tlywhp,.llurnJ the euKinc: over A few l'e\'olutiona. rO\\t.:r 11

7. Maintain

fucl

pn."5.Sure triLb .",1111&., fuel

.upphf'd by hand, from the airernft'. hl\U rIo.:a. ot" from. an lndtpend ..nt source or cur", to
:!. ~ Oil"' Crank!n, !i'lart .... i. <om ~ to the con\lr,Uf'NI autOmObile atarter It" &AWed b,. &.arleI ... iteh And turN lJM. .. C'Xhlltnuuual,. ~ ..r U ftUppliot (Qr t.M ...

pump until enaine pump buikM up t.perifttd tUft ptalUte.

....

8. AclJ... t ueetue to m.aj.uuun .bc>u.t &00 rpm unlll 011prNlUn .ho ....
/'1(04#, .... lAnn,. ..... 1t,.,. ...... ltfll,'...,.-.,...ctNt 1'01'rttUttr .hAIA 101"""", 11 rUI" ..~cl l:wetU .. tll

,A.rI.-..

"'1< .Ian...,. motor from th. airt:nf\. baU ria OC' an .ndf'l)f"r.6ftnt "Marte of ('Urn:s1t. 10 ., O\-eftc.-AtluM. \.ht -'U'rI,II' Mould nut be o, ... rt.lfid con!lnuouah' for J'flOMt than Ol'lfl mhllJtc aDd .hould h. Rllftwf"11 1ft 4'001bd~ro IJUrmpt nl a qcnnd "'cut.
I

6 It .~ulp ... d with lI.mll"'" Slandard co t"""'lIh. t1pe (not I-Ird",maUc) propol

"'1'

movt control

to b.hth rpm (lu" pilCh)

"' ..... a4J .. t throttle '"

'::'1",1,1",.,10" 'nerd Ut"",", ( ~t.f1("r 1 Utili n.m~ Imr'lhf'$. Ir "lIq;"

~. 'rt,..

...
"aD

10 Wh.., on P........ lOW rpm.

dfl("~rk,dly 4lfI"'1C1J(1d (liI(e(_l ..r"'~~' tt".. Iknd d.rwL ('nnk:"r t-Jfr,rtrir. mut r(or:Dl'r to O\I"1"t'O!'l(' the .nlh..! .lItf".... of ~ ne, lb. I;f,l.~rto Wrft It C'-OnuAUOUIb' n..

Lan.r',
b) MQ\IJmixture Immf'dlatply.
.! to .~

normalh' flM f:ftt'rv:tMC1 (~lf'ralf'C1)

n."'Mr.a of. ~"'tt.h. aft.(lr whi('h il b. tuppet

'''I'mo b). menu. u( &tCond "wlt,h. (A

c:on~roI t.~("k.,. Idl,. ('ut~

tunnnue ~rankin nnd primhuc.

double thmw """~d'! ml\y bI: mnd\.! t.o .,,' \'. ho\h P'u,,')('1"'~,) A .. UIO cnCl'tf)' of th@: At w hN"1 I" dl AilU'tf(l, ~hl"(l.tI'l"'UIr motor ('ontiltul!' to tUl'n thr cnfCine.In thl! Cokaw uf wsrm ~ng1M. it t ... (1(' I

If. abu1-Is not obcah~ within n rea.uDllt. l mo. ." IOH":.,iJ;:.Uon abould tw madt' I" derer. m De th .. (,AU!le.

I.I.nnf'JUt'y to 4"ncrwi7.tlh.c stutct" lI-rut\'hand 1.E~d.it. m.ay be u"4!d lUI a dlrf'd ('r"nkln" tart r C-octtrwd Ol')Cration (I( mol't lluLO une m aAO'uld .... a\-ccs.d to P~'1mt O\',rll~at r
$uffir-Ifnt
.t.&l'U

~un: ()' :'!'ARTF.RS

Stark hi art! ('Q(llmonJy of aM ot four ~: iDotrtlA. cilrt'Ct (;r.t.u~mlC. ,-vuibuLahun inert i.

u. ..now tM e.edric: motor

.~"' ..n.

t~

mut.t claJl(oe bet"".n

.ncm

u. MI?pllad In the ~
tJ ...nlUllI'

'.0 mol Pow m&IUltr" .. (')1' u,.. d

d rocl er<tnJung. and cartrid~. Thf' Ol)eralOr Mould in all ~ contul\ UIO npplkabJe inIruction5 of the manurllcturtr to 1JCf'r.ain the tim .. limita a'ovcrniJlg ulN1'.tlou lilld (()Olir.a for thtl partieuttlr 8!ar.er tldng ~. The follow!nlil'

Slarte-r de" .... lopa Ita f'C1" ~r bT lb. comblllUnn of a !l.lnwbunli.nK 0\\ dc:t eoo'.11\00 in n al'trid~e which is inserted l" t.ht
.4. T1te C.rlrid,e

5tar~er (,;)'lIl1der by lnCl\nl of a bl'c~(;h IOMdln~

~hAnlLi,tl'\. The pil\ton of t.he lIt"'l'ter t'yUndtr dn\'et;jl htlfcllJ .pliM ..... hioo in lum mulpra th". WguM O\tr. Thl'! cl'ank~h.aft h' tumN \f1'7 rapidls lor a lIuk k'5s t.b.a.n OM A,ohation. af\er ..-hkh 1M l'l'I01"f'.e."'l.tu.m of the tJ'I~ II peru .... 1:)au. l~ 1..0 lunt <m~ or l~ Ie. mort'

is .imply
tytM"l!...

u gl!IM..J'a1 deM.r.ption

Or the R~-

u.l
1

n.,. I..... rtb ~

'-'lUI

It} .... ~. "ot:l wb.ich

COnllll1 of a 1:",. be I%lMILt to turn At b.ilb

,maD.

!'RATT & WHITN&V IlIf;CUSSJON

AIRCRAFT

-=---

1. Cont.ro1 POI=ilLloft ('heck H~'chcekln .. 01Tl:hfi p""lt.!()(~ IJl each tns'lne Mil .f.oC('e8~l'Ycontrol "hI,: operator m.Ue. certain that powfl"1)I.ant un)". AI\! iR readin~ rbr optradun., lUll! .tllt\f-.411 blm~ H1f thaT no it4rm ~ In a fIOIIoItlM to taUM

an

da.map.

fl,

111\1l10"

Durin .. the ,t;t..,.tlna: pt't.ll.:l.:dUl'O Mcerw..in tha .. AJIIII de ...r of t.he J)l'opeller befcru
tUl'nhtw: 011tho frnltion swtteh. b. Mix. ure

IA the eeee of ~ iDj\.oc.1.iOD c:arba.t'etCJr'!, it if ~tiaI that ibe mixture l'OAtrol re.roain 1D idle eut~ at aU

To. i.,u.lon .wit<h should .,. III

tbt

"Otr' poIition at ell tJt11fl when the ~n.rine ia cot. runn;n.r. C'XC'eflt u the stnting pr'edu,. .." f'f4UI ..... T'ftLl II essentJ&J for the pl"OttdioD of pet .... ""I ",1>0 OIA)' be .. nlcinc 1M aircn!1.
70

CtNt:lIAL OPDlAn'iG

lNSTlIUCTIO:'S

cnousn OPERAnON-,"AlITI'iC
d. ~........ horsu Cottbol
.ppU..t.Io) (~.._.

limes when the ~ .. a.o\ fir'ift eeeept in the i.nst.A!:.Ce5 'lJC'C'll'!caUr meetinna! (see page 67). If the tutl b .,.,.,. pressure. it. is discllAf"IItd j.DlO the indueno" ~y.!t6n (rom the c...rbu~tor when the

mixture control is out

or the Idlt

('1)~

PQslt[ou. Some of the ditthnJVild rue>l rttj,)' tClUeet in th lewer Intake pipes and
(aUII(~ the pnl.'in(" to

".u-d,.ulk'"

whtn

IIll\rtina l~ atWmpled_ f)tti di~harpd throu:.h the rutl drain" .. pot.nda: ,~

hAJ.'\rd:.

.UIMUthK'",.,. ('on1rol 1I)\'or for tIoina1o.t"'$Ce. lVrO-lIpc~d l.m"ln,,, "hMItI bu V1ac:td In t.he low 1>o"ltiol); (llid fur tw.o.. t.ae tnllhlO$ in ure maiu IltllW'tII
Thu (nfulrAI) JXIrI'trlon. 1'h1. CIlU_ the 1111111 l'nllM IOId Lo be Impot.ed on thlt imp(ll1('r dn", f'll.Irtnr ,"-rUn&,. EllW' ...... " I"" tutbotwptrth.U'ltrt .hoold t.a\t the turl.lOl.UpetThlU)t,.. tofltml I"

.ho

-or ... ,11....

(.. rltUf'riur
FIlter

"~.1and

Carbuf'tior

AJr

With ecnt ... II.I>I. (, ...I.bl.) pitch profMlIIPrI. th. rpm C()ntrol will tuw. been placed In the hbrh rpm pot.lHon at Lb. tim,. or ~h\! Vf9\'iou. ah~t,..dU~D. The con lrul ~hnuld Iv(t In mi, pclIIilioa to ord"t to reduce the l...ad on thf' tnl\ne dunna d'le start.ul and "'Ar'll'Hlp prnod.
The th Hampropel"'" ft.~jtion or \&ri&bll! pltfh-bu.t DOC. the Jll'dromatic). Wllb t..... pf'OPf'lle1'l the #nginc !oould be "hut eo .. "t\ .. ILh the propeller rpm control in low rpm (hiJ:h pitt-h) pos.id(l!l. TM, II to mmtl thft propc1Jer-operathlK cylindtlt to Proltd It front dU&l.and to ~",pt1 tlu: oil from the- cylinder tbat. o1h,,-rwiM mlaht rooUC'epllOn~

to lhia nal4 ....

ton St.a.Dd.t.rd countf""-fillht

Carburetor Air heat. must. be in the (old

..,.1<10" (Off). and

Ital in cold \\ruther. Tho propelr coo.. tml "'ould nol be ahllt.d '0 bleh rpm un.bl alter stal'ting th~ ~n" and obtainmjl oil p~

.,.,b.",wr

elr Ill.. ,

4J)1)licablc)must be in the unI'Jtucd po!lition (Off) in otdt!r' to p,. "M' d.ama~ tu these in~llations 1ft ... .1 baekfi ....
71

(",h.r.

[
PRATT & \VHI1'I\EY AIRCRAFT

t.

-------

--h. rut! Supply

PWA. 0[.100

Cowl Flaps

aU ...... net """~"" ."fino I. I, _01.01

I)lIrl",

""po (........
nprcUt.

.,.~".,.bl.).,., (II", "'*'

u-..

.h .-1
~ nfH)'

of .IM

tac-w Ule P.Jd .u~ly

of OUllldf. air l.emptratuN

.hou!" b.- turned olr v.htn tM

or lh~ cemptra,u ..

01 1M (:,hndr:r h\\Ad... Tht: ',nlticK. ham~ "'0.1 .. oth-er pow.rplunt ttfoma. r.qu.in aU po;!lIlbl. Circulation or air to pN.,c.nl. "erlou8 damuMu. ChlltiP.l ot 0-. (OWl

u. N:.ul down, Q.l\d not turned or. usull prtJ)l.raUon for .tall1u~ 11 made. I. Th",UI<

'"ain.

n"f'"

to lM;(;4:1(lr&WI thl
tc

....art-up wU1
UUt

' d

tiUmlnr n( the hwulaUon on

If.IUon I.,,",,
Jr. 011 (:oo)er

snuu ....

Th. pOsiti.n or tbe IbrotU. at the Inttant the engine first tlrefi ill an impor~ tant f:ut.or in (OIl~!i.tent sta.tt.iQJt'. It j~ impol1.CUtt to undcriLa.nd that during 1M _ or ..... nJcir.g and UlttU tbe

..u-eo..
Oil cooler .butten (waU( applJcabJ.) an dGCM!d to '_"l.IIt in htatil\l the oil durir.s: the 'W1lt1D-Ul> p6"'od a!t.et Iol.I.t'toinc.

..,pne "",,.)ora t es,

nonnaI idIlng speed

Is Utile, if an, ltected by the

\hro1Ue position. as !itUe obMrudlOD i. df.....t to the ....... velocity tluoolth tb catbutetor ~ t t.b.is time. Airftow ia IhtD ... ..unIT aJr_,-d by ~ rpm of the e-nzlne &II C*h cylinder ...;0 dra. .. in SO

(;R(lU!'II) OI'F.R'\TlO:,\~~T.\HnSG

many cubic iJ'k.'bcf of :sir at. ftunosI>htnc pres!ure rtta.rdleu o! the thnrt... U. pos:tiun. 11I)WPVef, (ue...d.o.. is clOR!y l'P':aud to d~poGtioCl (It the throtlil" but in a manner which dl6~rs. tMtc:"'-eenthe two basIc types of carbo
NtOI'JJ.

u)

Fl4l.'l' Carbl,It,,'o"
1ft d:e miin, ,..ru:.e or Gp("ntiun thi5 type of ClU'but'fttlr tw::.Ub ... fotl ur.!y ...bf"l'" dcfuLtc Pftllure

we.

tercmal nf~u; bthreen

the kUe

cli~('ha.r~ .u~d lhe rue: in th. boWl. I( th.e throUJo II t~ fA' ady.t.ftld. 'hi' diff ... n,iGl bttacua I_IIIrifnt to proch,... lht: requ.rwd ftOW ,.,;th the rUllh.-. tze anJint tann.ot prope,i, fl,.. al'Xl. lD all ere h;!lt1. bac~r1rtt.l.. ,"11 uccur,

""at

(2) I',

uee ('.rhnretOf

Uuring Ih. alAn I.. aed lellln, p:rkMI the PR..u,.. cal'burewr Ill' ."h~ (uel Ifill"':,. U IM......wt 01 th. J)O'itJton ot tht idle vah tHeh I, d'rl!ttly '."lod to lilt u,rvu/t. Alrftow h"" no VIlM upon thl qUAntity ut (utll dhcbat,", tr the throttle I. lUG tar adva,M*I. th. f....J _harte ..10 be _ ...... for the a.moun! of &lrft.u ... that it beJllS drawn tDt.O d~. ('ylindtn wHh l.bt R4Iult thA~ Uhl 1'r.llne wffi be O\.. rI.. ded,
In " ..tUnA' lb. thn>eUe 0.-01,.... bdore

it to pn.p.:r fuel .. i, ratto tor comL*1j~ aRId lht th.roltiA: c)])tlil' It ". atrectec1 \I) the 1) va of earl.lut"Lor and .t.4rtfr em. pJoyed .. 1'"or@X'amplu, ul'tridMe .lMmn. wh(ch surn th~ en,h,u ever at hbctwr
..larll.nJ".

the PUtPl*t

-="'" ~

be ralM'Cland txtl'f'mcly h!Jh )11"f'''IUnl will two prod~ \\h.n th~ piawn of tho crHn. tltr h~ movf'd duwnwartf on lhu cnmpt'C,," ,1.tOk~. Thf'1IoCI)nlSl!U~ (All l;(l rail'it'd to '11th "0 txt.ent thllt dw.ma&.rfl ttl the cyUn . der. PJ.Jton.or I;nk rad .. ill NUJt. In es-

won.

.... _""I..,.. .
openinl".

rpm than olb"r tIP" prod1.M:e mare Ai....

ou.d COIUIIIIQuent!t throaab tAt cariJJIbtiy .,oIor Lh.... t..

(1fArln,lC"the En&'Jne

Attt.r tho prevloua .but.do\1.on~ t.bit 'If"IU'Dl rwldulll oil tliDtPn, to the power RCtlon
surl.tes ttowi downward totr1ld the Iow'e.r qlln".n. Some of this ail _ .... tilt pl.ton and piston 1'1l\J'i. ~ma1at.ulr f1' the combustion chAlmbw. U sul5rie.nt. Uquid t.reme instan('"
all

-pisu,n m..y al"tual1y

~bot.tomuain.t. thp Jjquid. ThJs ill knc .... n

"hydrau~ickjnlll'" the engine.

il'l Prtaer\t. the true CQmp-reaaioo RUO wID

73

PRATT

& WIIITN};Y

A1RCR,U"l'

--

PWA. OJ. 100

To prococc thft fnr(Ml 'lIlah . t lhll J)OIIl!hll. Ity, nuv esee liquid tlhould t. dr.n.od uut

It the ('n~'nfl hut' aluod Idlu tor ."0 houn 01' mon~, 'thl, I. d<lfleby turn'"" lhu .mJdno
Ovft., f(U' ~1"hL t:rn nk.ih.ft revnluU(K,. "Ilh Ute .t.Mrt.<lI' J r It I~ UUI dimL cfAnldn. (non.

Inertln) t)'I)(I. [l:1~ht ,'OVI')IUtiCUl" In.\aI'OI that ally Uauld rllflt in th.., IntAko plpeA will be evaporated by the pANAgt nf .Ir. tf cthor limn direct er.ukinfl .hu'ter 1I \\&Odthe IIt'1Jpullol' nmst be pull-td throuah
bt hnnd.
HINT: C..,llntthl! I!.lJrnbtor uf p,,~I. ~_...... hu'l',d t.hl'l;.lI.h. 11.11.11; t.t, ,{11tIWf1l_'I., ItlUJIl. \0 d.t,rml"MI tlMI lUlL"" r blatkt
~uir'''', ''''

Do nut pull thrvU:g'h in the reverse diN'CUon of normal euine rotAtiou. "Backing up" tht ~u,ine wm telutt in pUl'lhinfl(the UquK! mto tho lnttlke pipol. where it will be NtMd \0 t'(!'tUrn to the cyUndcrs on the out inl.h I.lrokc.

<.Ibc.alll. .,.

tranlu)ytl

fI'

,..,...

h:~"n. : .N~. Prop

ttl

C,..r,klMft Jtll~" I,<~o. 81.4 .. ,.

.... w, (Mt
t' ""'"'

I:U.I1", lIb!ai

'1 ,,-)'11"
II.

Lu. 'll

r,...

P"rot9.

)( ~o. H.......
)l

tt) Gi!at" Radn I'll fOlJ'ftl (iL.. t 1. J t. (2') 1t.~." f ...... :

r...,. "Ut
td. I

~tl" til

c.u

N_"

r..

de.

.610:1. M1:1.

CROUXD OrERATJO~-STAltTING

WJrH eNGINE NOT RUNNIN& AN AUXI(APY PuMP, CiTHER WOBBl.E 011 eLECTRIC BOOST, UU5T BE USeD TO RAISE

FUel. A8Cv~

'Vet

TA,;Jt

Ih ...... b by baDd or with che .ta~r. tho operator mUlt be .I.rt for lillY .tm of ,h. pi.... beillJl (0""", AraJnAt unuaunlly biJrh c:omprlMlon. This ,..m be e\'ld\luced by A ",ddtn ~~an~~ I

While pulliOV tho propene.

8. Ct-llinC Fl:.d 10 1bt1 Cerburt.l0r

Turnhli on \.hI fut-I ~Ioccor vnlvo opcntl i' pMh tor Uto fuel rrIJID L110 tank to tho earbt.tN!tor, but unl~. t.he tAllk ,. (~t.OO tllJUVQ the earbul"twr Ulu fuul c:.nnc)t reAch the

.uddtn .Io-ing down or c:omplere.toppaco.

Thla 1.1aull1dent. Ind.iuUon that all uceu quantity 01 Jilluid J. prese.nt in tbe ~cr
cyllnderw, And any tUIther" ..t.tempt to turn

Am'

carburetor. 'herctor'O. it i8 IlCCcsMry to prt18U1'e to nil the lillell Iv th~ ~, s

buretor, And fur1.hcr. in tho CK8l:of PNl"~Ul''' lllJteetion earouretorb. to Al)J)Jy sulficiolll. Addidor.ll prCtoi'U'u Lo dhu:hsrge fuel from

the cnsdJ\e

O\'eJ'

will rt6uJt in d4lDl\g e,

If the nresenee 01 liquId La ,u'pected. nomo\'@ l\ "park plug from eu.b of cbe boltom ('ylindeN. belu~ turning. the engine ever. Thil'i 1$ etlpe(!ially imporUnt wb<lea Uk' en.int " ptovidc.-d with high exhau!,l tail plpelS which do not allow dra.ina~ /.n)nt the lower cylinders,

the c:a1"burttor in10 the enrliuo lnduetlou pa.8S1lflOS when WI;! mixture control ir. moved out of 'die CUw.1f, IMiJnuch AS the onginc !\K!:J pump 1.5not (I~r3t.inK. an nuxilinry fncl pump ts ncccHAril)' used. On many in.WlaUons thjll is '" h~nd pump. COfl11Uonly

knOWTI *'$ a wobble pump, On ether InRt-alla~ tiuna, pllrticularly for the tarR'er onaincs.

a.r. eJectric driven used.

MuxiJ1ary

fue1 pump b

\\tith noaL earburetcrs, iudicated

the wf)bh)p pump gage. or the

Mould be operated !lowly unLiJ 3 'P1i is

on the fuel pressure

etectrse auxiliary pump should be turned on momentarily to obtain this pressure. By

thi.! meana the linea and the carburetor bow) will be fined with fuel and the n,ir expelted. Ccminucd pumping or greater pressure may result in fuel oycrfi.owing the earburetcr bowl and creating a fire hazard. 75

PlrA. 01. 100

In the (.Me of pftS.wre jnjed.i.QD c:pburetors, th. minimum pI'tMUre Nqui..m .... ll \'}try with the partieular CTlgine r.nodeI~ and

uee of the prime aad enpging the starter. Thu is doIlrahle lA order to minlmile t~ f')I)Ir.&ibJt ~eci of raw fuel lying IMide the

lht PTf'.ll'l.Uru(an be spplied .cd matnWned ,.,;thoot da.nPt. p!'OVid*, \he mlalure COn trol i.ll kept in IdlE'eut~olt until the enl'ne ftres. If tho mixtu,. "",tmI ia moved ""lof tdl.
cutnfl'. fuel will be dilorhRrled Into the In. duetlcn .y&tem. Ai the 'u~JCint \I not tumin,. o'"er. 9ft1)' the air COGtained l" ttt~s.uptr .. el\Ql'Q'fIr w ilI ahlorb vaporlud fuel on.. drRin \l11\'11' will corry aWAY only a ponton of lhtllquid that the-c.arburet4rdi~

..nrine.

The bal.n"" or lhe liquid full poun to.o

A. the C.. rbuM:()I' CAnncM. ~u.,,')1)'th! cyLn ct.n 'l4lrh. cornbll.t:ble mltt.1.r"eof a:r.nd
I~J "d~h(MJl ~ln(,k:nt .Idluw. 1twttHI!UnI ~rllltr churt mu. ..1 be 11I'tl>n~t by other

r.~a"" Jht air ~lItaint in the <,.)'U~4L:tI

11"1$indud
Of!

""'~i4J!:8.nd that
mUll!.

HI\rudUNt<l

Inllh,1 fhi ..." c:hafJrfo. D)' .11nlyJIIW t'~lel JnW lh i8 air, t... e1.....ar mb::tw~ thl\t. ", .... :ht ... :h'l comllu~llt.,.lC' TMII)l1,! 1" flntIIU,,'(l tA\ I(h~ '.~ hutlal t'tiull Sml}IJI~. wM('h tUN tto,. flC(l:J"('o HI _peed t"',; '" ill br"",nl{ .... it", and fH'Jnn.aJ I.'orbur w' . '1'IU !~I t. !t.l.rnlll.hed lllToull1t Ow 'lrlmiJ}~

t."~

du";n .. cn.nkln;{

lx: 1JoI1('d ill (,u'ovlrl!llI.t

0\",

I.

lhe to,",.-rintake ptpe5, paving th~ "hydmul i<:klnJt'."

t"("'t(i.d~ .lnHtl .. 5t.",u

Q,f

(or

":uerxil.illR' the iucrtlA r.lUl'\er (where \IMd Ul (OnjUJlctiun with c,U -;cer intake pOrt primin~r) whIt'll I-lrilninC'the ~sint .teMI1~ IU Ute l(,t'Ult lime cJels)' between the <'!'iPSe>

~I

76

"a/IN~tfIItt

'It 21
,." .. tf'm.

((ftc'!"

r.napetOf.,. .....
~
\"l

remH

"f"'.
..t, comuUlubl.
rUtl."
rio"" u,..til
i. aeeum-

I " atOmll,4!d by nuulw

to ....

SM" tx.

tht vaporiD"Jo~ ot U. tva r..nd ill d .. Nf1tf'd into tM I...dwtlon .,.atem Of" th~ IlIb",. potU ot :.be ~4P c,1I Jera of thf' ~flK"1ie dependm. on thl typtt at pnmlft$' "ytottm on 1M enar"" 'l'h. Id\:,d prim!;) .houkl (ontAin eoou$fb (omplctely '''(lJ'lOrillld 1,,..1 to tlU th. Indue.

r,I."tu ...... A. ""A~au i. inlJ.vd\lctd by tum lUi( Ih" niX' '-' &.ht fuel ...', much". '" ,lI t".
n"'ln'~ I"W'rCI tht priml'::)C tvol !l.arlL l.culll.' it. ar.d A lI1art

h,.

phtJl,,-d. If 1M nublldl!: lur ll.:mpcrn\\U'C til Ahovt! 73 ... t~ C)I,)t' It the tnginfIJ I" \\,111111 f'rum l)rt'I\'lou. o~rMioll, )l I ..IJouil>lu 1hnt 1'\11'
tit!.nl du,,dc,

tll\:'lo(h&'l")I.I ai, l'(':m:dnJl In Ihu III..

t)'tttm

to obi ... ",

Under Ult"te ('ir'CumM~l1j"". :-.0 pnme rt'<;:.I.lred. \I~r all uUur II d't.UMU. it U. nf.lt4Ary \0 primf'.
MAr\.

I.

lUI

a reKu.il

ur l'C.!Iidunl

fll~'1

nat' .ar..uunt of pnmfOrequlrw1 \arl. " lh the ~ .lId of tM" tin .. n. qUW:I',JU' or ,apor.U'd fuel needed Lt
the tf'm~IUTl"ol the a!'l'~ fJ1)m one extreme or tlmJ'lf'fO\hH' tn t.hfl Olher. nu~ as th~ temperature Ie lcwercd, more liquid fuel mU31 be: fnjpd,..rt to obtAin lhb Ilxcd \':\1l0r reqmremeut. Thl" II OCOCIlUItoC lCmlleNltul"e MoWed" tbe \'Ilflori,n
liol"

of the tuel.

"'lhf reclu.in.'d. uD10~nt of prime

by klokh'.

lIi l'bhlllall:'d at the !olJoW'jnJ( f{Aj7f"Il: (1) ."I\.~Air Temperat.ure TtUI 1h. t~pualun." of the ai, that .. ,U be

PilAT!'

&c ~1l11'NF.\

AIRCRAFT

I'WA, OL lO'1 in_ tf't' r.rEnder \\'nJl, anrt or piston dd,.Qr.. J( the eKiM> hu becu owrprtmNl u 16 tueft:ial tn.t. f, b oil bf' "Iu"yed. o~ 1hi' qluxle. ...A1I"t.oJart ttlll'tifti. On'

drawn i ntn the etl~lno during ('rank. i";e nr.d atl~t .d.art.n.. It aids in f'S,tun,aCD~-te fo\'aponLlm.- upotb.ll-

tiftr of the cvkl a:r

~rft.rr..._

(2) C'_rehu'tlor Air r#mp.tnllu.re: T~ 1:1 t11<: temperature fir the Air in lhlt duel , u.~ well AS ,,()m~ Idea of tt:t' c..tr!Jurl'lo' k-mperut.ure und ttl,. con .. tAtnN1 fue., and hI: ('f \~ an Idea o( 4l' .. pun.U'"g eond.ho .. (3) Oil ml~rat ..rc GhM ., India. t',on ('It lh ilirrnl' .... M lbc! en~ nli" Vrh~lhcl it hM. been III ope1'1l.tion l'(,cllntly or nul, ir it hAil been wQ'i"fr. VI' w:d durinjt ~tnr.);(I:. It aJao gh'" an M;., tI( :.he l4"'~r ..~..,.. .he Mlrwn.~"lr~r 8N'"Uon .nd abiJ ., to \lIporl~ ttl... n.t lnu.f' or f~l. (,I) C),'thulllr Hwad Tf.lmPfrnture: Ind, .'",h!" th(! tUrQunt nf b .t', uyaUn.bl.

t)1.ndC'rl maT M indlt."lro. by t\ H!'Ut'AII:in~ h~iIln.t u-hil... the f'nglne is tJl,,'llW oollfJd lhruu~"h by ",~nd,

r..

1"

or

ill t.h' Inl.~ke it) \'1\r>nnZ4> lh4: prim., w.1K1y,.ht"l'tMo" Itw rl.h..{ .. ill bt IUdlll~:iI to d'lill ..ud lVJIt on tnt'
tylhldor " ..'lL llnd4!r flXL1'Im.vly (Old ttlfUhhuw. wh",,. I)l'irnilll! LI)(ll'fI ('runkIIlJC I. 1WH~"'l')'. the
I\IMUIl~ (II' UU\IIVUritt'd 1ufol,...nu:,b-Ina

1)0_'' '

at.,...

In c"t.I'~n\e C::1Ll~.DIU fit the til""

\UI

C,.tNt8

fuel will

Jllimiulot l"untUtlJtH II ~nl,,)t.. "h)'drauUuh,.' hal..'\M. Th~Io..ort t"'"'"..t.~...rt rIJ obb\tnf~. d~t.ltr..dabt~. qt ~rtI. ."d-:ou*
pt\l-ln:uUIIJt needed
(Oi'

bArk up lhe inl'ic~ plpt,,, of 13)0 l')rlmM c)hrKtvn And do.' II1~O"~ intak .. Jlj~.~
C:)

IIJ~

'hoe en,,,.atnt't$

i.t

i)

F t ~ C). Ot~

,.H!UL;OIlnnrt '" wull dUH,,.follHllkhnaquo ."

lIidtH'

all UIO ~Uf'nl i k.I1.","

'.lUII: of

This h.. ,*,n

..ydr"u\..

'lO F

enc).

a-;wn

UL Lh~8 Intior 'I.\~ul...bk.'

th~ t'nllJII\! 11 advanta.gflO", liquid (UfOI h:n~nin

"rfheal\m~ or It Pl"t'.heat II t)rdfOr Lu 1'1"'.' the amvum or

.. aft4"r prim.lII. (Prim-"!or

ternpcruture,

i. nliowl!'rt to IItd.:.d (,1M" _ural un$Qf'..C'", ... ru.l "U(JUPf''' ~(I !lit\! t, In ~M ('I')UrH: of whkh tJu:~ cUI4.Jnc 11"" hfooN, "''U''Pti.nw<t. nullill (If tht t')'.in It Ihe
f'f'l:gilt\!

.socnc Imy,inc" which lJ~rnlit ron~l,r.\Inl *~8~$ aL 21) F {-:!~C) (II- Inwel" \\'ilhOoll ,t-.(O UM!: or IJJ~hl,,al.) \\,11..n Lhe t.cJllPf'r'lu~ iI (I F (.~) C') !If -.. oo"~Jt 1It'C"" on. "{'..old
tnt{ ~!tkm~ ..... heit:g <k,~lopM

dH "".. n., and pylon rrn5l"~ .. 111ot.I:ur lnl~ ptvL:li 1")1; tllnt or ()J [$ 6JH'lI.)fId
on lhl.'iC llAt1a,

b. "hdrrl,n",;n.~
''''. <o:)I;i.I~ to ttJO llJm 1y l'C!UJU. in w(l4.k

\\ ealhl'r

OJ-,..tion,"

hr., ..:
CflU)[7

_h.ir-r. dc:J.I5 .out han

baclrfirin

suffitNlt

II, OH'''I"tlllh~1f

\\Ilh
$...

(.)'llItdcr mtake po\'t p'im~n@". oue riou~ "f'IIoull of o'o'erprimka, ur of (On~ uml~rprimir.g

with ull,~~rut is p~ 01 liQuid (Uft In \be ("J'tir"df' nu \C"L...... fOlI o~ tho. film or 011 on lhl' ("lhf'W ... aD.!. lJW(lt\A Il2'Id p~luu rinr. \\ ,lhoot -:b'_ InbrlC'Iltu)II lbf"re i~ a pouibihty of SOOTtmuM
aLLI::ln",t. rt) Mart.

thof> ,.~ ",r.e ow, or "'Mot U n<hvidu.aJ uuUC' t.'~haWl~ IIt.aC~~ arc u,,~dt there will IJ\.! ftC' f!\,ldcueo of fu(>' '1I1)Vr il\ {he exh"u",l, ou\kt. vr 11'k- primed cylinders. ] n co1d ,,'CllU.hf'l'. ft.:.eI c[s(t.r'gf!d from U\f'o fUf' d ... i,. dcA.~ J".l(X ~ mean thut
nuo lh: t!t'l(i"e has bn
3

O\"f'rpn.mcd

0.

4\1'11)'

Mtsll

portion

of the "uel

,...i11 lie

, AporiM'!!d.

7S

(;E.\"l:R.\I. OPF;RATTNGl:-;STRl:cn016
(:. Suur('(,1! (.1 PrimiXl! Fuel fuel (1)
(~) to!' tbe pnming

prime. The number of -atrokfd:

aY$:e.tn i$ com(e)

men ly provided by:

Priming

of the throttle 13dependent on the amount of prime de-Sfn!d.

Maintain Iucl pressure:~ P!il ~o relil! the carburetor bowl" lib rue) after two or three strokeos Qf :he ,hl"OttiC. Iteturn mixture oonlral to (un

buretor (float

pump inte@"1'31with e.~"" wpc eal"bunltor)

pump

Hand plunge? primir.g

(3) Blectrle aclezcld primmg (I)

gl'at ",ltb

valve
(the .,..

'fhl~ {Iriming I"'I'QI~ whid. 16 tatetI..o. jarl ....no1nr

CO

".Ailed ~eltpriminK ta.rburdor) is

actually the al"u-.If!fI'lung

ric-h. (2) The hand priminJ: pump iA ulW'dtn

the carburorer,

pump of PlirniD.I is eeeeee-

ptiahed alii foliowl:

with (lIlgine U~t:I;lla~ tion" f'(fuippE'd with (lithE''' flClAt or pn>~RUrt' injf(:ti()n t:RrburAlQr.l. Th..

eoniuncrlcn

lH"imtnsc pump Is A plU))JNt' typ<: pump, and I" lIIm~Uy IO<'lltcl'lin the

coekprt or p09lilt\,)' in Ihe (lnglne nAetllf'. 'l'he QlU'IllcJt;r of l>1'iml! is ).llll,a.<d l.' tho: number or "trClkf!~
ml\de while prim1ujl.

(")

Place mixture ron.rot in tuu

To primo: (:\) .\1ixture control in idle C\l1...o(C.

rt(lh. Ihi& aIJo~ .. the al"bvrelor bowl to be vented, (b) Raise tud pl'0!3Ure to 3 psj. 'I1ti" hilI!>the carburetor bowl wuh {,,(oJ. Cn'atcr pre::s.su..re may cause the C'3rburetor to

ov~anow.
(c} .Hove mixture control to
lean,

run

'Thi! o;,ICnolf Lbc ~'\'

from the aeeeleraring pump to

the primer dilsb-ibutor.

(d) l\>lovethrottle b3c:kw~rds and

forwards through Its (ull :1'~ vel, This J)\irnJ)! me fuel

frum the carburetor through

the primer lines to furnish the

I'M TT & WHJ'fNEY AllleR.4FT (b) 141ae 3 psi !lid p......are willi ...obbl. pu.m-p Of" tum on fife.. Ll'lCnuxil iary fuel pump. Pres.su rfl La ftt:U<Ss:uy to fill pril"l'Wt PUIDP cylinder on the intake .1>01< e, (e) Whil. tnaintahunv
tltu'O, draw (uti PfUoo pIUIlMI,tt" Klowly ouL

PWA. 01. 100

(3) 1l.e ~ prh1l1a, Taln un be

u-.,.d .. ith J)f'fQurc mje('tlon u"" burctors. Dr with float carburetor

inM:aUalions i1 ,8umei~nt. 1'u~1tU'CS-

au,.. I, &nib.h". The eteeteie prim1~ vatve is uru.aU". at.tac.hed 10 the

to fln.UN that the pump tyHn. der filll1. rompletfb'. Force plunttet in .,..,.dl)- in ordtr to Atomi.te tb~(uet etrtctivtty at the dblc:hJl~ nol-z.les. Pril'M th. "(lQuirecl number' or .<tOl< ... (d) Rftt\lrn the ptunywr to the

"orr"

poeidc)O, and make ec.rtnln thAl it I, tully Ioekccl.

C',uburtuw or .tOmll owr ao\l~ 01 f\.W' uudtr in the tnrint

p,....,."'...

tvUJJMrt.n\tr.t. When the vAh'.1t OJ)f'nfod, (UO) under

(.oltOOld Pl'OMU"}

'l'~1IIn W

.. dllotribult.'<i throu~h UlO 1l1'llIIlu,", ~ primin "'oldl .... The ''''''',\ of prune " ~ by ,he
pI"C!'UU~ III Ole prlmiDR nl\_,

and

the hmtcU'lof lime H, i~ held OI~U. To prim.: , I<ftp mixt.u", <onlrol II Idle

.,.1-<>11'.
(b) H.1M the r~utred fuel I,lrtll,U", wit.h lhf wobble p\lmtJ Of

the

c~h",c

Auxiliary

fuel

pgmp.

';':N(.R.\L OI'IlIA'II'C

INSTlIt:C.7JOSS

GROt:ND OrERATIOX-STAlln,,;

{c) Close pri~r lSwitch (or requi red time which is dependcut on temperature 2.00 the

particul.ar method of Imrcdueing ,Ute priming fuel into tM

ena-ine.
The actu.a! amount of prime is "tlT d.iflieull
to dflt\(' C;XMtlj.. As pl't!\'iou.dy pointed (lUt~ tempenuure ia {L I;:u'~'i:f:Lc~ol'.With the electric nriming valve, fuut p!"e!sure will affeet the amount of actuat prime disdu\f1:(-d. by the priming n.. mdc;.i. \VUh the IIIP,j{pl'lminK C'Arburet4r

and hand pumps, the manner or operating them will dfm the teeet amount or prime delinred. In addilion, the i~dh'idual t~hnkr~ of the op erator will Ml'eet the nn~ount or primiu," deail'ubJe. O'le inrlh'idunl m.'\Y JlO through the ton~f('llth'e seep, or tttartinlC with \'ery eXAct limi u", 1\ minimum or 100t molion Qnd with \ery small ever-all dmt. fM the compf.ett oPtra tlrm. Another Indl\'ldunl rt1il,y not IWtrOrm lh. 1m!,! lit'uct!duC"4I with :h. "ame dq't"f!e of IN~ Ilf'1l,~,C(')t16t'!lluontly h I~ not [,1Wble to draw \lIJ 1111 1:OCM:L tAble of "rimlna: reQutl"tment'" In 2cnOt'nl, WIUl ttLu tsrbure!t)r Intlm' Ilrlmflr no rrlme or one to two atro1cttt rna,y be
required !Ot' & hot. <lr Wllm~ ~"r:t, up to Ih,"

""'0 rfwOlutionl, the cnglm, !lhould to come a~"'.1linfit l!, dflll'lite iLbrupt. ~

may be concluded
hA\"e "etl1mulatcd

QIlncIon l1l.1t.Hd, ftnd no f nJwr .'templ. t'httuld be mAde til turn thl: ~ O\'tl" until tbit. Jh:;uld h.... been dra

,ha, til. low.,

7. I1IX1'IJRF: CO''TJlOL

I1r four JIItrokfl~ for n cold enlrioo, InlUillatioul \~l\h s(:J,laratc hand ,u'imtr pumpm~' I't(luf~

up to stx or oh{hL Or mere IIt,rokos rOC'u

Yet')'

eeld ,mg1l1e. Howh'er, thl$ ,. depe'J'lldtnt OIl the "l&e of the hand pump, whkh orten I~ (If Ita rap.1C'lhthAn th~ of ~bc carburetor inltp'al I,rlmer".
Thf' electrfc l'Irimin valve dl'f(huxe. wlU v&1')' wtth thp fuel pl'e58Ut~ and Lhe lIiyatemof intro d ... ,lU).( the fuel into Ute clb(iue. Con&equl!nl,b' th.. pt'iming time will .... ary :lC<"Oroing to Ihe

JJQ.'tlcllhLf enshw

OOlJ1A',,,anloc.l.

6. IGMTIO' SWlTOJ In the case of inertia or cartridge Atarte~

the igJ)itjou (nl.l~t bu LurnOO
UII priUY

lo

.!IUll'ter engagement. a!o the

r.ar.iog procedure mutl be oornplded whik the stl'niE'l" energy iJt availAbi(". 'l'he dired cranking starter make!>it. pos5ible to delay llLrnjng on the ignhJon until after thl!' entull
O\'er

gine has been turned

two re~'Olutiona.

This offers the opponuni:y to rnake cerlain that the,t'e is no exee.,.-.a: liquid p~t to cause "hydrauUeki.n.g." U. during these

In tbe case of fto.:'l.t carburetors, the mu lure control is already in th.", eutomatte rkh ~r (ull ri<'h l)Os,itiOll when the starter is. ee~'\_>d.. Rnd no ~t1p,nti()n is reoulred of lhiI control M the engine start ... With pressure injer.tion carburetors, the U~rl. ilS m&de with lhe mixture control in idJe (ut-olf $0 that fuel will not. be dIseharged into the engine until needed. The proper timinlZ of U\e mixture control m.O\'e-

81

rR~rr

WHrrNEY AlllCR;<IT

I''I"A. 01. 100

ment out of Idle (I,It-off when sarlina: onen dctcrminca the r.uc:ct!!'JI of the lIlalt. the mixture- corurul i. moved into l\uLomat.te rich befot'e the ~nllmf' has cauloI:ht." ra .. ftl,". iJt dumped inw t..'w e-~:ne btfo ... nor-

Ie

(<<rei

mal .i.f11~ " w up ar.d u". ftt&:IO 1OadNI. A... ge1:e.ra) rul~ Anna: of the engine Jlhould be of luffi~ienlIn'.ntity

tu product at IflnAt MU 01" 400 fPI" ~'u,.. th(' mixture I;.ulllt'(li bl moved to autonmUc rich, !\'To\'inl' th~ mlxture conll'OI fnto autf). m:'Hir rich at. Ult {Iut ,ian of (m" flnr.X or poppinj! w,1I u~u"lIy be the CA\4C! an u-n.U'8f.ful lI"",e\~t. with InmiI' priming: $,)'Mtcm.t. ,( mO'"f!'!'IWnt or 1he mbture (OO:roI I" d.la,.t.'d tOO tonI( "fI,r 1M

.,.,t..

or

..ngme if. fil'UlA' n(lrm~U1. thot '"vino will 1"1\'0 used up {til J'lrlmti au:d CnU to &can, and
1)f\C'ittiring'
y,

III etten t\'I'lJlt. If th~ ,"Im!n.:

properly m~,.. there ~dl w.ul't\ tl4.'nt. Md pmptr "lrl:~.u..tucl-1\ir mixture In the e:Dt:inv \0 kf'f'P It turnt,,_. O\"f' at hu
\)lOCI!

..Ill,. l"dQlion
lI""e\~r.

.hOl.lkl not be exeeeded, o... .om,. ,n.lIIUalio!.5 ha\"na- lor."

\1)411..-

pJ'fIUur-.. hn or pn...Wr'f: indieacnr

,utndtnc ~PH'rluntil normal ('AJbu,,"~kn ,... ~ult,. !rom proper mo't'trr .. nt of lh. m'I(t\l.N

wmrct.
mu.t bfI .'('Mly to mu\t,! UIO \)At\( to ktlt ('ut-off In 1:M.Jt uie c-tlplnf' "did" <.It .t\o-., 1\,0.1 ut "cb1 K:' flO lM1 1M dl"",harytll of (ut14fn~t) th~ ""rHO< I. "t)pPf!d at "'-'Y. Fill. I ",. '0 elu Ull' hM pntbabI,y c:.a mn,.. "hydraulkkHt" "nrmct41 ~Mn (.II\I. loC'_,
'1'11('1nptwt.WI'
Inlxlut'O

control ImmRlat.:!.v

ml,,\lJ:.x t)~1'N. th.n m.ar ~ a tunf I", ~U"'I"'k maL thll lIrr~ limit be ,crlitlh ..,td. It .. tmpcl"Athlt, bowever, Uln~ "trlc'L RlltnUon ~ rh'fII1 Iho ull J)rtfJ",ure llaV\! ul ~hl ~". of the Itt,.,.1tng PI"CAA-'IlUI'O, r\lld lb,," ..... lulrifl"g' tit 'hilt h,"'til mn)" toIne I.b\' Pl\" dh kMnd. an tA,"ng An tUJ(lnc 9 PROI'UaII In \.he <..aItoC CONrn()I. Standard enuu)lo,.l.

or ....t HIlrn.lkm

nut nn pngiu\I lK:(ut'(l "~t\l'tlll".In ~AM tto",.

ltr'WfffC'tn tTPI p.'U~lIcr ... t .... to control ..hould

~ rM\'ed 10 lhe hhch rpm new pitch) t.(lel ofter oU pl't!'''UfU III indie:\~t.

hall Lcell (\11 e,(c'''~''\\,41 dh,l'hnr$rc or r".IIUlU (In eugtne 1 htlL '"II. 1.0 run. (JUt out t~ ijnj:luo b)' lJ11lhnll the proPf'H~,. thl" .... , wfore :lHf'mpllU~ .'lO~lwr .'I.art. in the c...... of
ft ely' .....

tClJtint. It ~
tt..e

(tn.e be rnivm
('()!'Jh-ol
iUIO

by mo,;ng lb. Mi~lUN

,d!f (ut,..otf, thu.t atopplftll

nood of fllE!l, .nd bllowing the ."Mint a ohance 10 [,lck up, After which !.he mix\u~
C:I!l'Ilrolmny ~ t't"Lurntd to ~utom.tltk rkh.

at. ULL .PRf.5.liiit NE

As; .!lOOn as the ~.,n. t'i~ tht rpm .hould hfOheld dow" II) "bout 600 rpm ur.liI tht viI pres.au('e r,,i.d~I" on che g~ And It ill certain Lhul lho fngme l5 roeeiving 011. In

many in$tan~4
~5tel'

tM uil PreAAU.re....1lI not

1'DOM

imm... -dJA~ly upon sl..arUn In

installations 10 _uod.t without oU Pf'8-

CE~ERAL

OPERATINC

l'iSTRI:CTlOXS

ClI()UNU <Wt:ltATlON-!;TMtTJXC

10, O\'ERLOADIXC

0.' ENCINE

tor a bril'! interval

1:L<f

outlined in the

s.t'''U'ting nrocedurc, (SOl) Pll!;c 67). This is the onJy instance where it is pcrmlisible to move lite mixture control out of idJe c:ut-otf prior to :\C'tllal engine cperution, and the cperatur mmn. nee r:'llltion to ensure thilt tJlC time limits indicated ate nol exceeded. Intmductton of excesstve fuel into the engiuc may CAU!!t! "hydrauHcking" or ovp.rl().,\difll:(of the engillt...

O,erloadifl)( ur lhu eu"ine with rew rutl bI: U3unU.y~(!c(lml)3I\fJ by a I:~a..)' diithn!\~

ot !..d trorn the "uperchAra:er dl':\In in

warm weRther ~r tiu: pretel'l(9 or Ikruld ruff in the exhAuSts or th~ primt.'Cl ('ylh:dcra. 'Vcn" Iklnx. toUuwed h1 kmiW'cbf:\dc Itmoke i\uri llONlibly fi rc rrom thO' exht1&lItt. o .n:r.... J$ nho indltJIIt ..'f'I I)( oYflrtoadlna.

b. It the ittsrt js n()t aecompltshed ~(tiU~" of o\'c-r)o~nng. the 1'11l'I*aitratlu mKy lw It'"ru,~ out by dl'uwing more Air into the (;lIl:ine. Thill IR done by ()pl.'llIn~ the throttle wide 0111.1 kCIJping thE' mixhu,= control in ili.e C'lIt-ott .... -hilu (!runkin" (Or.tinUl'S. AIl Lhl.! fUc).fur rAtio )(lAna out

and pl\"~e" :hroll~h

Ih.

combufi:tible

nUli{(.<... ILl.un. ~hould hi' ('O'ocu>c.l,III tlli' U~, hnmf"dfaLe eetlun VII the part. r)f 1hf opcrillur b rcqu in"1110 l'('1Jll"(J Ul(~thrQttl~

110:.& not to ovor$J)(.1QilIlw (jnllin~. 1'I.ntlto

IU()\'U lhe mixtu", c:rmtl'ol to (l.U\.omulic rldl to lft.bUlh 1)(>I'Inlil c:url)ul'oti())), It wit! be seen tl1M lho mAnlpulo.W1m or

the: mfxtuN ec.mtrol In tho ovone

(1f

un

duprlmlf'lg And of the U\I'vtL]u in Lit..: event ot Q\'c:rluudillW' I~ fur tha l)tU'POliO o! p.'\1 dl'lS( tho mbaul'l.~ clulrg't! front one
",xtl'(.'m~ "f lilt! fuel-atr rl\tio t.ow~J'd ~hlJ other so \.ha\. U l,.'oJnlJuMUblE! t'M.nge m:l)t W rC"liCh@dand A !ltllrt; offO('tod. )n tho CI\.'I(' of Ju('rt.il\ cr el4ttridgfl Aj;Ilt~ tl'&. laJJu~ to prlmt" PI'oI>OI'l)' mUlft be eerrected lW ch.utiug out the engine ond repe:l\till~ the eornplete ",tarting prncedcre. Whether the fa.ihnv: 1.0 start has been due to Ul)dcr"'lJmtu~ er tu O\'E!I'priming, it i!l recommended that the engine be cleared OUi.80 that thu operator ,,.ill knew Ihe amount of prime that ill in

u.

"SAVING" 'THE START In Inatallatlona itlCOTDOratj~ t)'linder inttl-leeport priming and direct cl'anklDK5lan-ers, an opportunity j,! pll.h',d\.'C! to "eave" the atot't WiUlOU~ the r.ecf!S$ity of repeating

the enztne

;'It.

any one Lime.

the entire primil:g and or atuting pro

ccduee.
:l,

Jf the ettgiuE! has bftn underprilr..ed. ad ditional {I;el may be injected into :~
engine while cranking continues by !DO\ing th.e mixture eontrol out of idJecut-o~

The procedures just dtscussed, if [1)110 .... ed IL5 QUtlined. "'iJ) result it! 8. high percentage (If sue4.ustu) start!l. '}'he PCl'CenU\$r0 of fSucc(ol>S.fu1 starts will increase whh experience, but there i~ :llwa)-~ tr-_e chance of mis.gagiug Ute effect of the ntIlLly variables that mll~tbe tak:en into ac("()Unt.Failure to obtain a start results gener.tlly (rom uuderpriming or from o"'cr1ondlng the engine b).' exoosshe p..t'iming.

PRA1"r & \I> RlTNEY

A1RCRAf'T

rw A.
GRO\."l\"D OPERATIOX

01. 1110

GET.RAL '[he IlmlLarlLY bttWf'fln tbe ,nsrh)t <Jf

tron3hfp wh",

t~.nd

10 1IlOIk ...

ch chocU

.. ~W 1'1..

''''1 "ule)..

U\U,.~

mubUa Ami thAt or an illttrAft hAl been dif. tU~ pritvioulll)', It 1t w('11to toreeL lhl. ~la.
tormlnll habEt.. of aJraa(t IJ)o 1m. opuraUOb. It I~ not b.) aa.r rnYM wuat.

f"no
\I

tt

oi MU.bd.or, fut~tlonin .. , A (old not depend.blu ~lIl(jll",

AR}I.ur

to

,tAI1

cok! auluDWlblIt

."aine.

puU

awt.t

from thtl cueb and driv" A"_1. A few bf(ll(_k1I of slew, nitltrRinf(l runnlna wll1.utllce to warm the tD,rfne to the po!nLwhere rt .,U "tak," tbe
ace.Jeralor and fundion

norn:.al.lt. At~.

no attempt" made dunnc tbe IIU'Iy to tt\'ll& ttatkt In front or trains or to perform (nnty trt\trk mlimeuvcn In the WTOnlf ,""0. tbe ear and dri ... ur ''''ill bf'c Jook4ld Upc,ln with ravor
by the

.taa"-

AI

Mter .W1A .... _rOI min .... ";11 bo .Pt.t 1n warmln., up the t.QA'lDt, nla u dona at 1000 rpm ... lIb tho propell in tho high rum (low pUcb) poaJUon. One t.houNtnd rUIllI' 8pac1ftod lhi. ert ne ,peed wOl UI"U!"e freedom tru[n apark P:.. (.ullDjf. 'nt .,....,.u.r pitch .... Itlon ~lta in the li.thlelt pof.l.,.. ao.ct at thJ. J1)m.
11 power .....re .ppUed tu a cold el)lin. there .. ouleS be an un .....t.l.r .. ctory ~"'ponlle lor t.hroe

doeS'
ttcn,

comPAny. The automobOe not dtPlnd upon Itl tnjpne for IoUtUnta1n.urance

-.:
&.

At the InMtanLthe airplAne !"Ttl tht I't"OUnd and until it. bl in tull Alant and cltv of obstacles, U. t, (lnUrel, d~ndenl upon Ita .. cine. A. the airp.ne puU way from rta "earb", the eflaine mud dtli,tt its. maxlmu.a rating without lIMitadon. There is: no poNlWe means of getUnlt under lo",Jy and warm ... ing up In the air, It ill ..."nUsl tM:n to tab wbat time t. nlC'e:u&ry Lo brine the ensin.tnto condition "'Ml"e it can Mfely ddiy-er It.I per_

00:-41<1, undiluted 01110 "'" thlek to flow throvP the rio .. lubrication pua,ft:a. and ..-1tal tnaine part. would be .t.arvcd tOT lubrJcation even UIQUJl'h hl!h pt'E'MurE! "howed on the 0111>1'0" s&ar".;pge. The oil mu"t be not Jeu
t

9110t ,.,. .. (Q"",,4 Fn.t

"'.y ..

".........t.d _ U. ...,...oJ .,.. r.r "')Jbf7 tf'II"f... 1Ifhidt b..... '.11.... 2!.SO-2jk'lO, A eeee ,.enuaJ nL~ wout4. .. to .um J;.p at 40'''' ,",1 tbe ~Iil'l' ."f.oftd .b:.ai_b1rc .Ub U;,ewllef" ... aJl'I.t tht' bloch .Jld with tbt 'J'(Iptrn tf' l.ud )o~ pitch. t"'r examp)'t

..,... ~ .. f,.,.,
l'ake.()ft

SIlO ..

."..

X.4U-

x .to =

W arm-t: P

1320 800

"'Pm

84

GENERAI.

OPERATINf.

INSTRUCTIONS

d:.-e dellign, are proper}y adjusted.

entire mkS::

ur

The

metal

mu:;L bl' In the

workinsc temperature
harmonious relation v~du.!.Jp:tl't-a.

raJ...rto have a
between the indi-

LImn lOOF (40C)

enainfl eneed abo\~e

U,. warm-up

bereee

i"~inr
rpm.

b. Induction Sytltem:-l:;r.8"lne perform. uuee and ollcralior\ are ~JUlth,"'e to the t~mptJr"lul'u uC ttlu I.nduelion paua.rf'

In i'tneral. vii tempel'nt-urc ill thu rn(.)lft.1I1rI>Cl N6 of th.1em.perllturt condition ()f th@tll1ti'l'fl \l.flKiul, it tim v 11M ~fI ",,}ttl! h> hrin,tt th<f ull tt.m,""'I"At:UN 11J1tn 100"- (40C) At 1(J(10 "run With tho propcl_lcr in hhl'h rpm pNltlcm. j he mIn'mum Tf'qul~M'nt" of 1'1 prOl)('r Wftflll.UJ) wID bi meL. \\'here pnu:tJc:.l, an 011 Inlet tAlmIIOr.wre ol HOlent' (607GC) $hould L4
...... hed.

Au illtuke chllrge eannnt. bold all jb Iuel when n COtn(!1 i.n eonLad witb cold met.aJ surreeea, and thlJlcAnlng..oul. will cauae the tHJgine to hee.ilale cmd run

I. Co.1 fblp.tf 1)0 not elcee the cowl fhl~ to II.CCel*,l'ilt~ lb. warm-up, ttgjl,tdJe~M of ()utAlIl e air temporawN ut UIU IndJCll.Uuu of Lho 1:)'1it\der head I'Ag~, The hMtcd nlr coueci .. ing around UtI! uhuultt &~'~t@m will be mdned in the Ot'eO .ad,ill.Cellt.to tho jj(lll .. ti011 k'a.Oj;;, "~or the protecdon 01 the ifni .. tron IIYlft.e.m. it LS p.Kllential thAt the cowl

ragg-OOly.

c. Enn

}~Jpnn5Jo.n vt EnUre Engine: -

1'ho engine designer baa tstalIlLshed the clearance between the workina parte after coruidering the etT~ of

expcnelcn

whe/l

tho

llUlte.riaJ

baa

warmed up. in JMny instantH the cold clearances are not 8\1JDc:ient to allow satisfactory oiJ Bow. Because many major })nt\s are made from ~
s.imilar metal, thecy InU,{ be broogbt up to nperating tempe.raw.re in urdu that the une v -en rate$ of e-xpranaion. thtl t have been taken into att'OUnt in
flap!

remain wide open at all Um05 that

the f'ngine iJl,running on the ground, and (or a eooling-off period after the engine is stopoed.

85

PIlATI
& WHITNEY AffiCRAFT

PWA.OI.

100

2. :\fixture

type carburetors Or with fuel nozzle.! louted at ecme dis.tAnOO$ upstream from the impellt.r. it i! de-~irab)e to r3i~e the carbu, retor ~.ir temperature during warm-up to prevent ioe formation, to assist diatrlbudon~ and to 1!lb!W"C .emol)th eperetton. Do

""" ox...... '<I1OOF (400).

4-. c.tburetor Air FiUtr [where applicable)

Do not. use
WMOlUp.

lean mi~ul'e to .cc:el4rate the nu dJtrCiI'(!ueo, In the

Actun.U), d the wAi'm u-prpm

~hcl'<:

t,

prilctJcally

mh:tUI'C 8UPI)1I6d to the enatne whether the mfxtur~ 111 in tl lean or rich poIhkm, at nllJt~rillll Iu thi:! VUW~ range i~ Ol'erned

by tho throttle 1>0011i0n. AM there III no ocu"lon \lihUe on the IJl'lJund to \lIIU 1<:4n mlxLutO pc.wltion. it (1:1 Imperil_I\,0 Lhut tho wlxturc control t'6IlIliill ill

Wlwn: dust (""OndhJotl' arc

pt'6&ol\t.

tho ear ..

burelor Air tU~r "hould be lIMd. As $001"1 .. the t:llI'fnft hll~s:t.rtld. the ~ir I!ohould

tlie

ri~h '~J&itivil Lv

that It. wUI nat. btl inud"'(lrWutly I)l'ior tc tRko .. lf.

With ('I(IRed throttle,

IIU..ke IUrw: tOf8'Ult.D

be drawn in from thiJ scuree until n1tcr tho take-<>If hAl been perlol'mcd .tld nil altfb.ade re.chf!d where dultt-freoe Air i$

Enaine tthnust emokin . while runnin,.

IIhould be eliminated by proper hJJe 1idJu~tm.nt, Lh(!tvby pH venthl,g fouled pluatt.

prc.e:nt..
llag ..... S.r.11 Ch..,k

3. Carbllretor Heat

During the warm-up running. the magneto "Cct.y eh~k can be )>t-noTmed. lts purCarburetor heat can be used as r-equired peee ia to ensure that all ignition eonneetiona are secure and that the Jgnltlon by:!tem ,-ill pcrm1t open.tion at the lligherpower used in the g'1"'(l1)nd check to be con-

under eonditlnna Jeading to tee tormaUoD.

In the case of engines equJpIIed with float 86

(:EN ERA!.. OPERA 1'IXC INSTRI.:CTlO)<S

CROIT.'1> OP~IUTION-GROl'NIl (d)

(e)

CHF.cK

d..k"t.ed latEr. The maan ..to aatelT chtck: is

t'ODductte as folio ... :
(I) Rpm

J, the Art

(i,OeJ

t.oo vna-ir.c aL the

$y!tl"m dcl:..erin.r rUt! to tbee t'('(f.ti.rtd pre ,un';

(2) Propeller

-1000 - n:J'h rpm (10'. pitch)

Aft

];Il"Opf'lIp.l' enrt tIolI(\f'l'Cnarrt!f

.hUt mt'cb.awistr.ti and oebee th~. luuet.ioniul;' propcrL)'''

_':<:"'.0-

AU other controls the same

(:I) Hwltch (4) Hwltcb

durin,. warmup

From "J!o<h" la "lIlhl" .nd Nturn .. " "Botb" - Frum "Olic.h" to "lAft" al\d rt"tum to "KoLb

Th~ ar.!II""!"I to 1heae questtons Ar. learl'ltd in the ('our!'@ of the ground cheek. ~I"'UI,"d cheek il\ lKWrOrnl~.1 "'" The .f~,.ft lbouJd 00 h~d~d into the ,*1"d. if pnMiblf'...to take ad,.r.t ..,. of thl. cool!,.. rdow. A ,.'...nd,,"'

[olio",.:

- From -1Mh"
m~tar!11

t. -01r
return

m..
to

anli

"80th .. "'hi" .wilthirrs (rom 'Both- w a liJ'lwlt HlaFleto sx-!lioo. (or o-'Comp" (rnm .. 8oc:h" Lo Rf*h:: \\ all,he but nock"I).-t drop in rpm ..hook! eeeur. ThAt lndl(..tC!e that. U:.~ OlllICMh.41 n:u. .:n~w baM been Prot",ri,
I!l'UUIHloll out And thM thf; conr:edilln
Lo

.._ ".,. x.... ,..

.;..:""".,4..,.

7. (... ""1 1'0000llua Cb<d<

Prt ,.. r '" t.,;'fhr II,."

"''-('f''''''.''''f' t.... u... ; I...

..".~ ..III
llr'O('cdurtl

A ~ ,,'j.
"'r1I

P'

'4111' .....

thfl "Inate ()Pf'rAtir.a ma.llilo I. a4:\'Ure. CUMlI)hltoi: c:utL:nr ",OIL0' the (loafne .ohM .w,tc:hlll .. tn.-m "Botht to "01r' t.hAc Loth mllk!'lf~ aN fJI"Opeorl, l'f'OUr.d ... d. F.llu.-. to ob~;.n Mr drop .Ill:' i..a the ~~\O P'U",t..ua.. Of tall..,.. ot tbe

1""1.... *

.''\It,,,

.s.

~niM to 11 out.hUfl."'khjfl~ to -oft" ... 'nd!a1:" th.t one Of" both llround COGlIlloM "N nut aeeu.recl Tho Ume rtq:.dred

1. Chf<!k 1)j'(,J'iI:~)crateordilllf to IwopuU"r mllnutntlu-y.r, tnKtruC'tlon, 2 ()1,IItCtIh",'l!' to manifold nn ur. ~u..a to n.._.)d UaruJPelrh: I~UUI'" ~.Itd' from "KOTW' to "ltI(:HT" lind mO!rll to "OOlit" ~otr.at drq't _ 5()..il rpm1I.Jumum drop - 100 'lmt

lor IWO'JItr"arminaup

ai\,N

amplt

OCIt)C),.

tJnlry to pertonn thlt .Impf~ f.,k wh!ch mA ol~r:ltn!" .. c:ondtUon whk-h would uUl.ku tt h~fld\'lublu to c:onUUI.IV opwatioo
IUI~JJ

!\.H.I.:U tRlnl "nOrD" tu ~tunl to "BOTH"

"LeFT" 'lid

~ter eurrcoUolll hue I.Jttn mode.

~()rrra" .trUl) - (;O-i~ r))Mf l! .. xllllu.m dhlp - LOU rpm" '\t:l\t(lmum dIfference betwMn "ltl(lIIT" and .. t..t.:).... 'J". - .al) rpm" 6. Ch""k: Fuel I1N'UUre - 17 pili' 011 11"""nt - gs pal"

C ruund Chlo.

to ~ Ulf!dWT. 1t .hwld ... abUo to doillv.. willi ampleroI.bibtY~nd P""'"I wi!J. HOWt'Vff, tbet'@ are a t~w qw..Uoa.t that. m(Mt pilots w-Ltb to ha~ an'1rered butul'c Lhey wonmlt LhemHh ... to mmJ)lete dependen~p. on their po"et1)l&o.t due-lua' ~h.\!take-oa. fot'i!xampfe:
parta
aft

.n

Mttr the tlUtit.le b.u been wlftciCllt low 1)O\l"er rUlllli.nc tc m&irf certaUa lb.t

ra.d.r

.-'Ull 1&"""" powv

Nu'-."."

i
~OTEI

lie"'' '

",,,,,tie

.,.m

"""It"" ~ < .......

...J:lj'

_\"'t..wA! l'-Otloltt4.
',-.

ttf,JIIiI ( (U.:'lJ;f. l~_ "'. f J'lf'lVndll", '..::11 bI' upairf'd in th ... 1." , ...t, ddC:rlbbl!' l;,e (I~n,l.lI~ d .ptot II I",'T'I,

....

~.o:""

lilt

mllit p . 'P"d' ur
n!t

~~l!f1I.

u." ." I6hd 11 .h.~.

lh,...
Itlp.

(a)
(t.;)

til the engin" cundition?

in proper mechankaJ

]0 .. ddiUOl\

t.he operations

OUtlhle-dAbo\'~,

b Ute oil 8}"Lem tUlKtioni.cc at Ute requiftd pre!..'U re ! (c) La the ipltion .ysttm pufo.rn:wte pn>perls:

the t\l.ncUoniT'il of \o':u'iou~ itemR of Ajrplanfl equipment. will be cbL"Cbd in an appropri.t. orcS....

81

PRATT " \l'U lTNEY AIRCRAFr

DISCUSSION
I, Pl-o""U .. Chk

---pl"08Clure,

PW.,-

OL 11141

tDafne i, capable of dem-ering a Riven

po"W"t'f
SW'e.

at a Ji'Vtn rpm and manifold pft60 The orIltnaJ caltbnUon. ce meeeuee-

'rh\: nropellcr check ts poe"rlof'1'flltd to .n..UJe

proper oPtrntion of the pitch control and chfl pitch change mechanism. Each type o(
f1ro(>ulIlJr rqU!t"i)5 U dilferel1t

tneDt of powtor, J. made by means 01 A d~ometu. O\lring the ground check, I'!'!ellStlrtmtnt 01 power Joemade with tho propeller. WUh tOll.lant conditions of alr

und lhc nppll('ablc manufa.:tunr'4 Inltru~ tiona ~houtd be followed. 2. Ilpm and ,Uanlto.Jd Prt88Ufe

dP,,,,,ity, the propc.lJer, lit

1Ul~'

i1x~d pitch

podUon. ",-W&'wa.y. requn the same rpm t.o at.orb 1:M ... me botwpowe.r from tho erlI'illlt. Th1I charOl('teriltie i. u!OOO. in d6. Wrmi.w..nr tbe condrtkan of the t'nJ'ine. Aq me,"" In manilold ~ ....... q,1l:lt'd to obta.Ul t.ht -.me rpm, or conftrMl" the tnabt.llt1 to obtain the cheek 1"P"1 with tho thk m.ani/o~d preu.~, I. an Indicatton tlut. lb. enalne ill'lot ,,[vinr the pori01'maoco of whkh it i.. u~lftblo.

Varia lion I III,u4. of the ft.ld. on which

the cboek I. mf\" .. will J'caulL in vArying

mAnlt6kf prt:.u.un>: .. tor 0 aiven rpm ,.~ h.

!ndltal<!d I. Ph" 2S. ".rUn, 1h "linU. oblJCr\to the malltfokt P""'Urt' ~ Thill p.I'e "'ill .....4 approJ(lma~, til tmooplwrk (l>ero_0) _.re .. beD ,be r. not At_1 .. <1 tM"I. xl_t.1y 30 I.. Hr and at IIoId.o .110\ 1... 1 the atmOllflMriC' lIn.... ~rc .. Ill be fM& depend1", on bt.iablaboH .. level.
Wort

",...w..
\\'ben

a""

Spt'('I"," thteJc o( rpm aDd manifold PNI-.UN r.t ..lion,hlp should be madt durin, ffll'h Ilruund check, 1'hM mal bit dune a' th~ tlmlll ttl. tnrtne tl!o runup lo make lhe

mMl'flltlO ch4ltk. The bl81e ideA ot lhll check III W IIlC8'urt the perlonnlm_.o! the en&'ln4.' 'Q'AlnJllt an eatabU.hoo. .Land,.,cl. ('.lIbration WI!.. have ~termJM<I tha' tht:

liM) enrine t. p.tlu'ted lind itll aecclc .... at.ed t.nt manttold prwMI!tu.rl.l wlll Ju.J) ott until ..bout 1000 or J700 rpm is l'Nlchf'1'I "ben It will btll!) to ri",e. At apvroxl.

ma1eb' 2000 ."m. with the propeller hl

-+-+-+-'i -+-~;,;, , ;, iJ,

, I

' ___,.---..

' ,.

-"._._

J, {, " .. :, I "1,,,.1.
. r , I

I
I

+ I I
,
, , ,

,
I

i
11
1

, .. j
If! ,---'---.'

11.,1
, ,

,-, + -'1-

'1 Ii!
"'1

.r., !

ii"

;-"_1' I I'j ,"

. ,, .' . '

U,

'. .

88

GItOUXD QPERATION-CROI:ND

cnI<(;K

fixed {un low pttch position, the manifold pressure should be thf: !-lime ae rbe atmcsphertc nressure. 'fh:u; is. if .. he manifold pressure guge reading latm~pbt:ric pres-

3. llog..... Cheek

sure) Is 30 in. Hg before 5(~U'ting the engine, the pressure reading a.bould return to 30 In. Ha at approximately 2000 rpm.
or, if the mantrctd peeasure gage n:adiJ 26 In. Ilx helot'(' $;hi.rti.nK. it. sbould read 26 in. Hg again :It apPn)ximateiy 2000 l"prn.. The oxucl rpm nta)' '"Q.ty with variou8 modtl! of engine~ or bee3U8e elf \'arying propeller Ghnracleri~ticll. In certain in:ttaJ.

lutiuml thl.! "1I.tnutll. .d . ed to eeeure a manI~ rold pressure mAY be i\iI hi,h ft$ 2200 rpm. However, once the eeqntred rpm bas been
Ol51ftblllitcd tor an tn"l.aIl.llHon, Mny appre

ciable variAtion thereh'om IndlCf'tf$ mat.

(lJ"etlonin,. "'hi" mAy be beeautf the low

in pcrtorrnhlfl tho mrumutc chuok me 1)OwU' absoTbinr ChAttlClcrl.n!cs ollhO pro~

V--~~!~,
rate

1 .19 r
'f",i'(,

"lIe.r in the low fixed plt.('h position nrc

udUz.od. In I\wltching to iI1IU"idu.1 mll.Kncwllo lho (:uLdl'lJ: uut (tf !.lIft()Ppo~it6 r1luga.
I"f".Ull,' fn a J"wcr

pitch .top of the ~}ropeUerh85 not been prl,lllcrly .(It. or bet:.au~<: Uu.' cutburetor (It"
1Jr1lrUonflY3tem fll not funedonin.l'J)FOptrJ.y. The IJ,l:tur.cy or ebb; thtck may be atrec<ed

ot

(:umbuition

I>ytho t.llowill" v... lablo4:

ft,

Wind: -

Any ftpprtlelab~

m ... (~ mil.. houror mo~) will c:hnngv the nfr lOAdon the ptopelier
bll1d~ .. hen iL I. In tho Axed pltd> poliliUon, A he:\d y,,",nd Villi Intl"OAM

I""

..ir movo-

which ~ ..ivelC the I'llme etttJet as rCLnrdluf( lho il;NI.tk. M.dVQllI.~. 1110 drt)Jl In ongino apeod i$ A tn68.IJUl'O 01 the IQiflt ot' Jlower attendant on thl, lower eOmbU$liun rnte, By c:ompninr the rpm <lrop.o(f with It

koown ,unund

lh\! following

l\tf!.

rleter..

ch~ rpm obt~n8b'" with a &inn nmntruld Pf1.~:tI,iN. A tan wind win
decrease the rpm. b. Atm.. pheric Temporat.reo: The

mille<!: Proper timin6 of OAch m"J(n(l~u. b. Gt:D~r.) tHl,Q'Jne performance n,t ovJ~ dUOQC) b)' IImQt)th operfttroll, e. Addh.Jor.lll Check 01 HI@p....,)'I{H' connflCtinn nt the ignl1ion l<>ad8.
Any unu&ulll. toUghUC.ilMOil uith(!r magneto

etf"cb or "8.riadons In atmo~phtrSc WRlPCt"~ut\l wud '0 calk."l!l ....cb other. Hla~er <orb.,.tor enlrance und cylinder tf!mperatuletJ tend to lower the rpm, but the propeUe.r bd Js lisrb.tcncd ~us<: or lbe Ie:!.il doo.so
flir,

I. IlU indlcatiOll of fauJL.).' JStuiLioJ:lcaused by plug fouJing or by malflincUoJ)jll~ of Ute lh"~&ioo (It the ignition srstero. The.
open.t.or should be vcry sanilith'p' to engille fOUgbncn durinsc this check. J.. aek Qf a drop-off mlly be an lJHlicc&-tion of faulty grounding of (mA ..illA of th ... lenition sy". tem. Complete cutting out whIm I'witchhlSt to one magneto i8 definite cvideute that ita side of the ignition l;)f&tcnl i$ nut. func-

c. Engine and lnduction Sy!um Tem. pcrllLurc: - (! thtl C'yHnder and carburetor alr temperatures a.re big':h
bec::aulIeof factors other
U

th;'B atmos-.

tioning. Exee:ss.ive dHterence in rpm rirop..oJI be the lett and riKbt. positions can in diat .. a differenee in timing between Lhc kft and right. mtl~plclo:!. lna:!much 8.!1i Pl'3rt & Whitney A.ireraft models USc lhu
tW<'eD

phcric. tcm}X!raturo~
the propeller load,

low rpm \"iU

result .. tbe 110_ will ... 101>'-""<1

without a ('ompensatinsr lo'f(erina' of d, Oil Temperature :-Cold oil will tend to hold down the rpm as tho b.igher vi!KOSlty J't-$Ult8 in increased frietion. hornepo'Wcrlosses.

same spllTk advance for both !'.ideMof the ignition Systf'.rn, auc:b a (onditiOIl ahould be

corrected.

89

PR\ 1T"

Vi U~EY

.IRCILU,.
L~ warm

.. ,n.

OL 100

-\11) rpm must be kept to a ininimtr!Tl~~a1I,. tC the 1UJ"Cf"&l't is 110t headed inte a ;rood ..'utd. n i, es..~nti31 that t:ylin.. du h.ead cem))fYatul"M never exceed tho nu.xirr.um "Pl"(.lntd to r continuous 001'\1'<\.. lion. and It I, dOfirtlble to kf!fW rhern at 1t""d8tMF (800) b~low the maximum COil .. tinuC)Ufi,limit.. It mUll be remembered thl\1; the head lcmoor.ture '"die.tor if; eonneeted

The fuel pump rdiet salve I. aet to ...."..

norm.' niR'ht pressure ee the ?'Jlm or the

"round eheek. SaUstaetot) tu<1 prewU" Indltatlon at. thi.! time iJ a.. U'.1'\('f that

the f\,d .,.ttm is property

(0 eee trlind,., only. Thill cylinder t.f SQ .. Iet:ed on the bul. or ftidtt oondiliOM. oft~n l\1.tI no( bf lht! hottHl tyHnder dunn;:: StnMJnd opeorahuD

,,"Ii

{t.lnttiODI"

tdlr 1Ih.llu"f' Sd~

011 ,.,IIUIIII

Thu 011 prollure

teller ,'.Iv ...

,"dSadon

Nt to

\he "round th~k and '*Jlh a ,poat.ed 011tfmoo

" "'I'-l1lbrd 011 prlls.ure J)t"UUI't'. Silltfaao1'T .1 the rpm of 011p,....

ur

vi".
PI., f...llnl dlllYully II I'" Iee "l&blt rewt~,,( tailulV lu JlI'O,icL: proper klJo mix lln~ tMtHlll.TlMt , ...... nt"T IWmI '0 tw tn adJIMt 1M idllf,. mu,lunt on tht c:ll.ttmely n~h .111..,and lO (Ompen .. te tor 'hill hy .dfuthr. t!'lf' tl1rt)UI. ,lop to rehll.h"ly hip rpm fur minimum Idlin(l, With 0

.u" a' Uur.pIW lcmpc ...lu.... t.. .... eanc, lhal ..deqU.t.eCMl prtS!Wrt will two altahl .. tn,. th,. oper.linr ruolV,

<dJuOlod I~I.. WOK it i. p"".lhl. to run Iht tnwn' ,,1. IW rtnn cr even Ie., for k,u IJCllocla with cornpleto rreodom from pl\lK foull" ... !iud\ It "e-tting wUl re$Ullin a minimum of plug !Ou.Ullf(, exhaust IJDOkJna..and toadilla' up; an4 will fI'Y dh'idendl (mm Ihp on the airplalll' bn.Jr..c. altu 1.,lcluur and .hiJe !3.. ;inJl.

.,.....,,1)'

"'.'na-

u tho "'M"
10...

tlw Jdlr .m.tlttUft Ile'thP'!, can euib" be- Pf"" tonne<! dlmnl" \hI' rrouud check. as Col-

.... 100

""'0,. Iht clw<:k or

a, Clote Il1f'Ottl.
mb:lur~ coulrollowOrd idle ('Utoff ,1tnd olMen'e chAnge. ot rpm e, ::Mon mixtul'-e (.'OIIU'O) back to automaUe rkoh before engine r..:ut$on Aa the mixtul"f' t;ullt.a.vl lever is moved 10MUH'!

b.

I.ittl!!. it allY. cooU"'K" ;Urflo.. u &~.ilabW on dw "round. and operation at Ilrate.t 90

.. ant idle' l1Af.'. and before nonnaJ dropoff. OM' 01 two thfnp. tarily:
ma,'

eeear momen-

(;ENERAL

()PEK.~'I'IXG INSTRliCTlOXS

GRO(;NI)

OPEK.A1'IOl'< -

JOI.~:)IIX1'UR~: CH~;CK

(l) The engine speed may increase by as much as 200 Of 300 rmp. An inereaae of no: more than 20 rpm indicates prope,' mixture stnr..h. A greaterinereeee Indicates that the mixture i.s

i.arij' to ensure l>roper ground and Hight

ic1i:ng. !t(QTH:

n.li 1::'001.
er
aJ"'tt'T

If.l,..5;be performed in &till &.IT 'Iort!dOll'. Any ooru.1dEonbJe wi.ad, "Yo IIeUI.
:te.~ Clr taU, Dr acrlld lb. Ilfroplll.nr.. will

too rich.

1l.5

the en~e

actererat~a

k'le

1'('t;.1Ilt

while the mixture

lean~ out through

be~t power. (2) The cnaine speed rna)' nol Inerease,

or mRlY drop imm4'(Ji.$tely. This. in.

Since t.he metering of' the fnet bl~ the carburetor in the idle range if! not ecrnpensated fur B)liLu..i~, il Jcllows that an idJe

dic;\te" that ~he idle mixlure is too

lean, POW"",
~\:I.

strnbthtway

the fuet-ab- ratio baa r('fU~edout oo)'uod beil

mixture l!e-ttJnA'oorrl."'tLly ItlljulSl~d to.. ODe fip.Jd mlly not gtve ~nti8(Attorl' t6~ at ecme other field or different en tude- U the mixture Is e()rr~(:tly liet for tM --.,.
of ; ..... 0 fields.
]t

will teed to be too rich at

The idle mlxtuI'1l eheuld be set to sin mixture slightly tiCh(!:fthan belt po'lt"\'r n:. lIult!"g In n 10 to 20 rpm rlec aftel" kD6 eueolt Till. cheek .h""ld be performod with

the highflr

Held i if eorl"eCtJ.r ,ct lOt'

hlab.r fleld, iL will be .<>0 If.. 1M tIw Sowor, In the c,,~~ of 311lurpbne .taMe tti,.ht tIothf'dule eaJl. tor .top. .t ..nnJ 1\eldlt of diWerent nJtltud!;t. it wlU ....... R11y be found palt~lbJe to nwke tome ~ promt ... iJlt,UrmttdJa'" Idll' mixture ooll1lla which will *'1\<0.sa U~(.i;t.ory, if It pn1 ruauft" At NCh of the ""rluuJI tie l~DdCUt)' of th~ mlx1ur"6 to i.J.c tw ridI. at altitude. And bWIt'V 1.0"tereh" and to f tb. lIiUlTkplu,,,, n~o)' \I. iJll'@.ttby utHq at

the fdHn.r IP66d .tel: for ;l6O W 600 rpm. U ~h() .'pm J~ hl"h~r, (:on-ect klnn, adjuatmflnt w!ll not I'fPtult. In nddhJon. the ~n seltll':<:.YlInderand oU u:ml>er.lU,," .houkl he at A t'otnb5111..edVAlue re~en'fnt the lIormnl temEXil'~Lurc. I.l. which t.he t:1tJf,nv "vtu O[lfH'nt~At thitl rpm. 'L'hb check ..houJd be JMlrrormtd IrtqUf:DOy
And noccswy nd.. hJlJtcucnl4 mado on
1lQW

.p<.'tfHJ.

ina-htly hf,hor than n()rm~l

8. Tunn,
UM " !mOOth flow vI' ))Ower or tmooth

h\AtaUMlotllt, I" the dlAphraa-1"OI or no"" C:.ThUl'et()n may not. havt IIO:tked for lIuillci"nt. hmgth Qf tim, to obtain their final Ilex lbutLy. A, they ......... mo ... pll. able the idle mixturc tttllna nUI.st be' tMIjU$t@d to maintain the ~ind kUir'll'.
At't..or tho diuphruvm h 00c:0rDf! soaked to a permanent. "'Q.uclitl<m it. is dn!.nt.ble to check the idlin~ mlxt"'" .. I<Jng ........

eh.nate!' of vower dw-lull taxUn,.

Rapid

",ud {reqUflnt "jazzin,t" lfiJllI4:Ume. Int~l'~ f6rCi with the OJ)~rl\tlon ot tho IIccvlerat. in,. pump, with the reAuit th ...t \I.d,4,. ..

occur becau~
SUtes Just

()f

~he low mllnltold PCd-

After A "hArp dOidDK 01 tbe

tbrotUu, while the engine at a hillh t)Jm,

rl .un lUruin.

91

PRATf

& WHITNEY

AlUCHAFl'

PW.\. 01. I""

COLD WEATHER OPERATION

of the alrt,rart enlP"t hl\'oJ\.O$ condittona IlmL n.oqulr(l.SK'II:lnlptopfira~ dou" and pr(j(':\utlo~~ III' (.omJlAred to nonn31 w(!uth<tl' opto:tuLlou. Vup~r"u~ion or the futl beO()f}'I\tlun

Cold .... ceene-

h:.1clnV,,"d pbton lIot-uJDUIt !ront UII,)1arlatlJv,muuut or prim", rtt('CiU,,,,. nnd ,hc l>O.1bJbJe f~1htJ'O
or the luln1eatlon Iy.h::m hHlfd
(I ...
Dr

il.tt.'H~UriCi, Thtt ....

J)(! ')~

'om .. ditfl.ull. And IJ\. hiltl\ ,1sc .,.(1)'

C~lUMilrtlriu(;cd cronldrl&' ,.J)(lt"ld with Qceompany illl( hl"h lunda OU UHI .LAr~r and bntter~,If. Ofu~n tht IIcrellJlorit"fI tBIl becAwle or COflge1lled ull. Sxcl.!uhe tyllntlt>J' prlmin.lC' w~b~1 lb\t oU

0' the on
(':8U.,.

foro. tho en-Il'""" and In.tnllf1t..It>1l $hould

IU~
'" lUI1t

when Kf'O\lnd ~rnpel'3ture~ :\~ helow

H?O C). uuh,,, Uti lin,nnwand in.lt.tl:a~ion warm tf'()m recent oPerAtion, 61' 1'lI'1.\l6 erlmJY$lC:Dlt

that

JXlmtit. low,",r LcmJJlIr&tUl"U

.tArte. Adequat,e oil dilution l. ncC'cs.s.o.ry to en ..

(r(lm th.~ pl'ton

flcoring of the cylinders, while tuel may I.'OIILin Ule bottom intnko pipu to c..'l.U$~ hydrauJickillg. PIU::Ut:ATI.:\C; AuproximnLolv 0 F (2Q C) it. \ht! lowest W'n. IJE!I",'lhu"ent whkh .. ngine "t~rting een be aecompllshcd u~lug the ISt"udut'd " ..inull)! J,.ltem. acct!Moties, and bntrer-ies. (Priming !\f.. Lem~

Ju~ piston t'cuffing

tin)(60 Hlld

nnd Q"lind~r wan"

pro,""

the requIred el"'~lnkabiUt.r for the8 im. priming $)"'tem..

If oil dUunon w~ not emplo~'ed when the enlriDe \\U P~\lw.h' shut. down, external heut gerwrally will hi! ne<'e6Mlj' :I.t tempen.tun:1I be low (6 C). Paut. exporleaee, "&UJT,.cs," of

.to ....

the C!nrcinc.uud flu:dit)' u1 Uu) oil at t.ho Y..drain

"-aI,,e u;U

be :h~ be.--t hH1iclltionl'l of the necee-

sity tor I!I'clICUt..

One $QY.IleM.ed meana of \1~Jr.K engine covers

are being developed Cur SOffit> t!ngin~'IIwhich per-

mit corutsrent 5t{lr~$ at .20 F (..29 C) or

}owe.T'

and Vround t:.eatiug equipment tor preheating

the power- plant is shown on p.'lKe 98. In 311 in stallatiou of thiA kind, there art two l'egioJ)N \\-'hieh n111sl. be heated. The UlO$\ imPOr\.rult jg the :u~ccr.e:oryeompertsnent of tho nacelle, tho ~(Ju ait 01 the diaphragm or accessorv cowl,

w lthout the uee of pt~heat.) Succeea(ul starting' At ~hi5temperature is (ontin,ent on adequate Qil dilution, I;\lffici~nt cranking: ~pc!f'd.and p,'opcr teehuluuc. Incxpcrtenced pcr&onncl will

renulre considerable practice before achieving

dependable starting at () F (20 C). Very cap. able porsonuet, u&ing the convendcnal sf:lr1ing procedure, have made fitartl'i at mueh lower ternperatures. eccasicnallr as. low M 35 F (..3'( C). However, thta practice i!'. not recommended (or

In this oomp~rtment are located various acees$Ories, such as the starter, generator, bd pumn
and :.bc principal part.! of the oil ,'IY6tem. "'t'equent bilu~~ during or after ~tarliJlI?occur in the acces:sory compartment when preheating is inadequate.

ganeral U:!cbccQu.:seor thtllikelihood

of byd:ra\!)

92

GENERAL OI't!RATING

L.,\STRUCTIONS

GRQ!:NP OPERA T10N-COL.D

WEA'I'H ~:I!

T.
The Mtcund rtKioo in t}wo "'ttl" .hwh mOlt be h,.IOO 10 10",.,,1 of Ih. dl~ .......
po~ftr .....t!on of
.'ltlN).

lit'"

no

th qlu

I. included to thb

Th~ milllmulII \Imp rt!(lulredtor h~tin.. an

~Tl"jnt I" d('I'I('IHlflnt upon th~cap.dt.) or the h"'lt+lr, ttl., ~hfl ~n"M. th~Q'.&l.thlv air t.mIJtirnturtl, .. ud th~ .mount of oil dUutkm

n.. a.uttn!!lul tvm_phlt~ fJt I>RhC:l~tln,cen lIt..t be t.lt'l,otm~J~ I) turning thfl propf!l..r ()fs'&IIIt",.lIr anlt ",ntln" @nrine ".LlfJ'n".II," '"' ... h parti(ulkt"ly ef!'tc:Uh: if lJU, or llUumdU,l. ull dlholUuli h. ~n used, With f'I'(trflmfl (ill d,luttOl1,", ~ntine \tIll htl'1rtf ftCtt ~ml)fll'ft
4')WAI -.GO 10' (-4!:i (;}. ('yliwll1f h.. ~d l .. mlwrllh'NlP, &'" lndlc.l.cll l,..... the clJl'~vll J,Cl\JN rnA)' nvt Jll\.-u tho true cylfndel' heA(J t~mt'(ll't1o t:J"" ... lt Utf" Ilnl!t(!.t .... d air haJIJI,mll to Ilhu'hllfKt! diNe t.,. In c.''UubttL with I.h(' ~h",wJOl'ouplv,

""!410'

t~"' b

u~lL priur to lhl.l lIt<!o,'hJ\uJ IIbutdown. "'or tumph.', a ht'n~or (leU"'(lrlnr (rom 75.000 to 00.000

fH I r-r hour will rCl.luirc .buut

\ h, ilL & Twin W.lIp cl'irirte at 10 ..40 ... (-3., to .~(lC) {Juu.~de .I.r t4!mperalW't!.. W.1l;

.so

30 minute.

u.. .. me h"'llIlt.'r w,uJ .._me

IBU nftr.

lem{'ltTatul"t

mmi-

('tC"('klnj( tho flu.klhy of the oil at the Y-<lro\l" ('a'" be uM'tl .. " l'tuPJllemen~ry ~hf'oCk,Thl" "UJ .1a,Q '''diat~ the preeeuee of we whkh _vuld LJotk Lbc:au., ut oil Itl \he cnKit,L'.
U' LtA (Id wu dralned aJteJ' thf'\ p~ .. ft .. ht. II .h"uJd be: IIf":-hCllted Lo. lcmprratu", ~ at .... , 160 F 165 C) be.tc>I"C bcllUf rdunMCl to tM ~tn'aft ('11. \" .. tem, t-.:ng;r.e hfal nc "hould be (.'Oftf.vlttN bt':ro~ d,.. heated nil ia ,...tuJ'Md..

mInute. will be t\'t.i.WrN

YO"ltb Dou:-

Wr \lop c:"frin.... The l1'fff'l'Prte tie.. in t.b.> UftOQnt {If nwtaJ in the ~i.oe .. bleb mlAt re h.t Wilb.lrc.Ica ~ winds or 1oW'tt'
km~raturt ncr'U.IIIed minimum hut,.. .... tJ~ wilt be ~".. It i:!: desua..lXe to ~

plan, lor a "'_ ""riod than ... mmlml,lm to .MUte tbe easit~t possibit IItartln~ 1;'-)1 fIIi ... ter' t ,.;tn the time a.n!iable for
"'tlfflC. Whfiln ullin.&' pn!hea:~ c.aJ'1." rr.;nsl be u~l nnt to burn \lJ(! iI.auhi:km or Ute ipitioa nwm. it the temperature of the. pl'P--beo.at aI,..x<o<d.226 f' (110 C),

_t tn."'_'r

To et~ .dl'C{"'I~ ... otlllgl' tor the fnaiM nAru r, warm and ful:) charged lNltt.nd ,tw.,;kl1'lfo lMtaJled and connected to Ill... cl~"ClrlC' .)"lam at "hut, Ume. It the sirt'l"aft is f(llliPlAod WI1~ IIln iluxIlliu')' p(.I\\l.'r (>hutt. the lattf"l' flhouM bf' l.In.rtf'd. ()T powtr ('(\nnted km.
'-

,;round S(Htrcc or auxilhlry to the r..il"(ntfl c)edril'ul "yr.-

['fiATT & WHITN~Y AIKCflAIT

PWA. (II. 100 take pipes.. Fn."'quent msrances of hydraulieki~ will occur it this precaution 1!> overlooked. F.xeept with a warm engine, ~ walt di$(,harge o! fuel trotn th~sUJ)erthA~r c1r:'tin 1$ normal whi~ attempting a -'Ibn.

X urinal Slartjr\S!: procedure may be used in 3tartinA' on (,Jlgin" prnperl)' preheated and with prehen-ed 01' properly dUuLOO oil.

In atarting a eo'd engine, tee m.'U' fonn on the epnrk ptuj{s and on oo:h('r p..'trt., of the earnb\l!!chm (';h;ur.bf!I'
:'l.ft.fn' nne or mere

With float cu-burelons UU) mlxrure control 't\'iD be pusitiom:d in full rich or Aut.omatic rich
Q'hen $'-3ninsr. t\nd no further manipulation IhLS eodrol will be uett.'ssAr,v_ u!

ull'SUOOCl::'$tui

to ~UICt. T!le "Ice" is A l";ombin:\t1or. of fuel, oil :md water, aud '" ill pn"'~nt the tilltJmpl:-l

sp:wk plug'" (rom f:rin~. eH'ry error: must be

Ill:~dc 10 "(,lIleh." the C'nJt'i1'l'l.~ r)n duo lint !IIlJtrt~

ing otcemnt, ~ine~ ict. will furm m the cylinder within lj few 6!Jcutilli oILer :1..UI.1 rJ'f'd and 'luU. If tWQ Ot' ~hl'Wl "r:fn'th1ft' ilt;T:,.rr.J\t.. ~a, .. e r'l$uhed in llIlthlng- hut I': (WI. r\:ciJl~ r,rinu impulS<'S. tlmu <:_n IJc saved una ebuse to tM bcmerkll And HClt"tf))'con t'J<' two~dl by rtmovini n r~ 1"lUll 4I1J~rl\ J,llultlJ to i:Hi~-X\ ror ke. Ir Idna: hM occ~rl"td. Lht;!ft'('lnt 3l'u!.l'k plug,. ,hwkl bt (:hkna,"Orl or Ihl eni:tn. ~hlJrou}(hJy henu.'Cl ~ ...
tOI'O ml'lldnp: fUI'thot' MlC!mpt6 to

In ('Ok! wea.:htt. e.ngine operatten irnmedl-'llel)" toiler Jtt"l1ing ill frequently l'OuS'h, \-:ith bac:.~.firing and 1lft.e-t"-luinJr. ThJ$ is due lninC'i ... polly !O A lonn t-At"b\If'P{01" idling mixture And

.tart.

redl.lCed V8pc'1riut.ion or tho fuel. Fouled 01' "il~" .J1!Ir); plug, wtll nJ$OJ)roduce the snm('l f:tf~: .. ". l\ eerreenve, turn on t.he (!llrbUl'u\.Ut' air hed a, ~ !l1\ the '-!u,"iJ)c i, tree \)nck tlrinw;. This will :UCI'tI\II(,! thu f'ue:I...air 1"A1IO In ,he idUn 1'1\"<" AM will imlH'Ove vnpurlzutlen o( the t,.:..1. If l.he 4.'I1"JI1I)I, equipped with n blo"'(!_r-Jim 0" bl0wor ..thN>At priming ,.~~tt1:nt, ~heIntflrmittfi'l. Ullt or J)rirnhl~ ",Ill uv.1i,l III
to

or

\Vtth lh.: t.'1cc:lrit' InMtlA or cnmhlnl\uon Intwtlrt-rllrt(t tlxnkinJ( Jl,btrl.,' :yper... be ,UN: 10 tllJl')r,!I/~ Lht..: stbl't\:r wmploh.!ly botoroorla'Qlrinlt'.

.,n:",mtin8' baCA.nn~", until JuMeiont hoM, I~ {wOU"blo aM C:Mi)Uf'etor "Ir hMt ean be luted.
A nfr tht f'l1ilnt hA,. wlltmtd up IJtJUl'UtivH WUI lJIIl .. tb.fAC\Ol"')' wiU1 OQld Air. " M01U."

f.:nJCIII<:IJl'iminll j~dependout upon tho type nr priming !ly,llt~m.'lnd tht! l',moun~or ruetll!Ul. wluch ha\'\! been Wl(.~J, and uu vtM" ra.ctul .. lhat hM"; bC!.:JI dh~":Ub&cd ~he"'h~ro under f.trimlr:$f.... With "utticwnt (It~hent A r~m'rtll;llwurrn ",,!Cine
.tw,tl m... y lac JIliodc.
Wllh J,llClI}OUfC iuj{;<:Lluu CUl'bUlctUI~, ancr f'ngni{inJ[ the Mru1:et'. move the mixture c,oor.tm slowl:,-'out or irlle cutoff tUl soon :15 d:<! t:nU14t ia 'jrin~ 011 1h<: pl'imc, bm bl.!p.'(:p.wod \0 return il to i..tte cut-ntf nuie;'ly if t;-,~ f"ngine quit5- Par-litular1.~wllh ~l~dll' t!!lgir.e, it ~fi HEy eH!y to gel 1be mix.ture to.>o rh:.h for t'\nmiu)!; aud UIO('J)giDC will not p:ck u)'ll'pef!d. Tr,e~forf!. hrief pe-'!'iorl~ dudng which the mixture colI~rol il' rtlQ\'ed b'lck lhe idle cUl-off may 1Jc u$cd \0 adv:lllt:\ge until enJfin~ speed inCl@M"o!enoo~ SO lhat. aidtow if;, sul1leient to m.atch the fuel ftc)w.

:0:0 nucmpt muat be mAde to hp.llt the engfne 1"Il"ldly atter- 5tar\.ang by clOt'Iiu~ lh~ cu ..... llhll)J. A. ill I)(lr:na.l'-\I,... tb~, keep the cowl finl)' fully
open ~I.. II timE'JI on the jll'Our..d. C,.'Iiudt!t IA:rrt penatures. H~ nut. WI lmpol'lHul all oil Wtupcra .. WI\.... whieb repreM.'nt tho leJ,npern.tlll'e 01 tl'ae intfo...mru Mttlne p:\tu. Cylinder t~mI~n~turt!g. "'iI~TiS(! 'Illite rapidly lO tempcra~ul'e$ on)y ~ti~btb below roO.nntll. Con$("qu{"ntly the prinr.tpM! problem in warm-up is to iuc.rcal'tu the oil
temperatul~
e& to

Until

the oil tClllpeTtltllfC

1JlC1'ena-

14Q F (69 C). kP-el) manu:dly uil cooJer 6.aps tully cl.oB~d.

(!ontrolled

In the UiC of en(:'lnC"a lhat: have bad the oil

djJll~ed \\;i.h fuel, it 1Spreferable to ~lIo\\' ihe oU temperature tn rise-consIderably above 1-10 f' (60 C). aDd increa..~ Ute <:uldne speed durinl( wsnn-up;o 12OQ..1400rpm. Very little g.at)oline is. drh'm O".lt.of d:e circulatin.g ail lJeJow this oil ;cmpenture and enJrinc speed. As rnueh qf

Caution must. Le uwd to ~woid jn~rodueing

ex(:eRsive
1'lnlount"$

<If

l'~W

f\1(':1;0 d\c lower

jn.-

GROt:ND OPERA'flO:\-COLD the dihll;ing fuO!'I :u. ~~ible I)hou!d be ellmina-ted d,urfng ground warm-up. With btu",y dilution, the gasellne i:t c..aperated verr rapidly dUrilUl' tho take-off witt. a umdene~' to dfa.. ch"rge oil trom the br'Ethel'3, unless etirr.inated during warm-up. During \ varm-up, hydratilieaUy operat.ed pro~U(!r~ should 00 "exercised" sovei'd tImes to make sure thot the propeller mechanhm i! fNt:
of conge:llpd oil. ~

Wf;A'J'!:!IW

minute) id() tna oil inl~t line 'l!)ll:)JI~t r.t the Y-Crain valve. A1:xi!"!~of the oil and gaseliue Is aceemplisbcd with:n the engir.(' by the mechant-

eel agitation or tho pressure pump, moving Inten-.al

pttr't"

and the scavenge pumps.

will Opt)t'lI.W, Lrially brkg 1500 or 1600, FUG!:!T OI'ERATION

thl\t the proppller flO\'"ernor lmg_i.ne rpm up to

Flight oflerotiClTl In cold weather l.t hardl,) more dll1icule than in normal wftther. Aftel" tlLQrlln~ und iCt'Ound o~r{itjnl' trouhf,ea have

Imd u juct-e.1f:lfuJ take..o.tr h bt-et1 mndo. nisrht opcrtUou i~ pnw:Li\.1ilb the been overcome
~~m(l lUI IJnd~I'JlLand.lL'rd condlt!on~. 011. Illl.UTION The abo"'e Ulu-l.rnt!on ~how& 1\ t;rl)IC.RtAnn)' un .yVm repreflemh\g ("onciitfollK In the Unel' and umk n fow ~')(I~ Aftet dilution hM Leen
........ t.Qd.

Oil')"h~rM UUI..Y

comp!et@ly dr.JnH aft.r

t.he ftntr!nlll1&sbut-down, and the oU boated a::d

returned to tr.e I!oyl'ttflm M th4! time tor tho next
t<LuiPPl ttlth thcLric Smmer"ron h(!At.ora tn the.: 011 t.hL UICd eeetJlluoullly or In 1nterm1ttfot\t period. tbo con.. WtU..Jf tltt: I.II.tJk, with th@ p(MAlblf exception the btl"'!) th41 oU wnk hopper. wU1 lM! kept In a ituld condition. Bttorc ttw'ti.ng, the ~D.fine Kt.lTt. Some llit"(rAft ~

Gllto:iuo i. It.-d. (1'\1," II J)l"'CjSlU~ tkC:wQCtconnfW'tlon; plkl:8e.- th'l"Oligh A ftt)lanold OJ)(ll'ot(Jc.l "' W'; And enwr~ the oil lnlet :In~, ul/.unUy fie eceneeucu on thu Y..druin vulve Loll>'. Thu lOIe::old valvo i6 Ol>OJ'AtOO. Ly n switch In tne
_kplt, Ar:. tWKlltllaJ ~tt. ut Ihu oU 8.)'swm dlJ~itruoll (or Iho I!IO 01 dilution Is tbo 011t011k hopper, Thft hopper if! A J to 2~ g:'-IIOI'Ir.J\Jlttdt>' cyllndrical "ONe) ntuullb.d ueur- the CCJ)Lut vf the matn oil tank. The hopper ser v es to reduce the amo~nt of oiJ in eircuJ3tion by sp.pnrnting the main reserve oil I!upply from thu drcuJating oil. With only 11 smull umcunt vf (Iii jn clrcututior!. ",-arm-up [3 rapid ::m(l diludon in the high. er percent.age.' (20(:i 1.030';) ill made jJ()l!ol!ibll!. WJthout a hopper, the emire oil s.upply w{)uld luw(t (0 be diluted. t'(.'QuirinKa very larKe ex}lan6ion !OpaQe. Ry reducing the amount of oU to be diluted and .d~o b~' inl'r,=,a6lng th@ rate or warm-up. the hopper reduce!! the length of Hille

or

or

or

and act:cggu.ry COml)l:\rtment muet be thoroua'h I), he.:~~tcd by mijau:1l of gTound heate",j)lore generally, ~n "oiJ dilution 5y.te:m" II used ttl ensure tluldity of tht. 0;1 ~fter the in .ataJlat1ou h~ul cecled. dilution oon$ia1a 01 mtroc:h,lcing raw fuel jmo tbu un to reduee th., rUIC08ity 01 UiP. oil, 6etau..~of eubs1.anUnl diI f~""tII..:c&iu "he &pt>ei6c:gra\'ity and isoosity of rn . 'toline :l.! CODlpaf(:d to lwiatioll oil. then is "I'Y tittle tendency for U:em to mix when Introduced intQ a comman iine or {ar.k. HowC\cr. i1 the two tJuhL!, {n any J)roporlin~ are fOl"Cibly

on

hrnuzht tozethtr

iJy 300nlC mtall$ of meoc.b.Jtnial

agitation, a \Oery pemlanent is pr0duced. Diluted ail will nat tJeparate if alJoftd to stand, pru\'idcd the 011 a::d gboline ba\'"e been thoroust'hJy mixed.

mro\U'e

duriD&' which

the engil1e mu<"t Ofler(lte with

diluted oil lift~ .'Itarting. The il!U.'Itrat:on on the fo1J{)wjn~ page shnwl; the Army oil jynem afu-'r dlJuUon is compll'W. All oil :ine..'t ~md the t:opper s.re dilu~ tQ the :!&IDe. percentage, wbicll is alw true of ~~Ioil in

The Army t~rpeo( oil ayatem is desianed tor td[ective U.!W of oj] dilution. Gs..wtine is ir.f-n>. duced at a slot\'rate (l~~ to 2 quarts per

95

...
I'll lIT
/I ,,,

u r~"&Y AIRClIAET

I'WA. 01. 100 In ~xby"me wedhet, >ndjtion..s, it is

J)O(l(!8~

~h engine. ~ornl.lof the diiutfd~il ...,ilI &Iso n!:d ifill WJ',Y curslde ~\.e hopper and will coned on ;Opo( tht u"4'Ii1llted (tj} it)"""A> ~jn t.aok. The
(J.mOtlnt
UJJOII

u.r:v to dilute tbe oil ftOinc into the IlydromAt1c

p'f'ftPi'll...r by -tJ:t'I"ci$in ... the propelltr 1'0\'.", eer wutl"Ol dunr.g the tsuee l'IO'T't of the dUudcm ti:n'!f" int.fI"\'.J. 'n-_u mlls.t he done when thft tn gi.::e 1::1 brien, b1"OOgnt up LO t_)OO01' 1r.no rpm
so ("a~ th .. KU\-enJOr will operate. Oil Ol)a"I\I,fIfI
iteM\.-

fI: otl

dilution

nfCflU..ry

is,

";to.

Iwrult>nt IH'01l'ctcd

111<.1 expeeted lelR~mt\lre to ~ 1l1ol'1\lr.At. Oil dilution 1" r~lJmmondPd

wben tne expected al..nrting tempct'Mlure i'l. to ... ,:. (') or JO\'.t'r. '1'.... elapsed tt""" ""lU~red to dilute (0 a dr~jrm.p.!rnu.,. d.". .da 01'1 t'tro rt\,ton; t}"" r ..te I)~ tkt ... o( CbOlu~ :nt() the uud the :\!'r'Il)utlt of uti to be tUluttd. 'Mti.! tAt't 1')(llll\iTl~ ~hflrillr~n~"ee tn tim. lnlt!nol requu"ld 1m' \lIt'lou. 1\1i'I'I'tll L. Il \\ i.1Ibe llflt'f''';.lr)'' fur the

1tUpen:haf\c"1:'r rontrol. ~uh~

'T'tf'

the ~'\mf'

mC!lt undt"r lhp.w lo\et!.htr ('(IIrIditions..

('Stift~ un

on.

introd.ch"n of .~Ul tete tM luh".. Hll~n carbon andIludn dtpQIIll.ll

th"" OJ1.ystCM.

~t.hln

i~ e.rri(.od

to tJ'tA eng!n .. 011 ,or'con and (':ollL~:l"

KI"et'I'I.

Ttl"

r.rho~

and 81udKfl

C'I"'I':tt()f'

te CI!IUUll lhf: mAnuC.I. ...I,H'cr1! 'flofCiP.c

('()flNtrT"Ad_

thcre In qUllntltJ~
I.~ or Ih.

n.trucl~l~ ~ur1m. "l~ratl

011 dJUl on I. k"\."OCnP~lUtedj ". "'on: 4o)ut tlnl( dewn ttu.' l'I~)Clnt. Bero,.. hew'Lulr . oil dllu .. finn Iht.: CUIIIII", .h(l\ll<l hf Itlh:d. it n('t'H.."ary. '0 reduce \'yllr,dtl' ht:lld tcmperl\lur" ... to a mu .. tmnm or :~Oll fo' (I Gil C) ud ,,110"'" ttl" oit temI"-,rulurc to filii 11,10," ]~ F (MI C). Wht# 1..iIl'SC th .!CII...-, d~ ~~ 011 d.hlllOft AY'iu+. ror thoe l't'(IU~~ ti!'l'W'. K4"CPtttt .... ILch d~

hout fir ,'til 0 aftn tM dilution it firat. Ulll.od In ~M ~VIft. the KJ'tltt\ mUll bP tunO\'I1Q11' ln"Pf'ttjo(t and de:minll Thl. In..pettlon mUll lki O\~,i~CId. f'OlIllrwed .1<:1'1"
Ilrf\ een!n Lu re-

$l.l1l\clent t.oO cauMC uic col..

(!onMqutllll)'. within tin

relMlilt.edIt ..hor1 inWT\onb urtll,dud~"" tull:! em' bon nn .MIllr coU~t. Sht'luld I11iM prOCAutlrm h~
j'U't. TrauM .. .,.ith dbSodKtd r1Uwn

t1\IU' AIIK)

bt e nC'C4JJl4lnd ,t GlluttOn U new': u.NJd almcaA. dW.), fol~inK il4!lnt ..." In the I4.'UOn. 80m"
~ . rn U,"

\\ "U~ "tDPl'liult thu enKit.4t

PlroPt)f\d~ul'r!I"v; ovt!r. Hit ,,1f1rtIMg diluUull

r)d

unll1 It h".
..

.rato",

UM

'.!"Iulll amoun"! or uU

111lIl.!<t'1IMt') to.en

dllu:ion

It~, tli<! 011 rill"" ~ltl~ ,houll1 lI. dutH) pri()f' to

.1""...

kff'l)

'."'OOKhout. the ""Armilf \\,uaU10I' to 011 1I1.tA.UI dp"r,.d ot Cl\1'I)()1\ ,.mel

liND/LilTED O'L

INLeT

Dllflflo"

Co~

....-

-~..

'

~~.
I I

FLIGHT

TJON

FLIGHT OrERATIO:-l-TAKE-Ot't'

FUGBT OPERATION

01'

At th tart of Ih. Ial..xr run tho ooPM, th. ftr.t time Jin~e .l.a.rUn"t iA COCOUIltcrtondltlonlll r.."ulelni' rrom ~he ute ot hJah

power.

Tho COJLfldtnWOli. go\tt.':rnJn, t,hft prolH'r balandnr of "II oporAl,insr {acLur. mUliot

...

.to.'

ppI r.

I , .....1'... 'rh,. 'I'nke--o'f rating i, provi l b, b. u..ed... nd there abouJd be

hftit.ltl4"" in latin. ndv;.ntMC of tbllWl r.ti~. To qu.alilT. lyp. oC ...

line 10)r T.JI~ff rah,,-. the

~M

iypfo test

muat b. Opltnlted CQodnuoualy f .,. 10 hou", at tha- outpo:.. 01" the udell or U\"'er 1()'" :::aJu...oa'&. .. -' ho no thou",,' tit", lb.. '1)De b ('IUN to the brw o! destruction wtwn th .. J"O'I'Of'riI.p.pIf'd. The use of the rating rnr.;.1t." b the (ewNt *rpm.powtr" ",intotea ULd the leu! p ~t, milN" before ruchir:g the po .. r rN~ctioll point. As hif!b rpm is

c... n

lh.. (tlclnr' prndu(ing the gn~atad weal'

rhe mi\llHeranec

of rna..ximnm rpm tor U. llh(Jrt~)lt po..'13;jbJe time is the moal

'."Ml\ble i;tatment of the en~.

97

PR.'TT & WHITNEY AlRCRAPI'

2. Speed Rpm

PWA. 01. 100

The lJ"f.t-.ure i8 applied b)' ad\itmeing the

throttle ImQOthly to the de. ired manifold pre"'u.nL In a !t:. iwLlllaUons automaUe mulal<ln .nIl prntDl u .......inc alloW able j.mit.t. oot OIl all otber aJreratt it ",III
be n~rr to give the manjfold pre.t,\U"O

t.rq-a .ufffehmt at.tent.ion 10 prevent "over-

_tin,".

EncIoeo equlppod with multlpl<> .~~ or m:ultiple ,tqe 4upI'ft"harpn. otu.lly re"'""' tNI tile 10_' Impell.... pt'Od or 1rtaa'c be "Mel tit takftoOff In nmE'1" to Jll'''~

"-fOnt... ct,"h-e t~mr~erAtliro rise throu,h

lhu ..upiM11I"irer. Exc.ptron~ to thi!,!. nlll may bf aJlowfod 0" ..podfK' or.aines. Fur t'UmpMc;lilln(ot'1!'.st.ion conl.ult tht applicable .,_; II< ...... tIna l .. truClIor_ The en~Jllu hil' been de"e}optHi LO be oper I\tM nt tRice-ott rpm without detonation "vim Lh(lllllh !.he carhut'll:tor "Il' ttmlHtl'DtUrtt I. M hl.h .. 11)(11' (40 C). Th<r<C_fllll t.k .. oll' rpm .hculd be ..... ,,!thou' htsi-

On fn.tan ..don~with ft.fd or t-cro.poftJtlon PfOI)8Ilt..... tho limit. ()f th...,ttte ~d\'''"(1e I" d~ned by ma.xhnurn rt\lullfuld prllM~u"ll and nr m.:ctmum rpm. At tho uno ex..
tnrr.. 01 low att1tudt

tallon .n aJlIakMll'. ,,11It1. lit" wm .......

lure limit. It hI..,.r
tenptf1ltUrN aft tno-

trw

lUI "-lDptratur'fll,

romblned IImid""

",Uk low manlfokt

counl<!r<d ,O<I Uon from MI tAkO-O

power ml\,}~ be l'fll'Illlrtd h\lt the ner.etM'1

'PI'fIIUU'"

ma, be rwclu-d at lou Iban 11m. t<#mPflrRtuJ'~. t41.k<: ..oll'

J'~J1I

Itln. rpm. At the other ""t.romc CIt hl,l,

.:lIt\Kht at-d/nr manifold P'f"'lu.... n t. e... cD.Lhl.l lhw.t both t .. trumf!r.tA ret'fh'f the n~y at .. tcDUua ..t lh.U tirM. ..~ atblure _ Pu..'At, ltat 10

r1!ductlon of O\ltput i:l usuAlly ACltOmpliahcd

'" ith th. tht'n~tI Ct bf poIoIlbi. that ur.d~r

may 110 obt.lllod .1 ,.,.

than t.k .. oll'

exI""",, .tmpornlllr1l _d,llon, ("nter 1P\.an 12n F or ISOC), an f1)m rtdur.ion '"'"
be lit, ._, me ..... of ndudnc
C~mPfrAtlIre

to are

,".Iu, J.' the ,,"o\t"f'r

u.. .harp

impcU.,r ",lCedllni\'~ntl Mtt .... h. hfQlina

In tho .upc:rtharger. S, t'rtMW', Mu.1fohl p......,.

~
with

cocnbiDatlon of: htJII tmnener opo.I

itt attenda.nt.~. temperstu""rblf!:
pres5ure. and: rising cvllnder

hiPS manifold
08

GE~"R;\t. OPERATINCIN.STRt:cnO~S

head temperature eausoo bf lad ot eociling

airflow requires that the mixture be consid~ralJ)y enrlehed during' the t.:tk~ff. To provide this rnixlUh! use RC.tOr::l8tierich in the case Qf automatic ea.rbu:relors or ric-h in the ease of manually <;ontTOliedcarburetors_ A3 a result, of UU! previous cheeks o{ engtne operation And fuel 'Pressure ihe pilot wUl have the aasueanee th<'lt the rtQuired fuel nil" reliC) ..... 1l1 be obtained, 5, t:lu'r&;-~ l'elUJ.H!;r .. tur,. _
Tt"ml'4.'fjIIUre

Carhut"l"tor .-'ir

"
.~

r-

,.
"

an'!e: when it it ~ to use carbUl'l!toT heat to ellminate jee betore. and 1.1\'1,\1\ dUl'hlJr. the t&k.e-oft'. \\'hf.l.ll
(;onditiofUII may

i<'e h;:ut formed during ground o~tion .hort run to 90~ ulid rpm with the ear-

1'hu high pressure luad, of lak(!-uR'

power TeQuire that the Q'l1ndel' M:nd $l.rcngth uuL hu reduced lUI th~ reault ot OXCCNi",oternperatu 1'0$, It con I)(t antidpated that the head tempera\U.tCII will increese 41)-50 ii' (26-a~ C) dUTing thf run \'is the average l.'OOI. iug airfiuw Iusulllcient to cool thE' enzine at this. output on 11 continu-

buretor temperature control In "-Full Do..

will F.uffi~ to de::l.1'out the indudion 3111\cJU, The control then .hov.td be returned to "Cold" before l>el<innina the talLOoOIf.

In the remotel) JX)fJS.ibJe event dl3-t heat it

needed dudng tak4H)W, ~ufficle.nt attention must be given \u the temperalure indic.. tor and the control to prevent tht- enJ'bu.n.. tor air temperature exceeding the eeeemmended Jimil.5 eet tor any epecffic engine mod e l. Ob"'iously, when the free .iT temperature is near (It' nbove the to.rnnlC.ndtd limit it ~ not poasib1e to mllinbin Uli~ limit.

ous

~j$..

Therefore, before tho run

the head temperature must be auflkientJy low to prevent this rise from exceeding limits. Even in the coldest w~alhcr Q (:0\\ J liap opening greater than the ctesed postuon te essential, Tho il!tnilion narneu. 2l'peciaUy- need." more cooling airflow thali. dosed Haps wHJ provide during the take~)fl"_

ill started

99

~KATT & \I IIITHEY AiK('ItA~'r

PW.'. 01. 100

to en"r.1 bN.rj~ for ~ pu..I"P08e8. Xo lMke-catr abou.c:. tJol' made until t~ (lil hw .. &.rnk'd up a1 ktaat to thi3 point and
l.;.{t F l60 C) If. J'I.... f ..rahl~. Tf)EI maximum

tempt"'ratu ... I)lior 10ft ukt>-off shouhl ullow lot, t.b: rllfC whltb l!w\oiwbJy ~c>ltow"J &;mi
Il\r to tbe loj~ in hf',,(1 tkmpp.l':1tUl'(!a. 'I'hi" ir..crea...~ will nlr:-: with different inalallu:jOrAl. det}lol.u..u on ~he c.tiplldLY uf cech S)lIIt~ .. 'JK'\~ .. Of- I~Ut.LlI the oil conu.~ 1" the ,,)'..t.fIm 1-.UMd ro"'tin':I)I,I"ly ezd thlt tn_ (If t.mp.-N.tur e nogu:ation.

..ht... fa no fixed n.iw.mvm cylln4rr be.. d l\!'mp!:t1l~urc. So.li .ra.clvrr ,I\III,. ~tion M$ OHn ct.tan.d whh he&l.l umpcn.u.re .... It,,. .... 1$ r I~~ C) : und at. ,. nut AJ.l'14 It tht, 11\ t}',i' low 'Imtt. W"""for
tHlt

Ttu.' multJr",m l:au~ at>. birh 'f'Jh'lfratu~.

mUfil not

b@E'XI'f'KOO ("all r.:'''ull :n tuam-

lltirntU",," .rf. ~'ommendtd lhv)' lIlIIu.:l)' )I",I,t .n ruel .... 1I'KlI(:.lttQt' .tad dbLribulhm ci1'lcJ. hu!II.''' UhlUlhc:r l'unnitlSf'. !!~I) f (120 0) hI" 11if'(!r ",uV'''''fll~d ... Ii m.nhm..m hliiCd (In
K~II\lt kl

ing .nd dlwh"r'l;\' 1hm".h lh,., bN"lltM .... u -. .... D .... &t. " ....unl ~u(":itm in 'uhrl. ("3tlillt qllal,b.:A. TbLe Jje e-"IleC'illIl~'true .-hllf! <'I~rAtin. undc.t' wnd,l;ol.1> at tal"l-

t.1.m .. kk:ratlulI~

ue U'cr .. 11
unt .,_

tonr'rtl rnl'lotlit!on..,
tVUtlrU\'\1
U',:\( wl ..

It 'hnukf

condl. Cot,. or th }In'M1l'1'It. UN'U tor lulll'k~lInn, !hfo t'.","Honil', of \111.'l:,olldcl:lticm !lYI'ottlm, ." .v""'\('f"41rl~ nil t~IllI)(.JI..Luru sud Vrt''''
",n:

n!'f ~,._:"" anlt ~,.mllfotl.tllt'O. ,,\. Ut~I..'CJ"Jtowtlir fl.nd IO.t)f'l"r! nre Ihl'

!nxn any ~'h 1,.,.lnu.tkIC\

duri!"",

It t" rfCf8ll:A1")~ en ..:r.rloT u,.. 1 mMhII lei br. .... l!)le ......... ;,1101
~f\(

W tftftrutb' (bo..'tud.

t"'~,,.,{uk .. :-.("

I'U U;'o,

.ho ..ld

lu Ir,.

11murI "l'nrHml.l:rl tfomJH'TMt:.or.. Th. otl Urr.~n.ltlrw ,. th~ 1A-~~ ~U",ut th~ u'H.'r .....1I er ...
11~ ('"rlftihon.s.

a.

I...,'....

7.

l.ullrlC'lAtion -

OIJ TtlU'pt!ralu.m

.xu ~

N:ould bf" Ilf'rfnrrrtf'd ""4hO'It

PI'('1M.'1

a!'.u ....oce <.or Uomr.g. "h:~

"'Ie,.

1 "Itt

b.miLou svstem funr J)4;1'foC\.hndtiuu

t,)pC.J..,Uun ~.r. 111.' t()u,'rwted under- <:~r.ri:tirlllj! or .ow ~l'fW' ;'\tIWU' at.d o'!PcClJ,thu hi~h P"-'3If:'U'C" .r:d hir" inr:l-ke tl1'mfM"rallll'(J:& (;tt.
~ntl'@

roun:\!I'\."<I l.i..ur.IIX t..tt.l..(.'-ol1" 1'E~ui.re t.ha thfll ~r.ttlm ho fUl1((i"-'n'J)R iu onll.'f" Hu;.L Uw l',.in~ rr.M~ mkjr.tain m.L'I(ln::;m OIl{TlJt.
lIri-hn;\ c\eWlII.U"U

100 F (.10 c) ;_:; the a..b6otuw tn,;,W&elO.m ut th. nU In"', Cf'-mper.t:.u", ra~ 1I'hr.c-h wi1l t:'"U~ pt'OPtt bbr:.catioo awl ot

Th JJt!I.5(oclochi'Ck d

a....

on

a,ppnI1iraa~.> r.l ~ :p')WH hstl bE:e"l ".XI,r:ri to NU,,:) tNs r"'l,wrcme::t

100

GENER.\J, <)Pt:lIA1'lNG INSTRUCTIONS PR.:PARATION FOR TAKE,O.'PCHECKOFF LIST

nIGHT

OPERATJON-TRANSITIOX

TO CLl~IB

TKANSl'l'lOX FRO){ TAKEOflo' TO CLIMB

As

j,()QU

Illades

AliI t.he field .Uld "llrruundJrlJ{ u\J.. are eIMt"6d, roduco power At JCttR"tto

Norma, RJW,

With

C(lTlllt"l'It

I'IJwt'd (varhtblt!

pitch) propeUort the reduction coml>l"l\ed in Itel" AfJ follows: A. prOl'Ol'i pr.p.U'Od and ",,"t.nlly rol lowed c:hotk-c.1ft' Ut" wut onsure thAt nil 1I'ft. (fAr,)' ,tcP#J Art takel\ whlkl prtparlnl' (0.'ake-olf. '!'he take-of'!' run with It. demand. for wmp!uw utt4udon I.iI uc plJt~ to be wurr),iq About tho proper p04ltlon 01 a eontrol Or (be

.houll.l be

It""

J. Retar'd throttle to tNhlt6 mAnifold fll'eS$Ure to sbo\kt 2 In. llg below t.h&t rClr Nornl.lll !tA\.od J>OIA'OT (with thceodlltltl tbrcufe. maulfotd P~Nlu'" wiU I"IJ'I JUt rpm J~I@chl(,~).

2. RO\urd the n>m control to NorHu\1 Rl\tod

rpm, If turthe.r f'@ciuction $n Jl<)t\'er pl"OC:Md .... fo)lo\\,8: 1. Lewcr man1!wll pt<!4I1Ul(l. \ly 21n. 2. Lower engine sl)O()dby 200 rpm.

tunt'Uoning

(Jf

an nuxllio.r) .,ratem. Tho eom.

pII)Ut)) of t.ho cheek \\'111rive the pUo\' ett:ar

l;~tUc:lolU:tI ~ulJ<:urn1ng lu:.tb.II whkb ()tMI"'WfM: ml,ht be ne8'teclf'd. Tb. following i, A eUl"gel,ed powet' plant cbcek~Qtr UtI.:
J, Cowl 1. Rpm

'It

de"fred,
lJg.

Contlnuc in aU<let.uJvo :dtenlAt.e step, unt.il

the de.."~ @_ngin~ ~peed i~ l'8aehed, nnn.lIy adSuiting the throttJe to the d('!l'lircffi mQnirold preuur\.',

F'l.,,~

~. Fuel ~lee1j)r t Mb:ture c.,b;I1'tWt Ail' neAt. .. Carb.J.l"Clwr Air J(i..;,er

--

P\iu

QSlVt

St'i. Jut- I"~"

0", "li."M~ !a.l:.

1I.i<Jl C(>~ (txp

M ~.ired

ti ii-fC'im_ ...

Su~reh.rger
(whrre Applk.1l:!l'.)

Low, SIi'"uat. .r
~~~('Ie ..

or
3ntU:.

Ch.I!~-k ~.CIICW!l
, Ot.!",'e

eh,,(11: Oil TUI?C!r.bn:

:so

Ie. ~

Oil Pt83C~
ty",) ~~

..,.

C,.U!lIlkr" T_pva.~
II Oil (oullt'r i:)buUt:r:l Cowl FlAl" Adju~t!>d to" Ad.'''~ rer 1.~~1' ~ate-"J

SOTi:!: A cheek I)C ;is; (Of a ~i51:.

airtr.lll-:- _W

b~h14e items. ot.:uJdo:.01 :.b P41"~ pa.. t tsMrted tn gi VelcJI.e pTt:lPt'TMqC,._, tl:t Ilircrafi l"tAltU'f~t6f$. 01"t:"A..iI'l'l' !a1ttaN:c rnu.':.i.... f?\'n\ imp10l)Et tu~t ~led~J' jI'IZ1i~ "'.~l:$ its mention he: .., -If tb> plufil tl1f)\~ ,ip... of ~clbil1t: !~,,~ ;J d:ort I'll at::lS 1:1. li.s :lbulO:ld dell.r t~. Clit.
I.lI ,wO:l'UlI.cb,nl;' ~r. pn.""C!1V(,. hut thEl l'I'l'f1)btf'

-T1U:f

n.i3 1. 1'.'0' tAl be tor.3tJ'lled .....mE-at. !.hilt 'be thwt.Ue aJlouJd Qe\'Cr be ;u;.yar.(.~d '.',it:. lI. 10.' rpm, Thr cnginll if 110;~ ....A'd Or the ~,ItJ()tl o" the mr()HI.-jt ill attf<'t<.4 by l!l<: :u,r.if(l,d PJ<e$IIUTC n"!illlitinl;' !rum tbe :tnt-Je pol':iMoJI.

101

PRATT & WHITNEY

AIRCRAFT

YWA.

01.

1(.0

FLIGHT -

GENERAL

rAut A'~I~III

11,.29-1'0

HOI,.pow.,

- M'"

rtv. Ai,,~ Dhp, _ ( V, ).

I:J.hP:t V2

POWER Oth..r than ~pectrytl). maximum Umita of

vower,

th~ ~ni'ln~ mAnufacturer ("nnot

pre.

acrJbo dcl1JlIt.e o\.Jlput .. to btl U.'IW lot' lM varl. ou"" condition, or Illsrht Thoru a.re no diroc .. unillWf!ftll to th~ qlle~tion8: "What fa c:ruise {power) 1"1 and "Wbat ill climb (po~r)!r"
The pilot hM nvallo.lJle bUy ,Pc)W(!J' hom. the minimum ueOOlW\ry co 8lJ8taln the airc:ralt Up to Normal Rated. WhAt he should use f3 govemcd by wbat t.LUuliLy ~t service he- ",ishea to amphtuli:r.t!: perfnrmence, or eCOOOnll Ilnd durabHit.y.

wbtr.. V,. vJ - tot) 4.ur"tlwt .. lr"l)rr,<h~ ud lI.p., BhJl) ~ tlI. 11".11..~Ort~1lv""'tl'" Illltell ...".. to Oobt.lh t~\'~11t)~plln:l. 1"1 IPttd"

1. J\iruaft Pertormanct

va. Power

The relation between a.in::ra!t speed and

engine brake bereepower i6 ilJu.'It.rat.edby FI",.ZlI. The significant intormbtion to be obtained from thia curve i~ Ute tow return in in. creased air~peP.d fot' a given inc:rc9.!e in power at high output AI'; oompare<i to medtum oUtPUt.5, The upper portion of the CUT\'e tollcws cJo..'l('iy the reJation:lhip ghoen by the equation: 102

it wUI be not4'(l, is ,rmHAr to the ptOpI,llltr 10000d formuJ&, and in nonmatbelllatlc3J Ipnru&fl"c idmply mt!anl'l th8t 8 ti~:!I thp. power isl"tlQuircd to double the &it tlpet..-d, and 27 t-imeR the power to t.rlplu it. Stated 3Jl(lthcr way: if the bhp is in. C'l'U.l'ed in incrementa of 10 'k Norma! Reted power, an airplane which develops ,n .irs~.d of 220 mph .at 40~J. lXl\\'ct will rea!i1e a 8'tlin 01 20 mph ~8 the. hhp Ii. ach-anc:ed to 50';i of power: but. \ynJ illC.'reMe its SJ)OOd by only 10 mph (i.e from 289 fo 299 mph) as ~hc bhp is in. ereseed from 9O~~ to lOO~ of Normal R3ted power.

The: equation,

or

2.

Perform.net

''3.

Fuel Con!fumption between

Perhaps of even greater Interest i! au

illU$lTQtion of the relador.sb1p ai.npeed and miles pet' gallon.

(;ENEf!AL

OPERATI(,(G IN!ITRUCTIONS

FLiCHT OPERATION-I'OWERSELECTION

It should 1>0 Ob.,IOUI tTom Utf. eueve that ttCon(lmy M fuel (annot be renUloUd by OJ)OI'IlLinr ilL hhch pen:.:nt.agO. of power, Ih~ deerense In mile. per 11on ptOd I.

Thl. ill snothf'T way n1 8tat.inr that In enar1ne ClUJ bl.: u.utl fur" certAln eumbce
of powtr--bours bcfOt"6 t('qulrina An over 'hauL Th6~ Ower-hour" can be ulte-dop In ~bort time by hfarh power ()j')@:rI\U()tl 01"

hlc.l"tMed I.. the I't"ulc of Lb. ntl)id Increase In power- required, eomblnod wlLh the fu.1 .... I,hmcn, aeeo",.,.",)"ln, hl,h !>Ower op@ratlon.
I)

thor ean be Mt.n:t.thcd by rOOuclng tho pc reea nMd OUI1)ot UbC'<i contlnuOUNly.

tQJl.~,
:w

4. Power SelKUc.m

l"e-rtOl'ntanCt \~ Ourabilil.1
Th<: (lurfllJiliLy of U\C enaln6 a. measured III the number of hou", btt.ee.n ovftl'h.uhl iii alMo II factor whkb ",,(((18 wilh tho

'"he coMp14rte picture ~t the- foft'eet an eeeuom)' and Flff" 29.

pc:rtormonce

durablllt.)' varying alrfl11lno CIUt be ..hewn by wmlJinfng .nd 31.

or

uruuuut

(Ie

power UHd. And 10 ean be

$110\\,11 lUI "'Myin.r with ainpeed.

The oJ)V'#\tor h~ the en1ire l'Clllge ot l>er. tonnane.., to "eJect from IU'Id In many CA$4l:fI

fig. 31 -Dwab1flty .... .s rIVe A.j,~r:I

lOS

[J
I'RA1"!' &:

wnrrxcr

AffiCRAFr

"

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

i e

ItUttl

i
,
s
~ ~

~
~

(IlI.1.UhIot.her

than ruel eennomy and

Clint

8\IP.P _

(ONTIIOL

du.,.bH,Ly mAy make U ad\ant.&teoua Ut lot even 100' .. ponr cvaLinuou.sb'. :Win.
tury .In-,aft .ft opvrted In A mlnMr cUettl~ll) ..tnutril>' by tActicalnettulty:duralllULy and 1Jt.'QIIOl'Ill- are ""C:OIII.tIr.)' conakl crntiOJl8. An A1 ..liuI! may, nth:' tttorou.h .n:lly"i., concJullu lh"" ilY mort profttabl. In 11>' mo", In.,. ..... do, ., h16h ojIOOd. 'h~ ~atninlr more reY.nu.~ 1".111 t.bouah Imaine Onerl\Clon OO!ta p.:r mile __ roe Iecrp.a~(1, when lIturh t'unllh.lt)r.Uon.a 6,.. nQt pft4ent it i.! l'IugJrut.l:d tba~pow~ hfI 6onr:oed ..
toil!)",:.!!

1. Cl;nl~

or Nnrmalltat.ed. pOwer_

2. Crut .......Jowe~ puwtlr ..~,tltb;ngJ)M"formanee 11l.'Cd!, rot to exceed 61~to. fJf Kc,ll'mnlRAted pn~r.
The aa:umulated expertnee of icVtnJ 1t.'1lJ'$ has fndlC" .. ted that opcraUon with;n these limit m resaH. in lhe optimum balance or aJrtnft performADCI and O\"erull economy of operation.
104

"."., ''',_''tfd ",.po/.d.It

".,.pI.IM

"'Of~

"'/_eJIIIs

na~inl' ""lect.ed the POWCl' to be UM-d,the operator ..b 1 mud rhoost, tho engine ~ lor lh:' OCItpOt.
1. I-"iud Pild. 4lC1'w4)o"_100n Pro,.lleril It " flxed. 'Pitch pT()J')ellu is Iestallcd, only one combination oC mAl,n1fold pressure and

FUCUT OrERA1l0S-B:HEP rpm will1!::i-re the reqUJ..J'ftl ptna.,. at a srR'tTl alt1h~ and ain:peed. 1'ba .. u.o tr.a of

COX'RUL

eltber the high OJ' low pit('h pOO:tion or a twOoopoaiti. pr(1)cllcl'. With a twc-pesttion propeller the n.~",b-&IllMts of propt't rpm und tnIlnUold p"....-u-no ~AJn:~ce wrll be heet mt't b\' opocraUr.u In thn Ilh\'h i'Pm ~ltion durin .. and (lim., an:d in 1M In\\" rpm J)OilliOnd ..rfl.1( ttlC cnlis!ng pOrtion ot 1M '!lVht.. OthfJ'lo 'fI" .~e ttw-"' iot nft opparhmlt) to u.:n:bt

b. Rmvmft-dwi

ead <A:llirlfugal L..o...dtll - R.ctuN"d b}' a deere._'\....~ in rpm. Pt~~ Mire (Jp~ lind cushions thflafO )oAd" whkh pr.:ockl-miuate
..ire ... to.t
UII

ill dcterminitUl ~ho

".Q.otf

nUl.li!cr rod heAring,_

-

C. DrtouAlhuH

Reduced b)t
iA

I.L

ilNl'I'''.4f

lr

l'1"-Il1
II

rna~mud\ a~ lh

h:t.d\lIl~Y

b.... p

_"ruI

and

.......,Iah ,...

opll ......

cnmbtnaU(\n of "':utifold prcuUnt .:'.Id tpm. \ p"' bt. Yllt'" (--I)n.unt ~IH''''')

n..,..

II it h varl.bl. pikh o"' .... n~ .pood) ~I'()o 1)~lIcl. nn inlinilfO numlM'r 6( rpm A ,! "'UI.1'I1rolet I'lrfW.urc comlJluullot" 11:11.)" Ut .OIt!t.:llJd tc dcll\'ci' u Slv." pow,r. tw-.. rlna:
In mind ,hl\-,
_I

rlf'tf'rml"'fII JlnnC'lpruly by \:. k:tnpcmlure "-11",&1\' Ity to-. ImpplltT rpm with tho AUl" dant IMir (~Ptratul"'f:) r~ ~h.vw.~n Ul. IUptrdl.'V"r ill (1;\'t)1"t'd. T~~ hMtl. litroO \4r c. (i\Scn)' "ith imlX"Hcl ~J,.. ..I "lid u not"UH'y unaffHtM by l'OWflf,
d, 1-'1.1,.1 ('lIn"'''''II"I"n

of

fue, to deteeare

(t)f\lIlliln, po_C'r, .t ."m

II

R('dul.('d 1,).,. II dotrtMl...... I" rpm. A, f..'tt)llIln"'fl :i.1.,1\1I. "" tn('rt ... .u In rpm II I'II':l(.IIIVJUlll, ..l L.,o,I

10('",-.,..,,1, wllnlr(JM p-...ur .. IIlu,,1 .,.,. """" '''.IK.nltln,dr d~~L aUld .," \".rta. 'ur f:xun;p": nili_ "A" at ...... I"" .... 11\ , ,.".1.,., fI!iO bhp At 26(1) rpm .n.J ~ 731ft.
II" mArti!tJld .t It:" 31_0 In Ha-. or at eft jo(,tI.Lc

p.....,.,....

'"' and Itt.( of

Int~rm1i..alA' cl1mbtn.atLn ..... In ~N'tJ", ,I flO'tr1kUlal (Vrnbll.lAhcJD u(

rpm and n~.u;lrold prtNu.. to *"in

rlNlirpl'I

a
"nd

power. the

(lPtrn~ol- II,Ullt ~ruh't.

the bafanc\' between U~ IoM.a ,uld .I~ ...

film ttl filngine

aueed.

on the

Oil\! hUlid.

thultlt dt.rlbutabtfl to clJ1ndtr ,,"-'Un"'; on Ihl! othf'I', 8rnep acconhn.ty ~__.. vue or the pri.ncipai 'Melon. not OfIJ, in the
"4II4"C'1inn of rpm and _"I
u In and engilM'" du~hQ'

(old

prftJUR.

but Illw i.o dr..c.rmic.in~Or.OnU' of Optf.~

1:'_ U -'HI
p"..... IIrt' .1

C__

mptfon

~.,.thfl Spe.d
CO"&&4I"' P.",-er

, .... C:-li,",",

.. (''''''0''

""p

Vf

ItfHPt

In the
atant

CA1Me

of

An

enJil'. 6JW' '""

.I~

eonAnd

tvtu.Ll

bn.ke hoJ'So("power II t~ W.

power.

bUL w.l rilth:rNll

rllm

Jllvcr~ly varying manlrold PI"f1',,","- ~h(" ctfecta or &peed (a-pm) .nd cylinder p~.urt' (hmep) on various charadtrittits of It& I>4!rfOl"ftUU\t.'e ~. be IUmmarized as (olio"....:
.. Prid1oa.; -

dfllhf't\'d to Ule pf'Vvd1cr Jlhait. it fHI ~ I tt.llt the C",)'UndeT!t. n1\1!t dc\'cloll m()~ pow('r (ilIP), und this Addltlonlll

()'llnd~r power rtQuire$ extra fuel.

t. C,U
('1"e

t.... CA.N_lin51

Impto\'t-d

lJy I ,I...

P..edlK'l!'d b, dtcru.r;,e ill

rpm. '1'he dt<'rease of ,bell"K and roDing (fiction ~ thaD. olf_tI tJw torft-

in rpm.. The n!dueed cylinder hontpowtr (ihp) resoJti.r (nutl low flJm operation ...ill be re:6ected In lov.:tr C)-landfor head ttmperatu.re&.

,%

PRATT '" WIIIT".;Y

AIRCRAFT

I'W.'. 01. 100 ever, because of ~turaJ. and f"xptlience ('()tU!,,~tion.. These hmit.\ can be deiU'ibcd in t(,:rDl! of bmcp, and m,,>, be ilhatsatoo .. rol....... :
'!t.

f. OU Coon ..,: - [rr.Pt"O"\.,.J by a d.:cl'f'a.&e ln rpm, Lew er.ghul "pe~ is the most etf.-cti\'l! way to control tbc tfndcucy of the oil to Q\'ubfoAt, L..IlCt" a low rpm ces lh~ ~r ~f!' to O\'fr~

n..u...

come fritt,lom and, hc,,,"'e. th~ Amount of hooL to h.. carried :l.wuy by th. oil.
fl. I\UIUtCte Ptrfonnanco: - A~\. tbr crifK'.sl ..rt.lude rOt .. ~vee COft"b;na Unn or m:,ni(okl Il~"" ...n: 6ntl rpm. manlfolrt JU'l'5'Ul"ti dfCrl'Uaes. "nd "Iff) Jt. the inJlU~'. pow"t eetnut, l"ndPT \hHe C.t\'UmI~4 tt.. de.!ired ~u e..n bel malnLafned only by ;ntro&l,n8' ~Jlglne "lle<!d, thftl'\lby rai,dIU!' lhe I\urr.p~n.. (,.Ip"('ity o! t.tw> (",)'U:.deNoand
jl1C'rNlIUlK th .. p~\.II"" t~ .uptRh .r,l'T'. r~ thl"OO,sch

\fulmum

C,Under P~u.f"e

Limit

A hut.' )Ojl\l"1 O~1' vov..~r .ll.nd .'1,111 with IOU' nornw n.ted I'O"'cr Mud I"(m'I d""
"'..... Lt,e e.rmrnnm I"ItlJmmer.df!d
Ullfoli

~IIkiM

Iipe\...u
HI.her

tor "nrm.~ rlch mixture

bmt}.l .hou!d nut. be

optraUon.
lIulu&&

thto,.. i$ a rtR~m PnJ\'~ b)' IU11I1),.t" f(,lr

........ ~.

h. \'ilmUlon: to

It

~t8C:' cJ)g1nf' And J'rm (ofnbiMtlol'llll whkh "PPMt to live .ccept&~.cock.I)lt and cahin cocnt<Wt.EU\nt _u,pen "lUll .y"'l:tlm~ tit e6rUvr t,) ptIl lfl,dcd 10 [11.\'01" bmen 10""il' than would bfI ... IHeed from coatldtrationl of .nnM ~e.DCY l'reter.l dr., t:OPnwa tAl of \l1I.fne 1I\1.1J)CNlkm .. AN .uc.h '0
Jl'N\f)I'"I, U\('I'(! ill UtUa lr In,y UmitaUon

h., teen

the V"'-C'lice

loor an ~I .. n{ enllmOl flrorlUfCd L.',. p,....u &. Whfhwy Airtrtlf1. "l,..l"ific: ul)(lrat. tl\f Ir..trueUuot I'f\,'f' tN'OITlmc.odathm. fnJ' lht ~:mull'l hmep to ...., .. hen ~tin;r *nh leon mlnur~.theN limit. arQ l.lub,. ."-hf'd by u.km~i\e ~nlllnft tl.!""inll nod thtllr ~"fW"4> ",ill ee..uh In thfl "'(!.~lIl bw..th. or "ftJ1r.. dura1".thy for lM M\". t~ opt.n.t.ur. The (.... JQwin.r arl' the NC'CJlnm",u(k."<t Itln mlxturu bn'ttJl Ill'l1lh! tCl' ft:rtaJn Pnnt. & Whit"",)" Airc.r.rl en ..
g1_

""l.

moclt:.. no'If' in ('u,.,..nl

WI4:.

rCJor

tn

1000000000adon,.prdjn,; lIt.h",r rrbdfl" IIff the .".,.rClbi. 'Vl-"CiJ1cO'P4"l"Atln. ln..lrudiol1$.

to thi U.N of Lilt.:11111 rpm ran .. and ~t..d".. low u l2nO rpm """ be ,,"tilely tJr.,,'tkaJ.
It muy be cOlltluded from tbe rur~nJ"

prtrf'raWit "" 01.... '- 1M fttJIlDf: on the tide or ~ manlrold nnd cylinder .".....~ nd Joy
rpm,

dll.cu"~iOt1thAt il II

Ilene,.",.

WA.tp./r.

"' ..,

H"""", Twin lVasp (C ...

j.. )

......

R~If.I1I ... \6M

Maxi.. ;a.. l.odD ,,-tt .... ~"t'I,.,

]20 ]20 125

Cylht.J.er preNurt mu~L t>e IhrJted. bo'vr-

140

100

I1};NtRAL OP~:RATING INSTRUCTIONS

"LIGHT OI'ERATlOl\-B~{EP

CONTROL

..

. _
,...

I
I
I III
uw.
load)

_.

_-.l~__ ..

"

I
,

I
&. )12\dmum llpm tlmiL

.
On l)rttct1~1I.Y

..
un
COUItl$

11".3.5 - 'rake Hon.powa, '" Rpm - ('roP.".T

manutHtllUI'Cf.

'rho hljlll rpm Un,it 01 opt11l110. ca. be f;:iJnvenlo!)Uydonned by a Siropellu loald curve PMl'in" thNU$Ch NorOtal RAted
puw(ll' And rpm.

the. engine \\'111 willh to run :\t the maxi. mum bmptl. The Jlto(l('lIer preferM nn enKi.n\: 4.K'Od mOore rtCQt'()' "t uecpettcr ((.IMI. 1"ht alrphme: hy ItMell' will wj",h t() be

Oporation n~ engine llpefdft lower than propeller IClad will ,nsure dun. Ole loau 'tiL up by high rpm are heVer tlCct$llwo nud wlll b. oufficlenlly culhiontd by tWoe.Gura.

~n

IoOmewhtlC in between dopcndllllt

upon He own thnNl('t~ri~tl(,lI. 1\1'113 An(llWtr am only be oll\.tllnijol) by t.'tImbJulllSt' the thl"06 unit" lA)Ke-lh~r.

If maxlmllM mllM ,wI" Killion I\l't d(!"1~1.

the un@;ir:tuwill N.Y, j{OpcrMtU rnc tiL the towe51 brAke "p~'lkf"el tonKuM)'ItlcU'," Th'- mAy H:l!.ult. in I' prol_)~U{jr M[lOOcl gu

6. OoAIcI Rpon Range

Combllnna tho pro ur 0<1 rpm 11",1", the I1I"'@A of be~t l)J)er*tLon would Appear 8S lhvwu LuFig. aG. it wlll be noticed thAL a cONidfrab'e ron.ae of newer cl.lld rpm curnblntu.lorut I.a "till fiv.J4bJ" at medium perc.entagtt ,,( Uu: normal raUn~. E.x.act definition ot the optimum combination. Cor upc.raUng in t.his aNa mUlt come trom the airen,.n.

low t.hat tho 1.IJa.dcAnJ~to wtu lncrcasc to

the point, whtre it il' "pft(ifUir.g th~ air aud ptu"'hlitll! litllu Lhrult~oThe {)illlille will teel "fnt ~ti~f\ed M jt will be uffillA' tho Ie:&t(t gallons pet" hour, but tho airph,nil lJ'fII not go very fAr \\'ith u gfven amount nf fuel because of the lneffidency of the Pt'OJ)<llcr.

II
n ,

II

II
I I

n
...
..

11__._ .. II, .
--..--

'0::'

i.. . ~.-.

,,
I

._ I
..

1---._

..---~
.

,
0_

I .
';0. 36 - Rans~

II

H:l;taI'f

.or- ~

-1'._
AA'Ttl> " .. M

..
107

of Rpm and 'awe#' os

Oe(;".ed by 'ropell~T Load and

S"iiIssed

MaJd",,,," 8IMp

PRATl'

WIIITXEY MRCRAFT

___

__:.I'_W'...:.A.OL 100

The pMptllfcr wiD sa,.. "Operate a. .t t.bt rpm .'htf'e I ear. give the llreau.t 4&. clcncy:' Thla may be at an tf)l'1ne .PMCl

l'e8ultfna in high fuel con.umption al tOO

rnueh ('yUnder power ia wasted in O\"en:om .. in,. , r I,'tlon and driving the impttlktt. The

tuJJ thJ'oWt. <J< Critical. alUtude .. here air flos" l"f!!tt:rithC'm 14 at a minimum. "nte relation bd.w~ .llitudfo and a.irplane true ~ .t oon.atant. power is ahown in FiR. 37. Ob\"ioualy. 11 tllc 5yperl!hargel' has the capacity tA) fl!low t hit enltlno to dovolep power at a hirh altitude, operndUi' at. lbli IIltlt.~de "J11 ""Iult in higher speed

olJ'philiU will IiChlcv:(, the hbcbut nl,.PMd tor tho broke horsepower d;eUvered bulat t.he exl)enlle of high 1\1el eOrnlumpdon 'I'h Irplan. without thinlcin~ of tM enN'HW .nd pr.lpeller ...ill ttar. "Ply at.. at the .peeclllvlllk lhe best ratio or un to d,..,Thia may 5f-6\'" both the ftlaine .nd .,...
~U., at In.ffident po5nts 01 tbetr .... ~ In. And e!notn,)' Wltl .ra(n a.utrtt. In .en~r"l, maxfmum t)\tr.. U dcitTl<7 favor. IIt..ayini('lOll' to the ~i.h Umlt at Lm4:p .lJo\,o 1'50~ power but rcduclull btMp below thl. Hmll depending' un Lho a(rplAn

po".",

tUfl C'Vot-umption ,'aries with more mJJtj per i'QIloJ'J. The PO.U nJrT .... ean be put to GOd UN in. tipt plann'rt
It

and,

"'.r~

II)tlllld" or operAtion. propellor. And reduction tllll'IY ri\tto. 'J'htl An.t an.,wtr fA ob..
tAlnod by ttmplt al-l'a1thUorw,,",

1Utht.

l.f'CI (OVen". the nect ... ry tondJdont. 'rh .. r4lquln1nu:n\l o( PI'OP'tr...,loe opan... .Ion will ..... lU4ed I! lh. po..--, .. d .".,. lit within the- Umica .ho1l"ft. 7. \1I1t.d. Of Optra~kNI "a ..uptrchar"tng the tcnj'ine In\cA ... inc.I"O .. ed WIlI,bt .nd compluJt1, OfM!nUOM heutd l..o cow.lul;ted aL .JUcu<kr .. wh .... th. r.Jlflftdty ot Cht "~Iperchfl,r*er J.. lull uti lI~~J, In oehee wurd~, at APproximatelY the

'Ie. u-

,,.It. HO' lMwW v. ,.";,,,d

..",,,l/III.

-rce

By ftndlni tho <rI'l",1 Altitude of tho po-'-c_r aad rpm ccmbln ...Uun to bet uMd,
the opUmum .)Litl.ldu for opcraUI}g uuiler

tl\eae tondldonl i~ dett"mined. The to'Jowi .. thrM IXCtplions to thia rule must
be tAhu {nLo aetount:

.. Lcn.rth or a,.h, , -

On ahort fti&h.. It may D(.!l ~. ~Ilher in mUo pc!7 hour or In O\"ff~ fuel CUDllUDPlion. to ap.nd th. tUM and fuel climbtn.- to Uto tritJtal altitude.

o"-a...n

b. Wind \-..nAtion.: Head or tail wiud.. ",A)' t8\'Ut .. dudwtion lrom the optimum no-wind nltJtude.
Co

axhl'lum ran&,6 O~rAtioJl:-Wbcn

lhC!

muimum pouible range must be reaiiz.td mon compn:he:ruth'e inform

Uon mt;&d bf obuined. The. above (.OnsidtnUoM apply to !iropJe O"(IeJ!Koun .. ''loti 31-AII_ ..

r,.. A;",_4

IzTtlY~

FUGIlT fl lndnrtion 10at

OPERATION-ICll'oG

SyStml

kfl fnm\ltiot) ~'jthiu the indurtlon .".tt'm i.t etten a potennat t\au.rd of euriM operIltitll1. Jt 1& dHJkult to .PJ'rox'ma~e ~('
frequency of :hi.a Wfld1tion. The more I\dwI.nced CIl3C::t u( icing, wMrh tA\l:IIe K'ri(lu. nuMunedoning of lh(l ul.Jlbu: ... ,. com(Hl"alh'etl' few In number. but th"" nate a I'.~al d~al or CO~"'. and ,houkl be .booloters .Uml!:A'ed.

.Ret- it !s lntrodured into th~air ..tram.. 1'1l:i. Iee pl'Obl.bly O('w un mOlt
l~

tl"OQuontly

In at't.uaJ operation
1\1

IJolOCAUIWIt

It may (orm
MMt

<"AJ"buretorair tCDlI1tr.
above 82 F (n C). nee('W\l"y to 1l\'11p'''' taken from 1he 1\1)'.

lure. couJderRLly ....te

M 1h~ hti\t 'hu futl j"

.'hkh r:nu~ it to drop in tcmperuture.

Fuel lee m~y affect airflow hy block'1111 0" th~ .l)uJ,)e'rtharko.t cutrdnce Cbl4J.. tl ~tU'Olll). affect (uel-air "aliO by in',rl,.,tn, ..-itt. the fuel flow. .nd a:!td m.xh ..,. di'ltribution or QUI',tily of mhtlo.,.. to indl\)duaJ tylind ..ra hy

ft. mas be ~onned in thI: indudlnn ~ttm tw thre.e diWef'!'nt prociliel w1tkh 6I.t'e ~tl ... hiM .. fol&o--.:
AI"Je'OO"', _ _..,

uPlli'ttllnJt thf,

(\MIl

!\ow .1 the tu~l 1101

dfll dl\l rlbuwr. Or air !'low dbt I"lhuH(ln ..t the Mlptrcrar1ler entraneo. 11I1<1C!1" ('f'tUl" tor.dIUonil o( hiiC"hhumidity, tJlI& k'fIi m'-l' form "'lth carburetor nll" ~nPl'rAUlr". 1\, high' JI." Rfl F' (2:) C). TtmJ.r.<,)' 1'nr t~le) tee to form 1.'1 ... ,.tml~r with t10nl type c:.tburf'tor .. nnd to 1\ ~r f'~er!t WlUl proUUr'9 InJ,..ttnn rarburctc>l" ha\'lna: th.e X-bar (uC!J ell..

tnbu~(U. Thll uewer type Iplnn.r (u,,1 dillribo'u. d.,o!upocl by PrAtt. 111.11.
C41 Au"trar. for :.hi: PhMU1'\l In)trlton f.uburt'lUr hAl prude.lty f'limlnMCld ICIII, ot tt.t. U"'rO. J"ldlulluo 01 Irm, condi!lon. In tho Indue-

Unn
1\. 1I11IIIU:. ICO-\\'hlch

..,'11,""

ttp,'on to
lllolhal. rormt'CI from
M.

U,.,.r,.... rt 'n

U", op4<r.tor ...

"Huufold

'I" the order

or

l)rOOlI1>le l'W!r
fOllow.:
to

tll ""

pr8I1u.r"P-duf

water th.at orl~.naJl ui.htd ln lhe ntma.phe.rv ., .now, tltt:! nr aub<ooltd

3:!'" (OC) The moll dana-emu" imC*' Ire 11 that whim may eolll in aDd on th. IrAte-Tir:.1' tkmt.'1lll or the urtlurtUlr. ar.~ the futJ~air ratio. Othtr cr'1lical JIOlflta arl! too prehY.tlU \.he .nd w.llI ollhe tK'OOJ) near it. I.h" ruot or t'_' IiCOOP
cJL6W and 8C:ret"n!l. h. Thrl'lIle Ice - \\ bh:h I, Cormed at or ncar the throttle wben iL b in a pw1.~ doscd poSiUOA? due to the fOOlir. tJl'ect. (.all~edby the 1'HUicted no.. area. '"'L-

liquid. and in<lud. U~l rurmIKI (rom liquid {mplnarfn,r on &urrue. that.

"'.'u a~ ,1 ttmpomw. W~

ra.tJ icljcm of huluctlQl"t PIUl6'(UtOt. with mn14lqUM1 lou of power. b. Cb.... n In Iu ..lllil" tho mldurQ betomj,... ~tMj'leaner or rleher, 'I'hlt

NIl,."

may C'.u..... _nnWi 1R.'l$of J)Owtr I!\'hhout

i'" nu..n.iloJd prw&U~ Ikkl ... (lr lhe Ihnlu.Ie ,....Jff. d.. kJrtJtr iMi~lor iMtntm~h'" - (it In~
t..

ar..., (ha"lt
.. ailed).

., :-turf.,...

'fin.

o! the ",-inp or (llh("r

tnt.n" lind pTO<'<'duresfur Icft l')l'fwt-'n !-km depend upon 1he mAllncl' in whh:h lhe (u.t!1 ,. dl&d\B~'1)d iJllU the indurtrOI1 ",,'tttnt. A, h,~1 ItlJl"r,.-.1hnroedialcly dOWNJlll"f'iltn
(rIO'"

on..

...rl .......

,h.. C!arhurdor (indurle. all Prllll.

Ice may rorm at earburecor tir t.em~ ,,"raw_ .. high .. 36 (3 C). c. fuel l.bt-'lII'h.it'h
lhe

<lU1;t \Vhjhley Aireratt. cl'gin4l11 WIth tI,.~earburtton and the lV.-in Wup C Hn ...). When tt:.e fltcl t.. Injected 1m-

cooli"" ,it,,,, or

is formtd beoallW: of the Nol """,,",t

mftlla!tl1 do,,"at.rear:'l (rom t~ (ar .. burttor a eontiderable \'OIu..me ill .\,n.

109

FRA'"

& V.

arl':\T.Y AIRCRAFT

PWA. 01. 100

"hi., in

"bicb !uel naporatiol: jee an rene. Tumi", "1LQ8:Iel" :l t'OD,,'drient avrl.rfl ter lIM ~ to ding to ~

ccmplete blo<klna or dI. ~ ea:n qult1cl1 OC'tur. Wit.h chi. Q'Pe (If equipmenlo 41!J'-"<lh~ pnvenlioa of Jee form.don ~ 0""'" re '\1. by ft".Ainl.eitU( ee teml~l'"turo of the air tn.1tri::g the cnrburttor lIullldc.ntly hirh ao that the t~ml>"r\U,urc drop duo to evapora.lilJn ('rHIt',,1 rtglon bflnw fret!Jin,. lOu r ("0 C) ('Arht1n!lur air t,.mpe.ratu~

wllt not rfldue_'\he tem~rnture

iD lhia

,,11t1111.1 be u&cd when

SM>Ulble tee ro,..

tkml In tbe UN of preheat in ol'del' to ~..nt dttoI\ation. Th.is i& E"S"pially ~ ...hen uawg tbc high impeller .... tio of a \lnaiHt'if~ two-speed engir:e. for moee ddinlte in/ormati01'1 rep.tdI~ lndl11dua' .1l.fl.Del refn to the aP1)ljcable 'J)KiJX: I)pcrating lzstruettcn, ~\ . l nf IN' r.Awir.i" J...,.., manifold p~ ... l. belt aeecmpllshed I:;.Y use of Iull c:atW~or hML Jl the prE'hf'r.l capneity is auMcI..nt lAud tbe remedial al'~i()n halO Hot bHn &.!llytd. it is A matter n( ~tWOndluntil the w I. remeved. "hfO PI'e"IU:UlC3f1l\dt\l enn be hu:rtl.w hy IIl'I,I.)'h, mOI'e power find 1))-

or

matlcn rnnrlltluu ... n1'C prf'flltnt.. As the flIIfI\eu!.lc)ti ut (wAfII)".HoCl Ice 1"et'luiru UII.' IUAXhT\\lm rlt>vtL,\' of h,."t the other Iring pNlllJllil[fI nT'" f"kHl eAt'C of adf.. Ijuoub', Do not .,'ply .,"f'e&ln pre-heal ronhnu()U..:)' AI e6<'h ;nt'rer..k! in c&""
but\'tor

tlNtln"

ice whkh ('AUM'I l('l\l1ing or enric::hment ,,ithtlut nuull!oId p1"fftUf'C 10$& mAY l'Ie1luiro .tpplicluon 0' IImitad heat for QxtcndflC't por1od' limo btfOT'e the wcditLon I. ~()r..

or

1.1IuMwl ft1lPIII.lIowew'I1'. eemuvnl

<',

J"
~

t.f'mJl'!rA:u~

of pc_rlormMC'I and t:x",\:~lhf nrb .. rdor b_ a&r. kad to dftonaUon tw"-tibl.

"";.."11'"

l"W'PAllCrL\$

_od It t,h ... ,t'e (lrm&tion ,. allow~ b> p'Nt..,'UU to ~n\kal ~'11I ... l the lOA o PO'I'~r Mt.)'

'" h.n tbln.,

tu~

.~ Jub-tnnfnll Wmplra ..
~!aJL

ttlf 0S-hitur MUIt' ~rd

utunat I"tumrl~n' pM .... "". It .. poNt ble... h#n u ..Jr." "co:d" air, (rn" tho COfl:IJIolnlld JI&oj.tUN 0 puJ4I l.h.rou,h the
Vlllllntt wtUH'I'\olL dum. In, Ie. form. Uow.,,\'ttr. iC LhC rarbur""1 ontranaP lL!tII)Jl!rn'ut"t h tJ."ott to> :\~ f (\.~.,(:) tltill mol,cure \\'111 1.-.: ",hanJrf'(l hUll ('tim A fro1.t'1i h) ., U(.: .hl rondiUulI

"lui,

when Iuel '1\'Al>OrGUtHi t.akcI Place. to the rro&4:U lLate in Uur indul~tion 11~""'~. rl.,if'T sueh coe.dj (ion, cilhcr I' i- (40 C) PTf'rw.at nr 1f'1\\" \.ht! ,.,.. ~~mperdw.. eoDtrol "lunt,

will return

II"" II
., .r

ai,,,

dO..n!utam ClndUCft:ur II."" ~,th.pt.DD~rIr:jec'tinn.) With lhiI equipment ru_.l h1llJQca:JuO ice \$ n1 Ionnr trtUatl tlletOt. C.. ncr.a.JJy 6O"'P (15 C) pn:.... 1 "of! be odoq .. te w p~ \'cnL ree r~~tlOn. \\nile a. ~ pre-hf'at fAj"lt:ILt &ll DUt nt\.-d.ed to p~venI. Ice rurmatll.m, the im.:ar.t uailabilit.r of a t.cmp... l':uu .... incn!alie of 100 F (;)6 C) Of mort' Will "n.un: the ability to ~ mQ"'" il,:4l' aJl"('~y fnrmed. SofIlc- ~ngjnfl:$ In this (At~ry r1"quin. dcllnite rertricth.f fae. .f \he impdlu_

Fot'

fnjH1fd

mm

rnakf Il Impoilos.i.b)e to generlilo sufficient h.,.l W th.'4r 11\" fI.r.g'.Itte,Boeaul!e or t.hh. pu,. Ibilh1 Il ia lII\Ptfllth"'f! that \he crt'\\' be 10 _,hI< i<:loa "",ditiCHl.' and lake rcft'W'Ich.IKlicna "h.Ue i- can atill be (:trecth~_ OptratJwa of ''''''.n.ilHat hi6b bmep (ta,..,. 1I... ttl. opo_ &bd I.... rpm) may ...... I" IN the pOII&.ibilit,yof ice br red dna: thil ot.i.&""uQ.jon across t.hc a.lr1'kJw,

mmw"...

.AlJo. etI",.c or w\Jl.ud. may 1"ft.ult in lind'n, t~lrw condition"T~ h, rtoeOrdof lOme operator" doa.rinJ( tee by C4U11l"lK" the p.ngine lO ba.ckfire. This I'lJorw .. t)tO(.'I!dUfC shoulrt be resorted to ftnly in l'xt.rtm. e-mergency Q.t~dit [8 im ponant to ~"ure tb.QI. UW c<U'bul'etor heat cnnlnJl i. in \.he "cold" pOo'Iitioll l'Uld U\I!
fillA:r it oft~ Ml lhooo Item..
AI;

to prevent daJU.. 1g'e to

110

GENllRAL

OPERATIXG

INS'TRI CTlO:\S

PLIGHT OPERATION--(;L1MIl

a.IllB

H~ull('ally dtmb dittcrt (rom 1-tV'" thah" onl)' In )()wered Qlnpeed. An Air~.."w towln ... "lhtul" In level lll~bL is .ubjtcUnr It. OOaSnl'S tn the "mn~ ('ondit{ofl.l UJ!, In .n untO(umbtn-d

tJlmb.t

thv

_'mfi

indl ....Wd. lirBpcl!d. 'I'h~ ki.rhclimb l"Ombincd with rcllui'i.1

.:r powe ... ul'l'd

(Ut

toOtin., ,drl14)w ('III! 10" closer tlttentlnn dvr ftn(t .>414.'OOlIn,..

to Cylln.

POIIEK ~..xI!IIu.
Mt
toll')'

Su'Xe.

".", u.. , "IN

I......

At Olbt:nr. '\"on:qJ R,&.Il l~p!ial r.tbp rr.; k 1Ipft'i-\e en.gi.u ~ )

"".&lIM ...

Kt(ommendtd
~II Nnl'M.]OJ$t'atioNl-*,'" 0' N..I"IMI ltat(d Po", or lAM

111

l
PRArr

/I< WHITND

AlHUIA.-r

P'WA.

01. 100

~rrJ)

'NO PRF.<;;l~ Pll.t.SSl.-.t

RPM "-\0

tatd\ toytr (If the rmxture control can be

felt u.rouKf\ tM COC,,"Pll wnrrcl, and. pt<IPCr po:s,itiMlinR I>OIltlVtly AMured. A", new d&o

1\1,1\ "."'{)I_J)

wlopmrnt;i We place dillcrenL nemenelarure, may be utcd to denote plVlppr "'1)(

W~. Con'lIlt ;hf! IItppliea1Jle specillc UIJCr.aling lnlltM.l(!lIonl. 2. Nr.n\nlftn,.,ln C.. ..ttu,...hlnl Rich miXlUre :5 obtained on nOfi..QUlOmaUe eArbul"etCltft in +e (till fOl"'Ward po5ition of the eunlrul. Abcn .. a.ooo f_ it Il\a)' be necer.u.ry to rft tant tho ~fllr04 '0 mmpe!UiOatJo. for the e1!t crt attitbM on the \lbC'Omvcmsatt..'Cl tarbure to<. Thlo .... .ro'"....... Id "" Iimi"'" to ,110 amMint rfoquu.l La mlJ.ntain iilnOOth ope.r~

Won.
S(lJ~H:L l'l)m 10 KI\'t poWtr \\~ithln hmfu"hown In FUt. Jut Co r~.iter lhnn Nannnl R.t~ blR4:t> flllnllltl be 1I~('t1 enty wh~1l II h 1c.1U'''''U thAt dIJOIIII" Il4hiI,lIlM.~" ur\l obtnln4. .. d. IC th'HUnw rOIl! I nll.,11 Aho\'(' the <'l"itk-31 nluUld('l (01 Lhf'l; pU w ur Mild t'Jlm 'liIlfCl.Id. 1r.c:rfAH dw "'II'''.
(0'1"

CllAItCE TF.MrRR\'f1 RE_ r..uBIIII>;WII ,uR rr'"'f.H.\'tIIII~

I\,....."'d ;;'0 rt>m

(0;(( JH'fIlMll",

eac," 1r.ch rl"duCflo of mt.nl

JlA.l.U

MI\ I inCh _

Hll-l"AIR

Any f1i1!1N""o1ary UIPieof preheat climb mu.l be clGkl,)' controUed

t~pen:h.ft

durinit' th~
!IoC)

nal

'.11

."en. .... to __tl"illC".aI "alue the hib mh:tu~

,_ultlluc from hi*" rpm. J( det.onatiOA ., encovn~r.d duri.D,J the cl1rnb.. t~ ~ @(fr.ive c:or"-"=t1~ &CUon i$ to I"tdure .ID&ltltold v...... re ........... The rpm i5 redueed to Jo..-u t..M impcll\"r .pc!Cd. lhu, rtdudr,g the a;...pal!~ MlL rllt. "he lowermg of manl~old p~ ...... re h. nllC:ClUry in order to ,lay with ill blhq) IimitL
The ettrouretor @ntra.noo tcmpernturu limit. roY' 5.lRgll.'-slaK<!. a.inJrtwl)eed engines at normal ntoo I1)m. or A""Mter." ullu.aUy 100 F (40 C).

Rh.h nal""" .. ia &IMd in climb to ...... : \he IimH.N1 alrllow in ma.in;ajnir)jt the d4"l'irtr<lcyJ.. ludee t~mp""8lur"!t. and to rounlA!rat."t tend ftn('y or Ihft C'h~rr.e to detonOlte bf<_Allq or the hMt ri"c th rough the .supercha.r~n ""hem \ht: ('nJt'lnc j,. uJ,loJratluk( uL u high ~rtl'nt. .. e of

.u:,

XormAI Itl\led rpm. L AU'HIII.U.' C.arl."rdu ....l On eurrent CIlJ{UJOt Pf'OVldC!d with autcsnatic urbul"t'ton, ncr:

ml~tu,.

1.5

pro\;ded by pna:it:ott1n" t.h. woo

0It'I
":')P

tror in aUlumatie rich. A.." indCflt

WhP-n hiJ.-her enrence temperatures are rp.. 'lui..rtd to thmlnal. lC'f' already Iormed. ecdece manifold p~re and rpm 10 that du' final dt..u-ge ~t.."!'nP6'l.t.. ~ .-U) not be eseesaiee.

112

r.EXEIlM. OI'F:RI\1'IXG IX$TRCcrIOXS (LINnER HEAl) nntI'ERA1'URE

FLIGHT OPRATIOl'!-CLL~lI! Any tendency on the J!.Tt of the head remperaturce to remain high durjng climb tlh(luld be ecr.mLt\rHt'l.~lt ItS Jollu w Jot:
t. t',.(i\\.1 OU.d)
:!. A::-apct'l!
""")f

(wJ.e!"t' pm.

T11"N-IIC;" <If.ellh:.1t w tltel:l:lJI:j. h,um pM"1l1i:1od by ..he aU1I1a ue

t'ba:at:e:-

.:H.i ....

rete (If e1irr.b to Hlti., -

IJICrd.l1l! aJ~pel!(l

by T1"<Iu"ill~ lhn
U'ltf\oUf ('wilD&";

air "r1:'''.u't: a, rmnt nf (lnl'iM.

,. r~J..\if

MixtUl" lI.uwmlt.dc nt:b "f nell

tU Jl(l1I"ih1e f(.IllItlOun, wJlh Ntlul)tb I_f.\'Iit6UCIII iJl Lb.. CII", or ,..n"l ... ,It(>m,llti(l rorbll,",Wrt..

IMI.,.",,,r.,
two ljmiU!~,," 1;)'linder head tfmpe. .... tore5 are tabulated ror the $ptlelnC operating il'l"trueUWli. 1. J\bsohlte Atn'(imnnl 'I'hill temperature ill aUow('() ror R IImhf'Ci l>Ol'ioddurin", the condltinru Dr climb and maximum power in t(l~'(:l niallt. It mUlL bf. l'1lIt)(lmben:d UmL Uu: hlh cylinder p~

l(h:'-I'" I'I!1lril'n'd PN\"II"'" .1Wf rp.I t~l<fodut;r lJ\~IUIlt>\llll , r _,

LUDmCATlOX

auroa onct)untel't'd durlnr thtlv ph""" or (1pe_r~LhulImpoil(! hlrh .trtO~on the hfad mmol'ia). and the muimum utmptraluros should n(I~ be nUuwcd at thi. ~\~I for IOtltt;l!r period thnn r. l\~r1. xfJHdio., Lhi. ([mit M!rlou,.ly wulce.na the hd$. Ampl\! @xp~l"Illn(:" nu. "r~ ..'ed lhM it " Mte to usc tJUJ ub4otulO HmitioA' bend tf!mpe_,..~ tuec J)l'o"'idw (htl time period .pedtltcl i. flot e~c~tled. The richer ani.xlul'\) WI.'<I under the",~ condiLiuna ....11.... In m.a.1ntain. (ng combuatJon cluunl>cr \emperatum .1th .. hi proper Jimi~, By allov';ni thLt limit durinJ!:' ('Umb and high II~ &e\-el flight. the .lirt'rat't mRnu-fadu.rn can provide Ibe nl!'Ce!.'!ary OOO)1Ul( ukQvw during lh.t'8e le.rn-

>.
Whc:ro rnanuul c w~tul tiC ull ll.)lU)CJ'AtHtO i$

provided, ...... e oU ceeter contl'Ol Hhould bo Mt to

mnlnt.A'" the (lc-sired tellll~rhtUle. Whl!n lh(l

contM'. whtt.her manu.l or .Ilutomb.Ue,wilt not ,h'e the rt\.'<:t.'lIglU'~' tctnl>orlolt.urc rl:llulutloll. tldti!
lbu fo!kJwinJt' "ll'PIf:

J. Reduce rpm nrut ml\llit'old pl't~lll1re.

The rpm rodurtion reducp.s the amount. t'lt' heJ'.t tTanl~mjtted to the oiJ by lowering engine irict.imL The tnAJ)Uohl pn:$$urc rodUCUOD may be necessary in order not to

pacu,.}' eendtuona without mm~rilY

aacrinCing C(lntintlou" performam@.
2. Mllxln\\lJl\ Continul)US

exceed bmep Umit;lltioll~. A reduction of power unacccmpanled tc:mpct'A wre, 2. Ioerease airspeed without
htCJ"\l.ll.diul!

1)- a redud..i.ufi ()[ rpm hus ULtlc ~fl't.lct on uU

This i:t the maximum ~yiin<k-r head tern.

regardlt3s of power. 'While m,ajntcnanee of temperatures tit this limit wiU Ki~e safe opct'Quon, dependabUit)' is increased by ho.lclinR a lower terr.pel'atllTE! in order to jQ('re38e [he perature tor continuous operation

power.

When manual oU temperature regulatlcn iM provided. in extremely cold weather exceeslve oil temperatuTCs lU'C IUIlA)).)' the SigH of 001\gt.>tiling ~n the cooler rather th:1Tlexcessive heat

operuthtg 5trt."'u_gth 01 the bud mat.eria1. Where pO.3.!ible,the cylinder temperature

sbould ~ nu.lntained below 400 F (200 C) during climb und !e ieJ flii1'hl.
1

in thc engine. In this ca~, dMing the oooJer sburtU$ will thaw the oil in the coo!er and
reldOTe normal opl':ralion.

113

PRATT"

WHITNEY

AIRCRAFT

PWA.

or,

100

1'RM\SlT10X FROli CLIMB TO LEVEL

rucar

8I'.:ED AND I'RESSURE MANIFOLD PRI':SSURE

HP)I AND

~l'.

- t-'

DelI.y elMt", <'OWlfllolp_ ur l66uln; mfxtul'it until t.h. trhDctc .... h,wa C'00led down buJow ..00 F (200 C). Thl" dfio!." MfVl'f not onlv 1.0 cool &.heC'1hndeN attu tho climb but to brl", to d_r.bIe b:mpcn;IUf8 t.h. entire pt,Iwcrp1u1. 0_ 1 dapo .,...luaII7 .. tile

~I"'_llIX'I'tIR& -

t'" .....

"
...

t'\. ta,AIR

ItA TID

Eat.bU,k Jovel fti.ht pow .. by ftr.. ndodlll

manifoLd Pl"6IIAu", and tht.D rldutlrtl'

..P6&d. Stlf(.t. rruuliloJd

tomblnallon of I'll[ U. wblch

~ti"
~U

,osin_ ami f1)m the requiN1DIInu

CYLINDEII

Ht;AD TJl)Il'ERATUR&

CbaD~ to uuiN"nl' mixture after the engine

baa cooled and f.tabUb:4MJl:I"uJain,gairspeed hal been attained. Tho mJ.x1.uft 1&9-djustoo lut to pze,,'Cl tho comblruu,ion of a lean mixture and a 1C'arm en.gi"f' An e_n,:ine. that )8 well eoolp.(t wilJ not det.onatt u.nder cn&b.ing condition., wbuua introdua". a lean mixture in ill .arm

tnaiDe eo rd\lJlln IDQpiItOt det~ 'Sl1J ",efUl' ,be Ulrl\Dt from C'OOting.
III

1fhk:h

GENERAL OPERATING INSl RlICTION~

P1.JGHl' OI'ERA 'I'IOX-LEYEL

FLICHT

LEYEL FLIGHT
.-\pproximanoty &,Vr ttl. lUht time is .ot in thiJI erur.OO QV"lliliIJ.t condition and. tile.rc!ure. hos the '"tell- inftutnce on aurlne dunhntty find O\'erJlUeconomy.

Mul .. um
III .... ".
~1

8"",,-~1

\4ul.. u. K....... )

:v ',I.rr .... ,.. r .. er en.... Unlit"',

M&n'llU'l' I.... " 1".. _. to ....
p .,..."

AU

o.w ... dton

' ' t'ItC

\lu,"",,,,,, C'I\III R.U.... f!A;trU-. ...... "lr. J " ilwl"'"

eoflfln,l(l1,.1 POWttl'

ral

pwtAI

rotoJ .u'1It.l.

~IIATI'

" WHITNEY

AIl!CR.UT RPM AXI>

re:sfu;rd. It " tur6 be WW!d

~"'A. OL 100 ;nte::Dded Uuil C'rui.!illB' tean mix.

SPEED AND I'R.:;;'~lJRE MANIFOI.O I'RSSlJRE

u_r r.'"Onb~e c:ondidor.s of (lpefttion. Wbta It .. nM pouitX-e to maintain cylinder t.emPfrab.lf'M wlthir. maximum eonunuoWi limit.- the mhc1u~ mUM be returned to the rich or auwm..tJe rich position. lien), piootA h.\,f! nO\Jwd .. chanse of 1)OWf\1' \While botdina coJU...... uL mAnifold )'ll'eRMUl'e and rpm .. ben n.. (hac:J.nr Lh. minul'e strength lu lean .tUeL T~ JQA (If flO'i"er i. dlf1!iCUy evident. if a tor'Qutmettr I, lD.4t.a.llM. or it may be _ br olJ,.hl _t.'cn in .i....,...s. ThU drop in u~\.pUl II [M ncmnsl rer.JJt. or redQdaI min-til" .trtnsth belu" ~t ponr

Obljiln (IMh'fld P!)W\!t within bm.l) IIml' ... shown on FIV. 'Where .!rtratt manufat'tvr." hut pro\-tctfldcomp~tt null., rontrul In turt'llAtion. lUlf' hl.ll dAt" rOT 'Pm' .. COftU'OI.

ad.

)IIX't'IIR

fI.lEI,AIR

RAnO

rv~L -Allf

ItATIO

I. ,,_ ,. , VI 'li.lA', Jlotio

All optradoD in ('J:ceN ot XOI"Ift.al Rated PO"" mUM be .-ith rich or au.toma.tk' rkh mix. ture tor continuoUlf open.tioo. "'or pc;iI",.n t. I... ~"nt\o1Rat ec, PTa,t " WluUIC1 r(I(iI')mm~nd~ limjt. Cue power, TJ)m and brm.-p
f~ ratiO aAd daM no\ mean that. t;be eeeeo.a:u" Oil leaD II'Itn\Jfe operaUon i, ~ toll.

""m-a1'

for

UM

wlth lean mixture. While d~M reeom.

tM u.. of

meJ'df'd limit" ere not mandatory

l.tt.n rnlxturv al 2fNltp.r PO"'''"' ,hlluk! unly be flttempted on the wuti.1 01 analytl! ., to &h.
ad\ltl.nt"I'~1I, to be ohtQlned. The UH or ".'fin or au~(JmAtleterm mixture at ant tlme MU4r.be ,.. served tor' favorable cundltioos of C'1lindtt .nd oil temperature.

U the OJII!ftlot' tau operaUna CUn'" COTtrtnI' a\l1.Omatk nth and automatic. .. u operaUoa. t.bl! extn "",nifokl pres.s.ure ueeesto obbUn tM _ired performance call be readily det.entlintd. Whtn iuch infor-m ..tion i. no1 .'''.Ilila.bte the throttle should btl udvuneed to n.'f1Lin tho ..IN-peed lost wbeu the mixture

.,-.nable-

$&f,.

...... ~ned. 1. Automatic Ca,bureCo.nJ

Curnut indiated ~ ... eQuipped with automatJc AutomatiC' Lean. When lbc

The

u.M

of IHn or automatic a....a,

ODO..'n)'

aUl{1Utf

ul'lder trullinl' potential fuel 116

mnditions id CSlCDUaI if the of the enpne La. to be

ea..rUr...rtton. hav. Ute lean J11ixt\1re position

GENER,u,

OPl>R"Tl;W;

I]';5TRllnlONS

'-LICRT

UPEflA'nON-IlWIlL

J'LWln'

mlxwee ...It'''n"~h Ill! to be fechat1ed \he eee"01 ."Quld ~C ee tarded by platina tt In tho :\utom/uic' If!M pMiUon. An ."tom.de: teun iud\llll i. provided thnt een bo (ell durin"
the ctHltrol Moti(ln. (For cArbureto ...... flh

A. -.'hh
0,.

m.nutlU)
pt... itltttt

l'hi:t'd

_'unlr,.II~"tl ''Wo.p(ItOltiun. Pffil)~I1"""

I\Qt'nlll.l and eleh pw.itioru . RrC'r to P1k(:O

31.)

Re(crrln~ to Fl., 39,1\ wIll eo neced Ulnl, u the rich mlxtunt UIIt!d In <:lImh 18 leaw.od cut, tbt 1'(>'o\(.'r dovclvpcd IUCNI.I$4.\i
untJt

flu> (lue.lloll

III ra:lled in l'M,ny JfOur~ .. at

to the po",lb). (l(IV'Il~ mAnual lenn, Ing between. nutOMatic lean and (dl~em~tr.
Ou cutbul't1torll of 11~\'loua and curnr.nl

or

rnanUrtlctu~, ttd~ i~ not .. 'ProeoduJ'Q to be II.ltA:mr>u:d ext.SIt; under c:ondltioM ..lIo...lng tho closl.l'" mlul~UoU "" lhb. uperaUoD and
In instAlla.tion" provided with iM1namP.n1A UUI\ fur ~h'! pur~. (i'Ut\ht:.MOOre. lhc re-

ocl: l'C.:mainlf virtuAlly C!Ollllnttt. at. .. maxl .. mum betweon rich ,*t I)OWer nnd 100.1) b@L power: Hlld deere ... IW'" rllpld)j' Ilil the mix\ut'C it Icnncd (>ut bO)'OJld ICAn be-.lt
power. "\'h~n _ proptUer hi used whkh eeu be hi,!)d lit ouo Uh.ell posttleu, nn.v change in powtr ill accornnanled by :\ oorr('sJiQl1dil1g ennuac Iu rpm. This reladonr-hlp ill made UIIp, of' in fletting the mho' tare for level ftig'ht M6 Iolluwa ; (I) Fix tht'()ttle 10 the d~il'cd rpm and IWI.n..ifold pressure and adjust earbureoor nir tcm)erAture for contlnUOU5 operation. (2) !".A-aumixture unttl rpm leAch~. a maximum value. This is rirh 1H!~t power n-nd is the fun extent to which Ute engine nmy be leaned when nper-

tJ,. rlth

be~tJlC)Wtr 8flt1illg I~ to:\('h

I:tfion between mixtul'e tc>ntrol trowel ,oel fu~J~uil" nlUo is vxt.f'emtl'ly svna.ilive and ~uc:h that accurate control Is dimwit. H will be NE!t!IJ th&~ a sadden drop in mix hu-e stNngttl occurs with. "cry .Ji~bt Il)oo
lion of the contlW. {)nder aU normal c:onditiout't it is, therefore, rtQOQ\mcf~ded thAt. lean mixture operation be perfonned with the control placed in the llutOmatic tean indent. AI new ac' ..elcpmeats take pleee, tOO1\tidual models of carburetor! may be provided with mixture regul.aHon aJlowbg manual Bning and Q. diffcr~nt nomenelature nl,a.\' be Q.!:('(l to di~tingui~h proper mixture poMtiQnt- For exact inlu.tnu'lion (.'o(1sult. ~he applieahle epecinc operating imrtrudion.

ating betwccn 65-75~ power.J Jeaning to this condition it will be ncr. mal to ~"U 5H\_!'htJy berond the pclru where maximum rpm is first noted. The control must be returned to this -POint, ma.lting sure tha.t control linkage backlash is accounted Cor. 117

I'KA'IT

& WH1TNY AIRCRI\FT

PWA. OL 100

(3) Below 6fi$v. pc ..... er the mixture can be reduced to l~n lM!lIt po"r{"T hy rlJlfitding the control btynnd rich ~t power until the rpm stans to

Rpm decreases,
Carburetor air rempcrature
ereasee,
j"~

Attitude tnereases.
CHARCE TEMPER,\TlJIlK CAIlB!:RETOR

Iall oJl. Do not Jean beyond

tpm dr(lp (rom muimum rpm.

Jl

10

AIR TE"PF.R.'TUKE

b. With (:Ul1iU4Itt Sp~11 (\'IIr1ahle ril.<'h) Peepellere A& the ~nnslanl speed propeller pn.. "ents

J\ny qua response tc lloOwer chan~

r.att.!tlPd

by mjxtnre variation. miXt;ul'e regulation IllOl\t be obLAincd b)' other mc(l.l'l3.

ill Fu,I.~;,"n.I,,,,, If j!,uithlJlc ruct*(\f" anaJ,yzo(

is.

inlJlAlI~l, the mtxwee c:A!'Ibe Jtanf'd MihAL the iU:ftromf!nt. I'fMii:'lp an' ill acccrdnnce with the \'ah~ t.pet'). IiOd in the IIleclf>.cupcrntin,. iMt~

tfon~Inr- th.
(~) :\0

tllll(n~.

Jnttrtlml'l'nl,,11un

W'ith II() in$ll'Umel'ltotion. mlnual IQullinll el1lHH~l bf! dOll\: tiMely 0' there II' 11ft ~'I,u\etiiju f)'Om ~nscine or iOl~h'unh:HL ~4J (ulvir.e the (lpt_ralC' that sMe MndW(lrt.II .U'V beln .. m:\i1\oo tn'nfltl. lJlulu"1 t~;lnlnJt III pe_rmh.u:d only to ch(l f!lxcenL ttq1,lh'uu \.., .mC)O(h out t!III1U'~ rUUlothJltlS tt8ultln, rn'lm

WI:h WMP

Jr. Wa.tp, ')\Nhl WA~J),I,. and

nOt'"

lhe dToeL 0' nltiturhl ()n t.he UCc.om

VCnSl\tt'(1 rlU'buI'\lt.(lr,

ne\ enl{iuot. or other PrAtt. &. Whhn~y ;. h'Cl'I\ft. elttr'net IItln RMt.-type wrbm"Otn1"l'l. 11 hi de,Ir.ble to maintain t\ eon_p.Ljl1'" ~~O]i' (30 C) carbu....etor t'tr U":fI1ptrll\u.rc to eMU"_' fread(lm !'rmu telng .ud to &boN" mhtt-ure dit'lrilJutJol1.
O".U enlriueI it wUI be HtlCCl.U.rY. under- ice (orO)l;"on conditio"" 10 ineroMc t.hl'!"a.'bunsl.or

\Vhen ruanuul mlxurre ndjust'm('nt

mU.1L l)c

b U1oMlli.

,,,membered

thAt. t.h. tUlItl'UJ potilion

Jti\iC5 the ('on'e(t I'ul.:lulr I'MUO onlj.' for tht ('OUditlon", under whleh the adju!Lmillt j~ rntade. namely: lx>w~r, rpm, cUl'bUrl:tOf air temp@n-

ture, and ~ltitud". lCAJW (Ie the~ condiHol'ISarv changed, the mixture mU4!t. be rtlM!\. There b no definite mlxture control pcsttion (orr6pondi~g to uny ~fXlCincoombinatior. of D.l.Ilnifoid Pre6' sure (lod rpm. huL the CoUOytinsrwill serve M a
fnr-mulu 1.0 enable tne (lpel'A:()I' to maiu\uiJl 1H.'(Ip~rmixture strength:
(I() Alh'a.uC:~ )li'("ture

enlftnco lcmlk!tJ,~U1"l: either to climin&10 ice &h'eady !ormt'<f or to mainLain n cnrbureto. ail' temPf!_l"IllUN tMt. .... iII eusure t~reOO.()mJrcnt ice ronnal1CX1.In sueh e:irculm.t...neo.t the Immedtate Q)llC'enl is 1n..'(.'Ciomfrom ice. but it sheuld
be mJi.t4..-d that AS an indirect. rt:ltull uic mix~ ..re charge t.em.petKt.U.rc it being Inereaeed.

muimu.m limit., US\I&Uy ]OO)? (4.0 C), must .be observed. Refer lo uie applkablc !Specitlr operating i1l4t.ruc.t.iof15 for t.he engine itt qecsTbt

Uon.

Con'n.' (En

f'h:h Mh,ture)

"bell:

Manifold pt"t8sure increasea~ Rpm increases. f:arburetor uir temperature de-

The uae or h ]00 F (40 C) Ct'lrhuret(lr entrance ~mper3tuJ'f! ,.... iII effeeli,dy pr(wcJlt ico (ormalion at. aU times. Howe\'er, when iee hUll formed it may be neces!;;llt'yto use Ul.ccntire
prdteat eap&city to dee.r OUl the induct jon RYRtem. Uncle!' s\IC'b dr~.umstallces the engitlc rpIn s:t,ou.ld be belo'i\' 8i)~.f. of Xonnal R..'\ted -,peed. After the iee has been e)eared. the carburett>l' n.ir ;emperature ~ou)d be reduced to below 100 F' (.0 C).

f:a-eases.
Altitud~ decn?'8MS.
(h) R~la.rd Mixtur(' Control )1i..Ylure) ",h.-.n, (l.d11

Manifold pte.s.!ure d.ocrea5e$-, liS

G!'i~KAI, OPERATING INSTl!l'(,'TION~

Tbt>tlJ

fUGHT

OI'~:IL\TION-LB\,BI,

VI.IGHT

t.

no rr.ininlum

c.'tll'bunrtor air (em

In attempting

to t'lbt.A1n ~)'litH)cr temperature

PfOra.turc. Pu!! told oJ'lf'rntkln in ::5IJ"l>.zero condI.

tions ('an be cnUrely utlltfadorJ. and .. 10"1 .. kt (ormatit')-n i! DC:' ~QCOUr:Wred theft &l:Lvold be no n:won to apply preheat" utlleM the fdtl

control b)' fDCIUl.tI M mtxturc n:gulution. the ~nttt:r mw:t bew" in mind that a 6euuae in
C1'lo6N' head tf>mptrature iii not atwl)'j: ebLalned by ad,-ant'jr.J lite mixture ("(Mltrot from
to .ut~m;ttte rich. On mAl'll' enurburetorl IU'(IIIOadjurtted ~htll the auto, maUo-kan pot\ition Pt"Uvdea!'t1)pl"<fl(lm{l~!Jly heRt 4L'COO~my m.lxtuJ't "trtJUrth In the C!ful!5.ing 1"IlUt .. At (IOnft,}.IUI'Khr., ~h lht autom"t1e J1(h ~tiall ,.;Ii ~ ..ult in approlllm.u.e tean belt ~ mixtu~ .\J"Cr!,tt.h, t:ndtr thollt (\01\d.ltJnM In the eru'.lna T1I.Iltre aul.omntic lean ail~4

J"PQuim some heat- to aid rn "'aporiution

djjltribution (VI.INDER
fl.S

and

automatic :ean

Indicated by rou .. h ru.nnin,.

H>!AIl TE~ll'RATI."1IP.

will

re.u1t In wo)er

ClyUnrtf'1"tcrnparMtUl'CIJ than

apPl"O'Clna.allltly 70 '"-t, automaL!c ri~h "en al"'"1lYll'HulL in cooler ohndtr ~~rat ... ,.. than a'-twmatk- ~an. aut()rr ..IIUc nth,
po "

Abuvu

I~,RRICATIOS

Th. 'I...,I~'"

maxImum cyllDd.. h...t

.. m-

per,Lun; (or C'ontinU(1C,1;8 optraUon It. est.abIWwd to en"' ... P"'"fOtlon of det.onatitm aDd \0 maio. lain the .tl'\'ngth (If t~ hMd and Pl.!-\Ollmat. rial In .pll.o of lh. hl,h .. mbUltioo umpt ....

turell'''lultilla trom a IQln mlxtuI"C. ExCHdIn.r thl" tompcruture limit k'lln miXlww will h'UJt In detonation wh5tb will miterSalb'

,.m,

.....

"" .... <Jhnm

.._ lh. ~l .,."'" .ho

,..111 be ,.pproclably
Q lind"r

f.",." EapI. Ill. inCf"tlMd by mainlaJ.nlnl'

The vl'OWlilm!a outlined u.nder Climb apply

__

and PUIGM and ,._

hPlld tem}lt,.tu~, below 400 F (200 C), end every etTOrt. con~i8ten" with alruaft J)trtornuuJce should be made to optnte below thlJt temperHumr..

~ua1ly to Leu. yU,ht.

DESCENT
NQrmally. descent can be t'onaidercd con_tinn ot le\'el flight. maintainm8" the aa.t.De .... tl''''. ot power. bmtp. and temptl" .tUft 10f' tho normally ~f')p(ted rpm and n1.1inlfoldpres.ul"e was ~ maJntajn the deaitt.:d POWf1' dur1Ar t.n. deecent b) n.>d'Jcing the en.lne speed by ~ I'pI!I for ea.eb in. H~pia in manif~d presAfWr PlulQl' the normal ~ttinK (!f'iticaJ altitude. n!!guiatt power h)' throt-de .. djultmt.'nt.

-.

If CVIlItant powu O\lt.JXlLAu been lDainwntod .,. wttasm,t the rpm \\'Mn. the eritbl NUtude

.Y.""

119

rRA'M' & WHITN8Y MIlCRAFT

GLIDE A;\D APPROACH

PWA. 01. 100

1'h. trlifle:ition entia.i.,. detlC'ftll lO litlde M(I ht)()r(j6(h O('rul' tit tl'l. lime that the alrc:rulL 1.1 ,Iow.d down for ~KteM'n.r

'RIft'I

th...unckK.m~ tlnd "hen ~\tn"" \he ..lrpor~ rUlfht .. ".,n. Prom Ih~ POI"'~ unTil ",dunlly InndhlJf. the pUut wIU ttl ~bo tnllln~ In Q cnnclltion to r-fwlSIOC,d lm
'n)' d"Mlind fOf' iXI"'tr, from fntreUt for IDaIW'Uftl"iftl k.I full to.k...ott "atin, tn (:"..0 0' 'R\tftN'l'ICy.

mtdj,a~y 1.0

.. m*"'tt

MPEED- RPM Art l'ak .. ~tl toted rpm m..,y bf Aqu.h'l In a_ (ull povreri. Dl..trrt<kd. th. pl'OpeUf''' contNi .hoold be adwanced tu a pc:itioQ whiclt will Nault in 86--90'., M Nurmi' ltQ\cd rpm when lb~ rrope!l~r ~ .(WUDo In.. 'Tb. 4.'UCllrOi bI no4. adva1M"ed. to the t"ke-oft I"'Pm pnaiUun, ., a .. dd4."Dthmttle would ro!ult In Itc.rioUl~ oyp..npe(ld. tng whleh may amount to ~OO rpm "'lb iOJIW propcl}tl, If tb. need (or tull P'iwer doelll (,IIC(Ur dv&liclttw 1M t.h.rOltJ. will etvc imm,-'(U.LtI power fCfll)ONM! and the rpm (:onlrol ('An bu Q.(iju~t4!dI.l('r.
IJjJcwna

PRlISSt:RB

MANIFOLD

J'llf;SSUK

With two-pottit_ p~~ the rpm ~QnLroJ ,h~1d be plftted in the bih rpm I)O.'lition. With eiUl4!r t"'C>fIOdIitionor (<<I~ "bint !petcl propellers, the oo~.t.roIposition .ho-ild .,. &el.iu-W!d a" &J) aircn.lt JPeII'd ~u".ieiently tow 60 lh:\t ovenpetding no\. result.

em.

As a; variable pitch (oond.l)\. speed} l)fOpel~ jee wiD be ia bed Icnr piteh ..L Ute Iw power
u~

drely by the

entnne WWf', tontrol ';-U be obtaiMd URa 1) the throttle.

en-

120

GEl'IJ:lRAL OPl':ltATlNG

INSTRUCTiONS

FLIGHT OPERATION-GUDE

AN]) APPRO""I

MlXTI:RE -

Ft'EL-AIR RAnO

The re.a......Jldtor of th .. ~iJl'ht i! HI 10" .. rapN"d and tr.t' Alrd<tw is neecIed f(lf ianiUud a..v.t.t-m

coorng
f-JI~

In ('.. ~

then!

i6 a demand

for full

poW("" tbu ellifn.. will 1"eC'ei\'6 sufflchmt ('f'l(')linr -e pre\~"t .. M:riou.w~perature rise. ~ulllLh~
w,,'J naptl

rJt.n bf> lAt.t:r rcadjuetert or mere urgane Items.

tlftp.1' tol<UUl

L1.RRICATIO)/
Rk'h midure wiD be H'QUiNd for thl remaindor .C tho ru.ht to obtain .. I"t~ afl.... Uon rteJIIOfI~ anti tit f'nllU'" .nctn. rrotlll> tltll'l In ~ of M a:ddI!:n need for tun poww. ('HARClE TEM1'ERATl:RE ('o\JU'l:RETOR

Alit Tr.M~.;ItAT1.R.:

, I'
Where n~~m,l.M.I

on

c:nolfnc C'()llttol I, pru-.

..fdNI. ~u.t temperaNfI

.hutt.on to maIntain

th. dt;.lr4kl

condition.

CIT&CK LIST

llrll'trr C'omhtioM leali.rl,IJ t.u lC,:W I~al ",.lnt.1Il lour (4OC) cnrbuft(or "mt,..nNt
tlllil

on.
tfm ..

perature. In the (.... ent of urld...... pv:itaf)1 "uU flower, the ClilrlUlI't'lur ttl.-at ('OIltNI mUlL LI.' t't.d.iU1lcd imm..odlnk:ty. ,,'1M Infro 4MI in power "ill tau,"" rapht a\ "dAhl.. curbutttuf JaoQt
nlll'

in Uk.

CYUNDIIR IIEAD TEllPCRATlIRE;

M In prtparalioo {or take~tr. 8 lMndJnr

cher.k.()l'llhrt IIIl"t<'ommcnded:
Uic.b (A'~wnj.IHjl,tkkhJ &!i.:lIJ~ ~I)rm.nl 't.nf~

L MJllhu. 'I. .... s. t'uo ~kN.:tM

"'c.
('0

rt4.Y:
\ , ~

H,.:

".. IwI flaps.. .. heft ueed. .hoakl be open __ tly (trail ""';lioa ..,_ I.... II.~),

I. au \_It'I' C'Mtl"'l _~

me tC>r.Gitut ... IU'W $ltf1lol'" T:1I.iJ or r i.ll. "pr~

~ ~

Op "litable tank" CoJd; ve 10111' .1)(", U'

-.\f "'_~:I. ~

.F.~.

...

lu

t;ttl.

iif'm

(UIftOt

...

121

PRA11'

& \\ IIlTNF.l

A.iRCIlAFT

--

-~-SHI'TOOWN

PWA. OL 100

I.ANDING

...

.... ..
opened as &Onn U It lit Ilrartk.al tfunr.g ltw lMndi,. roll tA n"'C)1:"t AllY ubt.trumlull TO the dlll~fvt,\kIc- ot lht *1 dUI'{'d up lu {hft elljlhH' I)t!I.i \0 h~ prep:Lr"d for 1..xlhur.
Ilrt' M

Thf'< ecwl Map.

III

Wdb tau: cowl d.PI fully Opl"n ll'i~ f'ngint .hmaJd be Idled tor. lIu.t'l'ic~m k:nSlh of time to thl't c)U~r hl:!'d temperature, to below lImltiaa: .hut..dowl\ tfom.,eramrtl ",00 tl' (200 ~huttlnt du'fltll warm en;(iDe nt'IWlb1in .... vl"r

t_
lin.

m.

tJ:ceaJ\t

amount ot heal ..tured In tht mUll

01 the

..Il,)- f:Xct"SJIby coo\'a('tklc1 cu~nt.

r.I..,...:

enaiM.....~It.h nu m~I"\. of eondueUnr iL

:;hUlUI"I off the f'r4{i.oo I. accomplt.h.td

I. Shut otr """,I., pump (II 'PI,lIc.bl.), 2. )(.1\' ma:t" ... tt>ntlVl t., idle tU~ or lull I.. n, yJth lh~ throttle c:.pe:nto nny fdlhlll '1~'
'.... fI It. ... ""'" ....... c.&A.r. .,.,

... ,...

'~,IiI, ... ,!.t _I"~

turn

S. Whtn

tho t:n,ln WTlIII ",tatlnll.

..

.If lII' 1!PIl11.n I.-n eo-I fuUy l;i m.lauw..

fta,.

optQ

for At )~t

._ -',.
122

GESERAL OPERATING INSTRCCTIONS

LIGHT OPERA'l'IOS-LMmING

TO SHUT !>OWN

HEATED AI" CCNFlNLIJ

HeAreD AlII
R~tCASED

AAFFU

SCAL

ACrs AS ."' ,,'. <, TO tIRCUl.Ar7ON

Even thoueh tht Insine fa ptoperly cooled prior to .butdown, it .UII cootaine a larae amount ot heat. and It tAkta a coMkltrable time to remove the heat that f toncl In the mn. of met... The only meant o( removal er. the eceveeetee eurrontfl jet up within the cowl. Cool air e.ntOr'if tho lower POrtion ot the power.. olAnt and rlM$ to the top of the '"lIne com. partmttnt. Unlu.. a ready un Llly.nlb ... mil ho.tl)d W f41Jn.llln,.taUt at temper_lun which will damni' Ih. lanltlon harntu. A. th~ mixture conuol lever f.a moved fnto idle cui-oU' or lull It.", an opportunily I f. reeded to check the IdUn. mIxture. u dlseulMd

uncler .round tel"" Jf t.he fln'''n~ dots not .top with tho mixture tontrolln idJl c:ut-off or tullle.lt:
1. etOIle 1hrot,t1e.

2. Shut off

boo."',

pump (If .ppllcabl.).

8. Cu~ lJ<nlllon.
4. Slowly open ~hrottl . (5. U
I

Idl. <ut..,ff cheek.d)

OPtttlnr th. throttJ., with the Janitlon cut, lean, tho mixture t.u _ point whett combu.t.1on unnot be maintained.

128

PRATT & \\IIITXEY

AffiCRAIT

i'WA. 01. 100

AD\"ANClm SUPERCBARGlXG
.'011 F.~ORD
~\ VHuL wn pt"I'!parinll to takfO (I~ m an air.

nlnne ll(IWflriut by an engine equipped

\\ it" u Lwu~'''UII\!.tWIJ"~PC(II.l ~upc~hnr~r. He WNt R ,:oll&C.IMlinu.t T1ik>~al1d, nodring I.nat. hit nor ..
bUTutOr pit t~mll4!r.Lurc ItIlXC "'IS ,""Ikallna Vt!&'y cj(,)JlO to -4t)('. ht rff!l~.Pd an InAU ACtion

'l'tA'" '''pP.rTb.arv''-'1'dt.-ribt-d in the eh,,~:er on i. u fticg)c-stageo, I\ingl()spEM'd $uperth.u''lffo' and it.. ,...ffoet upnn engine OJlll.'.l"lllJon :" l't'1:.thfoly lima:). Ot.her tbau th~ obsE'rvanf .. of nKt'''',.n UI'l'l!t~ of mani!old Dl'eR Nl.I'e.nd CIlrbu.fit~r "I r t,f,mpl'll'ttt tire. t1.8addition to tho tt'liline ~ Mt. requuv different ('or~.idtra~ .. than 'YI'O ,]d Wr1-~), to en unsupereha r ~ed
dW! fnduc-:.ion SUt.cM ongi ..

whirh "lat~l tMl in sud: cin!uot ...... DteS. , dlf. rf!rt!nl dwVl'w of 104p:.n:baralftl' ,,",oold bIo uroH. Tukulil \h .. ''I",Alrurtu"n hu",..uy. Nt c.banatd th. dItJT ... ol ."P!t'4.:.ilaIVIUK .In t)w~ un!'" ." ..11 .. ..blo dlrt't:(kn: ". .. : i, hf- ,btt..d (",m "M~

t't~t1II". -...rchrOT mc&lb: toinau"," fl' IlUI"t1'1>1t p4:rformantf> *'On H!'1aUSta lht' <.d ~neinN equipped "It.b
nt'\

Tb:

tht ~tntl.fO "'!"I"

ali).,,.,.
(fIW"f',.t

tra)"' to "luw" .:~u .llll'nUy iJl'l.'reJ ~I..two tar.

h,l:'nl)t~rMUl'e Pie, 'rh.. b&rk ...r chAnK~ on thll'l inlltrll!'r'lt!lIt t.lldr.~ (wt hom, 110 "hi ft,,,d iron, "lew" l() 'hhrh." At U'~r+ .'111,. ~llll ItU 1:111111(10. 'he ml\d~ " d~llIlnfl, klSli(.'1I1 to burcLot lilt

&Oth Ilmplt AI' tamr,......~ and mure OO1P!ex mu,,: be u~-d. E.(.h eten of additional supc.n:hkrt:i:.1t 4.'UI)l.Cltr tnr ..... " .......the t"'ol)tJrUurJ

fi.~."'"

(I(

UU, eftirK""

rnr thl'll"M:t,.c.ri~tlc. lbAI IU'e

d!rff'tI) atrN'tNt h)' M',llXIr<:h.ruJujl', and 11 beCOIDOt'n..n:llfh'Kh' ouentllll thin the OJ'lertltQf
undf'nrhmd thl'! I\MI "WflCt. on POW('f "celloll (uncti(lninr ... thtl ,, ..ult ut u~:IlX Lh~ lfuJ,Jcr~

him, thllt It ulllnm:nt)y rnAc.-!\!I~UPAttle'ul., dli. l',rulI<:\Iwhlch .lMr.:) Of MlPtlrtl\ll'~:n. w.. kMtlna U~~(I,NC\ b tnok otf '~illt:lh.. .udi .. ry IIta.rt\ .l1tr.",,'t1 .n hiCh ra,~4'). Atu', ,.ttln" ..... 11. lv the ,FOOnd br tt'A ....klr. u( h .. &c."C'tl\It un tw " .... .,anN tbal lbl, ",: ...t t .......r.a.!1&4'd that 'JCnorat1.NI ,. nft' atw.,.. b:..... In thl. tk'mor u'vuoC tho plot \ioIaud ttl. tuUu ..... jJro'41ul'tfo for tnt UM tIt tho t.. ~

cbaryer tuntrot~. n.. tJ:'e "AtluT1<f'orl ~u,"'",kari'tn""

adn.dl>. Th.

"'"8't, t",IH"l",fld t"nri-r.e:

I,

w.

u:.to e"'ruH", l'rof(ll..H'ld tThti ... drfppin, .rath thct .rucltuoe p( thv d...... n ~ and the dt.. (klpmtnL laboratory, Thf followSnr !'late
IiMI ... ~h lh .. MlbjflC"l Ullin' C'Jnl)' t.hoee t.. tlurt .. bleh aN of dl",1 tUt.:ip.t In(crest And control, ~loN lr\Iin to thf'i nnt ... tf!P Sn o!ulWrthar,i'll it ttL ,, .. 11t.on rf!lrll ...- thu urhdnullll1!oIJ.U8$lvIIIn order tv (lAAlUlrw U1ufu thorotlf{hly the ,,1((n1n. C.I_nce IU to 4)1W'r1IHnn rA t h6 l\ul.>Cn'hurgel' ~nd to

".Iior

hi u".d

.buuld 00' bo ml."d

lit Ittkmp\cd I.u uut.ill b)' UIW" of the uUlCillllry I'ot:1.rfl urld~r ClJlldlUUIlS whflin'!the uuXiUlot,)' .ta.aC (MIMe. 1-" .luly' vro,,'lde airrln\\t to tho. pv*er IM..'C.

po"'.'

tlon.
2. Btl reduced the p(Iower tum .. h.. 1 lo hi.

i.ntl"Odurf
dulled.

fM:W

r"4:ton

\\hllh

mu,l

!lUW

lie Ju...

~ru~lkir

by the &moOlnl Nqiollnd tu turn

:a

tM .uxilary ~bamr. Ih: c,..a('d hi!. au.D..JuT aupIft~lIII'ttr @Oro rH"t lw)ow ~ a.i.lJudt ...... ~ tt ,.
\1l\Mr

Pl~1'OSE OF SU'f:R( HARmS(;

A1:rpla.- -A ... lIt ,o2P& mph ..hik .im"'ne -B"" ...... 1001 2M mph. At limp".. -A" mWot be 4upenur tu "8." Howe".,. withoul the
QuJiftc.:atinn o~ an .tldihctnal Car-lvr. ll~ .. vm .. pariMJn 15 of IIH.I. "'Iu .. . At. whQl althl.Klc will

.,hanlit.J[t'U\II to U~ the a..ooli...,.,. .. lie tllll"Bed the Itu.x.;llw)' .tart

(liT t~mvcrK'ut~ comh~j(I!"1II "hlr:h

.ta_.,
,H.-uld

h."u \'en' Jlrobab1y rt!II'J)tAxl In c.klOMlinn If lhl' au,,-Uiary "tar. fNI d h.... t> Mupplicd air to the Cllrbu.t'\llur. IS, And, moe-L important. be did no&. knn.
wh1l.t he
villjQn
WU$

dohl8',

In txt.,nu .. Ltou It mUM be. !tated: that. no p~ had bfr4'-n made to pnwido him W'tth in-

tlM (undioni,,&,

fonna'icm HM::tiai \0 ._ prope, k:aowltdn of and C'QQ_t.ru1or thil type of

*,,,,la1)9 "A" I.nd "A" ,Ibin ihe!'e maximum apeeda! .f airt)ltmoO'A" reust J!O to 20000 fectto be able to go US mph and "6" C(tll do 2~5 lll)h at sr. !c\'cl. :11l'robably Ruperi(lr at low altl. tude .. hite .."," mtJ"t g'O tAl cOlL'~iderable height bdore it Ollt t.MkiJ the )cad. The f('a$IJJJ fur tbi.:'lh'l 'Io"3riat#1!'> in TM'rfnT'mall('~ UPA in t~ c{[ecl 1I1:ibu!.e on &Jrplant' t.pHd. .rod ir. the ability. ('II'

"n"

Or

.uperth.rnr-.

Jade: of '_uihty, of the:"'lint to ma.intain. rinn )10.......... tho ""_ .11i".,. of operation. Tho

AD' J\NC~D SCPI-:RCHARCI:\"(;

PI.'RI'OSK OF SUPERCHAnGING

"fl. ..,- AI'''lid.

dttl'''~ul lupertharrl"'.
I, of ItMl*L tmpnr.. tan In tnablln" the I'nI'hl" tA) .. inr ;....pu_it at .Ilhudf.

Til'"."'.~'~-NfU. I'r.
,., ...

v. .''-~O,..',,(O""G'''",
NOt/,

..,... .,th
chnUi\"
UI

111e vankUQR in a'I"f)Iall(, Curward alhtudto at \.nou S...". .. nv or ,hown In 1"'.1. 4! I'""I \ TION

AlJIV""NY. I>F.RFOIUIAN( WITIt ALl'lTCIJt;

t: VARIATION

RNGINK I'Ellf"OR"A."n; \\ ITII At nn'I).: _H.h ~h arr.... unt (It

OJ1""~tna

tr, III nhltude il'K'rfn", ... n-'ltt oo...c.r enn two .. lntAlnM. Ajt\l.i.n ht tev,1 tll.bt blih .P"'fd 11 be ootalnttd at tht n\e of. rouPb','per tbouMnd ttol.:L In Mth tubic: foot or air at W.h.r 1"\'401_ there ..,.. of all' t.o impitlA'ij 1&J(.ioJlt and rcturo tbe alrplAnt. wh"ntaul th~ (Otlttilnt .ptfd PNpolle.r mak .. Jt poulbl, tu au.-taln aOl,lruximate:, toMlIn\

A~ thu P'iwer dfU\Qrt.!d by en f'lllKluc v... rrfl" IlII' it cvo"ym,., tho perfonr.ilAt"I .,11 taU utr altitude U\trf'Uf. ~ hen

',w.r ~

_"ith. th~odlbrvt.dt ~iUun and ton. Mant rpm. The \olum.. of ~dr dr"wl) jillo the tyllnde" wU! ~mAtn twchal1acd \nll. j M w(:lght ol ,hi. "a:un,. It.r.d. ("Oll~lleJ)Uy, the r>uwel'I('J)" t"ted. .... IIJ dim nleh In proportion ttl the air
d.f,"'t)" U ~
l

FiM 1&'

Fig. 4J _ '_,..iM "~ftMUK ....

Idtlhu/e

12.

PRA1T '" WHITNEY AlRCIUJ'I'

PWA. 01. 100

CO~IHINSD AIJU'I.AN AND

hn. A~B~I)..g.Jo.Un. "'AI' tht-n bec:omvl r.

to determtee lhe attltudl.l fi\URfi nr sl'trCurmance obtlllnllble wlt.h fI. !lIven atrp!:'R4iI And .I\,tnt tomblnatJuD. For .xamJ)l~,point "0'" Oll Fjl'\lre '3 ca. be di teet ll ,norut.1TOd ee Fia'W'e 42 br plneln. it on a point hlvin, Ihe AI'IW' val", ot Pf)n, and .Uitu~,SlmilattJ. Ih. RmllhJ".

I'lNClIN PR.'ONal"Nct 13r comblnlnllFI~ur 42.. d 'IUIII .-.Ibt,

(un. of the pt_rturmanceobutnabtu with th~

airplane .nIl onaine etlmhlnntlot\ ullin, the shown And .1 full t.hrutt.le. 11'the tUlilJlu .peod

",mt

'" th.- m."clmulD alktYfabl. th.., MlrPlimo I" r",1til. porfo"""", ... _. btlow Ii AF. ar porl..,..._ abo II.. "F I, ""'!.I.....s. til. trI,Ilftil pcrwrtr tapaol1 mU-tt ~ lnuaa.cL It la Ute tunn$on of lb. IUPfrtMrr.r t.o enabkl tllt'

abIe.r

uetnu or flrur. itt art

l,.",{\:rttd

and form

en,ine \0

ba\'C!

thh Incrc.~d

power call.city.

ALTf~-'-rn

r. 4S -.~
12G

eI

.e:tf'lIcHd ..., u..,...,,1cted

ap.r..r;NI

,IDVA."CED

SUPf)RCHARGI:'G

If the airplane de~.ignel'rS wishes could befollowed, the limit:! Imposed by naLu.ro wouJc:t be

a. She of the cylinders

pushed back and the enscinedesiil1lU would 'PtOvide a flOWp.rplam capable of deli\,f".l'ing <OftRtant power unvarying with altitude. However, as tbe fl\cts of utm<>.:!p}u::l'lC lile 1U'e i.nexu!1tble, the en, glne performance will invariably foUow the path abown in JO'jgure4fl. If the d~jred power mURt be obtuilltlbll! at 10,000 It.~L the (tllgiutl' (.'upabJe Clf mel?:ting tbi!l lWlllirp.m;ent ean lin 1.4 Umta tho desired oULput at :s~u ht\'d and. Ht 20,000 reee, will produce but 68~; or this po~t'r. ,'hel'et'ore, the engine de~igoner mUlIt bARe hi3 do~h(n on what power i:l n...'Quin.od at what 811itude. 'I'he P,X~"" {lower IivailAble .t k)wer .l. tiludo$ must be ~u'!IJL in wtltk by proper obsen ... anee of liml tit 1\11t1 thfl: operAtor muat aept the dlminilhed output at. hi,gher altitudn.

INt:IUMSIN(;

.;NI:INE

POWER CAPACITY

'" Lhc power ,,<c.loped In the C)'lInd<nI of Ihe tl1rtne de)'lenrl,. <tfrectly upon the IhI. pe.r hour of air cctnJIumod, che need (c>, Inc:reued bII meL lJy iMrcnShlA' ttlc cnalno... lr-toutumlQl'

"
Ol>j""'lon-SI : Ext'" .1ee ot enkine I"OtHllt.aIn excesstve AlrpJnne

po".,

uplI<i,y.

drug.
2. Increasing t.he!rpm.

lOW

AfR CON$VMPTION

HICH AIR CONSUMPTION

This incl'tascd cujJuetly demand can be met br

l. Inereaalnz the

Objecdon-Centr.itug'l'J and inertia loada become excessive and valve action is somethiniii' ciifl'oIlcmt. than provtded for by cam profilo. 127

= :PRATI' " WHlTNEY

--

AIRCRAFT

PWA. OL 100

11t. power 1h.at thi. ChaTK\! del."f"lop. In th. eyUndtor 6tJ)tnct. upon th, \'olume of ..tmo ... phtft tbat .. "'~ lntO Ill;' o.ed <barre \'oIumt 'Whitb "An bot urStd by1, O\anat In

airy.

preau1'Ifl wh!th Cln be

nrlocl by L ThrnttUntr SuPtrrita,.fn, 0,", tbe m_t tlflric:nl me.. ",,, ot Inttllln.x tn.I",,, ,fr<on.. jfllmlna: e.... p.dty, tt aec:"mpll_h.:. lhot um", NlM,i'U .., I",,""";' .. the ...... or numbor of cybnd.,. or fnr~ the rpm but It ,,('c:ompU.h~ th"H ,..ult. "lth thl!ltut tnc:tdte in .rJ.ht o1"1u

or the_.",w.I.
The follow In. tah1t1 i.Uu.trttt. the \'ari.t.Jon~
In NquJ.rtd

.tze ot an un.tupercbaJTtd

tq'lftll

in order Comaintain 1000 hs>to ,ario,*, .Iutudte ..... umlnlJ c:on,LallL rpm, eOnll'Jrell.jon ratio and .parle: adnnee.

PART THROTTL.

"".10.,. ~'t.
101. lClO(J

2CJra III

641' ..

POWEll. PROM AIR gNTlIA..'iCE

TO THE I'KOPELJ,t;R

To re poot. the powor dt.. loped In the <111 ... dor" t", djnocUy proportion.itA> the WEIGHT of air drawn Jhto the cylinder,. "Weilh\" i, em phulJ.ed ... this Is. the onlY factor that (':aft be veeted. hol(ling eOn4t.&nt rpm. "~otume c.a.Jlooc.
be varied.

f'U L.L. TH ROTTLE:

b. Ch&qe iD carburetor entnnw press~"" retU1tiA, !rom chang in atti_

tude

128

\DI'A~CED

S\:P.,;RClTARCDiC

"lllU'OSI! OF SI:PERCIURCIXC
2. Chanl'ft:n chuge te:mpcralUrtI .. hrch ean bf: q,ri@dbr-

. et-.. nl":

m atmoaJlhrie ti!mper.tufu

SEA LEv E'-

HIc.t1 ATUOSPH[RIC

Tt ....PlA ...TVR(

JO,OOO

n'r

e, Su""rch&rairur

NO

"MlHt:.JI.l

SUPERCHARGO An increase 10 the U:re8Silft of tM (~. ia. fa,;orab:e factor In i:naeasinc th IlM, 01. the cham and. ~U"llUy. iDr~ the po ... er do veloped iL tile cylind<n.

WITH

PREHEAT

[
PWA. 01. 100

qlln4tr to ct.e propt.llu 'lId:a an :m-p6rtAnt tan.of tn .",min:n .. the cvcr-al! pin fJ"Om .upt.t'C'N.rainl'.
IIIO'WI

UII oU' U.C il"tO 'ft T"" C.'U,,",H

$JPUC'1ARCO BUT WITrlOUT ACCOMMNYINC TEMPAATURt 'U$[

1tOtirC. OC LIII "III: 01 1'0 Tl41.~.O'Cl.LC"

Sl'PE:It( IIAnelll'l Thf. "Wet"

puatUR'
pt,lIW<r

IIASIC I'A('1'OnS

fJn c.harl'f.l,r ..... 1,lJ'C ,,"d c:h.r$rfl ~Il\.. by cnmprf'III.50n" And tht.t .mount (If requlnMl to drh'fI the 'mJ)eUtt aru tbe

SUPMCHAR~(O ACCO"'PA~YINC

An) lnt""'" in ll'A (norr. ~ ... tt,t'" h AD unt.vQ",bl. t.tl~ in ~ntnWln. thlt e:h.arn w.l.ht and. eoclMtluentiy. ~tn eM: JIO,,;rr pro-

WrTt1 UNAVOIO"'IL[ TCMPt.ClATUR'E ,ust

...

Un_ prtDdpaJ mN.U...,. br ... hlth coml.rJ.. t'II4 lit mac'", ol \'arKlU~ "lJPf'rcUfl:trt.
1

[.en ... ('hart,

p~.,"* tttfl ratio tnu.Ult.u at the ~Up@Tt"'.rtlct cJl:h,

M..... 1oI1'C:'d by rrt"'Unt rvho to tht P""IlUN (manlfol~ preu ...

dUI:~nlIn the cyllnch!r.

Attflr thtl pow.:r l' d~\.'op4ld(rom lh4t (harn thttl J... dl'hwn Into th* c:yUu~r. a rio" o( poWf..r lihp) ,IIll\l'l.IIcuwllrd ~ht prol>flUttr. lIowt\tr, ('orttrlllIHIUIiI mUiIIL be made (rom Ch... ftoo ~...

bet".." thf! pr ... we ...t chf. air l.

powtlr-,,,1Mol'blna: .~uc:t~8 within

lh. ttUC(Ot! bfo..

lore th(l u.AfItul b&l",J)(c available.t Lh4t pr\JptUer .hart rIm b4f mlltIJ-u.red. 1"hl!H i.r*:

I. YrSttlon horeepo .. er
Th. PO"'tr' 4"~ W OVtome the iDter~ nat (ritdOD wlt.h1.Dthe equloI: and to dnn lh. v.rk"u8 eqi_ne aD!'I!'UOnt~. LD

Wh,,..

prA(tkf.thia item ia 01a~iab"

tude. It doe!! IlOt "atY to aft)" P8t
tH!oc',UII4!

ma.JDl.
~.dent.
t41t;,..L,. SUI"E"C.HAR"O

ut t:hanze~ to be- con.aidtred In this dltellUIOn. 'Therefore. U\e enaine "In be

"(~ft(

eon~tderf!d ur. being lrkti()nle~". 2. ~up.r~h.rg~r bursepower - ((lItf_" tumped to~tbcr with friction OOrlepo"<II:') The Impeller i!t able to upend po._.er00 the tl\tOmil'\l charge OOcaUM it rttti~ PO'IIrU (rom tbe cnnbhatt. This po_tr t dh' e"lon (rom tee 80111' of J)(*tr from tbt
1V.1l0"U.1.11 .1tt$$U'" fV.'t1O~:"211

It lJ. auffidt:nUy .ccur.te tor t.he JlUTpWlC

of thh. dl~
pl"H4ut'e

to a&o;,umethat

thl.!.!o

,..UOI will remain coW!tanl "'hh thalli" of (A .... ,hfro u. small P"ttftl o( inaeue .itb altitude

.1Ii'_

ny.

1:10

AD\' AXCED SUPERCIIARG~C ...hic.h would not add t'mqh to the accvnc;y of Ibm ~ te ... _lied). Fur eumpic. at. 19000 (ott tM ."lra.t:a! pretl!5ure is l4..s in. H~.

PURPOSE OF SUPBRCHARGrXC For txatnpJe: at 19,000 ft. the temgttratul'f' of the air at the entranee i~23C.

'U""C""Jt ... ee
R"Ahtf~It.!' etTfIotton J')()wer, thlrh ...r". rem, 2. Blhd on Cb.ll1i t.tlhpfl'.lur. ltcKaurcd by wmpenu.ure riM tho dAt
ttm pt!rat.u... fl. " "cry Jmpurt.-nl. mtllJuru of tM WnMUCY of the ehQrKO \.0 dtltonatt' Ftw an)" ,r"ct. (tf t~1 f'lo"e H).Ilnn.hlp .. LIb: WbNq tho t~mptt'&lu", and th. ~'U'" the thar-te Vo'hlt-hdtfl.,e. lh. limit nf nnnna.I N(" combu61'on, Jr the d' .... e ~un is 10w It can tOlll,.n h,.h 141T1Pfraturt. or~ Ht\'ClI't(IJy. It lh. tlm'_ralurtilJ )OW. h,h pl'f!88ur.an bo

"OO(ll4l1u

ference betw~n CM ~emprraturt of the

eh ........ at the ~ntra.r.t!. and tbt th.,...

Ptnl<tre 01 th, .uptftbarpr .",1 TIt .. ri.... the Ine.llable ",,"11 ot .... ",_IM tottetlutr wiLh uA... oklabl. tI\lid tried". and turbult~.

or

... rely 1m_>d. The IImtll retulUntr [rum t.hhl relatlnmlhlp can ~ ~h('lwTllrlllJ)hk .. lIy Q! lollowI:

'I'hl "'''''"tUJll ItIU. 4_!-I"'"",OC

A" with the caee of prel!l8Urt ,.tfot., It wUJ be assumed that temper.tur, r~ remain con,L"ut d Q gh'!n 11,m ,...t.rd~ of ('banges in air entranee tempentut.. air60w tLlt controlled by throtUe PQfJho.n Of alrfto .. Q determined by the &ltit.u.dI! oi C>pCta1i0G. Arluall)", the .. 10 bon ol1.Jbt de'riation from thil ... tU:Dptioa..

The Implication of }t;_gure 46 abcve Is that, .. t.he char..-o temperature j! in(reutd. it ~ "~ to prohibit the UJlI of that porUono the ~'a po.'er capaat)' that li.. iJI the delonation raQe.

lSI

PRATT"

WHI111iEY AlRCRAPT
be eQIa.

PWA. OL 100

b.. or operaUng alsea level with. cartJu..re.. tor .Ir I.ijmpe.rature of 40 C and lb uptrcharaer heat 1'1S@ is IIi) C the multi". Char... temperature will be 95 C. The muxlmum lIuble pewee mUlt nol ~uire

For ex.mp~ if the fllt'ioe must

tho

UtC

or

{l

charge prtl'lIiure.

""hleh~ 1n

co:mbinlltion \\dth the char&'6 cemp.ratu.N of Uft C, wJJ1 produce d.etonat(on,

., u.,"u.vt OlIlY! ... 110

1211 , ... PIEL.L.Ut DftIVE.~tlO

ttl I,iUIl&l"- Uw .loIpUdlafl'et", the \!naine ... ~ .. ,..thlnl f(lr the Coal ot maxi... m.um J)O'W\:rIUl.talJWld to the hl.whfl!lt J1O..

ttb!e alth'.Wit. Uy .upti'thnrg'inl. h. J. o~.vorln. to abt.aJnthe maximum benefrom thu 1"O,uIUn; (ncre#~ltd t:.hllrxc withl)ul, hen", pOn!tU"cd ~x~ .iM), by "'1t.r"1t1Jcm. f'\".uJtlnl' 1\0001the Inc......... ch....... ~mpe"'tut't.
fit.

den,"y

",.47 _ Hf(HMtry 'ow., .."t",.", ,., O.tor.o1'N~I" 0,*,.'.

3. Ru,t'f'C'h.,...,

.0"",....,.

Tbt .~ by .top d.wlopm<nl or the .uper. c:hlrafn. "rN""" &.ha\ rulktwl uAM the amt tidCUM! com~Clnt.. Yl.ll.llaW t.tiow. All ope .... ,don
it a\ ('(Ir'I \tan t rpn.

Tho pow.r .boo<t>ed by tho Im... "" .art.. ftl thetqUI\,. of the vt.lotil.y .llh. impelltr rim. WlUl .. I1".n impeDet I..bll \'"lIlion will t~...Uu; "Qunyc Or thoe rpm.

1. .'ower IWrlI4tn C)UItd.cr dJApll1temtnt, eompt"(:.j:tiun ratlo,

..,.rk

ad\... tct. Yah" t.Im1r.. qo and

un

And

lu..... 'r rlltlo.

D J ..

2.. n..le

....

',r,l, ' J

L1
., ,,,,,,,uc.. 0" ,ve tltAno
.at....t.&Ytl.. SUfOUIC.~~C"
AT NOltUI'OWt:" '1.11,.1. t .. ROTTU:

.upt_rt'h.~r Ittrtlon (uxc:upt.un po"'ho ... .., tnri ) lmptllw d~.,n lnd cUamettr, MlperehllrgH entn&n~ dill'uter. colk!ctor and Jntllke
pi.....

Gab ,.rt.ble a-ed iJ l~)er ,peed with the exception of th. t.,o-.t.a,~~-qine.
'nte

Whereu
contrU.

man,. DC Lbet<! factors would be

not .ubjl'ct.l.o <'A>Ckpit

v.ried to obtAin dUi.ted ~J1itude perfcrmanee,

tiMy art\dcsfi;rn ftl("tl)l'"I.nd

'I'hl" dl~(,u,,"ion wUJ be baaed on the p~ ... ~L cUOi!t.rult rpm &uperdu,,.,.r hor,wpower dimini~hef> wlth .l&.hude In prnportLon ..... lth the d~ or bT&k. hQM.lVVWor. Thia is aceueate with'ft the lfmlll! of accuracy of the usu.mptku'W ot
IMII that eonataatl ~UR ratio;l1ld
((If'I.J.UrJ.t ~

The

l)U1"1'1O!'@:"

oC Utili \look can besf be

terved by foltowinr the ctrool of the one VA-riRhl~ 0\'"6 which the Opl:r.lor hili control.
1a of

the rona."j", ~

comPJ,rison is made iu~"ecl art

the diff~rent torrM of Mlpe:rcha.rging nor-

perature rile

m&llr.eel. The: dirr ...... : radon lholll'1l in this form.

82

AOVA~CEO SU".:RCHAIt(;L"G

PURPOSE OF Sl1J'ERCIJARCrxc

II) cr:

.... 0 .... cr: 10- 0

z -'

t
>I~

::l0_ ~ W~ ....~cr: cr: Q. ~W cr: W :l::l ~ ~ cr:.... w < 1: cr: 1: I- Q. V

w

....
cr:i= ::l
~ I-

1o-cr:Q. OW<Q.V .... ::l" cr:II)Z ::l _

11)11)0..

cr:~ wU Q. ::l :l cr: Q. ::l II)cr: Z .... 0 V ~ 0 cr:0.. < 100 100 .... cr: I- ::l
0 0 W 0

<::l::::! W~::l :l 0.. Wcr:cr:

1:W .... 0 1- Zcr: " :I:

J:

....
~

a:

10W

~ 0-

\)l

- ::::! .... ~ ....

:I: I-

cr: cr:.... W ::lcr: 0. ~ ::l

~

W ........ 0.

.... ~ ::::!cr:
J:::::!

z II) ocr: Vo ::lz 0_ 0-' 0:>0.. V a:... "'X 3:10

0: 1-'" I-

......

a: ....

~t:5 ~~::l
-'w .... <-,Q. -alO I-<cr: Z-,o. w_

ocr: cr:-' --' ::l... 00. "'::::! a:-

........

1-<

....1-

cr::r

....

3:

0.

~~

~fu
133

PRATT"

WIIIT"Y

AIRCRAFT

PWA. 01. 100

IU;SII.TS 0' Sl1'ERCHARGINC

S_~Dt' dots DOl: dla.n.ge Ute tu.ndlmenUJ J)U'tonnaM# t)o.anderisUe of ens1ne rer .. fonna..r\H 10th tha~ of altin.tde. A ttUperc:harpd 0DJr'\JMI obtaIDI1~ of ita toal po\lrer

...... cilyat _ ....... A~any a1tit:xle, (un 'brotHe pow e r at C'CmII1.nt rpm tallOW! the same l"fta. honabip. ... hU'l n In

Fl._ ~

'1d. "III bu undcrttood if it il\ reeheed that. Ihu Il'UPQrthl."",r hu m ..rely 1uJ}Jl)cmen~d the "xed volumfi pUMping (,APIJC!1t)-' of the cylinder" with an addIUon.' fixed volume of CllpBCity. \\'Ith rOMt.nt. rpm lind wh1e 0I>{'r. tbreetle the lIuJN!l'C'har,,\.'C1en,lnfl uoUI Alway" draw in tho

.. me yululn. of .tlT'lM:J')h@f't.
The po_lott .. ill dimtnu.h lfith incl'tuin.r alLl.

tude AI tt'~ wt1aht nf tnl.. fixed volume dlmln..

"',....
_lUI

no.

"'r.""
,...Jltl.

d,.._...... hyI~

"",uldhave obtain.<! lh.

tho.iu or numbtrot

c,)liruh-n 01, ~.lbIy.

b1 intf"f!Uf"~ the rpm.

"nt, _nUtal .....,,11 of ,uJ)tl'(h'~" 1htl'll5. lha\ Lhco pump",. ~JW"1tl of the entiM ha" bHn I"t~ and. wHh It.. ,h. Cllp&c:h.)' of the evUndtr to pnxhk"e PU\\'tl.

I l

TM aul)frtha'V ..r Hlu.lr.t.od S. a_ "ll1k10... 1.I\.Il'O, aSn""'Jk.oOO a.uptlrchlrrcer l>6eAu."

I. Th~ (omlll'fO""Soll !. UCle(,InlpU.hod. In 6,10
optrMth.ICI UClIule

2. The 'mpeHtr i,. driven at one fixtltl ratio "1.1 the tn.nk~h.ft

,_ ..-, AIItSJ>Ct.

_u ....

'/f.et 0" Ai'p'a". '.rlormcrtt<. 134

ADVANCED

SUI'ERCHARGINC

SIl\GL

STAGE GROeN))

IJOOSJ'ING

!!TEl'S IN S[NGL1!:-~1'AGE 1I~;n)LOI'Mt;:-'T I. Ground Boosting

The power developed by the ~ngine in thi8 example is the ma.xjmum usable so level pertorm, anee whiehesn be obtained from Lhe-basic power lIeC'Uon. If' tbo impcller drive rAtio were lower the e!\8'ine would 1)61.recetve sufficient air to de"'e1op thi$ OUtput. If tho rnuo were higher, the IUtn::Med ehargo temppl"I\tore would require thAt the m.nxJmum preeaure be Hmited in order
C"'A~ACTfAI$TI<:S AT SEA ,,-[VEL

pre\'cmt detonation. Tho power !'tvI\ilnble ~tbin thi~ I"e"trietion would be 1<:.:1:1 than the
to

mI"imum

Ower obLairtable with

tho uround

boob'"! f\UPt"~haTller, ~ l.!umJde 1\hown was selected tn lIluatrAto

!ri\'(m

tto-.4t the

#"l"Qundbo08t 8uIJCn::harrer pro .. v,Idos the meaos ot ubtainng the hl~helJt pMsi ..

bJ6 fU le\'e:l periormHIIL'e. Any ,u))I)rchl'lrger that fn~A thf power tMpltCity of All onin. O'l'et' thAt obbtin.blu \\ ith()ut ,ul>CJlchargfn,r end whlcb dC)C. not 'l"ttull in a f"fll.trlctlon of ooern .. Uon 1"6Quirln.\l'thmitHnJt at low ftlHtudc J. eon

kIe~ rround booAt.lllupc:rehur"flr.

En$r:1nt."3 eqtJtpp~d wJth $CTOuudboo3t .sUl~"" cursinw aN uJed .,n bQjjc tTAinin.,l( Mnd Uettt. nniport lircrAtt. ')'118 &imollclty of onceetlen
I@:ilultinl' froM f'~orn of re4trJc-Lionl( I'CCOtn ..

CkARA('Tt"ISTI~

AT 111,000Fl. A4.U"'UDE

m~nd It

tor

thhl dMI4

ot

aWI,lan6e,

1f,"lll$E _ eEl7

(ompa,;"on 0/ 'ow.,

Gl'(IlI.!1d
"~Vf A:JOJ",O -.""

Elled on Airplane

~"o',"G"(".

Wei.h1 i:p e &.L,_ Hating wtlilp U- S.L.

:SOullted

tOO.
'i7S

'.00 1,011

135

PRAT!'

WHITNEY

AJRl:K.-\}"f

-S~
the

I'WA. Ol lOCI 1. 'Ahlt.cIo S"I'<l"Urci1II: ir.>\peDer

"'P the~pHdoltht:

e:naiDe '-Ith UI~capadlY

pro.,."'''''
mort'

to eon&Umf'

eubic feet of ..lr at Any ..jutedc, '!\eJU' sea k\el

the eOJrine Nfl, the! pow(;r C1kPllMt,yto exceed t be pe1'1ormanee t-hut hAl be~n II(:l up as a goal b~i

the des:.g.tt:r. Hot\'evi!r. L~'Cil.usethis degree or

aupacbaJ'flh\a' ... ~uh In on increa.sed ll'tnl'lf"nL-

JUt. the maxImum ulI.ble power, ('ITrating.

mul't be .wnci.cntly

In", ..0 that the pnt.s.Urtl used eomblnM wl~b tbe reeulting hhrb~_r ('harp tem-prtnlu", .ill na-'l~ dc[onati.nn.

fULL

l)oqar- _( CHAR cn.:u~ncs

A- S[A UVfL
MLU ~ ,I

n",,,It.,...4II_ 4'c

within thll hmh nfOr thaD the uaIlble p(r\'er tit tht: V'OIlDd.boot~ed 4:Q'irw> pN\-ldcld whh the ol-'ll.
tatiOD iI

The max..h,uun u... b" ~tT

MlITft impdlt't drht n.Uo ,,"d u..tnl' the It-ame

.... do.r I....

In _('din&, lh"~ dt'lIl'U(! Or "Ul>l!:rcharJ(lll1t lh..

dcM,ner hu .4.."t.cp\t'dthfl am ..U lou In )'Ilwform.

ance

C)of() to ~"

If,,.t J"

erder to

8'ldn

comatdltr.

ablealdludt
Tbf.

lnJ

.""I~
~al.lr

C'lUtpul
utln. t..hta Mltrt..,\: 1)( tlupcrthAr M;lJIota.o l~lr ft\uim ...m. ,.thur. ,_. fbll thal'JllCWri.tk rom.
en

c:aJ1

to 3(I(I()..ano
IMIlcb

t.bMr UMI\aU.'Jon on tra.nlJ)Ort.atlTl"aft

otdw tu prcMclfI t.h. NQU.lf"OIJ tAke-otr ptrform .. Me- at ul'pUC'U locattd .b:J\(s lol1I )e\~1 and to

..ouod tna'.ln .. JM!r!utmance. .uUIUdeK. obt.,n

Th6UAUftl IlU!lt:air.ed

At mod.@tNlI,I

eruJ ..lnQ'powf!r"

or these

cnginp"

UN A

t.o 8000-140no tcot. which pr(wlllO'

a\.WfIlC\.Ory altitude tAUJre rnl' mc-iliulJJ. H)(hu)\l~ airline Ol>":nt~ without eahln ,uJ)e.rcharg1n~. With eactnH t'q1.lIPptd. '-llh jower degrw. (,IC 5Operd;.alyw.r nJiM .p"-d fa the onlt m.aJ<t1' ra\tic.t.ion il'l optnlaOft. With the lDltoductkw'l of aftib"t. tuptrth.rain nu'" limit muat be fIbNr\-w. "'WI new lirrut I. (harp prell"" ADd :.a t.ndiratf(! In lh~ ~kpit by the malillold pl'Ol~

su.rea ..
Blett

e.

on In!l,.lIed We1arht Duo,told

G-ro'JM
1"'" 1,,"0 LOO

J\it.lt"dn SJperthar"d
Ilin!)

'IV""
".a
1116
r-.:# ,..... ~ .... 10

bp tJ ::1.1.. btl'"

"'VU ..

!l.I...

I."

Oft

..utplo.e 1Wf ...... .u

-../'> .......

Jl.p ~ ",.1

n.

tt.

r.i
!.H

, ...

...

"'~

AD V_A_N_C_E_Il_S_t_~_E_R~C_H_A_H~G_'I~N~G
T'l'p!eA, ....,$"rt~

SC~X~G~LESTAGEALTITUDESUPERCITARGERS
3. High AltUude Super<h.ra'!n2

'l'fl"'' '. ttl,. 1U'~t.L. D.-Nt

""no

=US.sUfl AATIa .3 I t'UI9t~ IU!

"*

Further .nercese jn tmneller speed still iur ..

t,hPt

intl'e.'\3eS the volume of :ttmnRphe re drawn into t.~ engine and the potential newer t:a.pacit~ !wi beeneorreapondingJy enlarged. He w over. the

su~rt'h8.rgcr beat. d~ is nowot such ul.iljt'uiLlido

tha.t \.M max.lmum power restrfeucn is severo IUId '-he perform_nee At low Altitude Is ('ons[dol'ably reduced.

ThP:1tP('hat(\~erj~trcR
fIIUl.L THROTTL.: CHAA~cTeRI5 TICS AT SEA UVD..

r ... commc-ud the use ut

",UU""'''no nwH...... "UM La(

~I

ode

enJjr.eM equipped with thilt desrree- of eunercbera. Ina to Ut~ airplane.:! rcquirin, maximum altl.

tude performance but whleh ere eble to teke off

and climb wlth )"4Iolati~elylow power. are oxftmph;")t of thilt ell\Jl" of Itircrnft. EII'",,1 on In.tolled WeiI'M
:o'1I1'I'N'hlU'.II'l'r

FJght.ol"~

w....... t
lip

l"".AUwdt
1(11/,1 !I'rG

HJ~bAltJhlll"
10111. IMv

fI JU~ RAt1nl\'

....1 lip .. S.L.. lip fJ 120)1,1 t:. w'l:.p " l~ ft.

V,:!

1.<l6

I/Ij~

..

,)

I.II111T O~' I\1Pf:l.l.f:R Sl'ln~O It can 1~ seen that ellfh "tel> of {ncl'ootlnt('
lmpcUcr drive: rQt!o bal!! made it neeel:lflor~' to fmJ)Ol!eJO(.Ir'U severe re'\.ricUUrJ~ upon the hrnkc horsepower that ean be snfcl.\ used ut low altl-

tude. t;\,'entuaJly. thJ" reatriecion will become so severe that wlfk:ient power will no~ be AvuUublu 1Qf' satiatacury perfurmance at Kea level.
('ompori.lolt 01 ,ow~,

Bctwcett thu limi~ of optimum cround \.tOOMt

impeller ~ and thl' limiting maximum _peed, the ~l,giDedesillJ)cr ~d the ehnice of tin Intini~ number of tmpeuer drive rAt.lIM. Ifi& !!election of anyone b b1lo!edOtt the. t.ype of pe.rCutmance which must predomjnlltc. If maximum outpul i$ required at }lea level th(' CUJ1:1eq~t tade of performat~cuat altitude must be aeeepted, Conv-er!'.e.y, if maximum altitude outPUt. is e!..~daJ 9. reduction in maximum useblc -pcwer ia \lruI.voidabJe.

137

[
PW..L 01. JOO

"g..., -

'''iff". Ald,t;d.

,.tt.,mGlW.

~"'''III'en
W1f#t DHI.,.J\'
tC)

',",*'" Ortv
"",x'",Yln

ofiq.

'Ihu comp"fntlvt a!)on,

pcwc... <lbcarnablt thro\l.h

af"'t

th.

IIhlllle~"'t"8'ft sldtudu I)cr

the ulII"hl .. fll.ltlll,t u( hl'lpeUflf relU',lI\ticW ... MOwn

(orma.nee.,

AnOITlO,"A!. ~INCLl:S'l'A(,E nEVEl.OI'll exr

reMh .... ,..t of m:.lnt.bdn.l( cc ....tant powat at any .'titudf; whb

Botb ra\..ioll Ptv\'kIeI the ~nrlnt with the lu,ma charatu:r',"'c:. of air \lolum. ~nk.'<l prtMUI"'f rauo. t#mJW'l'lltu ... and lUPt'l'Charpr hOrAe

"'' II

n", .. "U,. """'anf'r cannot.

pow..- ....

th tM ('OfrteflOndln,

.maW

ratJo

dt\"

a .In.,It. ..,tAfffl JupefthMtSte1' u.ln, a .Sult oed Impyl1\.'r rAlin, "~.ch tlme he r'Nf'hft fur more oltltudo ptwformQnec he 10l:l~Il'OUnd n..Ul' H. level. Jr ht! Iii tu rcntb:e the IlOMlbl(l".IM of
hl"h Impl.tllcr rOlio8 without
LlljftJ,

lo,dtijf Lhe advan

or 1he l(lw(I-" degree or lupe:rth.'lin, he mu", t1evll'le " dthc I)-.tem whkh .UOWI the Imlwll@r tv bet drfven Sl a wef'd man n--.rly
OJ)Umumto the alhtude 01 opuadoft. Thll ne.... It' h.u b""'llbL oobouLtho de>tI"",...,L tit thft muldp" and variable..~ lmpeU ..r drht'f..

rns

SINGL.Sl'A(;E.

TWO-SPEEO

SUPERClloIIU;.;K Ry IlI'M"idtnjC"' tw~peed im~Uer drive and KI;11\/cLlII~ eeuce from Fig. 48 g1,,(nl' bett pe.r. (Ol'MAnCeat two deelred altitude" rrutf:r altltude ran,. ()l ulrplane perlormaflCf Ie obt.aJDCd.

The Ic.wratio is $elected to liv~the dHind

output. nen

.u.,.t't_h~

sea level and earl be any duroe ot lrom ~und. boost to that fOf' low .Itfwde. ')'be high ratio i" o'Wally .Jed4d

A\lVANCE;D $l)PERCHAR(:ING

S~GLE STAGE ALTITUDE Sl:PERCHARGERS

Because of the increased \'rAAtility of per(ormance pLlliliib)e with the singte ..!;tage two8~ engine it is uMd on Q wide ',ariet>' of air. craft requiring maximum performanoo Irom ~ll

The slngle-stege. t ..... t>-apeed 8U))el'ebaf1'er enablee the engine ee dev~lop bigh power for take.
otl' at or near aea revet and, at the same U~ permits thv engine tu maintafn hl~ airplane performance throughnut the'! medium altitude renge.

~et to medium altitude.

Eft'ect on Inllt.ned Wtfltht
0,;

It wlll Le noueed that. in 'his ease. the marlmum J)ermi~ible high ratio power i.a greater

than that of 1m tlngineha\'llll(a sint'~ drive or the same Tatio. The asin is pou.ib~
because the use of the hlgh~r ralk, ~ ~.u:n-ed tor ultlLudCl5 where It will permit the engine to develop more pnwer th.n with low ratio. For example. lit 10,000 raul (Polnl A). the permi ...

Jl!r Fl.. 8"'11110. f)tkol _11_ 114 _. flo 11 .....

nllll'.ll..

"..

'R.uJ ..

Wei.
Up U S.L. Jla.tJn .. WtAp QI S.L.

1000

Ior.r,
1.01)

I.f~' .... 1000 ~.I)

Hp 0 IIOOt.!tt.
WUlIp ~

flible enrine power can be balled on a eha~ tijmp~rftture oi 46 C ptUI the aupercharrer t.empo"'HuI'Celse. The lame im~ller _peed at aetl level will [Il'oduc:. a (hlltp temperature or
16 C plU10MUJl(lrc:har8'~r lcmpernture

noon

{to

1.61

...

1M

1041J H.O<I

.,........... ,- '"'

"Q 1.0<

....

2~'

111

...

LlllI'rATIO:o>S

O~' FIXED RA1'IQ IlIUVES

rt~ TM

Even the mlllti})10 ftpct!ddrivuJd 1ICOmlJramj", Th6 lixed tl\tlO$ are telectd tu "h'. mnxirnum
pUtormance at "p.ciflt" altitude" tmrt l"I088lblc

20 C more Jtworoble chArte temperature mit" Jl rrnt*r ctuarp Pf~"Uro and.

qucntly. mere power.

In,.

per

p!.trformuneo between t..hCif(~ lloinl.a I" sacriftced.

."or example. the engIne i8 provldod with an 8:1 driv. rail. end I ted At 7GO np At 2GOO

'T'hf! I\\"I\IIAblllt)' (If lhllllWdlUon ..l power mah. It Imllotr.UY\lchill Uu: hhrh ratio be u* on" whore n()\'nnt..D.at(lUfC. Pt-+mAturt fnra.ement oC hl,h "",tS() will ,'err probably rHUn In deto-ullitlun,

rpm. The hlrh .. t altltudo t. which .hl. p<!I" fonnante tan btl m.intlllntld 58 20.000 teet which ~ wrnwd the eritJC&ltJItJludti tor thb pow"t nnd rpm. At thit, rpm And At fun throttle tho supor char..,- preuunt fatio J. 2.25 :1. WhM opcrtitJnJlllt 5000 reer the Jm,lKlll(lr 'PC!oo hU not ehQl'\Wad And, hence. Itt prC8!fur(l r~tlo nom"InA t,ht "I\m~ "" lilt 10000 f~t. However, ~a the auno ..ph\lrie pt(:6urt! hu Incl"eB.ee<ito 24.9 in. HI'. full t..hrottJe operation would te8ult in railing UUl manitold preNmre to 66.0 in. lIg whkh. in combiuAtiou with the IncrelL~ in charae temperature to 55 C, wouJd rt:!lult in d.ot.onation.

Thlt premium ot ext!'" power when utin~ blah ratio [)I)wer mllkfl" it neafnlar)' to Aufrn two dlffoJ''-tlt Umlt:lng tarbuntor aIr tt.mptrature. wlth "lnite4"U~re, tw()o&peed <'.QJ'lne The hllher limIt iM allowed with low ratio I'uperdaaraina

only. when bisrh ratw ia enpg~ the lonr limiting entrance tempe"'tu~ mual be obterYed. It J8 ol'lJy by t.he UN! ot thue c.uburet.or a.lr temperature restrict!o". that thll additional hjgh nti:o power ratina can be oft'ered. and it. i. e8&CntJaJ thnt t.hCdC wmlidt!rationa be undentood
when u~ing(Arburetol' proM.tlor ice prevention or when Q>'ing in mr of extrelMlv hlah ~.

~rature.
The addition o( toe tW(l..ipoeeddrive invot\'t'8 httlo t~dd1cional weight to the powcJ'plant (20fO lb) :lnd no AddjUo.naJ drq-. Operation is lOClewhat mOl'e involved t8 rating:8~ ffm.itin~ power&. rpm. manifold PreMUl'U and bmep are IIOt the $ame for taeb ratio. In eft'eet.. the pilot ill; IIIJIH&ting two different engines. and mual be .war<! of the dHrerenc'!A in order to n~iutain fRper conditions a.nd to obtain the most eft}. WIlt utiliu.tlon of the powtrpJant.

189

PRA1T" WlIITXEY AIRCRAJT In on.h:r to ~ lhe enaine output It b. Ilet,,".ry t.o use Lke throttle ao ""..at lbe pru-'UN! A~the lae\! vI the impellu due-iI not o:CMd that obt.l.ued at thi!'. tame point when ope:raUnV
til.

PWA. 01. 100

drift Ute impellw .t 6000 (eet i8 JoW"er WIth 7 1 t.ha.a. with 8:1 drl\', ratio. Thi'\ ~nu a direct p1n in po""' <kUvered to the prepellee. By pmvidhUI variable speed ImpelJer drfv. the engiD6 ~.ffl'ler m.ablt.!l the sinllte "tac. engine to delh'er th. mw.xJmum ))08$ible per .. fonnuee at lit aIUt.ude. and provid-ea it with the creat.e:M: vpc.r.ttnr tle.-ibility

10000 reet and with lull throttle.

i ,
I

i
10.0111:1 'CCT
rul.,l.. '''''0'

1000"11

ru 'AA" l'KItO..~, 1\11 th., tmvcllt.ll' $pf.lf'd "m.lllnl eOnAunt I.h. ;>o\wr toQutred to drive the ImfMIUiII'rI. uta-

lhatn"td.
Til II KINI;LIi:.~TAG& VAKIAULE >I"KED Sl1l'ER{'HARI:EII

II .... IM<! or _trkUac1h .. uptrcb.upr ..., put by IfIDn.ottM throttle.. the Me.I ,) ,..... .. laUon ~Id be obc:.hwdby mtUl o( ...."ht .. the
lm~IIf<' drlwe raUo wblle hokti.na full 0I)In throttle an .pprt..oct.blt detrUtlf in power ... l1.ulr4!dto drh,t the Impelltr will ~Au't.
1J6WUI'

1'nklltW' the PNvtoUl lIxample at &000 t.. t. the dcl1litt'ed to the propeJl..ar can no" be tn

Street on lRllu.Ud

WtlrhL

creal'.ftdto 776 hp t.."~MUIt.:the power reQUIM to

"'tP.: ","ILL t.1l, eo 1l-L

Hp .... h. tIIl, ti IlIA h..

.... I"'" ,....

I~StAp

,....

;r. I> , ...

t.1Ip

U,

...

lS.... J(t
V.riabl., dpl'd

'''' .. Lv'
)(1711

... ..
..0

lk1u1 fc.

"-

t. 1.11

l,U

T'h.e ,'.Mable .pHd ,uPf:rehat~cr resu1t.sin & performanee whkh il the combination of the ma.ximum altitudll oull)Ut8 obtainable with. an indnite number <tt drtve ratios vafy(ng from maximum ground ~t to limit.inSt maximum. .At. an, imptJ)er ~ the au.percha.rger baa the sa.me ehara.C't.tri&tiu or alr COJUlumptjon~ prC':.sere ratio. temperature and supe.rchA~r bonepower u ""th the ~odirta' tinrle

n&e:

ra.tic

drive..

140

ADVANCED SU'l!CHARGIJIIC

TWO STAGE S(;PERCHARGERS

THE TWO-STACI! S{;PI!RCHARGER

Tho variol>le 3peod dri .. ~ !At oioslo .ta~ engine. with roe. m.uimu:m vtnatility cI
ia tow (&0-1(10 Ib) lnd no Jnau.e [0 dra~ ia in\-'oh-.cl. A. au opentton jll. by DeeE:SSUy, automatic. tontl"al II trNtatly tlimplilled.
(IoporaLioD..The eeet in .-e:il'ht

A .1JW .... tap

even though all

(IOmponentl are d6Ilg-ned for the hight-It pot.. si.ble aJtitude of operlltion. rt;Aches Ita limit. doni

Ib th. meclium altitude ,anile. Theso UmJt.ltJonl

r, Sin

ThOkl qualitie~ recommend

ttl UN on aU ai'r.

cratl foqulrina maximum perro't'Mana

(rom "'a

II

tevet to medi\lm altitude.

, ,
~

previoully shown are dl,. ctlnlt"nt. 'he phyJieal dJme:n.ion. of the .\lpercharnr ...hile "... ..,in. ontr the tmpeUe:r apeed, in .ctuII pnn.ic. lb. end,.. "" of the eomp:n.'DOr I.a In. ac do EftWftIN puu,.. i1nPeIle.rdlamot ... and .... cI\h. chtruaer 8IIJI _r .nder Inc:r.JIM in .... In ordtr to hlndle elfidently While the tump.lta
cUiMd on the bM1, of maintAln!.ng 1M

tara ...

"alum.

01 _I,. Accordfn&,ly, " supe ....

c.harvtr W'ft.hproper .fwd compo"''"t .. f()r hhrh altltud. will II..,t. IJo clI""Llu ut E!JTlc::Jtmt J~r .. tormanC41 nia' ... level. A. the volume 01 air to be PUMllfd become. "NIter and the dlamoter oJ the Jmp4tllttr I. In. uuled. 10 doM the .he of t.he ca.el houIJnt tho Impel.. r, ,..1". 1.'taU"lion rtqulrtm.nta malrfl h IIIIIIf'nU.a to ket-P lbla to.rin. MCUon btlo-' ~nal' max.mum dia.mtltr. 2.

I
I

n....... '.,..

At tbt PIWIIl'" N1.)o Intl'HMl, the "",uldnR' l4:mpe:rawrt!l rilO bl'OOmo. 4.lXOI!Uiw a.ml hn. IImit.Onn" on ulI.hI, brake hOI~IJUW4.'I'

t.

1'0",.,

that Ire

'mp",ccteal.

,
f

Thf' torelOln, eumpltA C~ lM ,ev.... th.. "in .... t.aa'o lU~rchal"lf" from the varuUon. in p610rmance obtainable b7 mea,. of d.tt.rent tYPN oC ~ .. , drivt... I:a a.ctaaJ
ineRt ot

pncu.. au","'r

tho doai.,..r uUU- ponlhlo ch...,....ln lhe dailp bapoll .... induction _ and dlll_

.r

_nbl.
or tho

....s.r to obtain
... ran ....

the m()fJtelfidtnt

In oombioation to
(n tbe.

Th ... llml"'tlo,,, .re Avoided by dMdlo th upwth..,..r into two aeparllte PAr"" and eecompUlhh~.. th. eompnYollonin two 1J~"a, Thl. 'Tatem .. called th. two-atagt "Ylltem ... the comPf'll"fon it aeeomplUht.'Ci In t ..", "I.PI! or ....... Tb4I 'ialf"t Aft connected in MM ... and the lirruLllA(JCla of the ainglN>taae IYIlA!1'l\ are .voided .. follows:
I. SolO

aivt' the dcslred performance In a Jpedfi@d .hi.

The C0D81den.Ll.Olll InvoNfd

Two '''''8

r I

.. ian uf a 10\\' altitude tupcrthkI"Jer. which ..,.,,If'I small vclumea or air, dftrer IOme~'bat ftom th .. de.,ign of ... uPQ.rC:h&rttr requin!d to -.Ill!' lJOeI~ible- maximum en.me pertonnanee a.t JIOOO teet Howlrvu, theM {adore do not ban _lab]" .lred UOIllhtDM<hod ot ... \hI!' prteautions DI'JC:lHN..I"Y for ptottioft of

_rat....

".".tne.

or eomprClJ;5iOll .re pr<Wided. The m.aJnatage it' identical tu tbe .up"" ('ha'l'U of the single.st.age engine und, on the ~,..tem used by Pratt and Whitney Air. traIt, It 1'1)01I.~ib(e to operate near "ea levtl ualntJ th. main !luge only. By this meana, Ult ,be of the main flta$te eompontntl t. optimum tor low aJti.tude pu-rumUlDC4t. The auxiliary stage il designed to handle of1lC!onUylhe Iarcer .01..... or air .1 hl.h
I"

PIU IT " WA IT);F.Y AlRCRA PT

PWA. 01. 100

It l1~lh'enI the aIr to the main bta~~ at approxlmut~l:; ita le..'el preNUl"t' so that, at .n tImes, the mAin .tan la functioning r!.e.r itlll point ot bHt per .. turmanc:e. altitude.
By u~hu,
t'110

*u'l'l1l11 imp,UI,.

lame .1I110wdlpac!b." (WI'! the dlameur of th" .Upeft.urpr

fa ha:d withl1" w-.~nab~e t.atiOD.t.
UI...

".ay(~ tht (I( birr" " ....

Mf'bOft.

taL:"Uoet hlftj..
aOT ... PUMP THE
QUANT,-Y

$ANt
"IR

0,

] j

--I

lI.in f(t'SfI Sa.me .... hI.I. ,ta , alJlJle.peW. ft ..MAlt ... Iw,.. np~ Tb. ""'Pf ',T dri"" 'Ilt .... flet1rd to Eiv. tb dftJnt4 Ptrl\~ ,..,. aM In1 "''ltMut \lIot UN el VA .... .u..LN'I KaCt Fo' ab-olJ, .-.a.1l.. 1JD ,.,,~'""."'" ftI'IU' ... 1... el, .II:uI~,.. op(tlitwa ill .~ m..&i ta.ge oat,

aT. nui.", ....

A))\'AXCED

SUPERCHARGING
101ft

TWO STAGE Sl1PERCHAR(;EllS creased airplane pa.$aln.g cooling the installation. Taking two simitar airplanes, one uF.ing "inglf'. ,peecI l\upe~hArdn,~.the other two. stage, and both designed to obtain the- best alOization oC thtlr 1k.}\,H.'rptiwllI, the Jtirplane with the alnal&stAge will be UKht.er and cleaner and wjJI bA\"t' ~i2:e. phuc the dr~g 111\'01\'00in air through the Intercoolers,

2. eollh'ol of tempt rat

riu

detnc:ta from the acrodYJ)amic c}can1ineil9: 6C

~hH~Lf; I..MIG' 5UI"tIlCWAAGUI .. ,THOUT COG_e_

twO

!oil"' ......

S"'.~IIICH.A.G.[

....ITH IHTlltC.OOl,t_

ny toolil"l1r the c:hsl'gt betwMl"l

the Ifte-pl or comprO'6$[on the t~mptrature at thf in,nk. l)Ort, I, held within .. re Iiml... 'ThIs lJeL\"'ccn.tltae-e or inLereoalin, i_ utUit..s on aU frfltt Ie Whhney Ai~rart two-_tase IIy,tem" but it (s no~ nll.'Cn8f1rUy~ on
oU t\\'Oo~Lap ttl.8'ne..

F.n'Ec'r

0" TW(),STA(;F. SYSTF.)I

ON AlRrLAN
Th. Addlti." or the .u"'lIary .t.(O 10 tho fllnllt~..,.t" .. e flt.a1ne Involve,penAltie,ifln tho form or itlcrtlMacd*nt1ne Wfl,M and "b~. ond .ctdi. tlonAI w~li'ht, ~I~ and drilJC lo tho alrplantt. In adllH.lon to the added enaln~wei*ht. 1.1'1.4: lupe_r. cbtlrfll.1t lllu.iL bu charrt!d with t.hf. ""... bt of the interr.oolel"<9. ducts and 4,}xtta control . ~ rD.

auptrlor perf'ormlu'Iee 1" thfl oltltu(le 1'1\flll'C where its f:ngirtf! can maint.tn equal pl'lwer.

143

PRAn' & WHIT~Y MR(,RAFT

TYPICAL 'VSTtw

PWA. OT. 100

O~IVt RATIOS

SEA LEVELMAIN STAGE

ONLY

30,000 F'T-

CHARACTERISTICS MAIN
A J'Ipk.' Two

S,.. SYNut

144

ADVANCEusurEncnARCr~G
TWO STAGE SYSTEMS

TWO ST.~GE St;PERCHAR(;l<!Ril

mum dficieJlc}'""can only be cbtained by

:l thoroUgh

L tear-nth-en . \uxillary Stage a. Plxed RuUo Drive The U3e (If tile two-staa-c~ L...-c-speed supereharger aHow, the er.gine to deuvcr ita mscdmum output at or neat' sea level ,md at the ~me time makta II. puaafble to maintain higb out-put higher altitude$ thAn (.'ouId be obtained with the moat advAnced .ifl&'le-.caae

knowledge of the principle.!! applying to its operation. Effete.. 0" h'lit.alJed Weil'ht lS~,
W .. ~ir..e E.nn. 1:-.",,.... , JntfJl"CI)(Ilers,
Varial>hl llYiO

2S~(;'C!.
2SII(lt'd

1::s2(J 2&0

Doeu, ese.
ToW P6'lftr e S.L, Ratlnr WI,/h, II s.t,
P.... er SOoIIOO Ft..

loi'O

}0i'0

100
Ui"l G!lS SIlO

.8)'3tC1U.

'j'heNe ehar~tel'i8tic.a retOmmend the use of t.}\i~ type of compressor on in. JltaUt\tionfi requirina: a unirorm hlIII pcl'formnftl:tl throU$h wide rans-e ot

\\rtlb:, fit 30000

!.22

1,i'G

attitude without undulY pena,llzjnscthe

tl.lmllattn~M or the lnll-tallatiotl. Nany

of the J1)O$L otroctive fi~hlent uIfed in World War II "'iIi&ed .."int. <qulpt)td with thl~ type oC .uperch.teet. t,fl'leltn' oJ)trlllion of ,he

b. Variable Spt.ocd Drh't! Tb6 two..aLBkO l(oordriv(!J1 liuper .. chal'Q'er (An be provldod wJth It vert .. able epeed drive JlimiiJlf to t,hl\t used on the sfmrlo.4tasre eugfne. 1t J~ VO~

two-.... a
piattr

!Jiblere U~ this t,Yl)6ot drtve on both main ijtld 31,1xlllary 8tJl.1CeJlor to dr[ve tl10 mllJn .l"'\!l'C fm)>ellor fit Rxod
ratio teIJervtnjf the vAriAl)le 81)oed

LWIJ4p'-'ttd lIupereh.irre-l'

plaeu

demAllda upon th\1 pU..,t. than 'Inr~ ,t.a,.II,ttAmJ.ln ..ft'tel, cbreedU!'.,..n\

MJ1nee ArCl.elfJC.tive)y .nRable

eath

and

In
of

.tlLi'~. djlfere.nt

JlmitaUona

opcrHdon (or the ... udHlilry ..uper. "hAre,.r, The AI1I/"ntJlP~ l'CAlh:edArc lb. dame .... wl~h tho IIJnt:1e4tllll !Juperrhat,er,

sewer, bmop and CfltburolOr air \em. per.tUN!: are calle<! tor. Etrfdener ,.
largely

ot the

d()~urm1uud by the k.oowlfdso _Itltude ran,. in wh'eh to use t-I<:h dl'llCtue of ,uperduu.in, eo thAt tho mnximum potontiAi J)Crtorrn.
C()I'~

uncl:I (It ueonomy can .,. ruJb.ed.

F'Ot CXfI,nlplc, it th4:" Ithl.h lnlm "eeetral" to "low'" is made pt'e1nAtu.rel1. con&idvt~bl" JlOWtlt b JOlt u "nfutraJlf wtll turnlsh nlOn po w-er to the propeller Moll lung N it can maintain the manifold pre"Ul'e to whicb "low" ia limited. II the ohltt I. d... ,<'<l by allowing th. tull throttle manifold preuu.re to tall off below the proper ahift value white in. "neutral:' PQ6SibJe perfOtrnAl1Ce is agaln IO$t by not taking ad~a.ntage at the right timi) the inertalCd permi.&5ibJe power capacity (Jf "low." The same comslderat.iona .ppir \\then shift. ing from "low" (0 "nign/' While rougb "rule of thumb" proeeduees fOT shift.. t.ng have sufficed to obtaio & reuonabl,v eftecti;e use of thi, equipment. maxi

i
Compor, ..
1t

01 'OW.t

or

f/feu on Altplone Perfo,.moll'. 1\-'hUe tho mechanism required to drive and controJ the two-staze. verlable-

speed

$UpeCl:ha.rb'"el'

represents

in
145

PIlATI'

WlIITNEY

AJRaL\Yl'

PWA.OI.

100

e*atd

complieatioa.s,it raulu in re.. Utvin,. the pilot of cooa.iderab)e ,... ..ponslbilitie5 for dec:taion. ttrtr'lftl "he use of the .. -ariO\l.l compt'tlllOJ' "t..~a. Operation is ~ntirel1 automatk hnt.1CAlls for little mere coekpit ",ten. tlnn than would be reQuired by. alna:l..
141t1~~CURine.

The e:!CNttAtvrb,nNri~
buieaJly the
aaft'I4I U

au~

is

c. Other Al'l'an&:emenhl Ctar--Drlyftt Tw()o!\IIIi:e Supt':nhatrt.ft

or

the auxil:a.ry stage of the a.upcrch3-l"'ger. The ImpeI1er, ditrllter and (:oIleetor are designed to aec:omptiah the NM6 (unction as a .rear-driven au.xilia.C)' &t.MyU. '11\1,1 OUCl\liAJ difference hi thut with tbe turbo "u~rl"hAr"er the impe))er Is

gear~h-en

tW04la. ...

"'h.
.......

t... ac:are arn.nsement .hOWD In FI,. 49 I. Ih. _ tbaL baa boon _

('fan enlrint'L Otht.r

""t"l(',..~tun,..
velved,

\untrt

Colly Oft PnLL and Will"'., AI... t~ltI' manu!_ ha\"t UHd othtr arrarUtcm4ll\lI "I'he K)eeUUJ1 t.ht ,)' ..

driven by turbine utJlb.ing the enerlirYIlvail~ able in the txhllUlt Pltfl. 'fh~~IAtiCinool..... teen the ..... Uiary and maln .\ap, inlcrcoolen and urbureton ..,...lM umlO.n both mte'rn,,- A tur_
billodrh-t:ll t.UI)tRt\arr" I, then. \'a.r1ab~ ~ aux'itia,., .u,. roJDp~ and ita U~ ,.,~ lo1I..... t.h~ maintcbUaOCl of .. leva) powet' to hiatt altitudo ... thin thfll timl1. of .Dowable l.t1rblne Jrpeed and cwer.aU t.mlM)1"&wro rllt.

ut

(tim dependl upon the enl1.ne conRrura.

tion nnd tht iMc.lIllti<m probI.mI In.

(AIII.U."O" INlft~,..CC

t.

41'

SUf)Cl'('haralna offer" ch., m... nll of obttllnb\{l wide nr5etftlt ('If AJ"IPIk-.tion ot ... stven bAtlo ~ne pawn Ik'etiun to dllfere:nt altitude requ1"",.n1.l. T'hft .",.IM dNignff. UUUIJn,r th. -.me c)lIncl1n. p'.tort .... cut ete S. able. by Ill' add,,1on ol tho prop<r dea ot ..... r. (haritna. to mate. th" ... fM bANe t.n~N ftt the _Wi", l"tqulrwm",' .. or M:Vlr'II!l),p" o( .Ir. aIL To A,wmpb.h tho Idle 1'UlN1t.a II)' n\Cln. of UMUJW'rthAraf'<l M"lIln4"1\ ,.he engine det'Kncr ~uWcl to rrvvlde eomplettly dltrtl"lInt enKine 104:' C'.th .JUtud~ need. 'J he advQJ1tl\8'@"

r"

rut,.

0' m:utu(At'wrln, t"C'Onomy And In &uPI,li srld ma.lD.t.~nance"" obvlou".

[jch ..ddltJonal inc"'IL~, in tne dc ..ree tit 4IU" percbarain.lc. tula",l." the rut:rictio"fU necctMry in ardu to hl"ON Mte tmtine operation. It It

es.scUaJ 0.1 the o~n.tnr understand the net800 ~trfor the. r.ultCliOM and baf.ehbopenttI,.. p<oeOd ..... on a ntoondod kno~ ol tho etJec:t of t.be 'UIk"-rt'wuv'r \lIl'd 00 engine oper. ~ etficie.[)() and .. (MY.

The uoo\'e comblnatioOll can be rewranprl nlmoat indcfi.nlt.cly wUh thCC:lrburAtnr bulorc the auxili~rr in.
tt-nlt-age ur after

the maln 'I'he cooter enn be intel'''tMi''' or art.:! tN! Main Jltage. Soaw'imd it ,. omlltw. Tho .o~tiOD of the radial .nll..

.ta,.. "t.".

",.tee it moat IogiI::alfor 146

rt to Uff: the am npme:nt. origi.DaJls Jb,o,na,.

For Lhe ~ ol cnl'ine8 eQui[>pM with one: or lhe Bever" MlJ)Orclwrger" Pratt &. Whitney Airen..rt h.. vubllC:At'on vRilable whicb dill .. C"U&a in detail tbe operating probJems pecuUaf to specific: -aptl'('h.rW('r model". TheJse inflt:ruc~ Uon.$ are au.ppltmt.nu.1"}" to this genel"3J in.tr\lc~ tioC1 ar.d are n1Ulable to t~ o])C.ra.tora havinr

ddIIU~ -.I tor Ihla lnformation.

M~NUAL OF F,NGINF,OPERATION APPENDIX

PRATT

& IIHITNEY

AIRCRAFT

The foll<J1Jting htforlMtiOft vu Ofitirsalh iss"",, (ngiClt Operation IbforlMlioll LeU." "'hie'- u"I .. ente~ 11.. IJ! ~,~ UPI"f'llt:" x, The slIbJecta covered Irfl of gene". I Interest to a.gl. OCtet"' ..... 6, therefor e, arID; inc-lllde6 in

,.~""i

th III reI'"

."tell c09f.
AII'

Carburetor

rpentur

.......

ruent 0. Single Rew ~i .....

ly. C&r1I .... lor lajectiOft (arburetoll

AUenllen: Ooeralots With U~t FUll P.... lllre U.lh

With ,,. .. sue

*9netO Cl'eck M W.sp ( 13.0)

Ttfi" ... p.C"

ft,.,.. . . . . . . . . ..
....

L Iml t.
h.

(1 ... 1830) - (I-tOOO) C,UtMtor )tOld luper.hr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '.11,1' ..

. . . . . . . . . .. "5
l&

C<ItIt',."atlo"

Of hili. ' .... Un, tht,rlt .

Onl ",. .ctlct ,...tMrfflg

...... , "tell! P,o.lIer Proc.dl,lr. To ..

O .. ratlon

47
A8 ~
~IO

Ttlreo(t
Motn.h

.I'd ~.rbll4'.to'
.. "....of

'ol100'tf
hUo

In TM (Ont. Of hMW', 'rope II.,.

AI" Tt."r.h!re

U.lta,

'0ft. 0" Th. u..

410

or ""~ ,,,"".,
Clleclll Dud_,

1-1it"

f,.~fllv~t 'ewer thtc~lng

Ute

0'

full

t I'0fI"t,

All Al3

tonbot

or

'owe,

.
Oro, Me'heId or $ottl., C,.i .. Mbhro

Torqut" .. nr.

Entitle 014' .... dlIl9

~'"
A.2S

A26
Ut.

or ,.,

'oo.l , ...,.
in I)odle

. .
Engines Uflder Moi,t .1,

On t,.111.... , tfMd Telfl,.r.t..,e

A27

Powe, lou

W .. , CA (1-2100)

tond it I 0tI..

. . . . . . 428
i30
A" A3a AS7 438

The EffeQt Of Mh:h.tre St,en,'"

And Breall llo,..eOOlller 161. "'h{lu,.. s.ttint ..... I'Ianifold ,,.e-lS&I", htinglfj'hin,
tI$

a,. At

'art nrottl.

(nline- 81O!"trfires O .. ing $t.rtin-g

Prestart

El'Igi~ Prc;IC:e~hre
'rt!\S&!r-t'!

Minillu:n ,""Hold

4~0
.. I

l1'1Hgency lb. Of 'ri. W4ter 'tljc:ction

10 .... tol'8 'OIttr Under tel"'9 toDdit ion. Engi..,..

For leci,r~ting

m
Al