ADN monocatenar fagul PHI X-174 1,7 x 10^6 daltoni ADN bacterian: 4-5 x 10^6 daltoni ARNt: 25 000

daltoni ARNt: aprox. 80 n ARNr 5 x 10^5 ARNr: 100-3000 n Cele mai mari molecule de ARN au 500-1000 n

Pasul elicei 34A

Gene ARNt: 130 Drosophila melanogaster; 450 Xenopus laevis, 5200 Zea mays, 12700 Triticum aestivum, 32 000 Hyacinthus orientalis Omul are 3 miliarde pdn O catena ADN: >250 milioane pdn

Repliconul: 30 000 - 300 000 pdn Furca de replicare: 300 pdn Fragment Okazaki: cateva mii la Pk; 100-200 n la Ek Primer ARN: 10-20 n Viteza de replicare: 500 n/s la Pk; 50 n/s la Ek Erori: 1/100 000 pdn Eroare: 1/10-100 miliarde baze Viteza transcriere: 60 n/s

La Mycoplasma capricolium: UGA - triptofan La Euplotes octocarinatus, Tetrahymena si Paramoecium: UAG, UAA - glutamina Mitocondrii: AUA, AUG, AUU - metionina AGA, AGG - stop La Pk codonii stop pot codifica 1/2 AA In nucleu AUA - izoleucina

Legaturi insulina: A7-B7, A20-B19, A6-A11 Proteine chaperone: determina str 3D a proteinelor, sinteza si traficul proteine lor, translocarea si asamblarea factorilor de transcriptie, activarea kinazelor proteice

Virusurile au dimensiuni: 80-2500 A Virusurile au in medie 50 de gene Fagul MS2 (ARN) are 4 gene Bacteriofagul T4: 135 de gene Virusurile animale au aproximativ 250 de gene Acid nucleic viral: 3000-10000 nucleotide Viroizii: o singura molecula ARN de cca 240-350 n Genom viral: 3200-1,2 milioane pdn

Cromozomul bacterian: <1000 pdn -> 12-13 milioane pdn E coli, Anabaena si aphanocapsa: ADN asociat cu proteine bazice de tip histone E coli, tulpina K12: 4 639 221 pdn = 4403 gene (300 Saitan), 1 mm lungime Cromozomul bacterian: 2000-3000 de gene Plasmidele (minicromozom): 0,5-2% din ADN bacterian, contin 6-10 gene In bacterii se pot gasi 10-200 de copii ale aceluiasi plasmid ADN bacterian: 40-50 bucle; 400-500 n/superrasucire Diametru ADN bacterian: 300 micrometri -- impachetare --> 1,5-2 micrometri Nucleosom: diametru de 11 (Hutanu 10) nm, inaltime de 5,5 nm Pe suprafata nucleosomului: 140, 146, 200 pdn ADN (2 spire) ADN linker: 60-70 pdn Solenoid: 6 nucleosomi/spira, diametru de 30 nm, caracteristic nucleului interfa zic Cromozomi metafazici: condensati de 9000 de ori, fiecare cromatida are diametru de 700 micrometri Cromatina: 13-16% ADN, proteine 68-72%, ARN cromozomial 12-13%, lipide, polizaha ride, Ca2+, Mg2+ Cel mai mare crromozom la Drosophila: 10^7 pdn = 18 mm