Bending and Torsion of Thin, Open Sections

Vy

dz
Vz

dy

If the shear forces and their locations are known, then we can calculate the shear flows assuming there is only bending produced, and from those shear flows (or through use of the sectorial area function) determine the location of the shear center.

Then the torsion induced by the shear forces can be calculated:

Vz

Vy

Vz

Vy

Vz

Vy T

dz
dy ey

ez

bending + torsion

bending only

torsion only

T = Vz ( ey d y ) + Vy ( ez d z )
and we can solve for the shear stresses generated by T and superimpose them on the bending stresses to get the total shear stresses

As an example consider our previous problem but now let the 1000 lb load act through the vertical web:

1000 lb 1000 lb 10 O =
0.828

T = 828.2 in-lb O + O

To determine the maximum shearing stress and its location (neglecting stress concentrations), for the torsional part we have

J eff = 2

1 1 3 3 ( 8)( 0.1) + (10 )( 0.1) 3 3 = 0.008666 in 4

max =

Ttmax ( 828.2 )( 0.1) = = 9556 psi J eff 0.008666

Now, the maximum shear stress will occur in the vertical web at the center where the shear flow is a maximum

1000 lb

qmax = 109 lb / in
0.828

T = 828.2 in-lb O = 9556 psi max

max = qmax / t
= 1090 psi

bending

torsion

so at point O on the right side we will have

= 8466 psi
O

max = 1090 + 9556 = 10, 646 psi

Bending and Torsion of a Thin Closed Section (single cell) Vz Vz

q
P

dz dy

qB
= Vy bending P

ez

+
ey

P
qT

Vy torsion

Note that the torsion that the shear forces generate will induce a constant shear flow qT as shown. However in the bending induced, the shear flow is only known up to a constant since we have

qB ( s ) = qB ( 0 )

VI ( +

z yz

Vy I yy ) Qz + (Vy I yz Vz I zz ) Qy D

and, unlike open sections, we cannot find an end where qB = 0 Thus, the total shear flow will be determined only to within a constant (which we must determine) that is partly due to bending and partly due to torsion.

Bending and Torsion of a Thin Closed Section (single cell) = area contained within the centerline of the cross section Vz
dz

= Vy d y + Vz d z = q r ds
C

r
P dy Vy

q ( s ) = qc + Vy f ( s ) + Vz g ( s )
this is the unknown constant shear flow due to both bending and torsion

f (s) = g (s) =

I yz Qy I yy Qz
2 I yy I zz I yz

I yz Qz I zz Qy
2 I yy I zz I yz

Placing the q expression into the moment equation gives:

= 2 qc + Vy f ( s ) + Vz g ( s ) r ds
C

(1)

Also, recall we have a relationship between the shear flow and the twist/unit length induced by that shear flow

1 q ds 2G t C

(2)

1. If the shear forces and their positions are known, then qc can be found directly from Eq.(1) since the left hand side of that equation is known explicitly and f and g can be found for the given geometry. Then Eq. (2) can be used (since q is now given completely) to find '

2. If the shear forces are known but assumed to act through the shear center (whose position is unknown), we can set ' =0, Vy = 0 and solve Eq.(2) for the unknown qc . Then Eq.(1) gives the location of the shear center, dz , since

Vz d z = q r ds
C

q ( s ) = qc + Vz g ( s )

We can repeat this process by setting ' =0, Vz = 0 and solving Eq.(2) again for a new qc . The Eq.(1) gives the location of the shear center, dy :

Vy d y = q r ds
C

q ( s ) = qc + Vy f ( s )

Bending and Torsion of a Thin Closed Section (multiple cells)

Vz
dz

P
dy

Vy

As in the case of the torsion of a multiple cell closed section, we need to account for unknown constant shear flows in each cell. This can be accomplished by conceptually decomposing our problem into two simpler problems as shown on the next page.

Vz
dz

q= q1

P
dy

Vy q= 0

q=q2

q1

q2

+ q=0

constant shear flows from constant parts of q due to bending and constant q's due to torsion.

bending shear flows q(s) due to this "open" section

q= 0

q1

q2

+ q=0

Vy d y + Vz d z = 21q1 + 2 2 q2 + Vy f ( s ) + Vz g ( s ) r ds (1)
m =1 Cm

= =

1 q ds 2G1 t C1 1 2G 2 q ds t C2

(2) (3)

(1) Vy d y + Vz d z = 21q1 + 2 2 q2 + Vy f ( s ) + Vz g ( s ) r ds
m =1 Cm

= =

1 q ds 2G1 C1 t 1 2G 2 q ds t C2

(2) (3)

1. If the shear forces and their locations are known, then q1 and q2 are first found in terms of the unknown ' from Eqs. (2) and (3). These qm 's are then placed into Eq.(1) which is solved for the unknown ' . Once ' is known in this manner, the qm 's are completely determined.

2. If the shear forces are known but assumed to act through the shear center (whose position is unknown), we can set ' =0, Vy = 0 and solve Eqs. (2) and (3) for the unknowns q1 and q2 . Then Eq.(1) gives the location of the shear center, dz , since

Vz d z = 21q1 + 2 2 q2 + Vz g ( s ) r ds
m =1 Cm

We can repeat this process by setting ' =0, Vz = 0 and solving Eqs.(2) and (3) again for new values q1 and q2 . Then Eq.(1) gives the location of the shear center, dy :

Vy d y = 21q1 + 2 2 q2 + Vy f ( s ) r ds
m =1 Cm

Example; Calculate the shear flows in the walls of the box beam shown. The beam has a uniform wall thickness of t = 0.1 in. all dimensions are in inches 1000 lb z

2 9 3 5.21 C 3.5 4 12 y 1 4

() () () = 1.433 I zz = 18.44 I yz = 4.074 I yy

1 1 1

( 2) ( 2) ( 2) = ? I zz = ? I yz =? I yy ( ) ( ) ( ) = 6.975 I zz = 24.43 I yz = 4.689 I yy

3 3 3

( ) ( ) () = 14.70 I zz = 15.15 I yz = 3.318 I yy

4 4 1

To find the Is for 2 5 12 13 ds y 5.21 z 0.5 s

5 z = 0.5 + s 13 12 y = 6.79 s 13

6.79

( 2) yy

= z 2 dA
0

13

= ( 0.5 + 5s /13) ( 0.1) ds

2 0

13

= 14.41 in 4
similarly

I zz = y 2 dA = 16.41 in 4
0

( 2)

13

I yz = yzdA = 3.419 in 4
0

( 2)

13

so total area moments are

( ) I yy = I yy = 37.52 in 4
m m =1 4

( ) I zz = I zz = 74.43 in 4
m m =1 4

( ) I yz = I yz = 15.50 in 4
m m =1

Vz = 1000 lb, Vy = 0
q = ( I zz Qy I yz Qz )Vz
2 I yy I zz I yz y

74.43Q ( =

15.5Qz ) (1000 )
2

( 37.52 )( 74.43) (15.5)

q = 29.16 Qy 6.073 Qz

Now, use this relation for each section

6.79

y 3.5

z
q1

(1) Qy = zdA = ( 3.5 s / 2 )( 0.1)( s )

= 0.35s + 0.05s 2 = 0.679 s

Qz(1) = ydA = ( 6.79 )( 0.1)( s )

y
A
1 2 q ( ) ( s ) = q1 29.16 0.35 s + 0.05 s 6.073 [ 0.679 s ]

= q1 + 6.082 s 1.458s 2 q ( ) ( 4 ) = q1 + 1 lb / in
1

lb / in

z 5 13 12 s/2 s/2

q1 + 1
0.5 y

6.79 y 12 = s/2 13 z 0.5 5 = s/2 13

2 2

6.79

6 s 13 5 z = 0.5 + s 26 y = 6.79

( ) Qy = ( 0.5 + 5s / 26 )( 0.1)( s ) = 0.05s + 0.1923s 2

Qz( ) = ( 6.79 6 s /13)( 0.1)( s ) = 0.679 s 0.04615s 2

2 2 q ( 2) ( s ) = q1 + 1 29.16 0.05 s 0.01923 s 6.073 0.679 s 0.04615 s +

( s ) = q1 + 1 5.58s 0.2802s 2 2 q ( ) (13) = q1 118.9 lb / in

q(
2)

lb / in

q1 118.9
s

z 5.5

5.21

( ) Qy = ( 5.5 s / 2 )( 0.1)( s ) = 0.55s 0.05s 2

3 3

Qz( ) = ( 5.21)( 0.1)( s ) = 0.521s

2 0.55 s 0.05 s ( s ) = q1 118.9 29.16 6.073 [ 0.521s ] 3 q ( ) ( s ) = q1 118.9 12.87 s + 1.458s 2 lb / in 3 q ( ) ( 9 ) = q1 116.6 lb / in

q(

3)

5.21

y 3.5

q1 116.6
s

q1
( 4) Qy = ( 3.5 )( 0.1)( s ) = 0.35s

Qz( 4) = ( 5.21 s / 2 )( 0.1)( s ) = 0.521s + 0.05s 2

2 + 0.521 s 0.05 s ( s ) = q1 116.6 29.16 [ 0.35s ] 6.073 4 q ( ) ( s ) = q1 116.6 + 13.37 s 0.3036 s 2 lb / in q ( 4) (12 ) = q1 116.6 + 160.44 43.72 = q1 (approximately)

q(

4)

total force in each wall

F F F F

(1)

= ( q1 + 6.082 s 1.458s 2 ) ds = 4q1 + 17.55 lb

0

( 2)

= ( q1 + 1 5.58s 0.2802s 2 ) ds = 13q1 663.7 lb

0

( 3)

= ( q1 118.9 12.87 s + 1.458s 2 ) ds = 9q1 1237 lb

0

( 4)

= ( q1 116.6 + 13.37 s 0.3036 s 2 ) ds = 12q1 + 611.4 lb

0

13q1 663.7
9 12

9q1 1237

4q1 + 17.55

12q1 611.4

9q1 1237
1000 lb = 9

13q1 663.7

12

4q1 + 17.55

12q1 611.4
to find q1 we must equate moment about any point generated by the shear flows to the moment due to the applied load

( 2q1 116.4 )( 9 ) + ( 4q1 + 17.55)(12 ) = 0

q1 = 33.92 lb / in

=0

then the shear flows are explicitly

q (1) ( s ) = 33.9 + 6.08s 1.46 s 2 lb / in q ( 2) ( s ) = 34.9 5.58s 0.208s 2 lb / in q ( 3) ( s ) = 85.0 12.9s + 1.46 s 2 lb / in q(
4)

( s ) = 82.7 + 13.4s 0.304s 2

lb / in

-85 -85

-13.2 (midpoint)

34.9 -113 (midpoint) 34.9 40.2 (midpoint) -82.7 -82.7 -13.5 (midpoint) 33.9 33.9

Now, find the location of the shear center for the vertical load

We need to set

1 q ds = 0 2G t

and find the q1 that meets this requirement Since t is a constant here we have equivalently

qds = 0
which is just the sum of the forces we already computed

( 4q1 + 17.55) + (13q1 663.7 ) + ( 9q1 1237 ) + ( 2q1 611.4 ) = 0

which gives

q1 = 65.65 lb / in

q1 = 65.65 lb / in
A 1000 lb e A

9q1 1237
9 =

13q1 663.7

12

4q1 + 17.55

12q1 611.4

( 4q1 + 17.55)(12 ) + (12q1 611.4 )( 9 ) = 1000e

e = 4.95 in
If we want to find the vertical location of the shear center we would have to solve this problem for a horizontal applied shear force

= 1000e

1000 lb

1000 lb T = + 4.95 bending

torsion shear flow due to torsion (constant around the whole cross section)

q=

T 4950 = = 31.7 lb / in 2 2 ( 4 )(12 ) + ( 5 )(12 ) / 2

Thus, the q1 in our original problem is due partially to the bending part of the solution, partially due to torsion 1000 lb 1000 lb T + 4.95

q1 = 33.9

q1 = 65.5

q1 = 31.7