In Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Tess, the heroine, has hardships and

injustices endlessly heaped upon her, however, she never wallows in self-pity or
abandons hope. Pragmatic and selfless, honest and kind, she is clearly shown to the
reader to be "a pure woman", as the subtitle of the novel states. Society, human
selfishness, and the "President of the Immortals" are all guilty of dragging her
inexorably towards her tragic grave, while she is innocent - or nearly so - and
fights against her fate to the end.

Ironically, it is because Tess is so pure that she is banished from society, just as
Jesus Christ becomes a martyr for truth. Again and again she has the opportunity to
improve her own material lot but she is not prepared to compromise her principles.
In Chapter XII, on learning of her affair with rich Alec, Tess's mother exclaims,
"Any woman but you would have got him to marry thee". Tess, however, will not
stoop to a "convulsive snatching at social salvation". Similarly, Tess agonizes over
whether to reveal her "Bygone Trouble" to Angel, and is twice warned: “Many a
woman...have had a Trouble in their time; and why should you trumpet yours when
others don't trumpet theirs?” However, Tess does not follow the advice of her
worldly-wise mother. A deeply moral person, she cannot bring herself to conceal
the truth, when Angel believes her to be spotless.

Though Tess is not entirely without sin and does make mistakes in her life, in
spirit her intentions are invariably good. Twice she is seduced by Alec and lives
with him for a period of time, and there is little doubt that the second time at least,
as a married woman, she is doing the wrong thing. However, both times she is not
thinking of her personal gains or pleasure but of her family, towards whom she still
feels a debt, and Alec ruthlessly takes advantage of this weakness to seduce her.
After her father’s death, the family is evicted and becomes penniless. Tess, given a
second chance, sacrifices her own peace of mind for the well being of her relatives:
“My little sisters and brothers and my mother's needs - they were the things you
moved me by...and you said my husband would never come back - never!”

Until the moment of her final crime, Tess is prepared to suffer for others, to the
extent of abandoning all hope of personal happiness with Angel; yet her most
altruistic actions are perversely seen by society as evidence of her immorality.
Because of her sacrificial attitude, Tess becomes a natural scapegoat, and those
around her find it easy to shake off their own responsibilities. In the very beginning
of the novel she is propelled from her sheltered existence into the clutches of Alec,
because she wrongly feels entirely responsible for the death of the family's horse
and thinks it her duty to support the family after this catastrophe. Similarly, it is out
of respect for Angel's preposterous wishes that she refrains from writing to him in
Brazil to tell him how she misses him, until it is too late. Furthermore, it is because
she can sense an air of reproach in her family when she returns home for the
second time that she casts herself out and endures physical hardship and mental
pain at Flintcomb-Ash. Her sensitivity to others' emotions undoubtedly plays a
central role in the ruination of her life, and so in absolute terms Tess is at least
partly responsible for her fate.

There is a slight suggestion in Hardy's writing that Tess's stoicism is derived

from pride and self-righteousness. When Angel hypocritically rejects her on
account of her past, "if Tess had been artful, had she made a scene, fainted, wept
hysterically...he would probably not have withstood her", the narrator comments,
“Pride, too, entered into her submission - which perhaps was a symptom of that
reckless acquiescence in chance too apparent in the whole d'Urberville family.”
However, this is the only reference in the novel to any self-respect feelings in Tess,
and until the bitter end she is depicted as unassuming, pragmatic, and determined
not to give in to fate like her family or the other Talbothays girls. It is because she
worships Angel that she is proud not to contradict him, in the same way martyrs
are proud to be tortured for their God.

Throughout the novel, then, Tess is shown to be pure in intention and selfless in
all acts, until she surprisingly, spitefully murders Alec. This is the single action
that proves to be her ultimate downfall, a totally unnecessary crime of passion.
Perhaps any other person in the same situation would have cracked much earlier,
perhaps any other person would not have attempted to abide by the rules of
personal morality for so long; nonetheless, Tess has no right to take Alec's life.

In terms of the society in which she lives, Tess is to some extent guilty of
bringing about her own fate, and is somewhat her own hangman. However, it is
this same society that has so unjustly marked her out as unclean, that has so
forcefully put the noose around her neck. This society blindly ignores Christian
principles, judging her on deeds and not on intentions, and unwilling to forgive her
past. “This impure society”, argues Hardy, “punishes the honest and the
conscientious”. There is another factor too in Tess's downfall, namely, a fate that
has sought in every step of Tess's life to trip her up, a "President of the Immortals"
that plays with Tess in the way a cat plays with a helpless mouse. Tess is alone
fighting against these huge forces, the social and the natural, heroically defending
virtue in the face of rampant vice. It is little wonder she finally cracks. Indeed, it
may well be because she finally cracks, because she is human, that the reader
admires her and sympathizes with her to such an extent.

From the above analysis, we can get a general knowledge about

Tess. In Hardy’s eyes, though Tess lost her
virginity, she was still a pure woman, and she was the
representative of all pure women. On the other hand,
though she murdered Alec, she was not a murderess but a fighter
against fate. As a dutiful daughter and passive
victim, she is a fighter against fate and other tragic issues. She is
a heroic martyr.