Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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Timeline of Muslim History
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Sixth century (501-600)
570: Birth of Muhammad, Year of the Elephant (approximate date) and death of Abdullah, prophet
Muhammad's father.
576: Death of Aminah bint Wahb, The Mother of Muhammad; (approximate date).
583: Muhammad's journey to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib (approximate date)
594: Muhammad works for Khadija; leads her trade caravan to Syria and back (approximate date)
599: Birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Shia believe that he was born in the Ka'ba) in the city of Mecca. The cousin of
Muhammad and his son in law, is the fourth caliphaccording to Sunni belief; and the first Imam according to Shiite
belief.
605: Birth of Fatimah the daughter of Muhammad. She was the wife of Ali ibn Abu Talib and all of
610: The first declared revelation of the QURAN in the cave at Hira.
614: Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish. A party of Muslims migrates to Abyssinia
619: Lifting of the boycott. Deaths of Abu Talib and Khadija, Year of Sorrow.
624: Battle of Badr. Expulsion of the Bani Qainuqa Jews from Medina.
628: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Battle of Khaybar. Muhammad sends letters to various heads of states.
632: Death of Muhammad. Death of Fatima, his daughter. Abu Bakr assumes power as caliph. Battles of Zu
Qissa. Battles of Zu Abraq. Battle of Buzakha. Battle of Zafar. Battle of Naqra. Campaigns against Bani
633: Campaigns in Bahrain, Oman, Yemen, and Hadramaut. Raids in Iraq.Battle of Kazima, Battle of
Mazar, Battle of Walaja, Battle of Ullais, Battle of Hira, Battle of Al-Anbar, Battle of Ein-ul-Tamr, Battle of Daumat-
634: Battle of Bosra, Battle of Damascus, Battle of Ajnadin. Death of Abu Bakr. Umar ibn al-Khattab assumes
644: Conquest of Fars, Kerman, Sistan, Mekran and Kharan. Assassination of Umar. Uthman ibn
656: Uthman is killed. Ali ibn Abi Talib becomes the fourth caliph. Battle of the Camel.
657: Ali shifts the capital from Medina to Kufa. Battle of Siffin.
660: Ali recaptures Hijaz and Yemen from Muawiyah. Muawiyah I declares himself as the caliph at Damascus.
669: Hasan ibn Ali, the second imam of the Shiites is poisoned and killed. Husayn ibn Ali becomes Imam of Ali
670: Advance in North Africa. Uqba bin Nafe founds the town of Kairouan in Tunisia. Conquest of Kabul.
674: The Muslims cross the Oxus. Bukhara becomes a vassal state.
680: Death of Muawiyah. Yazid I becomes caliph. Battle of Karbala and Husayn bin Ali is killed along with his
companions. Ali ibn Husayn becomes Imam of Ali ibn Abi Talib's followers (Shiites).
682: North Africa Uqba bin Nafe marches to the Atlantic, is ambushed and killed at Biskra. The Muslims
684: Abd Allah ibn Zubayr declares himself as the caliph at Mecca. Marwan I becomes the caliph
685: Death of Marwan I. Abd al-Malik becomes the caliph at Damascus. Battle of Ain ul Wada.
687: Battle of Kufa between the forces of Mukhtar and Abd Allah ibn Zubayr. Mukhtar killed.
695: Kharijites' revolts in Jazira and Ahwaz. Battle of the Karun. Campaigns against Kahina in North Africa. The
Muslims once again withdraw to Barqa. The Muslims advance in Transoxiana and occupy Kish.
700: Campaigns against the Berbers in North Africa. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had
713: Ali ibn Husayn, the fourth Imam of shiite was poisoned and martyred. Muhammad al-
715: Death of Walid I. Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik becomes Umayyad Caliph.
740: Shi'a Zaydi Revolt under Zayd bin Ali. Berber revolt in North Africa. Battle of the Nobles.
743: Muhammad al-Baqir is poisoned. Jafar al-Sadiq becomes Imam. Death of Hisham. Al-Walid II becomes
744: Deposition of Walid II. Yazid III becomes Umayyad Caliph and his death. Ibrahim becomes Umayyad
Caliph and his overthrow. Battle of Ain al Jurr. Marwan IIbecomes Umayyad Caliph.
745: Musa al-Kazim, the seventh Imam of Shiite is born. (Ismail bin Jafar is the 7th rightful Imam according to
746: Battle of Rupar Thutha, Kufa and Mosul occupied by Marwan II.
749: Battle of lsfahan and Battle of Nihawand. Capture of Kufa by the Abbasids. As-Saffah becomes the
751: Conquest of Wasit by the Abbasid. Murder of the Minister Abu Salama. Battle of Talas with Tang Dynasty
of China.
formulated theology and Shariah of shiite during his life, which called Mazhabe Jafari. Musa al-
Kazim becomes Imam. Ali ar Rida the eighth imam was born.
766: Sayram in Central Asia taken from the Nestorians. Evangelical army of Arab Muslims and recent converts
767: Khariji state set up by Ibn Madrar at Sijilmasa. Ustad Sees revolt in Khurasan.
788: Idrisid state set up in the Maghrib. Death of Abd-ar-rahman I of Spain, and accession of Hisham I.
800: Musa al-Kazim is poisoned in prison of Harun al-Rashid. Ali al-Rida becomes Imam. Aghlabid rule is
established in North Africa. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 2 per cent of the
805: Campaigns against the Byzantines. Capture of the islands of Rhodes and Cyprus.
814: Civil war between Amin and al-Ma'mun. Amin killed and Ma'mun becomes the Caliph.
816: Shi'a revolt in Mecca; Harsama quells the revolt. In Spain the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica.
818: Ali al-Rida is poisoned in Mashhad. Muhammad al-Taqi becomes Imam. The Umayyads of Spain capture
820: Tahir ibn Husayn establishes the rule of the Tahirids in Khurasan.
823: Death of Tahir in Khurasan. Accession of Talha and his deposition. Accession of Abdullah ibn Tahir al-
Khurasani.
827: Ali al-Hadi, the 10th Shia Imam is born. Ma'mun declares the Mu'tazili creed as the state religion.
839: Revolt of Maziar in Tabaristan. The Muslims occupy South Italy. Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily.
849: Death of the Tahirid ruler Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani; accession of Tahir II.
856: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz founds the Habbarid rule in Sind.
866: Al-Musta'in flees from Samarra, his deposition and accession of al-Mu'tazz; Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-
868: Ali al-Hadi is poisoned. Hasan al-Askari becomes Imam. Muhammad al-Mahdi, the last Imam of shiite is
869: The Abbasid Caliph Mu'tazz forced to abdicate, his death and accession of al-Muhtadi. Beginning of Zanj
Revolt in Basra.
870: Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death and accession of al-Mu'tamid.
874: Hasan al-Askari is poisoned. Muhammad al-Mahdi becomes Imam. He has gone into hiding by the order
of Allmighty Allah and will emerge to save mankind and establish Islamic Law all over the world as shiite and
muslims believe. Up to 939 only 4 men could communicate with him. Zanji state established at al-Muktara
during Zanj revolt in South Iraq. Death of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr I.
877: Death of Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari in Sistan, accession of Amr bin Layth.
885: Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt, accession of Khumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun.
886: Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of al-Mundhir. Death of Abdullah ibn
888: Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi.
892: Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid death. al-Mu'tadid becomes Caliph. Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr,
accession of Ismail I.
893: Zaidi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim
896: Death of Khumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun; accession of Abul Asakir Jaish.
898: Qarmatians sack Basra. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 3 per cent of
the total.
10th century (900-999) (288 AH – 391 AH)
902: Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid; al-Muktafi becomes Caliph. Death of the Saffarid ruler Amr bin
Laith.
903: Assassination of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Said of Qarmatian; accession of Abu Tahir.
905: Abdullah bin Hamdan founds the Hamdanid rule in Mosul and Jazira. End of the Tulunid rule in Egypt.
908: Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muktafi; accession of al-Muqtadir. End of the Saffarid rule, annexation of
909: Sa'id ibn Husayn, with the help of his chief missionary-commander Abdullah ibn Husayn Al-
Shi'i overthrows the Aghlabids and founds the Fatimid rule in North Africa at which time he changes his title
to Imam Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah. The Aghlabid Ziyadat Allah is thus expelled from the region, and with him the
912: Death of the Umayyad Abdallah ibn Muhammad in Spain, accession of Abd-ar-rahman III.
913: Assassination of the Samanid ruler Ahmad II, accession of Nasr II.
929: Qarmatians sack Mecca and carry away the Black Stone from the Kaaba. In Spain, Abd-ar-rahman
931: Deposition and restoration of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir. Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Tahir;
934: Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph al-Qahir; accession of ar-Radi. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah;
935: Rukn al-daula conquered Ray and established Buwayhid government of rey. Assassination of
the Ziyarid ruler Mardawij; accession of Washimgir. Death ofHamdanid ruler Abdullah ibn Hamdan accession
of Nasir al-Daula.
936: By coup, Ibn Raiq becomes the Amir al-Umara under Abbasid Caliph ar-Radi.
943: Al-Ba'idi captures power. The Abbasid Caliph al-Muttaqi is forced to seek refuge with the Hamdanids. Sail
ud Daula captures power at Baghdad and the Caliph returns to Baghdad. Power is captured by Tuzun and Sail ud
Daula retires to Mosul. Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr II, accession of Hamid Nuh I.
945: Death of Tuzun. Shirzad becomes Amir ul Umra. The Mo'ez o-dowleh capture power and stablished
946: Death of the Fatimid Caliph A1 Qaim. Accession of Mansur. Death of the Ikhshid ruler Muhammad bin
949: Death of the Buwahid shah of Fars,'Imad al-Daula. Accession of 'Adud al-Daula.
954: Death of the Samanid ruler Hamid Nuh I, accession of Abdul Malik I.
961: Death of the Samanid ruler Abdul Malik I, accession of Mansur I. Alptgin founds the rule of
the Ghazanavids. Death of the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Rahman III in Spain; accession of al-Hakam II. Death of
965: Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Mansur; accession of Hasan Azam. Assassination of
the Ikhshid ruler Abul Hasan Ali; power captured by Malik Kafur.
967: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Muiz ud Daula, accession of Azad o-dowleh Bakhtiar. Death of
968: Byzantines occupy Aleppo. Death of the Ikhshid ruler Malik Kafur; accession of Abul Fawaris.
972: Buluggin ibn Ziri founds the rule of the Zirids Algeria.
973: Shi'a Sunni disturbances in Baghdad; power captured in Baghdad by the Turkish General Subuktgin.
974: Abdication of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Muti; accession of at-Ta'i.
975: Death of the Turk General Subuktgin. Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Muizz.
976: The Buwayhid Sultan Izz al-Daula recaptures power with the help of his cousin Azud ud Daula. Death of
the Samanid ruler Mansur I, accession of Nuh II. In Spain death of the Umayyad Caliph al-Hakam II, accession
of Hisham II.
978: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Azad o-dowleh Bakhtiar, power captured by Azud ud Daula who ruled
982: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Azud ud Daula; accession of Samsam o-dowleh.
989: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Sharaf ud Daula, accession of Baha ud Daula.
996: Death of the Zirid ruler Mansur, accession of Nasir ud Daula Badis.
997: Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh II, accession of Mansur II.
998: Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur II, accession of Abdul Malik II. Mahmud of Ghaznavid becomes the
Amir of Ghazni.
999: End of the Samanids. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 4 per cent of the
total.
11th century (1001-1100) (391 AH – 494 AH)
1012: In Spain, power is captured by Bani Hamud. Death of the Buwayhid Baha ud Daula, accession of Sultan
ud Daula.
1016: Death of the Zirrid ruler Nasir ud Daula Badis; accession of Al Muizz.
1020: The Buwayhid Sultan ud Daula is overthrown by Musharaf ud Daula, Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al
1031: In Spain, deposition of Hisham III, and end of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba. Death of
1036: Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ali az-Zahir, accession of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah Toghrül is crowned as
1040: Battle of Dandanaqan, the Seljuks defeat the Ghazanavids. Deposition of Mas'ud I of Ghaznavid Sultan,
1047: The Zirids in North Africa repudiate allegiance to the Fatimid and transfer allegiance to the Abbasids.
1057: Basasiri recaptures power in Baghdad, deposes Al-Qa'im and offers allegiance to the Fatimid Caliph.
The Zirids abandon their capital Ashir and establish their capital atBougie.
1071: Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine emperor taken captive by the Seljuks.
1086: Battle of Zallakha. The Almoravids defeat the Christians in Spain. Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan
1091: The Normans conquer the island of Sicily; end of the Muslim rule.
1092: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah I, accession of Mahmud I of Great Seljuk.
1094: Death of Seljuk Sultan Mahmud I; accession of Barkiyaruq. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadi,
accession of Mustahzir.
1099: The crusaders capture Jerusalem. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 5
1105: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Barkiyaruq, accession Of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.
1107: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan I, succession of Malik Shah of Rüm.
1116: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah. accession of Mas'ud of Rüm.
1118: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad; accession of Mahmud II of Great Seljuk. Death
capture Saragossa.
1128: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Qutb ud Din Muhammad; accession of Atsiz.
1130: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II of Great Seljuk; accession of Toghrül II.
1147: In the Maghrib Al Moravids overthrown by the Almohad under Abd al-Mu'min.
1148: End of the Zirid rule' in North Africa. Siege of Damascus repulsed, thus effectively
winning the Second Crusade.
1152: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Great Seljuk, accession of Malik Shah III.
1153: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah III, accession of Mehmed II of Great Seljuk.
1156: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Rüm, accession of Kilij Arslan II.
1159: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mehmed II of Great Seljuk, accession of Gulaiman.
1160: Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtafi, accession of al-Mustanjid. Death of the
1161: Death of the Seljuk Süleyman of Great Seljuk, accession of Arslan Shah.
1163: Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min, accession of Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph.
dynasty in Egypt.
1175: The Ghurids defeat the Guzz Turks and occupy Ghazni.
1176: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Arslan Shah, accession of Toghrül III.
1179: Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustadi, accession of an-Nasir. Shahab ud Din
1185: Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph, accession of Yaqub, Almohad
Caliph.
1191: First Battle of Tarain between the Rajputs and the Ghurids.
1199: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Tukush Shah; accession of Ala ud Din. Death of
the Almohad ruler Yaqub, Almohad Caliph; accession of Muhammad an-Nasir. Conquest
of Northern India and Bengal by the Ghurids. By the end of this century, global Muslim
1202: Death of the Ghurid Sultan Ghias ud Din; accession of Mahmud of Ghurid.
1206: Death of Shahab ud Din Ghuri. Qutb ud Din Aibik crowned king in Lahore.
1210: Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan Mahmud, accession of Sam. Death of Qutb ud Din
1211: End of the Ghurid rule, their territories annexed by the Khawarzam Shahs. In
1212: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain, end of the Almohad rule in Spain. The
Almohads suffer defeat by the Christians in Spain at the Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohad
1213 Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir's death. Accession of his son Yusuf II, Almohad
Caliph.
1216: The Marinids under their leader Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco.
1217: The Marinids suffer defeat in the battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river. Abdul
1218: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I, accession of Al-Kamil. The Marinids return
1220: Death of the Khwarezmid Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm, accession of Jalal ad-Din
Mingburnu.
1222: Death of the Zengid ruler Nasir al-Din Mahmud, power captured by Badr ud Din Lulu.
1223: Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph, accession of Abdul-Wahid I,
Almohad Caliph. In Spain a brother of Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph declares his independence and
assumes the title of Al Adil (Abdallah, Almohad Caliph). In Spain Abu Muhammad of
Caliph.
1224: Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid I, accession of Abdallah, Almohad Caliph.
1227: Assassination of the Almohad ruler Abdullah Adil, accession of his son, Yahya.
1229: Death of the Almohad ruler Yahya, accession of Idris I. The Ayyubid Al-
Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians. Abu Muhammad of Spain dies in Spain and is
succeeded by Al Mamun of Spain. Al Mamun invades Morocco with Christian help. Yahya is
1232: Death of the Almohad ruler Idris I, accession, of Abdul Wahid II. Assassination of Al
1240: Death of Ar-Rashid of Spain; accession of his son Abu Said of Spain.
1242: Death of Muiz ud din Bahram, accession of Ala ud din Masud as Delhi Sultan. Death of
the Almohad ruler Abdul Wahid, accession of Ali, Almohad Caliph. Death of
1244: The Almohad defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash.
1246: Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud din Masud, accession of Nasir ud din Mahmud.
1248: Death of the Almohad ruler Ali, Almohad Caliph, accession of Umar, Almohad Caliph.
Abu Said (??) attacks Tlemsen (??), but is ambushed and killed; accession of his son Murtada.
1250: The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greatar part thereof.
the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim. End of the Abbasid rule. The Mongols under Hulagu
Khanestablish their rule in Iran and Iraq with the capital at Maragah (???). Berek Khan the
Muslim chief of the Golden Horde protests against the treatment meted out to
1259: Abu Abdullah the Hafsid ruler declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name
of Al Mustansir.
1260: Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria. The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, and
the spell of the invincibility of the Mongols is broken. Baibars becomes the Mamluk Sultan.
1262: Death of Bahauddin Zikriya in Multan who is credited with the introduction of
1265: Death of Hulagu Khan. Death of Fariduddin Ganjshakar the Chishti saint of the South
Asia.
1266: Death of Berke Khan, the first ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam.
The eighth crusade: the crusaders invade Tunisia; failure of the crusade.
1267: Malik ul Salih establishes the first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia. Umar,
Almohad Caliph seeks the help of the Christians, and the Spaniards invade Morocco.
The Marinids drive away the Spaniards from Morocco. Assassination of Umar, Almohad Caliph;
1270: Death of Mansa Wali the founder of the Muslim rule in Mali.
1274: Death of Nasir al-Din Tusi. The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Zayenids. Ninth
crusade under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England.
1286: Death of Ghiasuddin Balban. Death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub. Bughra Khan declares his
1290: End of the slave dynasty in India Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji comes into power. Othman
embarks on a career of conquest and, by 1290, most of the Central Maghreb is conquered by
the Zayanids.
1299: Mongols invade Syria. The Marinids besiege Tlemsen the capital of the Zayanids. By
the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 7 per cent of the total.
14th century (1301–1400) (700 AH – 803 AH)
1301: In Bengal, Ruknuddin Kaikaus, the king of Bengal dies and is succeeded by his
1304: In the Mongol Ilkhanate, Ghazan dies and is succeeded by his brother Khudabanda
Oljeitu. In Algeria, Uthman dies and is succeeded by his son Abu Zayyan Muhammad.
1306: In the Chagatai Khanate, Duwa dies and is succeeded by his son Konchek.
1307: In Morocco, the Marinid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf is assassinated; Abu Thabit accedes
to the throne.
1308: In the Chagatai Khanate, Konchek is deposed and Taliku takes power. In Algeria, Abu
Zayyan Muhammad and is succeeded by his brother Abu Hammu Musa. In Morocco, Abu Thabit
1310: In the Chagatai Khanate, Kebek is overthrown by his brother Isan Buga. In Morocco,
Abu'l Rabi Sulayman is overthrown by Abu Said Uthman. In the Khiljis empire, Alauddin
1313: The Ilkhanate invades Syria, but the Mongols are repulsed. In the Golden
1314: In Kashmir, Rainchan, an adventurer from Baltistan, overthrows Sinha Deva the Raja
of Kashmir. Rainchan is converted to Islam and adopts the name of Sadrud Din. In Granada,
1315: In Tunisia, War breaks out between Bougie and Tunis; Lihani is defeated and killed.
1316: In the Ilkhanate, Oljeitu dies and is succeeded by Abu Said. In the Khiljis Empire,
Alauddin dies and Shahabuddin Umar accedes; Malik Kafur, a Hindu convert, usurps power.
1318: In the Khilji Empire, Malik Kafur is assassinated, Shahabuddin Umar is deposed, and
Qutbuddin Mubarak accedes. In the Chagatai Khanate, Isan Buga is overthrown by Kebek.
1320: In the Khilji Empire, Qutbuddin Mubarak is assassinated; Khusro Khan, a Hindu
convert, usurps power. Khusro Khan is overthrown by Ghazi Malik. End of the Khilji Dynasty.
In Tunisia, Abu Bakr is expelled from Tunis by Abu Imran. In the Tughluq empire, Ghazi Malik
by Duwa Timur.
1322: In the Chagatai Khanate, Duwa Timur is overthrown by Tarmashirin, who converts
to Islam. In Bengal, Shamsuddin Firuz dies. The kingdom is divided into two parts. Ghiasuddin
Bahadur becomes the ruler of East Bengal with the capital at Sonargaon, Shahabuddin
1325: In the Tughluq Empire, Ghazi Malik (Ghiasuddin Tughluq) dies and is succeeded by
his son Muhammad Tughluq. In Granada, Abul Wahid Ismail is assassinated; he is succeeded by
his son Muhammad IV, who is himself assassinated. His brother Abul Hallaj Yusuf accedes to the
throne. In the Samudra Pasai empire, Malik al Tahir I dies and is succeeded by Malik al Tahir II.
In Bengal, with the help of Ghiasuddin Tughluq, Nasiruddin over-throws Ghiasuddin Bahadur
1326: In the Ottoman Empire, Osman dies and is succeeded by Orhan. Orhan
1330: In the Chagatai Khanate, Tarmashirin dies and is succeeded by Changshahi. Amir
Hussain establishes the Jalayar Dynasty at Baghdad. In Tunisia, Abu Bakr overthrows Abu
Imran, and the state is again united under him. In Bengal, Muhammad bin Tughluq reverses the
policy of his father and restores Ghiasuddin Bahadur to the throne of Sonargaon.
1331: In the Marinid Empire, Abu Said Othman dies and is succeeded by Abul Hasan. The
1335: In the Ilkhanate, Abu Said dies, and Arpa Koun assumes power. In the Chagatai
1336: In the Ilkhanate, Arpa is defeated and killed, and Musa succeeds him. Amir Timur is
born. In the Jalayar empire, Amir Hussain dies and is succeeded by Hasan Buzurg. The Ottoman
Empire annexes the state of Karesi. In Bengal, the Tughluq governor at Sonargaon is
assassinated by an armour bearer, who takes power and declares his independence; he
1337: In the Ilkhanate, Musa is overthrown, and Muhammad becomes the Sultan. In the
Sarbadaran Empire, on the disintegration of the II-Khan rule, Abdur Razaq a military adventurer
establishes an independent principality in Khurasan with the capital at Sabzwar. In Persia, upon
the disintegration of the Ilkhanate, Mubarazud Din Muhammad establishes the Muzaffarid
Empire. In the Ottoman Empire, The Ottomans capture the city of Nicomedia (Izmit). In Algeria,
1339: In Kashmir, Sadrud Din dies, and his throne is captured by a Hindu, Udyana Deva. In
the Chagatai Khanate, Burun is deposed by Isun Timur. In Bengal, the Tughluq governor at
Lakhnauti, Qadr Khan, is assassinated, and power is assumed by the army commander-in-chief,
who declares his independence and assumes the title of Alauddin Ali Shah.
1340: The Muzaffarid Empire conquers Kirman. In the Chagatai Khanate, Isun Timur is
deposed by Muhammad.
1341: In the Golden Horde empire, Uzbeg dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg.
1342: In the Golden Horde empire, Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg.
1343: In the Chagatai Khanate, Muhammad is overthrown, and power is captured by Kazan.
In Bengal, Ilyas, an officer of Alauddin, murders his patron and captures the throne of West
Bengal.
1345: In the Samudra Pasai Empire, Malik al Tahir II dies and is succeeded by Tahir III. His
rule lasts throughout the fourteenth century. In Bengal, llyas captures East Bengal, and under
1346: In the Chagatai Khanate, Kazan is deposed by Hayan Kuli. In Tunisia, Abu Bakr dies
and is succeeded by his son Fadal. In Kashmir, Udyana Deva dies and the throne is taken by
Shah Mirza, who assumes the name of Shah Mir and founds the Shah Mir Dynasty.
1347: The Marinids capture Tunisia. In the Bahmanid Empire, Hasan Gangu declares his
independence and establishes a state in the Deccan with the capital atGulbarga.
1349: In Kashmir, Shah Mir dies and is succeeded by his son Jamsbed. In Algeria, The
1350: In the Sarbadaran Empire, a revolt erupts against Abdur Razaq. Power is captured by
Amir Masud. In Tunisia, Fadal is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abu Ishaq. In Kashmir,
1351: In the Marinid Empire, Abul Hasan dies, and is succeeded by Abu Inan. In the Tughluq
Empire, Muhammad Tughluq dies and Firuz Shah Tughluq assumes power.
1352: The Marinids again capture Algeria. Abu Said Othman is taken captive and killed.
1353: The Ilkhanate ends. The Ottoman Empire acquires the fortress of Tympa on the
European side of the Hollespoint. The Muzaffarids conquer Shiraz and establish their capital
there.
1354: The Muzaffarids annex Isfahan. In Granada, Abu Hallaj Yusuf is assassinated; his son
1356: In the Jalayar Empire, Death of Hasan Buzurg, succession of his son Owaia.
1357: In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Jani Beg, succession of Berdi Beg.
1358: In the Bahmanid Empire, Death of Hasan Gangu, accession of his son Muhammad
Shah. In the Muzaffarid Empire, Death of Mubarazuddin Muhammad; accession of Shah Shuja.
In the Marinid Empire, Assassination of Abu Inan, succession of Abu Bakr Said. In Bengal, Death
1359: In the Ottoman Empire, Death of Orhan, succession of Murad I. In the Muzaffarid
Empire, Shah Shuja deposed by his brother Shah Mahmud. In Tunisia, Abul Abbas a nephew of
Abu Ishaq revolts and establishes his rule in Bougie. In Algeria, The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw
II recapture Algeria. In the Marinid Empire, Abu Bakr Said overthrown by Abu Salim Ibrahim.
In Granada, Muhammad V loses the throne in palace revolution, succeeded by Ismail. In the
1360: In the Muzaffarid Empire, Death of Shah Mahmud. Shah Shuja recaptures power. In
the Chagatai Khanate, Power captured by Tughluq Timur. In Granada, Ismail overthrown by his
1361: In the Ottoman Empire, Murad I conquers a part of Thrace and establishes his capital
at Edirne(Hadriaunus) in Thrace. In the Golden Horde empire, Kulpa overthrown by his brother
Nauroz. In the Marinid Empire, Abu Salim Ibrahim overthrown by Abu Umar. Abu Umar
1362: In the Golden Horde empire, State of anarchy. During 20 years as many as 14 rulers
came to the throne and made their exit. In Granada, Abu Said overthrown by Muhammad V who
comes to rule for the second time. In Kashmir, Death of Alauddin Ali Sher, succeeded by his
brother Shahabuddin.
1365: In the Ottoman Empire, The Turks defeat a Christian army at the battle of Maritza
1366: In the Marinids empire, Assassination of Abu Zayyan, succession of Abu Faris Abdul
Aziz.
1369: Power captured by Amir Timur. End of the rule of the Chughills. Amir Timur captures
power in Transoxiana. In Tunisia, Death of Abu Ishaq. Succession of his son Abu Baqa Khalid.
1370: In Tunisia, Abu Baqa overthrown by Abul Abbas under whom the state is reunited. In
1372: In the Marinid Empire, Death of Abu Faris, succession of Abu Muhammad.
Shamsuddin. In the Jalayar empire, Death of Owais, succession by his son Hussain.
1376: In Kashmir, Death of Shahabuddin, succeeded by his brother Qutbuddin.
1377: In the Bahmanids empire, Death of Muhammad Shah, succeeded by his son Mujahid.
1378: In the Bahmanids empire, Mujahid assassinated, throne captured by his uncle Daud.
1379: Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Bairam Khawaja found the independent
principality of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep and established his capital at Van in Armenia.
1380: In the Golden Horde empire, Power is captured by Tokhtamysh, a prince of the White
Horde of Siberia. In Amir Timur's empire, Amir Timur crosses the Oxus and
conquers Khurasan and Herat. Amir Timur invades Persia and subjugates the Muzaffarids and
Mazandaran.
1384: In Amir Timur's empire, Conquest of Astrabad, Mazandaran, Rayy and Sultaniyah. In
the Muzaffarids empire, Death of Shah Shuja, accession of his son Zainul Abdin. In the Marinid
Empire, Abul Abbas overthrown by Mustansir. Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Death of
of Gilan and Shirvan. Turkomans of the Black Sheep defeated. In the Marinid Empire, Death of
1387: In the Marinid Empire, Muhammad overthrown by Abul Abbas who comes to power
1388: In Algeria, Death of Abu Hamuw II, succession of Abu Tashfin. In the Tughluqs empire,
Death of Firuz Shah Tughluq, succeeded by his grandson Ghiasuddin Tughluq II.
1389: In the Muzaffarid Empire, Death of the poet Hafez Shirazi. In the Tughluqs empire,
Death of Ghiasuddin Tughluq II, accession: of Abu Bakr Tughluq Shah. Turkomans of the Black
Sheep empire, Death of Qara Muhammad. succession of Qara Yusuf. In Ottoman Empire Murad I
fought the Battle of Kosovo against Christian army from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hungary and
Wallachia. Murad I was assassinated at the end of this battle and Yildirim Beyazid I became the
new Sultan.
1390: In the Tughluqs empire, Abu Bakr overthrow by Nasiruddin Tughluq. In Bengal, Death
of Sikandar Shah, accession of his son Ghiasud. In the Burji Mamluksempire, The rule of the
Burji Mamluks rounded by Saifuddin Barquq. In Tunisia, the city of Mahdia is besieged by a
1391: In Amir Timur's empire, Annexation of Fars. In the Muzaffarid Empire, Annexation of
the Muzaffarids by Amir Timur. In Granada, Death of Muhammad V, succession of his son Abu
1393: Amir Timur defeats Tiktomish, the ruler of the Golden Horde. Capture of the Jalayar
dominions by Amir Timur. In the Marinid Empire, Death of Abul Abbas; succession of Abu Faris
II.
1394: Amir Timur defeats the Duke of Moscow. In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Nasiruddin
the White Sheep empire, Qara Othman established the rule of the White Sheep Turkomans in
Diyarbekr.
1395: In the Golden Horde empire, Amir Timur defeated Toktamish and razes Serai to the
ground. End of the rule of the Golden Horde. Annexation of Iraq by Amir Timur. In the Tughluqs
1396: In the Amir Timur's empire, Destruction of Sarai, and of the rule of the Golden Horde.
In the Sarbadaran empire, Principality annexed by Amir Timur. InOttoman Empire Sultan
1398: In the Amir Timur's empire, Campaign in India. In the Marinid Empire, Death of Abu
Faris II. In the Tughluqs empire, Invasion of Amir Timur, Mahmud Shah escapes from the capital.
In Morocco, Death of the Marinid Sultan Abu Faris II; succession of his son Abu Said Othman.
1399: In the Amir Timur's empire, Campaign in Iraq and Syria. In the Burji Mamluks empire,
Death of Saifuddin Barquq, succession of his son Nasiruddin in Faraj. By the end of this century,
1400: In the Burji Mamluks Empire, the Mamluks lost Syria which was occupied by Timur
the Lame.
1401: In the Golden Horde Empire, death of Timur Qutlugh, the ruler, installed by Timur the
1402: In the Ottoman Empire, defeat of Beyazid I at the Battle of Ankara, taken captive
1403: In the Ottoman Empire, an Interregnum period starts with sons of Beyazid I Isa, Musa,
1405: In the Timurid Empire, Timur the Lame died and was succeeded by his son Shah
Rukh.
1407: In the Golden Horde Empire, Shadi Beg was deposed, Pulad Khan was installed by the
[edit]1410–1419
1410: In the Golden Horde Empire, Pulad Khan was deposed, Timur was installed.
1412: In the Golden Horde Empire, Timur was deposed, Jalal ad-Din khan was installed. In
the Burji Mamluks Empire, Nasiruddin Faraj died and was succeeded byAl Muayyad.
1413: In the Golden Horde Empire, Jalal ad-Din khan was deposed, Karim Berdi was
installed. In Ottoman Empire end of Interregnum and single rule by Mehmed Ibegins after the
1414: In the Golden Horde Empire, Karim Berdi was deposed, Kebek Khan was installed.
1416: In the Golden Horde Empire, Kebek Khan was deposed, Jahar Balrawi was
1419: In the Golden Horde Empire, Edigu died then Chaighray was overthrown, Olug
[edit]1420–1429
1420: In the Golden Horde Empire, Olug Moxammat was overthrown by Daulat
Bairawi. Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire, death of Qara Yusuf; succession of his son Qara
Iskandar. In Morocco, assassination of Abu Said Othman; succession of his infant son Abdul
Haq.
1421: In the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed I died; accession of his son Murad II. In
1424: In the Golden Horde Empire, Daulat Bairawi died, succession of Berk.
The Hafsida of Tunisia occupied Algeria. This state of affairs continued throughout the fifteenth
century.
1425: In the Uzbeks Empire, Abul Khayr, a prince of the house of Uzbeg declared his
1427: In the Golden Horde Empire, Berk was overthrown by Olug Moxammat who took
[edit]1430–1440
1434: Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire, Qara Iskandar was deposed; his brother Jahan
Shah was installed. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, death ofKara Osman, succession of
his son Ali Beg. In Tunisia, Abul Faris died after a rule of forty years, succession of his son Abu
Abdullah Muhammad.
1435: In Tunisia, Abu Abdullah Muhammad was deposed, Abu Umar Othman took power.
1438: In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Barsbay died, accession of his minor son Jamaluddin
Yusuf; Yusuf was overthrown and the Chief Minister Saifuddin Gakmuktook
power. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Ali Beg was overthrown by his brother Hamza.
1439: In the Golden Horde Empire, Olug Moxammat withdrew from Sarai and founded
[edit]1440–1449
1440: Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Hamzawas overthrown by Jahangir, a son
of Ali Beg.
1444: Rise of the anti-Ottoman League of Lezhe in Albania formed by the Albanian
prince Scanderbeg in a revolt against the Ottomans. In the Ottoman Empire:Murad II voluntarily
abdicated from his throne in favour of his son Mehmed II. At Battle of Varna a Christian
1446: In the Timurid Empire, Shah Rukh died, succession of Ulugh Beg. In the Ottoman
Empire: Murad II again took over the throne from which he had abdicated before.
1447: In the Golden Horde Empire, Astra Khan seceded from Sarai.
1448: In the Ottoman Empire: the Second Battle of Kossova resulted in the victory of the
Turks. Serbia was annexed to Ottomans and Bosnia became its vassal.
1449: In the Uzbeks Empire, Abul Khayr captured Farghana. In the Timurid Empire, Ulugh
[edit]1450–1459
1450: In the Timurid Empire, assassination of 'Abd al-Latif, accession of Abu Sa'id.
1451: In the Ottoman Empire, Murad II died; accession of his son Mehmed II.
Turks. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Jahangir died; accession of his sonUzun Hassan.
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Gakmuk died. He was succeeded by his son Fakhruddin
1454: In the Ottoman Empire, attack against Wallachia, Wallachia became a vassal state
of Turkey.
[edit]1460–1469
the Burji Mamluks Empire, Saifuddin Inal died and was succeeded by his son Shahabuddin
Ahmad. Shahabuddin Ahmad was overthrown by the Mamluk general Saifuddin Khushqadam.
1465: In the Golden Horde Empire, Said Ahmad I died and was succeeded by his
son Akhmat Khan. In Morocco, assassination of Abdul Haq. End of the Marinidrule. Sharif
1467: Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire, Jahan Shah died, end of the rule of the Black
Sheep Turkoman rule. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Jahan Shah of the Black
Sheep attacked the White Sheep. Jahan Shah was defeated and the Black Sheep territories
annexed by the White Sheep. In the Burji MamluksEmpire, Khushqadam died, accession of his
son Saifuddin Yel Bey. Yel Bey was deposed, the Mamluk general Temur Bugha took power.
1468: In the Uzbeks Empire, Abul Khayr died and was succeeded by his son Haidar
Sultan. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Uzun Hassan defeated theTimurids at the Battle
of Qarabagh whereby the White Sheep became the masters of Persia and Khorasan. In
the Burji Mamluks Empire, Temur Bugha was deposed, the Mamluk general Qaitbay took power.
1469: In the Timurid Empire, Abu Sa'id died, disintegration of the Timurid state.
In Khorasan, Husayn Bayqarah came to power and he ruled during the remaining years of the
fifteenth century.
[edit]1470–1479
1472: In Morocco, Sharif Muhammad al Jati was overthrown by
the Wattisid chief Muhammad al Shaikh who established the rule of the Wattisid Dynasty.
1473: In the Ottoman Empire: War against White Sheep Empire. Defeat by army of Mehmed
1475: In the Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Crimea and creation of the vassal state
of Khanate of Crimea. War against Venice. The Ottoman Empire became the master of
1478: Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Uzun Hasan died and was succeeded by his
son Khalil.
1479: Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Khalil was overthrown by his uncle Yaqub.
[edit]1480–1489
1480: In the Golden Horde Empire, assassination of Akhmat Khan, succession of his
1481: In the Golden Horde Empire, Said Ahmad I1 was overthrown by his brother Murtada.
In the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed II died, accession of Beyazid II. His brother Cem Sultan rebels.
1488: In the Uzbeks Empire, Haider Sultan died and was succeeded by his nephew
Shaybani Khan. In Tunisia, Abu Umar Othman died after a rule of 52 years and was succeeded
[edit]1490–1500
1490: In Tunisia, Abul Mumin was overthrown, Abu Zikriya Yahya took power again.
1492: Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, falls to the Castilans, ending over 800
1493: Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Yaqub died, accession of his son Bayangir.
1495: Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Bayangir was overthrown by his cousin
Rustam.
1496: In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Qaitbay abdicated and was succeeded by his son Nasir
Muhammad.
1497: Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Rustam was overthrown by Ahmad. Anarchy
1498: In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Nasir Muhammad was deposed, Zahir Kanauh took
power.
1499: In the Uzbeks Empire, Shayhani Khan conquered Transoxiana. In the Golden
Horde Empire, Murtada died and was succeeded by Said Ahmad III. In theOttoman Empire, the
end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 9 per cent of the total.
16th Century (1501-1600) (906 AH – 1009 AH)
1501: Ismail I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia and the Twelve-Imam
1507: The Portuguese under Alfonso d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian
Gulf.
1508: End of the Turkoman's White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by
the Safavids.
1514: The Ottoman Sultan Selim I ("the Grim") defeats the Safavids, Ismail I, Battle of
Chaldiran.
1516: The Ottoman Sultan Selim I ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks at the Battle of Merc-i
Dabik with the MamlukSultan Kansu Gavri killed in this battle and conquers Syria at last by
1517: The Ottoman army crosses the Sinai Dessert, defeats the new Mamluk Sultan
Tomanbai at the Battle of Ridaniye and Battle of Cairo and conquers Egypt. The Sharif Of Mecca
presented keys of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina to Selim I and was declared the
hereditary ruler of the vassal state there. Al-Mutawakkil, the last Abbasid caliph at Cairo,
1520: In Ottoman Empire Selim I dies and the reign of Suleiman I, the Magnificent begins.
1522: In Ottoman Empire Suleiman I conquers the Island of Rhodes and the rule of
1526: In Ottoman Empire Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army at the Battle of
Mohacs and Louis of Hungary dies at this battle. Buda and Pest are taken byOttomans and
Hungary is declares a vassal state of Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Panipat in India, and
1534: In Ottoman Empire Suleiman I conducts a military campaign against Safavid Shah
Tahsmab and conquers the castles of Van and Baghdad and the city of Tabriz.
1533: The corsair Ruler of Algeria Barbarossa Khayreddin brings his fleet to Istanbul and is
appointed the Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and the governor of the vassal state of Algeria.
1538: The Ottoman Navy under the command of Barbarossa Khayreddin wins a naval
kingdom of Aceh in Sumatra. Islam spreads to Java, the Maluku Islands, and Borneo.
1566: Ottoman naval forces gain control of Aegean Islands, such as Chios and many islands
under Venetian rule until then are taken over by the Ottoman forces.
1566: The death of Suleiman I the Magnificent. Selim II becomes the Ottoman Sultan.
in Spain.
1571: The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in
killed.
1600: Sind annexed by the Mughals. End of the Arghun rule in Sindh. By the end of this
century, global Muslim population had grown to 10 per cent of the total.
17th century (1601-1700) (1009 AH – 1112 AH)
1603: Battle of Urmiyah. The Ottoman Empire suffers defeat. Persia occupies Tabriz,
Mesopotamia. Mosul and Diyarbekr. Death of Mehmed III, accession ofAhmed I; see Sultans of
1604: In Dutch Indonesia, death of Alauddin Rayat Shah, Sultan of Acheh, accession of Ali
1617: Death of Ahmed I; accession of Mustafa I; see Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. British
1620: In Ottoman Empire, deposition of Mustafa; accession of Osman II, see Sultans of the
Ottoman Empire.
1625: In Ottoman Empire, deposition of Mustafa, accession of Murad IV, see Sultan of the
Ottoman Empire.
1631: Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj
Mahal, Agra.
1635: Military campaign of Ottoman Sultan Murad IV against [Iran] and conquest
of Erivan castle. Conquest of the castles of Maku, Hoy and Tabriz and destruction of their
walls. .
1638: In Ottoman, military campaign of Sultan Murad IV against [Iran] and conquest
1640: Death of Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, accession of his brother Ibrahim I, see Sultans of
1641: Ottoman vassal state of Khanate of Crimea capture Azov. In Indonesia, death
1645: Start of the long-lasting Ottoman-Venetian War for the island of Crete by the landing
of the Ottoman forces there and the conquest of the castle of Khania.
1648: In Ottoman Empire, Ibrahim I deposed; accession of Mehmed IV; see Sultans of the
Ottoman Empire.
1656: In Ottoman Empire Mehmed Kuiprilli appointed the Grand Vizier with special powers.
1661: Death of Grand Vizier of OttomansMehmed Kuiprilli and appointment as the Grand
1668: Conquest of the castle of Candia by the Ottomans concludes the long-lasting
1675: Execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur. In Indonesia death of the queen Tajul
1676: Death of the Grand Vizier of Ottomans Ahmad Kuiprilli, appointment of Kara Mustafa.
1678: In Indonesia, death of the queen Nur ul Alam, accession of the queen Inayat Zakia.
1682: Assam annexed by the Mughals. Aurangzeb shifts the capital to Aurangabad in
the Deccan.
1683: The Ottomans put Vienna under siege and are defeated in the Battle of Vienna,
marking the end of the Turkish advance into Europe. Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa is executed for
Second Battle of Mohacs. Deposition of Mehmed IV; accession of Suleyman II; seeSultans of the
Ottoman Empire
1688: In Indonesia, death of Queen Inayat Zakia, accession of the queen Kamalah.
1691: Death of the Ottomans Sultan Suleyman II; accession of Ahmed II, see Sultans of the
Ottoman Empire.
1692: Death of the Ottomans Sultan Ahmed II; accession of Mustafa II; see Sultans of the
Ottoman Empire.
1700: Murshid Quli Jafar Khan declares the independence of Bengal and establishes his
capital at Murshidabad. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 11
1703: In Ottoman Empire Ahmed III becomes the Sultan. Birth of Shah Wali Ullah. Birth of
1707: Death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, accession of his son Bahadur Shah.
1711: War between Ottoman Empire and Russia (Russo-Turkish War, 1710-1711). Russia
1712: Death of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I, accession of Jahandar Shah.
1715: In Ottoman Empire the peninsula of Morea and other Adriatic fortresses that had
1716: Defeat of Ottoman Empire armies by the Austrians under Prince Eugene of Savoy
1718: In the war against Austria, Ottoman Empire suffers continuing defeat and loss of
1719: Deposition of the Mughal emperor Furrukhsiyar. Muhammad Shah ascends the
throne. In Sind, the Kalhoras came to power under Nur Muhammad Kalhora. In Ottoman Empire
start of a long-period of peace, enlightenment and prosperity that was later named the Tulip
period.
1722: Saadat Khan found the independent state of Oudh. Battle of Gulnabad between
the Afghans and the Persians. The Persians were defeated and the Afghans under Shah
Mahmud became the masters of a greater part of Persia. Shah Hussain taken captive, accession
1730: Zanzibar freed from Portuguese rule and occupied by Oreart. In Ottoman Empire
Sultan Ahmed III is deposed by Patrona Insurrection which ends the Tulip period. Mahmud
1735: Start of war between Ottoman Empire and Russia (Russo–Turkish War, 1735–1739).
1737: Entry of Austria into (Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739) against Ottoman Empire.
1739: Persian ruler Nadir Shah sacks the Mughal capital of Delhi in India. In Ottoman
Empire Austria signs the separate Belgrad Treaty and Russia signs the Treaty of Nissa to
1752: Death of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, writer of Sassi Pannu, Sohni Mahinwal and Umer
1757: In Ottoman Empire death of Osman III and accession of Mustafa III.
1761: Death of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi. Battle of Panipat. Ahmed Shah Abdali came
to India at the invitation of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi and smashed rising Maratha empire power in
1764: Conversion to Islam of Areadi Gaya, ruler of Futa Bandu State in West Sudan.
1768: Start of the war between Ottoman Empire-Russia (Russo–Turkish War, 1768–1774)
1770: Burning of the Ottoman fleet at Naval Battle of Chesma by a Russian fleet that has
1771: Conquest of Crimea by Russian forces and the end of Ottoman dominance
1774: In Ottoman Empire death of Mustafa III and accession of Abdulhamid I. Defeat of the
Ottoman armies by Russians. Signing of the Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji to end the Ottoman-
1783: End of Kalhora rule in Sind. Russia occupies and annexes Crimea and ends the rule of
Khanate of Crimea.
1787: In Ottoman Empire start of war against Austria and Russia (Russo–Turkish War (1787–
1791: Signing of the Treaty of Sistova that ends the war between Austria and Ottoman
Empire.
1792: War between Ottoman Empire and Russia (Russo–Turkish War (1787–1792)) ends
1797: Death of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the Shah of Persia. Russia
occupied Daghestan.
1798: Landing of the armies of French Republic under the command of Napoleon
Bonaparte in Ottoman Province of Egypt. Defeat of the Ottoman provincial army of Mamluks
at Battle of Pyramids. Defeat and burning of French Fleet at naval Battle of Aboukir by
the British fleet under Admiral Lord Nelson. Alliance of Ottoman Empire - Great
1799: Defeat of the French expeditionary force from Egypt under Napoleon
Bonaparte at Siege of Acre by the Ottoman defenders and retreat of the French back to
Egypt. Ranjit Singh declared himself Maharajah of Punjab defeating Afghans. Khoqand declared
independent Islamic State. Death of Tipu Sultan, the ruler ofKingdom of Mysore in India. By the
end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 12 per cent of the total.
19th century (1801-1900) (1215 AH – 1318 AH)
1803: Shah Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud assassinated by a Shi'a fanatic. Shah
1805: Saud bin Abdul Aziz captured Medina defeating the Ottoman Empire garrison.
1804: Othman dan Fodio established Islamic State of Sokoto in Central Sudan.
1805: Faraizi movement launched in Bengal. Muhammad Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt by
1806: Khanate of Khiva came into limelight under the rule of Muhammad Rahim Khan.
1807: Darqawi sect revolted against Turkish domination. Tunisia repudiated suzerainty
of Algeria.
1811: Birth of Siyyid Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad known as the Báb, founder of Bábí
1813: Mecca and Taif captured by Egyptian forces and Saudis expelled from Hejaz.
1814: Iran executed treaty of alliance with the British known as the Definitive Treaty. Death
of Saud bin Abdul Aziz. King Othman of Tunisia assassinated by his cousin Mahmud.
1824.
1830: French forces landed near Algiers and occupied Algeria ending 313 years rule
of Turks.
1831: Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail leaders of Jihad movement in India fell fighting
1832: Turks defeated in the battle of Konya by Egyptian forces. Sayyid Said, King of Oman,
1834: Abdul Qadir of Algeria recognised as ruler of the area under his control by the French.
1847: Amir Abdul Qadir surrendred to France under the condition of safe conduct to
a Muslim country of his choice, but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to
France.
1850: The Báb is executed by the Persian government. Táhirih, a renowned poetess and
1852: Release of Amir Abdul Qadir by Napoleon III. He settled in Ottoman Empire.
1857: British captured Delhi and eliminated Mughal rule in India after 332 years. Last
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. This was also the end of
1859: Imam Shamil laid down arms before Russian forces and the Islamic State
1860: Masjid-e-Abu Hurairah, established in Cardiff, ist the first mosque in Britain.
1861: Death of Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I of the Ottoman Empire. Overthrow of the Bambara
1862: Faraizi movement fizzled out after the death of Dadu Miyan. Overthrow of
1876: Britain purchased shares of Khediv Ismail in the Suez canal and got involved
in Egyptian affairs.
1879: Jamal al-Din al-Afghani exiled from Egypt. Treaty of Berlin. Ottoman lost 4/5 th of its
territory in Europe.
1881: France invaded Tunisia and the Bey acknowledged supremacy of France as a result
of the treaty of Bardo. Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi in northern Sudan.
1885: Muhammad Ahmad declared free Government of Sudan under his rule. Death of
1891: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the promised Messiah and Imam
Mahdi.
1895: Afghanistan got Wakhan Corridor by an understanding with Russia and British
India making Afghan border touch China. * 1897: State of Bagirimi occupied by the French.
1899: Fall of Muhammad Ahmad's Mahdi State occupied by the British and
the Egyptians jointly. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 13 per
1901: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud captures Riyadh. French forces occupy Morocco.
1902: Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini, The leader of Islamic revolution and the founder
1904: Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Algeciras Conference. The Presian
constitution is promoted.
the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with its main sphere of influence in Egypt.
1913: Woking Muslim Mission opened by Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation
of Islam.
1914: Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed. World War I begins.
1916: Arab revolt against Ottoman (Turkish) rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the
Hejaz Railway.
1917: Britain issues the then-secret Balfour Declaration pledging British support for the
1918: Birth of Gamal Abdel Nasser. After losing virtually their entire empire, the
Ottomans capitulate on October 19 and sign the Armistice of Mudros with theAllies on October
30. World War I ends on November 11. Syria becomes a French protectorate.
1919: the first revolution in Egypt led by Saad Zaghlul against British occupation.
1920: Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI signs the Treaty of Sèvres, reducing the Empire to a
fraction of its previous size and allowing for the indefinite presence of Alliedforces in Turkey.
The treaty is rejected by nationalist leaders, who vow to block its implementation. Emirate of
1921: Abdullah I of Jordan in made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of
Mecca. Faisal I of Iraq is made King of Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. Abd al-
Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the Rif".
1922: Turkish nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal seize control of Turkey
and abolish the Ottoman Sultanate, prompting Sultan Mehmed VI to flee Turkey; the 600 year-
1922: Egypt gains independence from the British empire.Berlin Muslim Mission founded
1923: Mustafa Kemal secures Allied recognition of Turkey's independence in the Treaty of
Lausanne and subsequently declares the Republic of Turkey. The Turkish capitol is officially
shifted to Ankara.
1924: The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate and sends the
remaining members of the Ottoman House into exile. King Abd al-Aziz Ibn
Saud conquers Mecca and Medina, leading to the unification of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hejaz.
1925: Reza Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty.
1925: Ahmadiyya Mosque Berlin opened by Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the
1926: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud assumes title of King of Najd and Hejaz.
1926: Fazl Mosque opened by Ahmadiyya Muslim Community on October 23, 1926.
1928: Turkey is declared a secular state. Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood,
an Islamist movement dedicated to social, political, and moral reform inEgypt. The movement
1934: War between King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud and Imam Yahya of the Yemen. Peace treaty
1935: Iran ("Land of the Aryans") becomes the official name of Persia.
1936: Increased Jewish immigration leads to an Arab revolt in Palestine in the Great
Uprising.
1941: British and Russian forces invade Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of
his son Mohammad Reza Shah in Iran. Sayyid Abul Ala Maududifounds Jamaat-e-Islami,
1945: End of World War II. Indonesia declares independence from The Netherlands
1946: Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are granted independence from Britain and France.
1947: India gains independence from Britain, and Pakistan is created from the
region's Muslim-majority areas under the Leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Disputes over
the status of Kashmir leads to the first Indo-Pakistani War; Kashmir is divided between India
and Pakistan.
1948: Arab countries attack the new state of Israel and suffer defeat in war with Israel.
by Egyptian security forces. East Turkestan Occupied by Chinese communist and gave it new
name of Xinjiang.
1952: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate by the free officers led by Gamal Abdel
Brotherhood.
1953: Backed by American and British intelligence agencies, General Zahedi leads a coup
against Mohammed Mossadegh, returning the Shah to power. Death of King Abd al-Aziz Ibn
Saud of Saudi Arabia. The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the Prophet's mosque in Medina.
1954: Algerian War of Independence begins. Hizb ut Tahrir is established in 1953 under the
leadership of its founder - the scholar, political thinker and judge in the Court of Appeals in al-
Quds (Jerusalem), In the Muslim world, Hizb ut-Tahrir works at all levels of society to bring the
Muslims back to living an Islamic way of life under the shade of the Khilafah (Caliphate) State
1957: The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and Bourguiba becomes president. Enlargement of
the Haram in Mecca begins. The Federation of Malaya, later renamedMalaysia, gains
1958: October 7, President Iskander Mirza declares Martial Law. General Ayub Khan
1960: Mali and Senegal become independent; Great Turk scholar Bedi-az-Zaman said Nursi
1962: Algeria becomes independent. Death of Zaydi Imam of Yemen (Ahmad). Crown Prince
Bahr succeeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.
1967: In the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt, Syria and Jordan, Israel seizes control
of Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and theGolan Heights. More
1970: Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt and
continues preparation of the army for the next war with Israel.
1971: Bengalis in East Pakistan under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman begin
campaigning for independence from West Pakistan, prompting a heavy-handed military reprisal
from Pakistani forces. India enters the conflict, causing the third Indo-Pakistani War which
1972: During the Summer Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany, eleven members of
the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by Palestinian terrorist groupBlack September in
1973: King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is overthrown. Yom Kippur War, also known as 1973
republic of Pakistan
1975: Indonesia invades and occupies East Timor. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is
assassinated by his half-brother's son Faisal bin Musa'id. Death of Elijah Muhammad, leader
1978: Imam Musa Sadr, a Lebanese Shi'a leader is apparently assassinated after he
disappears on a trip to Libya. As part of the Camp David Accords, Egyptbecomes the
first Arab nation to recognize Israel. Israel returns the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
1979: Years of political tension and unrest in Iran climax as the autocratic Pahlavi regime is
overthrown by a popular revolution. In its place, Iranian clerics led byAyatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini establish an Islamic government and declare Iran an Islamic Republic. Groups of
students loyal to the new regime seize control of the American embassy in Tehran and take 66
officials hostage. Religious students in Saudi Arabia seize control of the Haram of Mecca,
sparking a two-week standoff with Saudi security forces. The crisis comes to an end when Saudi
forces storm the mosque, killing 237 of the 300 men and apprehending the remainder. All
surviving conspirators in the plot are publicly executed. The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan.
1980: Iraq invades Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War. In a move not recognized
1988: The Iran–Iraq War comes to an end following much loss of life. President Muhammad
Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan was killed in a plane crash caused by a mysterious mid-air explosion.
1989: Death of Shia religious leader and Iranian head of state Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini;
Accession of Ali Khamenei as the Supreme Leader of Iran. The Soviet Union withdraws the last
of its forces from Afghanistan. Afghan mujahideen factions begin fighting each other.
1990: Iraq invades Kuwait. North Yemen and South Yemen reunite.
1991: A coalition of United States-led forces attacks Iraq and reverses its attempted military
annexation of Kuwait. US-backed economic sanctions are imposed onIraq. The sanctions are
widely blamed for subsequent dramatic increases in famine, birth defects, and infant mortality
all predominantly Muslim former Soviet republics, become independent. Armenian military
occupies one-sixth of Azerbaijani territory expelling over 800,000 ethnic Azerbaijanis from the
1992: The 400 year-old Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India is destroyed by Hindu extremists,
1994: Jordan becomes the second of Israel's Arab neighbors to recognize Israel.
1996: Taliban forces seize control of most of Afghanistan and declare the Islamic Emirate of
Afghanistan. After leading his Welfare Party to a surprise victory in the 1995 general
elections, Necmettin Erbakan becomes the first pro-Islamic Prime Minister of modern Turkey.
1998: Pakistan became the first Islamic republic to have the nuclear power as it
successfully conducted five nuclear tests on May, 28. Amidst growing criticism of his economic
policies, longtime Indonesian leader General Suharto resigns after over thirty years in power.
Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in response to similar tests by neighbor and arch rival India,
becoming the first Muslim nuclear power. Former deputy prime minister of Malaysia Anwar
Ibrahim, a vocal critic of prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, is arrested and imprisoned on
charges of sodomy.
1999: Death of Jordan's King Hussein. King Hussein's son Abdullah is declared king of
Jordan. Indonesia relinquishes control of East Timor, which is granted independence under
of Pakistan after a military coup against the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. By the
end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to almost one-fifth (20%) of the total
1901: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud captures Riyadh. French forces occupy Morocco.
1902: Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini, The leader of Islamic revolution and the founder
1904: Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Algeciras Conference. The Presian
constitution is promoted.
the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with its main sphere of influence in Egypt.
1913: Woking Muslim Mission opened by Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation
of Islam.
1914: Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed. World War I begins.
1916: Arab revolt against Ottoman (Turkish) rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the
Hejaz Railway.
1917: Britain issues the then-secret Balfour Declaration pledging British support for the
1918: Birth of Gamal Abdel Nasser. After losing virtually their entire empire, the
Ottomans capitulate on October 19 and sign the Armistice of Mudros with theAllies on October
30. World War I ends on November 11. Syria becomes a French protectorate.
1919: the first revolution in Egypt led by Saad Zaghlul against British occupation.
1920: Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI signs the Treaty of Sèvres, reducing the Empire to a
fraction of its previous size and allowing for the indefinite presence of Alliedforces in Turkey.
The treaty is rejected by nationalist leaders, who vow to block its implementation. Emirate of
1921: Abdullah I of Jordan in made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of
Mecca. Faisal I of Iraq is made King of Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. Abd al-
Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the Rif".
1922: Turkish nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal seize control of Turkey
and abolish the Ottoman Sultanate, prompting Sultan Mehmed VI to flee Turkey; the 600 year-
1922: Egypt gains independence from the British empire.Berlin Muslim Mission founded
1923: Mustafa Kemal secures Allied recognition of Turkey's independence in the Treaty of
Lausanne and subsequently declares the Republic of Turkey. The Turkish capitol is officially
shifted to Ankara.
1924: The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate and sends the
remaining members of the Ottoman House into exile. King Abd al-Aziz Ibn
Saud conquers Mecca and Medina, leading to the unification of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hejaz.
1925: Reza Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty.
1925: Ahmadiyya Mosque Berlin opened by Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the
1926: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud assumes title of King of Najd and Hejaz.
1926: Fazl Mosque opened by Ahmadiyya Muslim Community on October 23, 1926.
1928: Turkey is declared a secular state. Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood,
an Islamist movement dedicated to social, political, and moral reform inEgypt. The movement
1934: War between King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud and Imam Yahya of the Yemen. Peace treaty
1935: Iran ("Land of the Aryans") becomes the official name of Persia.
1936: Increased Jewish immigration leads to an Arab revolt in Palestine in the Great
Uprising.
1941: British and Russian forces invade Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of
his son Mohammad Reza Shah in Iran. Sayyid Abul Ala Maududifounds Jamaat-e-Islami,
1945: End of World War II. Indonesia declares independence from The Netherlands
1946: Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are granted independence from Britain and France.
1947: India gains independence from Britain, and Pakistan is created from the
region's Muslim-majority areas under the Leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Disputes over
the status of Kashmir leads to the first Indo-Pakistani War; Kashmir is divided between India
and Pakistan.
1948: Arab countries attack the new state of Israel and suffer defeat in war with Israel.
by Egyptian security forces. East Turkestan Occupied by Chinese communist and gave it new
name of Xinjiang.
1952: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate by the free officers led by Gamal Abdel
Brotherhood.
1953: Backed by American and British intelligence agencies, General Zahedi leads a coup
against Mohammed Mossadegh, returning the Shah to power. Death of King Abd al-Aziz Ibn
Saud of Saudi Arabia. The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the Prophet's mosque in Medina.
1954: Algerian War of Independence begins. Hizb ut Tahrir is established in 1953 under the
leadership of its founder - the scholar, political thinker and judge in the Court of Appeals in al-
Quds (Jerusalem), In the Muslim world, Hizb ut-Tahrir works at all levels of society to bring the
Muslims back to living an Islamic way of life under the shade of the Khilafah (Caliphate) State
1957: The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and Bourguiba becomes president. Enlargement of
the Haram in Mecca begins. The Federation of Malaya, later renamedMalaysia, gains
1958: October 7, President Iskander Mirza declares Martial Law. General Ayub Khan
1960: Mali and Senegal become independent; Great Turk scholar Bedi-az-Zaman said Nursi
1962: Algeria becomes independent. Death of Zaydi Imam of Yemen (Ahmad). Crown Prince
Bahr succeeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.
1967: In the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt, Syria and Jordan, Israel seizes control
of Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and theGolan Heights. More
1970: Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt and
continues preparation of the army for the next war with Israel.
1971: Bengalis in East Pakistan under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman begin
campaigning for independence from West Pakistan, prompting a heavy-handed military reprisal
from Pakistani forces. India enters the conflict, causing the third Indo-Pakistani War which
1972: During the Summer Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany, eleven members of
the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by Palestinian terrorist groupBlack September in
1973: King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is overthrown. Yom Kippur War, also known as 1973
republic of Pakistan
1975: Indonesia invades and occupies East Timor. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is
assassinated by his half-brother's son Faisal bin Musa'id. Death of Elijah Muhammad, leader
1978: Imam Musa Sadr, a Lebanese Shi'a leader is apparently assassinated after he
disappears on a trip to Libya. As part of the Camp David Accords, Egyptbecomes the
first Arab nation to recognize Israel. Israel returns the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
1979: Years of political tension and unrest in Iran climax as the autocratic Pahlavi regime is
overthrown by a popular revolution. In its place, Iranian clerics led byAyatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini establish an Islamic government and declare Iran an Islamic Republic. Groups of
students loyal to the new regime seize control of the American embassy in Tehran and take 66
officials hostage. Religious students in Saudi Arabia seize control of the Haram of Mecca,
sparking a two-week standoff with Saudi security forces. The crisis comes to an end when Saudi
forces storm the mosque, killing 237 of the 300 men and apprehending the remainder. All
surviving conspirators in the plot are publicly executed. The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan.
1980: Iraq invades Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War. In a move not recognized
1988: The Iran–Iraq War comes to an end following much loss of life. President Muhammad
Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan was killed in a plane crash caused by a mysterious mid-air explosion.
1989: Death of Shia religious leader and Iranian head of state Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini;
Accession of Ali Khamenei as the Supreme Leader of Iran. The Soviet Union withdraws the last
of its forces from Afghanistan. Afghan mujahideen factions begin fighting each other.
1990: Iraq invades Kuwait. North Yemen and South Yemen reunite.
1991: A coalition of United States-led forces attacks Iraq and reverses its attempted military
annexation of Kuwait. US-backed economic sanctions are imposed onIraq. The sanctions are
widely blamed for subsequent dramatic increases in famine, birth defects, and infant mortality
all predominantly Muslim former Soviet republics, become independent. Armenian military
occupies one-sixth of Azerbaijani territory expelling over 800,000 ethnic Azerbaijanis from the
1992: The 400 year-old Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India is destroyed by Hindu extremists,
1994: Jordan becomes the second of Israel's Arab neighbors to recognize Israel.
1996: Taliban forces seize control of most of Afghanistan and declare the Islamic Emirate of
Afghanistan. After leading his Welfare Party to a surprise victory in the 1995 general
elections, Necmettin Erbakan becomes the first pro-Islamic Prime Minister of modern Turkey.
1998: Pakistan became the first Islamic republic to have the nuclear power as it
successfully conducted five nuclear tests on May, 28. Amidst growing criticism of his economic
policies, longtime Indonesian leader General Suharto resigns after over thirty years in power.
Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in response to similar tests by neighbor and arch rival India,
becoming the first Muslim nuclear power. Former deputy prime minister of Malaysia Anwar
Ibrahim, a vocal critic of prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, is arrested and imprisoned on
charges of sodomy.
1999: Death of Jordan's King Hussein. King Hussein's son Abdullah is declared king of
Jordan. Indonesia relinquishes control of East Timor, which is granted independence under
of Pakistan after a military coup against the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. By the
end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to almost one-fifth (20%) of the total
2000: Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip begin the Al-Aqsa Intifada, prompted
by Ariel Sharon's visit to a disputed religious site holy to both Jews and Muslims.
President Hafez al-Assad of Syria dies of a heart attack. His son Bashar al-Assad is elected
President by Syria's Majlis Al Shaa'b (Parliament). Earthquakes in Gujarat, india as ritcher scale
2001: Members of Al Qaeda, a Jihadi organization, attack the United States. Hijacked
commercial airliners are flown into the World Trade Center and the Pentagonbuilding on
September 11, 2001, killing upwards of three thousand. The United States subsequently
declares a War on terror and invades Afghanistan, whoseTaliban regime had given refuge to Al
Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. The Taliban are ousted from power, though the fate of bin
2002: The riots between Hindu and muslim in Gujarat, India. Morethen 5000 muslims killed
on it.
2003: The United States leads the invasion of Iraq, searching for "weapons of mass
destruction", starting the second Iraq War. Shirin Ebadi becomes the first Muslim woman to win
the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts in promoting human rights.
2004: A Jihadi group claims responsibility for bombings in Madrid's commuter railway and
several trains. The Jihad attack killed 191, and wounded 1,460 others. See also Madrid
Bombings. Nevertheless the Islamists' claim, latest unveilings suggest that perhaps the role of
Islamic extremists was less capital than it has been officially presented. The second
largest earthquake ever recorded occurs in the Indian Ocean triggering the Asian
Tsunami. Indonesia suffers the heaviest damage with 167,736 dead, 37,063 missing and
500,000+ displaced.
2005: A radical Muslim group claims responsibility for bombings in the London
Underground. The attack kills 52, and wounds over 700 others. See also July 2005 London
bombings. Bombings in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt kill at least 83 and wound hundreds. Saudi
Arabia's King Fahd dies. Fahd's brother Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz, who had
assumed de facto leadership of the country after King Fahd suffered a debilitating stroke in
killing upwards of 73,000 people. Israel removed Jewish settlers and military personnel from the
2006: Israel invades Lebanon in pursuit of Hezbollah paramilitary forces. Death of former
Yunus wins Nobel Peace Prize for successful application of microcredit schemes to poor
entrepreneurs in Bangladesh.
2007:Ethiopian forces invade Somalia and routed Islamic Courts from Mogadishu.
2008: Kosovo becomes independent and immediately recognised by the USA and the EU.