Chapter-23 Water Treatment

Chapter-23 Water Treatment

Condenser

chiller

boiler

(chemical treatment

hea
(scale)

Cooling

(atmosphere)

tower

Cooling tower
"Legionnaires' disease"
Chilled water system

(atmosphere)

Air conditioning system

water treatment
centralized air conditioning system

Centralized air conditioning system

Refrigeration Ton (

Centralized air conditioning system

chiller

(water)

air cooled chiller

heat transfer media

chiller evaporator

AHU

water cooled
FCU

chilled water circuit/loop

C
Chilled wa

open

2-1

Chillers and Chilled Water Systems

Closed loop chiller water system

chilled water

blow-down

closed loop chiller

water system

abrasive particles)
pump

piping system

equipment

Equipment

(breakdown)
(unscheduled

shutdowns)

..

heat transfer performance

v .

Table 23-1
Scale thickness (Inches)

Overall heat transfer coefficient

Loss in heat transfer (%)

(BTU/ft /F)

0.000

92.77

0.012

63.10

31.98%

0.024

47.81

48.46%

0.036(0.91mm)

38.49

58.51%

0.048

32.20

62.00%

0.060

27.69

70.00%

0.0625 (1/16 inch)

26.89

71.00%

fouling

scale)

overall heat transfer coefficient

(BTU/ft /F)
S

Table 23-1

(BTU/ft

BTU/ft /F

overall heat transfer coefficient

.

BTU/ft /F

heat

BTU

.
overall he
Closed loop chiller water system

control limit
2-2

.
.

63.10Btu
water quality)

Chapter-23 Water Treatment

Table 23-2 Water quality control limit

Conductivity (micro S)

pH

Turbidity (TFU)

Iron (PPM)

<2,500

8 to 11

<20

<3 ppm

Control Limit

pH

(acid)

alkaline)

Closed loop chil

20 TFU

turbidity T
t

T
T

-
Iron(ppm)

-
2-3

Chillers and Chilled Water Systems

. O

Loop Condenser Water System

Open loop

.. S
mineral content
Sodium

(scale formation)

Cooling tower water

.. I
Calcium)

Sodium)

C
.. Fouling
H
S

performance)

heat exchanger

heat e

sand

fluid velocity

heat

transfer surface)

2-4

fl

Chapter-23 Water Treatment

.. Biological Fouling

prot

heat

surface

transfer

biological film)
biological fouling
-

.. Microbiological Controls
Microbiological c
guide line)

guide line)

Table 23-3
Microbiological Analysis

Frequency

Control Criteria

Standard Plate Count(SPC)

Monthly

<

Legionalla Pneumophilla

Once every 3 months

Negative detection

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

Once every 6 months

Negative detection

Denitrifying Bacteria

Once every 6 months

Negative detection

Pseudomonas

Once every 6 months

< 500 CFU/mL

international

standards

(The total

number of bacteria in a specified amount of water.)

condenser

1mL
L

bacteria)
legionellosis

2-5

Chillers and Chilled Water Systems

Legionalla Pneumophilla bacteria

Sulfate reducing b

condenser wa

1 mL)

.. Corrosion Rate Controls

Table 23-4
Corrosion Rate Analysis

Test Method

Control Criteria

Mild Steel

< 1 mpy

Copper

< 0.1 mpy

black ste

.. Water Quality Parameter Controls

Table 23-5
Water Quality Analysis

Test Method

Control Criteria

pH Value

Field Test Kit & Laboratory method APHA 3120B

Between 7 to 8.8

Total Dissolved Solid

Field Test Kit & Laboratory method APHA 3120B

< 3000 ppm

Iron (Fe)

Field Test Kit & Laboratory method APHA 3120B

< 1.00 mg/L

Copper (Cu)

Laboratory method APHA 3120B

<0.50 mg/L

Zinc (Zn)

Laboratory method APHA 3120B

<2 mg/L

Chloride

Laboratory method APHA 3120B

< 500 ppm Cl

Total Hardness

Laboratory method APHA 3120B

<800 ppm

Condenser water

pH v

T
T

T S

T S

PPM
Dissolv

Total
S

T S

Iron

Iron

Condenser water

2-6

Chapter-23 Water Treatment

[Copper(Cu)]

Copper(Cu)]

Zinc

Con

Zinc

.. Cost
application)
Pla

Approch

Stainless s
. Water Treatment for Chilled Water

Chilled water system

closed recirculating water system

Closed system

(advantage)

() Closed system

(leakage)

make-up

water

deposit
() Closed system
Closed system
() Closed system

anaerobic environment

(entrained air
biological fouling
(corrosion

problem)
2-7

Chillers and Chilled Water Systems

corrosio
Closed system
action

corrosion

crevice attack

oxygen pitting

Corrosion

galvanic

shot feed

chemical treatment
Closed system

(chemicals)

Chilled water system

molybdate corrosion inhibitor
molybdate

200300 ppm

treatment l

. Chemical Treatment and Cleaning

Cooling tower

Cooling tower

[outbreak of legion

Cooling tower

200-ton cooling tower

()

calcium

carbonate

condenser tube

Cooling tower
Cooling tower

water treatment system

() Blowdown:
Water treatment program Cycle of Concentration
Concentration condenser water
concentration level

bleed o

(high

concentration)

(hardness)

(unit)

ppm
Cycle of concentration condenser water
(dissolved solid)

(make up water)

Blown down

BD = Blown down flow

Cycles = cycle of concentration

Cycle of concentration () () blowdown

2-8

Chapter-23 Water Treatment

rate

total flow rate

0.5

1.0%

() Scale Prevention
pH (acid levels)

pH (acid

levels)

acids inorganic phosphates

() Corrosion Control
carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) low pH

high dissolved solid

blowdown

Blowdown
() Biological growth
Slime

(algae)

chlorine

chlorine compound

( ) Foam and Scum

Organic material

(foam)

Cooling tower
water

treatment

Cooling

ozone (O3)
Ozone

oxidizer
biological growth

Ozone

(non-chemical) treatment
(electromagnetism)

Non-chemical treatment
dissolved solid

biological growth

. Makeup Water
Cooling tower (water loss)
() Evaporation loss
() Drift loss
() Blown down loss

bleed off loss

make up water system

Condenser water system open system

condenser water

(evaporation) (makeup water) Chiller efficiency

condenser water Chemical

non chemical water treatment

condenser water (quality)

(prevent scaling) chiller
condenser tube (fouling) water treatment system
cooling tower
drift and blowdown

tower flow rate

tower condenser water make up water

1)

drift

evaporation
%

Cooling

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (Vol.

-End2-9

Chillers and Chilled Water Systems

Contents

. Closed Loop Chiller Water System ................................................................................ 2

.. Heat Transfer Coefficient vs. Fouling ..........................................................................................

. Open Loop Condenser Water System ............................................................................ 4

.. Scale Formation .......................................................................................................................

.. Inside Corrosion.......................................................................................................................

.. Fouling ...................................................................................................................................

.. Biological Fouling .....................................................................................................................

.. Microbiological Controls ............................................................................................................

.. Corrosion Rate Controls ............................................................................................................

.. Water Quality Parameter Controls ..............................................................................................

.. Cost .......................................................................................................................................
. Water Treatment for Chilled Water ............................................................................... 7
. Chemical Treatment and Cleaning ................................................................................ 8
. Makeup Water............................................................................................................ 9

2-10