Turbomachinery Design and Theory - R. S. R. Gorla and A. A. Khan

Scilab Textbook Companion for Turbomachinery Design And Theory by R. S. R. Gorla And A. A.
Khan1
Created by Nitin Sharma B.Tech Mechanical Engineering NIT Hamirpur College Teacher Dr. Rajesh Sharma Cross-Checked by Lavitha Pereira October 4, 2013
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT, http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project section at the website http://scilab.in
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Turbomachinery Design And Theory Author: R. S. R. Gorla And A. A. Khan Publisher: CRC Press Edition: 1 Year: 2003 ISBN: 0824709802
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. Exa Example (Solved example) Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book) AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book) For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 1 Introduction Dimensional Analysis Basic Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics 2 Hyraulic Pumps 3 Hydraulic Turbines 4 Centrifugal Compressors and Fans 5 Axial Flow Compressors and Fans 6 Steam Turbines 7 Axial Flow and Radial Flow Gas Turbines 8 Cavitation in Hydraulic Machinery 4
9 16 38 67 90 112 133 148
List of Scilab Codes

Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 Radial Flow Hydraulic . . . . . . Centrifugal Pump Head . . . . . Air Compressor Speed . . . . . . Pumping Power . . . . . . . . . Drag Force F . . . . . . . . . . . Axial Pump Power . . . . . . . . Axial Gas Turbine . . . . . . . . Wind Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . Kinetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . Radial Inward Flow . . . . . . . Centrifugal Pump Torque . . . . Head Imparted . . . . . . . . . . Centrifugal Pump Impeller . . . Eciency Lift Discharge . . . . . Horse Power Pump . . . . . . . . Impeller Vanes Angled . . . . . . Vanes At 45 Degrees . . . . . . . Vanes Radially Exit . . . . . . . Radial Component Water . . . . Centrifugal Pump Running . . . Ideal Height Hydraulic Eciency Actual Work Absolute Velocity . Theoritical Head . . . . . . . . . Vanes 30 Degrees . . . . . . . . . Power Hub dia Angles . . . . . . Mechanical Eciency . . . . . . Single Stage Pump . . . . . . . . Diameter of Impeller . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 22 23 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 33
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
2.19 2.20 2.21 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
Two Multistage Pumps . . . . . . . Pumps to be Connected . . . . . . . Specic speed 1150 . . . . . . . . . . Generator Pelton Wheel . . . . . . . Pelton Wheel 725 . . . . . . . . . . Pelton Speed 14 . . . . . . . . . . . Pelton Wheel 12900kW . . . . . . . Double Overhung Pelton . . . . . . . Power Station . . . . . . . . . . . . Pelton Head 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Jet Pelton Wheel . . . . . . . Inward Flow Reaction Turbine . . . Runner Axial Flow . . . . . . . . . . Kaplan runner . . . . . . . . . . . . Turbine 12000 HP . . . . . . . . . . Speed angle reaction turbine . . . . Discharge 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotation 290rpm . . . . . . . . . . . Head 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power 12400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Francis Turbine 1250rpm . . . . . . Turbine 130kW . . . . . . . . . . . . Blade tip hub dia . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Eciency 75 . . . . . . . . . Kaplan 10000kW . . . . . . . . . . . Vanes 12 degrees . . . . . . . . . . . Inward Flow 70kW . . . . . . . . . . Francis Turbine 500kW . . . . . . . 35MW Generator . . . . . . . . . . . Air leaving impeller . . . . . . . . . Speed Centrifugal Compressor270 . . Centrifugal Compressor 16000rpm . Adiabatic Eciency . . . . . . . . . Centrifugal Compressor 9000rpm . . Centrifugal Compressor No prewhirl Centrifugal Compressor 10000rpm . Centrifugal Compressor 19 vanes . . Problem 8 repeat . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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34 35 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15
Compressor 15000rpm . . . . . . . . . Double sided compressor . . . . . . . . Recalculating 412 . . . . . . . . . . . Centrifugal Compressor 16500rpm . . ToT Eciency 88 . . . . . . . . . . . Centrifugal Compressor 15500rpm . . Double sided compressor 15500 . . . . Vanes 17 stagnation T and P . . . . . Work of compression . . . . . . . . . . One stage compressor . . . . . . . . . Compressor 5000rpm . . . . . . . . . . Stage air angles for vortex . . . . . . . Degree of reaction for Ex54 . . . . . . Temperature rise in rst stage . . . . Rpm 152 rps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . polytropic eciency 87 . . . . . . . . Rotor speed 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . Isentropic Eciency . . . . . . . . . . Rotation 5500rpm . . . . . . . . . . . Number of stages . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 stage axial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotation 5400rpm . . . . . . . . . . . Rotation 8000rpm . . . . . . . . . . . Isentropic expansion . . . . . . . . . . Mass of steam discharged . . . . . . . Exit area required . . . . . . . . . . . Ratio of cross sectional area . . . . . . Convergent Divergent Nozzle . . . . . Steam leaving nozzle at 925 . . . . . . Steam leaving nozzle at 590 . . . . . . 1 stage impulse turbine . . . . . . . . Parson Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steam leaving nozzle at 950 . . . . . . Steam leaving nozzle at 700 . . . . . . Axial velocity constant . . . . . . . . Blade height and power developed . . RPM 440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two row velocity compounded impulse 6
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76 77 78 79 81 83 85 86 90 91 92 93 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 104 106 107 109 112 113 114 115 116 117 119 120 121 122 124 125 126 127 128
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
6.16 6.17 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 8.0
Reaction stage turbine . . . . . . . . . Series of stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impulse gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . Nozzle eux angle 68 . . . . . . . . . Stagnation temperature of 1100K . . . Throat area for 73 . . . . . . . . . . . Inlet stagnation temperature is 1000 K Inlet stagnation temperature is 1150 K Rotation 14500rpm . . . . . . . . . . . Equal stage inlet and outlet velocities Turbine inlet temperature 900C . . . . Gas leaving stage in axial direction . . Inward radial ow gas turbine . . . . . Rotation 30500rpm . . . . . . . . . . . Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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130 131 133 134 135 136 137 138 140 141 142 143 144 146 148
List of Figures
2.1 3.1 5.1 Vanes Radially Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inward Flow Reaction Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stage air angles for vortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 47 94
Chapter 1 Introduction Dimensional Analysis Basic Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Radial Flow Hydraulic

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 1 ) // L i n e a r r a t i o L = Lp/Lm = Bp/Bm = Dp/Dm // We know P1 / ( r h o 1 ( N1 ) 3 ( D1 ) 5 ) = P2 / ( r h o 2 ( N2 ) 3 ( D2 ) 5 ) // P r e s s u r e e q u a t i o n r h o 1 = r h o 2 // Hence , D2/D1 = 0 . 2 3 8 ( N1/N2 ) ( 3 / 5 ) // A l s o ( g H1 ) / ( N1 D1 ) 2 = ( g H2 ) / ( N2 D2 ) 2 // T h e r e f o r e 0 . 2 3 8 ( N1/N2 ) ( 3 / 5 ) = ( 6 / 1 6 ) ( N1/N2 ) 9
14 15
// Hence , ( N2/N1 ) ( 2 / 5 ) = 2 . 5 7 disp ( T h e r e f o r e Model Speed N2 i n rpm , Model S c a l e R a t i o RD and Volume f l o w r a t e (Q) i n c u b i c m e t e r s per second are : ) 16 N2 = 100 * 2.57^(5/2) 17 RD = 0.238 * (100/1059) ^(3/5) 18 Q = 42 * 1000 / (0.92*1000*9.81*6)
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Centrifugal Pump Head

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 2 ) // While e q u a t i n g f l o w c o e f f i c i e n t s Q1 / ( N1 D1 3 ) = Q2 / ( N2 D2 3 0 ) // A l s o t h e head e q u a t i o n we f o l l o w i s g H1 / ( N12 D1 2 ) = g H2 / ( N22 D2 2 ) disp ( Volume f l o w r a t e i n c u b i c m e t e r s p e r s e c o n d and Head i n m e t e r s a r e : ) Q2 = 2.5*2210*(0.104) ^3/(2010*(0.125) ^3) H2 = 9.81 * 14 * (2210*104) ^2 /(((2010*125) ^2) *(9.81) )
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Air Compressor Speed

1 2 3
// D i s p l a y mode mode (0) ; // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 10
4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 3 ) // The Speed P a r a m e t e r E q u a t i o n ( N1/ T01 ( 1 / 2 ) ) = ( N2/ T02 ( 1 / 2 ) ) // A l s o t h e mass f l o w P a r a m e t e r s m1 ( T01 2 ) / p01 = m2 ( T02 2 ) / p02 disp ( The C o m p r e s s o r s p e e d i n rpm , mass f l o w r a t e i n kg p e r s a r e : ) N2 = 5000 * ((273+25) ^(1/2) /(273+18) ^(1/2) ) m2 = 64 * (65/101.3) * (291/298) ^0.5
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Pumping Power

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R .
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 4 ) 8 disp ( T h e o r i t i c a l Q u e s t i o n ) 9 // l i q u i d d i s c h a r g e r a t e Q; head H ; s p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f the l i q u i d i s w. 10 disp ( E x p r e s s i o n f o r Pumping power i s P = kwQH )
Scilab code Exa 1.5 Drag Force F

1 2
// D i s p l a y mode mode (0) ; 11
3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R .
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 5 ) 8 disp ( T h e o r i t i c a l Q u e s t i o n ) 9 //V i s t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e body , l i s t h e l i n e a r d i m e n s i o n , r h o i s t h e f l u i d d e n s i t y , k i s t h e rms h e i g h t o f s u r f a c e r o u g h n e s s and g i s t h e gravitational acceleration 10 disp ( F u n c t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s h i p f o r F o r c e F may be : F = V2 l 2 r h o f ( k / l , l g /V 2 ) )
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Axial Pump Power

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11
12 13 14
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 6 ) // G e o m e t r i c and Dynamic s i m i l a r i t y e q u a t i o n s Q1 / ( N1 D1 2 ) = Q2 / ( N2 D2 2 ) // Head c o e f f i c i e n t W2 = W1 N22 D22 / ( N12 D1 2 ) // A l s o P r e s s u r e D e l t a P = W2 e t a t t r h o disp ( Flow r a t e i n c u b i c m e t e r s p e r m i n u t e , Head c o e f f i c i e n t i n J / kg , Change i n T o t a l P r e s s u r e i n b a r , I n p u t Power P i n k i l o w a t t a r e : ) Q2 = 2.5 * 2900 * 0.22^2 / (1450 * 0.32^2) W2 = 120 * 2900 ^ 2 * 0.22 ^ 2 / ((1450) ^2 * 0.32^2) Pressure = 226.88 * 0.78 * 1000 /100000 12
15 P = 1000 * 2.363 * 0.22688 / 60
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Axial Gas Turbine

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 7 ) // U s i n g i s e n t r o p i c PT R e l a t i o n T02 = T01 ( P02 / P01 ) (gamm 1 / 2 ) // T o t a l t o t o t a l E f f i c i e n c y e t t a t t i m p l i e s T01 T02 = ( T01 T02 ) e t t a t t // Power i n p u t W1 = cp d e l t a To // Power o u t p u t W2 = W1 N2 2 D2 2 / ( N1 D2 ) 2 ettatt = 0.85; T01 = 1050; gamm = 1.4; T02 = T01 * (1/4) ^((1.4 -1) /2) ; disp ( Power i n p u t i n KJ/Kg and Power o u t p u t i n KJ/Kg are : ) W1 = 1.005 * 292.13 W2 = 293.59 * 1000 * 12500 ^ 2 * .2 ^ 2 / (15500^2 * 0.3^2) disp ( T h e r e f o r e power o u t p u t = ) Power = W2 /1000
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Wind Tunnel 13
1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 8 ) // L e t u s s u p p o s e // V e l o c i t y o f t h e model , Vm // Length o f t h e model , Lm = 160mm // Length o f t h e p r o t o t y p e Lp = 1 0 0 0mm // V e l o c i t y o f t h e p r o t o t y p e Vp = 4 0 . 5m/ s // A c c o r d i n g t o ( Re )m = ( Re ) p // A l s o VmLm/vm = Vp Lp/ vp disp ( V e l o c i t y o f wind (m/ s ) i n t h e t u n n e l i m p l i e s = ) Vm = 40.5 * 1000 / 160
Scilab code Exa 1.9 Kinetic Energy

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 9 ) // T h e o r i t i c a l Q u e s t i o n // K i n e t i c Energy E q u a t i o n disp ( The K i n e t i c Energy => k V2 m ) disp ( Where k i s a c o n s t a n t )
14
Scilab code Exa 1.10 Radial Inward Flow

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 10 )

8 // Given c o n d i t i o n s 9 // r 1 = 0 . 1 4m 10 //Cw1 = 340m/ s 11 // r 2 = 0 . 0 7m 12 //Cw2 = 50m/ s 13 // Torque = r 1 Cw1 r 2 Cw2 14 disp ( Torque i n Nm kg / s i m p l i e s => ) 15 T = 0.14*340 -0.07*50
15
Chapter 2 Hyraulic Pumps
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Centrifugal Pump Torque

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8
9 10 11 12 13 14
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 1 ) // R e f e r e n c e t o t h e F i g 2 . 2 f o r z e r o s l i p b e t a 2 b e t a 2 . U s i n g E u l e r s pump e q u a t i o n , E= W/m=(U2 Cw2U1 Cw1 ) Cw1 = 0; disp ( E u l e r head = H i n m e t e r s , Power i n K i l o w a t t s , Torque i n Newton m e t e r s a r e : ) //H=U2 Cw2/ g = ( U2/ g ) ( U2 1 . 5 / t a n ( 2 8 ) ) H = (12/9.81) *(12 - 1.5 / tan (28* %pi /180) ) // Power d e l i v e r e d = pho g Q H j o u l e s / s Power = 1000 * 9.81 * 3.8 * 11.23 /(60 * 1000) // Power w i l l be i n k i l o w a t t s 16
15 16
// Torque = power / a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y Torque = Power * 1000 * 0.6/12
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Head Imparted

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 2 ) // F l u i d i s e n t e r i n g i n r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n Cw1 = 0; alpha1 = 90; // a n g l e i s i n d e g r e e s beta2 = 22; // a n g l e i n d e g r e s s Ca1 = 3.5; // v e l o c i t y o f f l o w i n m/ s D = 0.22; N =1250; // Ca1 = Ca2 Ca2 = 3.5; // Head d e v e l o p e d H = Cw2 U2/ g // I m p e l l e r t i p Speed U2 = p i DN/60 disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d i n m/ s i s : ) U2 = %pi * D * N / 60 disp ( W h i r l v e l o c i t y a t i m p e l l e r o u t l e t , i n m/ s i s : ) 22 Cw2 = ( U2 - Ca2 / tan (22* %pi /180) ) 23 disp ( Head I m p a r t e d i s H i n m e t e r s : ) 24 H = Cw2 * U2 / 9.81
17
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Centrifugal Pump Impeller


8 D2 = 0.4; 9 N = 1400; 10 disp ( I m p e l l e r
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
t i p s p e e d g i v e n by piDN /60 i n m/ s i s ) U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 disp ( w h i r l v e l o c i t y a t t i p i n m/ s i s : ) Cr2 = 2.6; Cw2 = ( U2 - Cr2 / tan (25* %pi /180) ) // From v e l o c i t y T r i a n g l e 2 . 3 t a n g e n t a l p h a 2 = Cr2 / Cw2 = 2 . 6 / 2 3 . 7 5 = 0 . 1 0 9 5 disp ( Alpha2 i s i n d e g r e e s ) alpha2 = atan (0.1095) *180/( %pi ) disp ( I m p e l l e r v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s i s : ) D1 = 0.2; U1 = %pi * D1 * N /60 // From v e l o c i t y T r i a n g l e 2 . 3 t a n g e n t b e t a 1 = Cr1 /U1 = 2.6/14.67 = 0.177 disp ( Beta1 i s i n d e g r e e s ) beta1 = atan (0.177) * 180 /( %pi ) disp ( Work done p e r kg o f w a t e r i n J o u l e s i s : ) W = Cw2 * U2 :
18
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Eciency Lift Discharge

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 4 ) //Q i s d i s c h a r g e r a t e , b e t a 2 i s a n g l e o f vane a t o u t l e t , H i s head , D i a r a t i o i s d i a m e t e r r a t i o o f e x t e r n a l by i n t e r n a l d i a , N i s rpm , A i s a r e a o f outer periphery Q = 1550; beta2 = 25; H = 6.2; Diaratio = 2; D2 = 1.2; N = 210; A = 0.65; disp ( V e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t i m p e l l e r t i p i n m/ s i s : ) Cr2 = Q /( A *1000) disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d i n m/ s i s : ) U2 = %pi * D2 * N / 60 Cw2 = U2 - Cr2 / tan ( %pi *25/180) disp ( TheoH i s t h e o r i t i c a l head i n m ) TheoH = Cw2 * U2 /9.81 // Assuming s l i p f a c t o r s i g m a = 1 , e f f i c i e n c y i s disp ( e f f i c i e n c y i s ) etah = H * 100 / TheoH // Power i s d e n o t e d by P 19
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
disp ( Power i n k i l o w a t t s i s : ) P = Q * TheoH * 9.81 / 1000 disp ( C e n t r i f u g a l head i s minimum head . Thus we g e t : ) //U22 U1 2 / 2 g = 6 . 2 //U1 = U2/2 U2 = (2 * 9.81 * 6.2 /(1 -0.25) ) ^(1/2) disp ( minimum s p e e d i n rpm i s : ) minN = U2 * 60 / ( %pi * D2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Horse Power Pump

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 5 ) //H i s head i n m, Q i s d i s c h a r g e m3/ s , e t a i s e f f i c i e n c y , P i s power disp ( Power P i n H o r s e power i s : ) H = 35; Q = 0.045; eta = 0.6; //P = r h o gQ/ e t a i n j o u l e s p e r s e c o n d P = 9.81 * Q * H / (0.6 * 0.746)
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Impeller Vanes Angled 20
1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 6 ) // V e l o c i t y o f f l o w t h r o u g h i m p e l l e r i s c o n s t a n t s o Cr1 = Cr2 = 3 . 5 m/ s disp ( T a n g e n t i a l V e l o c i t y o f i m p e l l e r a t i n l e t i n m/ s i s : ) // Din and D2 a r e d i a m e t e r s i n m e t e r s , N i s i n rpm , Cr2 i n m/ s Din = 0.3; D2 = 0.6; N = 950; Cr2 = 3.5; U1 = %pi * Din * N / 60 // t a n a l p h a 1 = Cr1 /U1 3 . 5 / 1 4 . 9 3 = 0 . 2 3 4 disp ( vane i n l e t a n g l e o f pump a l p h a 1 : ) alpha1 = atan (0.234) * 180/ %pi disp ( T a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y o f i m p e l l e r a t o u t l e t i n m / s : ) U2 = %pi * D2 * N / 60 disp ( Now For v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t i m p e l l e r o u t l e t , u s i n g v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e . i n m/ s i s : ) Cw2 = U2 - Cr2 / tan (46* %pi /180) // As c 2 2 = Cw22 + Cw22 , T h e r e f o r e disp ( V e l o c i t y o f w a t e r a t o u t l e t C2 i n m/ s i s : ) C2 = ( Cr2 ^2 + Cw2 ^2) ^(1/2) disp ( a l p h a 2 be t h e d i r e c t i o n o f w a t e r o u t l e t , Thus we have : ) alpha2 = atan ( Cr2 / Cw2 ) *(180/ %pi ) disp ( Work Done i n Newton m e t e r s i s g i v e n by : ) W = Cw2 * U2
21
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Vanes At 45 Degrees

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 7 ) // From F i g u r e Ex26 // F i n d i n g Manometric E f f i c i e n c y //D2 i s d i a i n m e t e r s , N i n rpm , Head H i n m e t e r s , Cr2 and Cw2 i n m/ s D2 = 0.5; D1 = 0.25; N = 500; H = 10; Cr2 = 2; beta2 = %pi /4; Cr1 = 2; // etaman = H/ ( Cw2 U2/ g ) disp ( O u t l e t V e l o c i t y be U2 i n m/ s : ) U2 = %pi * D2 * N / 60 //To Find Cw2 Cw2 = 13 -2/( tan ( %pi /4) ) disp ( Manometric E f f i c i e n c y be etaman i n %: ) etaman = H *9.81/( Cw2 * U2 ) *100 disp ( Vane A n g l e a t i n l e t b e t a 1 i n d e g r e e s i s : ) //U1 = U2/2 beta1 = atan ( Cr1 /( U2 /2) ) *(180/ %pi ) disp ( Minimum S t a r t i n g s p e e d N i n rpm i s : ) 22
29 30
// ( U22 U1 2 / 2 g = H i m p l i e s Nmin = ((2*9.81*10) /(( %pi * D2 /60) ^2 -( %pi * D1 /60) ^2) ) ^(1/2)
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Vanes Radially Exit

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 8 ) //D2 i s s i a m e t e r i n meter , N i s rpm , Cr2 i n m/ s and Cw2=U2 i n m/ s , V v e l o c i t y o f f l o w i n m/ s D2 = 0.6; N = 550; Cr2 = 3.5; U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 Cw2 = U2 g = 9.81; V =2.5; disp ( Head i n m e t e r s from where w a t e r i s b e i n g l i f t e d i s : ) H = Cw2 * U2 / g - ( V ^2) /(2* g ) // b2 i s w i d t h // Q i s d i s c h a r g e Q=piD2b2Cr2 i n m3/ s b2 = 0.082; disp ( D i s c h a r g e Q i s i n m3/ s : ) Q = %pi * D2 * b2 * Cr2 disp ( Power P i n K i l o w a t t s i s g i v e n a s : ) rho = 1000; // d e n s i t y o f w a t e r 1 0 0 0 kg /m3 23
Figure 2.1: Vanes Radially Exit
24
25 P = rho * g * Q * H /1000
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Radial Component Water

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 9 ) disp ( The Given Data ) disp ( The F o l l o w i n g Data D2 i s d i a m e t e r i n m, U2 and Cr2 i n m/ s , a l p h a 1 and b e t a 2 i n d e g r e e s , Q i s i 9 n m3/ s ) D2 = 1 U2 = 11 alpha1 = 90 Cr2 = 2.5 beta2 = 32 Q = 5.5 rho = 1000; disp ( O u t l e t V e l o c i t y Cw2 i n m/ s i s : ) Cw2 = U2 - ( Cr2 / tan (32* %pi /180) ) disp ( Power i n pump i n k i l o w a t t s i s : ) P = rho * Q * Cw2 * U2 /(1000*60) //H . P . = 2 p i NT/60 disp ( Rpm and Torque T i n Nm/ s a r e : ) N = 60* U2 /( %pi * D2 ) T = P *1000*60/(2* %pi * N )
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Centrifugal Pump Running 25
1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 10 ) disp ( Given Data N i n rpm , H i n m, Q d i s c h a r g e i n l i t r e s / s : ) N1 = 590 Q1 = 1.83 H1 = 16 N2 = 390 // As H 1 / 2 / N = c o n s t a n t H2 = N2 ^2* H1 /( N1 ^2) disp ( Head d e v e l o p e d by t h e pump a t 390 rpm = 6 . 9 8 m . I n o r d e r t o f i n d d i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e pump a t 390 rpm , We u s e Ns = N Q ( 1 / 2 ) / (H 3 / 4 ) . T h e r e f o r e D i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h pump i n l i t r e s / s Q2 i s : ) x = N1 * Q1 ^(1/2) / H1 ^(3/4) ; Q2 = ( x * H2 ^(3/4) / N2 ) ^2
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Ideal Height Hydraulic Eciency


8 D2 = 0.37; // i n m e t e r s
26
9 N = 800; // i n rpm 10 Q = 0.03; 11 Hgiven = 14; 12 disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p Speed U2 i n m/ s i s 13 U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 14 disp ( R a d i a l v e l o c i t y a t t h e i m p e l l e r
: ) e x i t Cr2 = 2 . 5
m/ s )
15 Cr2 = 2.5; 16 disp ( T h e r e f o r e ) 17 Cw2 = U2 - Cr2 / tan ( %pi /4) 18 disp ( When t h e r e i s no s l i p ,
t h e head H d e v e l o p e d
w i l l be )
19 g =9.81; 20 H = Cw2 * U2 / g 21 disp ( I f t h e r e a r e no h y d r a u l i c 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
i n t e r n a l l o s s e s , the power u t i l i z e d by t h e pump w i l l be : P ) P = 0.96*8 // g i v e n e f f i c i e n c y = 0 . 9 6 and Power = 8 hp disp ( T h e o r e t i c a l f l o w r a t e Qtheo i n m3/ s : ) Qtheo = Q /0.97 disp ( I d e a l H e i g h t Hi : ) Hi = P * 0.746 / ( g * Qtheo ) disp ( The h y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y i s e t a h : ) etah = Hgiven / Hi *100
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Actual Work Absolute Velocity

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 12 ) 27
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
disp ( E x i t b l a d e a n g l e b e t a 2 =20 d e g r e s ) beta2 = 20; U2 = 56; //U2 i n m/ s Cr2 = 7.5; // i n m/ s CW2 = U2 - Cr2 / tan (20* %pi /180) disp ( U s i n g s l i p f a c t o r : ) sigma = 0.88 disp ( The v e l o c i t y w h i r l a t e x i t i s : ) Cw2 = sigma * CW2 disp ( Work i n p u t p e r kg o f w a t e r f l o w i n KJ/ kg ) W = Cw2 * U2 /1000 disp ( A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y a t i m p e l l e r t i p C2 i n m/ s i s : ) 20 C2 = ( Cr2 ^2 + Cw2 ^2) ^(1/2)
Scilab code Exa 2.13 Theoritical Head

9 10 11 12 13 14 15
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 13 ) disp ( Assuming t h e b l a d e s a r e o f i n f i n i t e s i m a l t h i c k n e s s , t h e f l o w a r e a i s g i v e n by A i n m2 = i m p e l l e r p e r i p h e r y blade depth ) D2 = 0.26 // i n m d = 0.02 // i n m N = 1400 // i n rpm g =9.81; Q = 0.03 //m3/ s disp ( Area A i n m2 ) A = D2 * %pi * d 28
16 disp ( Flow v e l o c i t y Cr2 i s g i v e n by ) 17 Cr2 = Q / A 18 disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d , U2 i n m/ s i s ) 19 U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 20 disp ( A b s o l u t e w h i r l component , Cw2 i n m/ s 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
i s given
by ) Cw2 = U2 - Cr2 / tan (30* %pi /180) disp ( U s i n g E u l e r s e q u a t i o n , and a s s u m i n g Cw1 = 0 ( i . e . , no w h i r l a t i n l e t ) Head H i n m ) H = U2 * Cw2 / g disp ( T h e o r e t i c a l head w i t h s l i p i s Htheo i n m ) Htheo = 0.78* H disp ( To f i n d numbers o f i m p e l l e r b l a d e s , u s i n g S t a n i t z formula sigma = 1 0 . 6 3 p i /n) disp ( S l i p f a c t o r , s i g m a = 0 . 7 8 ) sigma = 0.78; disp ( Number o f b l a d e s r e q u i r e d ) n = (0.63* %pi ) /(1 - sigma ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e n = 9 )
Scilab code Exa 2.14 Vanes 30 Degrees

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 14 ) disp ( Given d a t a D1 and D2 i n m e t e r s , N i n rpm , Cr2 i n m/ s and b e t a 2 i n d e g r e e s ) D1 = 0.2 D2 = 0.4 N = 1500 29
12 Cr2 = 2.8 13 beta2 = 30 14 disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d , U2 i n m/ s , i s ) 15 U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 16 disp ( W h i r l component o f a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y Cw2 a t 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
i m p e l l e r e x i t i s ) Cw2 = U2 - Cr2 / tan (30* %pi /180) // As t a n ( a l p h a 2 ) = 2 . 8 / 2 6 . 5 8 = 0 . 1 0 5 3 alpha2 = atan (0.1053) * 180 / %pi disp ( I m p e l l e r s p e e d a t i n l e t U1 i n m/ s i s ) U1 = %pi * D1 * N /60 // t a n ( b e t a 1 ) = 2 . 8 / 1 5 . 7 = 0 . 1 7 8 beta1 = atan (0.178) *180/ %pi disp ( Work done p e r kg o f w a t e r W i n Nm : ) W = Cw2 * U2
Scilab code Exa 2.15 Power Hub dia Angles

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 15 ) rho = 1000; // d e n s i t y i n kg /m3 g = 9.81; // f o r c e o f g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2 H = 10; // head i n m Q = 1.3; // D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s eta = 0.83; // e f f i c i e n c y U2 = 22; // b l a d e v e l o c i t y Ca = 4.5; // Flow v e l o c i t y N = 550; // rpm disp ( Power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e w a t e r P i n kW : ) 30
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
P = rho * g * H * Q /1000 disp ( Power i n p u t t o t h e pump Pin i n kW : ) Pin = P / eta disp ( R o t o r t i p d i a m e t e r i s g i v e n by D2 i n m ) D2 = 60* U2 /( %pi * N ) disp ( R o t o r Hub d i a D1 i n m : ) D1 = ( D2 ^2 -Q /( %pi * Ca /4) ) ^(1/2) disp ( R o t o r v e l o c i t y a t hub i s g i v e n by U1 i n m/ s : ) U1 = D1 * U2 / D2 disp ( S i n c e , t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y i s c o n s t a n t , we have : r o t o r i n l e t angl at t i p alpha1t in d e g r e e s ) alpha1t = atan ( Ca / U1 ) *180/ %pi disp ( R o t o r o u t l e t a n g l e a l p h a 2 t i n d e g r e e s : ) alpha2t = atan ( Ca / U2 ) *180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 2.16 Mechanical Eciency

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 16 ) disp ( Given Data : ) Qdel = 72 // D i s c h a r g e i n l / s rho = 1000 Di = 0.09 // I n n e r Dia i n m Do = 0.28 // Outer Dia i n m N = 1650 // R e v o l u t i o n i n min H = 25 // Head bi = 0.02 // Width a t i n l e t i n m bo = 0.018 // Width a t o u t l e t i n m 31
17 Qleak = 2 // i n l / s 18 etap = 0.56 // E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e pump 19 cf = 0.85 // C o n t r a c t i o n f a c t o r 20 g = 9.81 // g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2 21 Ploss = 1.41 22 disp ( T o t a l q u a n t i t y o f t h e w a t e r t o be h a n d l e d by 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
t h e pump Qt i n l / s ) Qt = Qdel + Qleak disp ( T o t a l q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r p e r s i d e Qw ) Qw = Qt /2 disp ( I m p e l l e r s p e e d a t i n l e t U1 i n m/ s ) U1 = %pi * Di * N /60 disp ( Flow a r e a a t i n l e t Af ) Af = %pi * Di * bi * cf disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t h e v e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t i n l e t C r l i n m/ s ) Crl = Qw /( Af *1000) disp ( From i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e b e t a 1 ) beta1 = atan ( Crl / U1 ) *180/ %pi // C r l /U1 = 7 . 7 0 8 / 7 . 7 8 disp ( Area o f f l o w a t o u t l e t Ao ) bo1 = bo / 2 Ao = %pi * Do * bo1 * cf disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t h e v e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t o u t l e t Cr2 ) Cr2 = Qw /( Ao *1000) disp ( The i m p e l l e r s p e e d a t o u t l e t U2 ) U2 = %pi * Do * N /60 disp ( Now u s i n g v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t o u t l e t Cw2 i n m / s ) Cw2 = U2 - Cr2 / tan (35* %pi /180) alpha2 = atan ( Cr2 / Cw2 ) *180/ %pi disp ( The a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y o f w a t e r l e a v i n g t h e i m p e l l e r C2 i n m/ s ) C2 = Cw2 / cos ( alpha2 * %pi /180) disp ( The m a n o m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y etaman ) etaman = g * H /( U2 * Cw2 ) disp ( The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y e t a v ) etav = Qdel / Qt 32
50 disp ( Water power Pw i n kW ) 51 Pw = rho * g * Qdel * H /1000000 52 disp ( S h a f t power Ps i n kW ) 53 Ps = Pw / etap 54 disp ( M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s etam ) 55 etam = ( Ps - Ploss ) / Ps
Scilab code Exa 2.17 Single Stage Pump


8 disp ( Head g e n e r a t e d by t h e pump H ) 9 //H i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n l t o D2 10 D = 0.32; 11 H = 21.5; 12 Hred = 20; 13 disp ( D i a m e t e r t o be r e d u c e d i s Dred i n cm ) 14 Dred = D *( Hred / H ) ^(1/2) * 100
Scilab code Exa 2.18 Diameter of Impeller

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ;
f l o a t i n g point exception
33
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 18 ) disp ( S p e c i f i c s p e e d N i n rpm ) Ns = 38; He = 70; H = He /2; Q = 55/1000; // i n m3/ s rho = 1000; g = 9.81; N = Ns * ( H ) ^(3/4) / Q ^(1/2) disp ( Power R e q u i r e d P i n kW ) P = rho * g * Q * He /(0.76*1000) Hmano = 0.65* H ; beta2 = 28; // Cr2 = 0 . 1 4 U2 disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t o u t l e t ) disp ( t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = Cr2 / ( U2 Cw2 ) o r t a n ( 2 8 ) = 0 . 1 4 U2/ ( U2 Cw2 ) ) disp ( U2 / ( U2 Cw2 ) = 0 . 5 3 1 7 / 0 . 1 4 = 3.798(A) ) disp ( As t h e f l o w a t e n t r a n c e i s r a d i a l and a l p h a 1 = 9 0 , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l e q u a t i o n o f pump would be ) disp ( Hmano/ etamano = U2 Cw2/ g ) disp ( Where etamano m a n o m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f pump which i s 65%. ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e , 3 5 / 0 . 6 5 = U2 Cw2/ g ) disp ( U2 Cw2 = 35 9 . 8 1 / 0 . 6 5 ) disp ( Cw2 = 5 2 8 . 2 3 / U2(B) ) disp ( S u b s t i t u t i n g f o r Cw2 i n Eq . (A) and s o l v i n g U2 ) U2 = 26.78 D2 = U2 * 60 /( %pi * N ) disp ( Where D2 i s i n m e t e r s )
Scilab code Exa 2.19 Two Multistage Pumps
34
1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 19 ) N = 1445 // rpm Q = 0.0352 //m3/ s Ns = 14 // rpm g =9.81; disp ( Head d e v e l o p e d i n e a c h s t a g e i s H i n m: ) H = ( N * ( Q ^(1/2) ) / Ns ) ^(4/3) disp ( T o t a l head r e q u i r e d = 845m ) disp ( Number o f s t a g e s n e e d e d = 8 4 5 / 5 2 = 16 ) disp ( Number o f s t a g e s i n e a c h pump = 8 ) disp ( I m p e l l e r s p e e d a t t i p i s U2 i n m/ s ) U2 = 0.96*(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( I m p e l l e r D i a m e t e r a t t i p D2 ) //D2 = %pi 6 0 3 0 . 6 1 4 4 5 disp ( But U2 = p i D2 N/60 T h e r e f o r e D2 r e a l i n m ) D2real = U2 *60/( %pi *1445)
Scilab code Exa 2.20 Pumps to be Connected

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 20 ) disp ( S p e c i f i c s p e e d f o r a s i n g l e i m p e l l e r i s g i v e n 35
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
by ) disp ( Ns = NQ 0 . 5 /H 0 . 7 5 ) Ns = 700 H = 105 N = 900 Q = 5500/60 // l / s H = ( N * Q ^0.5/ Ns ) ^(4/3) disp ( Hence t o t a l number o f s t a g e s : ) Ht = 105; Stages = Ht / H disp ( S t a g e s i n s e r i e s a r e 4 )
Scilab code Exa 2.21 Specic speed 1150

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 21 ) disp ( Given d a t a ) D2 = 0.9 //m D1 = 0.45 //m Ns = 1150 // rpm Cr = 2.5 //m/ s H = 5.5 //m disp ( H, D2 and D1 a r e i n m e t e r s , Ns i n rpm , Cr i n m/ s ) Q = ( %pi *( D2 ^2 - D1 ^2) /4 ) * Cr *1000 disp ( Q i n l / s ) N = Ns * H ^0.75/ Q ^0.5 disp ( T h e r e f o r e N = 120 ) disp ( I n o r d e r t o f i n d vane a n g l e a t e n t r y , u s i n g 36
v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t i n l e t , U1 i n m/ s i s : ) 20 U1 = %pi * D1 * N /60 21 alpha = atan ( Cr / U1 ) *180/ %pi
37
Chapter 3 Hydraulic Turbines
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Generator Pelton Wheel

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 1 ) disp ( Given d a t a : D i s c h a r g e r a t e Q = 145 l / s , Head H = 220m, U1 = U2 = 14m/ s , b e t a 2 = 180 160 =20 d e g r e e s ) Q = 145; H = 220; U2 = 14; U1 = U2 ; beta2 = 20; g = 9.81; disp ( R e f e r i n g f i g u r e ) disp ( U s i n g U s i n g E u l e r s e q u a t i o n , work done p e r 38
17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
w e i g h t mass o f w a t e r p e r s e c .= ( Cw1U1 Cw2U2 ) . But f o r P e l t o n w h e e l Cw2 i s n e g a t i v e ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e Work done / s = ( Cw1U1 + Cw2U2 ) Nm / s . From i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e Cw1 = C1 and C1 2 / 2 g = H ) C1 = (2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t V1 ) V1 = C1 - U1 disp ( From o u t l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) V2 = V1 Cw2 = cos (20* %pi /180) * V2 -14 disp ( Hence , work done p e r u n i t mass o f w a t e r p e r sec . ) W = C1 * U1 + Cw2 * U2 disp ( Power i n kw ) P = W * Q /1000
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Pelton Wheel 725

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 2 ) disp ( O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y e t a o = Power d e v e l o p e d / Power a v a i l a b l e ) rho = 1000; g = 9.81; Q = 0.035; H = 92; etao = 0.82; Cv = 0.95; 39
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
N = 725; disp ( Power i n kw ) P = rho * g * Q * H * etao /1000 disp ( V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t Cv = C1 / ( 2 gH ) 0 . 5 ) C1 = Cv * (2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( Speed o f t h e w h e e l i s g i v e n by U ) U = 0.45* C1 disp ( I f D i s t h e w h e e l d i a m e t e r , t h e n ) D = 2* U *60/( N *2* %pi ) disp ( J e t a r e a A ) A = Q / C1 disp ( J e t d i a m e t e r , d , i s g i v e n by ) d = (4* A / %pi ) ^0.5 disp ( D i a m e t e r r a t i o D/ d = ) R = D/d disp ( D i m e n s i o n l e s s s p e c i f i c s p e e d i s g i v e n by Nsp = NP 0 . 5 / r h o 0 . 5 ( gH ) 1 . 2 5 in r a d i a n s ) 31 Nsp = ( N /60) *((( P / rho ) *1000) ^0.5) * ((1/( g * H ) ) ^1.25) *2* %pi
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Pelton Speed 14

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 3 ) 8 disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e ) 9 disp ( Given Data ) 10 U2 = 14 //m/ s 40
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
U1 = U2 Q = 0.82 //m3/ s H =45 //m beta2 = 180 -160 Cv = 0.98 g = 9.81 disp ( V e l o c i t y o f j e t C1 ) C1 = Cv *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( Assuming b e t a 1 = 180 ) beta1 = 180; Cw1 = C1 V1 = C1 - U1 disp ( From o u t l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , U1 = U2 ( n e g l e c t i n g l o s s e s on b u c k e t s ) ) V2 = V1 Cw2 = V2 * cos ( beta2 * %pi /180) - U2 disp ( Work done p e r w e i g h t mass o f w a t e r p e r s e c ) W = ( Cw1 + Cw2 ) * U1 disp ( Power d e v e l o p e d P i n kw and h o r s e power a r e Pkw , Php ) Pkw = W * Q Php = Pkw *1000/746 // i n h o r s e power disp ( E f f i c i e n c y e t a 1 ) eta1 = 1000* Pkw /(1000* g * Q * H )
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Pelton Wheel 12900kW

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24
disp ( Given Data ) H = 505 // Head i n m P = 12900 // Power i n kW N = 425 // Speed i n rpm etao = 0.84 // E f f i c i e n c y g = 9.81 //m/ s 2 disp ( L e t Q be t h e d i s c h a r g e o f t h e t u r b i n e ) Q = P /( etao * g * H ) disp ( V e l o c i t y o f j e t C ) Cv = 0.98; C = Cv * (2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( T a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e w h e e l i s g i v e n by ) U = 0.46* C disp ( D i a m e t e r D ) D = 60* U /( %pi * N ) disp ( L e t d be t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e n o z z l e . The d i s c h a r g e t h r o u g h t h e n o z z l e must be e q u a l t o t h e d i s c h a r g e of the t u r b i n e . Therefore ) d = ( Q *4/( %pi * C ) ) ^0.5
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Double Overhung Pelton


8 disp ( Output Power ) 9 Po = 12000 10 eta = 0.95 11 disp ( Power g e n e r a t e d Pin )
42
12 Pin = Po / eta 13 disp ( S i n c e t h e r e a r e two r u n n e r s , power d e v e l o p e d
by e a c h r u n n e r ) 14 P = Pin /2
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Power Station

17 18 19 20 21 22
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 6 ) disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e ) disp ( H y d r a u l i c E f f i c i e n c y e t a h = Power o u t p u t / Energy a v a i l a b l e i n t h e j e t = P / ( 0 . 5 mC1 2 ) ) disp ( At e n t r y t o n o z z l e ) H = 610 -46 // i n m Cv = 0.98; g = 9.81; disp ( U s i n g n o z z l e v e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t C1 ) C1 = Cv * (2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( Now W/m = U1Cw1 U2Cw2 =U { (U + V1 ) [UV2cos ( 1 8 0 a l p h a ) ] } = U [ ( C1 U) ( 1 k c o s ( a l p h a ) ) ] where V2 = kV1 ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e W/m ) Wm = 0.46* C1 *( C1 -0.46* C1 ) *(1 -0.99* cos (165* %pi /180) ) etah = Wm /(0.5*103*103) disp ( A c t u a l h y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y ) etaha = 0.91* etah disp ( Wheel b u c k e t s p e e d ) 43
23 s = 0.46* C1 24 disp ( Wheel r o t a t i o n a l s p e e d N ) 25 N = s *60/(0.445*2* %pi ) 26 disp ( A c t u a l h y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y ) 27 disp ( A c t u a l power / e n e r g y i n t h e j e t = ( 1 2 6 0 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
1 0 3 ) / ( 0 . 5 mC1 2 ) ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e ) m = 1260*1000/(0.882*0.5*103*103) disp ( For one n o z z l e ,m ) mone = m /2 disp ( For n o z z l e d i a m e t e r , u s i n g c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n , m ) disp ( m = r h o C1 A = r h o C1 p i d 2 / 4 ) disp ( Hence , d i n mm ) d = ( mone *4/( %pi *103*1000) ) ^0.5 *1000
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Pelton Head 90

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 7 ) disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e ) disp ( Head = 90m ) disp ( Head l o s t due t o f r i c t i o n = 30m ) disp ( Head a v a i l a b l e a t t h e n o z z l e = 90 30 = 60m ) Q = 1 //m3/ s disp ( From i n l e t d i a g r a m ) Cv = 0.98; 44
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
g = 9.81; H = 60; C1 = Cv *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 U1 =12; disp ( T h e r e f o r e ) V1 = C1 - U1 disp ( From o u t l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) V2 = V1 alpha = 15; disp ( n e g l e c t i n g l o s s e s i n m/ s ) U2 = U1 ; Cw2 = V2 * cos ( alpha * %pi /180) - U2 Cr2 = V2 * sin ( alpha * %pi /180) C2 = ( Cw2 ^2+ Cr2 ^2) ^0.5 disp ( Work done i n kJ / kg ) W = ( C1 ^2 - C2 ^2) /2 disp ( Note Work done can a l s o be f o u n d by u s i n g E u l e r s e q u a t i o n ( Cw1U1 + Cw2U2 ) ) 32 Power = W //kW 33 disp ( H y d r a u l i c E f f i c i e n c y ) 34 Efficiency = W *2/ C1 ^2
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Single Jet Pelton Wheel

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 8 ) // Answers h e r e a r e g i v e n by d i r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n s and 45
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
none o f them a r e rounded , t h e a n s w e r s d e p e n d e n t on e a c h o t h e r . disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e and t h e s c i e n t i f i c c a l c u l a t i o n s ) disp ( V e l o c i t y o f j e t , C1 ) Cv = 0.98; g =9.81; H = 515; C1 = Cv *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( D i s c h a r g e , Q i s g i v e n by ) d =0.2; Q = %pi * C1 * d ^2 /4 disp ( Water power i s g i v e n by i n kW ) rho = 1000; P = rho * g * Q * H /1000 disp ( Bucket v e l o c i t y , U1 , i s g i v e n by ) Cv1 = 0.46; U1 = Cv1 *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y , V1 , a t i n l e t i s V1 = C1 - U1 V2 = 0.88* V1 disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y d i a g r a m ) U2 = U1 Cw2 = U2 - V2 * cos ( %pi *15/180) disp ( T h e r e f o r e f o r c e on t h e b u c k e t F i n Cw1 = C1 F = rho * Q *( Cw1 - Cw2 ) disp ( Power p r o d u c e d by t h e P e l t o n w h e e l Pp = F * U2 /1000 disp ( Taking m e c h a n i c a l l o s s ) loss = 0.04 disp ( T h e r e f o r e , s h a f t power p r o d u c e d ) Pshaft = Pp *(1 - loss ) disp ( O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y e t a o ) etao = Pshaft / P *100
are
g i v e n by )
N )
Pp i n kW )
46
Figure 3.1: Inward Flow Reaction Turbine
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Inward Flow Reaction Turbine

1 2 3
4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 9 ) disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e ) disp ( From i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) Cr1 = 3.8; //m/ s alpha1 = 16; // d e g r e e Cw1 = Cr1 / tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y o f w a t e r a t i n l e t , C1 , i s ) C1 = Cr1 / sin ( alpha1 * %pi /180) D1 = 1; //m N = 240; // rpm U1 = %pi * D1 * N /60 x = Cr1 /( Cw1 - U1 ) beta1 = atan ( x ) * 180/ %pi disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y o f w a t e r a t e n t r a n c e ) V1 = Cr1 / sin ( beta1 * %pi /180)
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Runner Axial Flow

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 10 ) disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e s ) disp ( S i n c e t h i s i s an i m p u l s e t u r b i n e , assume c o e f f i c i e n t of v e l o c i t y = 0.98 ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e t h e a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i s ) Cv = 0.98; 48
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
g = 9.81; H = 35; C1 = Cv *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( The v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t i n l e t ) alpha1 = 30; Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( S i n c e U1 = U2 = U ) disp ( U s i n g o u t l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) disp ( C2 = U2tan ( b e t a 2 ) = U t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = U t a n ( 2 2 ) ) disp ( H y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e ( n e g l e c t i n g l o s s e s ) ) // e t a h = Cw1U1/gH = (H C2 2 / 2 g ) /H // 2 2 . 2 4U + 0 . 0 8 2U2 9 . 8 1H = 0 disp ( As U i s p o s i t i v e , ) U = ( -22.24 + ((22.4) ^2 + 4*0.082* g * H ) ^0.5) /(2*0.082) - 0.9 disp ( Now u s i n g r e l a t i o n ) disp ( U = %pi DN/60 ) D = 1.5; N = 60* U /( %pi * D ) disp ( H y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y ) etah = Cw1 * U /( g * H )
Scilab code Exa 3.11 Kaplan runner

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 11 ) 8 Cv = 2.08; 9 g = 9.81; 49
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
H = 5.5; Cv1 = 0.68; U1 = Cv *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 Cr1 = Cv1 *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 N = 65; disp ( Now power i s g i v e n by ) P = 9000; eta = 0.85; Q = P / ( g * H * eta ) disp ( I f D i s t h e r u n n e r d i a m e t e r and , d , t h e hub diameter ) 20 D = ( Q *4*9/( %pi * Cr1 *8) ) ^0.5 21 disp ( S o l v i n g ) 22 Ns = N * P ^0.5 / H ^1.25
Scilab code Exa 3.12 Turbine 12000 HP

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 12 ) disp ( Mean d i a m e t e r D ) D = (4+1.75) /2 N =145; U1 = %pi * D * N /60 g = 9.81; H = 20; disp ( U s i n g h y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y , e t a h ) etah = 0.93 Cw1 = etah * g * H / U1 Power = 12000*0.746 50
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
disp ( Power = r h o g QH e t a o ) etao = 0.85 disp ( D i s c h a r g e , Q ) Q = Power /( g * H * etao ) Cr1 = Q *4/( %pi *(4^2 -1.75^2) ) beta1 = atan ( Cr1 /( U1 - Cw1 ) ) *180/ %pi U2 = U1 Cr2 = Cr1 beta2 = atan ( Cr2 / U2 ) *180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Speed angle reaction turbine

15 16 17 18 19
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 13 ) disp ( Outer d i a m e t e r , D2 = 1 . 4m ) disp ( I n n e r d i a m e t e r , D1 = 0 . 7m ) disp ( A n g l e a t which t h e w a t e r e n t e r s t h e v a n e s , a l p h a 1 = 12 d e g r e e s ) disp ( V e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t i n l e t , ) Cr2 = 2.8 Cr1 = Cr2 disp ( As t h e v a n e s a r e r a d i a l a t i n l e t and o u t l e t end , t h e v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t i n l e t and o u t l e t w i l l be z e r o , a s shown i n F i g . 3 . 2 1 . ) disp ( T a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y o f w h e e l a t i n l e t , ) alpha1 = 12 U1 = Cr1 / tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) D2 = 1.4 N = 60* U1 /( %pi * D2 ) 51
20 disp ( L e t b e t a 2 i s t h e vane a n g l e a t o u t l e t ) 21 D1 = 0.7 22 U2 = %pi * D1 * N /60 23 disp ( From O u t l e t t r i a n g l e , ) 24 beta2 = atan ( Cr2 / U2 ) *180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Discharge 500

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 14 ) disp ( D i s c h a r g e , Q ) Q = 0.5 //m3/ s disp ( V e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t i n l e t , Cr1 ) Cr1 = 1.5 //m/ s disp ( V e l o c i t y o f p e r i p h e r y a t i n l e t , U1 ) U1 = 20 disp ( V e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t i n l e t , Cw1 ) Cw1 = 15 disp ( As t h e v e l o c i t y o f f l o w i s c o n s t a n t , Cr1 = Cr2 ) Cr2 = Cr1 disp ( L e t b e t a 1 = vane a n g l e a t i n l e t ) disp ( From i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) beta1 = 180 - atan ( Cr1 /( U1 - Cw1 ) ) *180/ %pi g = 9.81; disp ( S i n c e t h e d i s c h a r g e i s r a d i a l a t o u t l e t , and so the v e l o c i t y of whirl at o u t l e t i s zero . Therefore , ) H = Cw1 * U1 / g + Cr1 ^2/(2* g ) //m 52
Scilab code Exa 3.15 Rotation 290rpm

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 15 ) disp ( I n n e r d i a m e t e r o f wheel , ) D1 = 1 disp ( Outer d i a m e t e r o f wheel , ) D2 = 2 disp ( V e l o c i t y o f f l o w i s c o n s t a n t ) Cr1 = 12 //m/ s Cr2 = Cr1 disp ( Speed o f wheel , ) N = 290 // rpm disp ( Vane a n g l e a t i n l e t = b e t a 1 ) disp ( U1 i s t h e v e l o c i t y o f p e r i p h e r y a t i n l e t . ) U1 = %pi * D1 * N /60 disp ( From i n l e t t r i a n g l e , v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l i s g i v e n by ) Cw1 = Cr1 / tan (20* %pi /180) beta1 = atan ( Cr1 /( Cw1 - U1 ) ) *180/ %pi disp ( L e t b e t a 2 = vane a n g l e a t o u t l e t ) disp ( U2 = v e l o c i t y o f p e r i p h e r y a t o u t l e t ) U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 disp ( From t h e o u t l e t t r i a n g l e ) beta2 = atan ( Cr2 / U2 ) *180/ %pi
53
Scilab code Exa 3.16 Head 30

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 16 ) disp ( I f D1 i s t h e d i a m e t e r o f p i p e , t h e n d i s c h a r g e i s Q = p i D12 C2/4 ) Q = 0.245 D1 = 0.28 C2 = 4*0.245/( %pi *0.28^2) disp ( But C2 = Cr1 = Cr2 ) g =9.81; H = 30; disp ( N e g l e c t i n g l o s s e s , we have ) // x = Cw1 U1 x = g * H - C2 ^2 /2; disp ( Power d e v e l o p e d ) Power = x * Q //kW U1 = 16 Cw1 = x / U1 Cr1 = C2 alpha1 = atan ( C2 / Cw1 ) *180/ %pi beta1 = atan ( Cr1 /( Cw1 - U1 ) ) *180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 3.17 Power 12400

1 2 3 4
// D i s p l a y mode mode (0) ; // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n ieee (1) ; 54
5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R .

8 disp ( V e l o c i t y i n c a s i n g a t i n l e t t o t u r b i n e ) 9 Q = 7.8; 10 disp ( Cc = D i s c h a r g e / ( C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
c a s i n g ) ) Cc = Q /( %pi *1^2 /4) disp ( The n e t head on t u r b i n e ) disp ( = P r e s s u r e head + Head due t o t u r b i n e p o s i t i o n + ( Cc 2 C1 2 ) /2 g ) PrHead = 164 TurbHead = 5.4 C1 = 1.6 g = 9.81; Hnet = PrHead + TurbHead + ( Cc ^2 - C1 ^2) /(2* g ) disp ( Waterpower s u p p l i e d t o t u r b i n e = QgH kW ) P = Q * g * Hnet disp ( Hence o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y , e t a o = S h a f t Power / Water Power ) etao = 12400/ P * 100
Scilab code Exa 3.18 Francis Turbine 1250rpm

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 18 ) 8 disp ( For t o r q u e , u s i n g a n g u l a r momentum e q u a t i o n ) 9 disp ( T = m( Cw2r2 Cw1r1 ) ) 55
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
disp ( As t h e f l o w i s r a d i a l a t o u t l e t , Cw2 = 0 and t h e r e f o r e ) Cw2 = 0; disp ( T = mCw1r1 ) disp ( rQCw1r1 ) disp ( T = 225Cw1 Nm ) disp ( I f h1 i s t h e i n l e t r u n n e r h e i g h t , t h e n i n l e t a r e a , A, i s ) h1 = 0.035; r1 = 0.5; A = 2* %pi * r1 * h1 Q = 0.45; Cr1 = Q / A g = 9.81; H = 125; rho = 1000; disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l ) alpha = 70; disp ( S u b s t i t u t i n g Cw1 , t o r q u e i s g i v e n by ) Cw1 = Cr1 * tan ( alpha * %pi /180) T = -1 * 225* Cw1 disp ( N e g a t i v e s i g n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t o r q u e i s e x e r t e d on t h e f l u i d . The t o r q u e e x e r t e d by t h e f l u i d i s +2534Nm ) Ta = -1* T ; disp ( Power e x e r t e d ) N = 1250; omega = 2* %pi * N /(60*1000) P = Ta * omega disp ( H y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y i s g i v e n by ) disp ( e t a h = Power e x e r t e d / Power a v a i l a b l e ) etah = P * 1000/ ( rho * g * H * Q ) * 100
Scilab code Exa 3.19 Turbine 130kW
56
1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 19 ) disp ( H y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y i s ) disp ( e t a h = Power d e l e l o p e d / Power a v a i l a b l e ) disp ( =m( Cw1U1 Cw2U) / rhogQH ) disp ( S i n c e f l o w i s r a d i a l a t o u t l e t , t h e n Cw2 = 0 and m = rhoQ , t h e r e f o r e ) disp ( e t a h = Cw1U1/gH ) g = 9.81; H = 5; U1 = 9.6; etah = 80; //% Cw1 = etah * g * H /(9.6*100) disp ( R a d i a l v e l o c i t y Cr1 = 4m/ s ) Cr1 = 4; disp ( t a n ( a l p h a 1 ) = Cr1 /Cw1 ( from v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) ) alpha1 = atan ( Cr1 / Cw1 ) *180/ %pi disp ( i . e . , i n l e t g u i d e vane a n g l e a l p h a 1 = 4 4 . 3 8 ) disp ( t a n ( b e t a 1 ) = Cr1 / ( Cw1 U1 ) ) beta1 = 180+ atan ( Cr1 /( Cw1 - U1 ) ) *180/ %pi disp ( Runner s p e e d i s ) N = 230; D1 = 60* U1 /( %pi * N ) disp ( O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y ) disp ( e t a o = Power o u t p u t / Power a v a i l a b l e ) rho = 1000; Q = 130*1000/(0.72* rho * g * H ) disp ( But Q = p i D1h1Cr1 ( where h1 i s t h e h e i g h t o f runner ) ) h1 = Q /( %pi * D1 * Cr1 )
57
Scilab code Exa 3.20 Blade tip hub dia

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 20 ) disp ( Mean d i a m e t e r , Dm, i s g i v e n by ) disp ( Dm = (Dh + Dt ) /2 ) Dh = 2; Dt = 4.5; Dm = ( Dh + Dt ) /2 disp ( O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y , e t a o , i s g i v e n by ) disp ( e t a o = Power d e v e l p o e d / Power a v a i l a b l e ) disp ( Power a v a i l a b l e = 2 2 / 0 . 8 4 = 2 6 . 2 M W ) P = 26.2*10^6; disp ( Also , a v a i l a b l e power = r h o gHQ ) disp ( Hence f l o w r a t e , Q, i s g i v e n by ) rho = 1000; g = 9.81; H = 22; Q = P / ( rho * g * H ) disp ( Now r o t o r s p e e d a t mean d i a m e t e r ) N = 150; Um = %pi * Dm * N /60 disp ( Power g i v e n t o r u n n e r = Power a v a i l a b l e e t a h in M W ) 27 etah = 0.92; 28 Prun = P * etah / (10^6) // i n M W 29 disp ( T h e o r e t i c a l power g i v e n t o r u n n e r can be f o u n d by u s i n g ) 58
30 disp ( P = r h o QUmCw1 ( Cw2 = 0 ) ) 31 Cw1 = Prun * 10^6 / ( rho * Q * Um ) 32 disp ( A x i a l v e l o c i t y i s g i v e n by ) 33 disp ( Cr = Q 4 / ( %pi ( Dt 2 Dh 2 ) ) 34 Cr = Q *4/( %pi *( Dt ^2 - Dh ^2) ) 35 disp ( U s i n g v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) 36 disp ( t a n ( 1 8 0 b e t a 1 ) = C/ (Um Cw1 ) ) 37 disp ( I n l e t a n g l e , ) 38 beta1 = 180 - atan ( Cr /( Um - Cw1 ) ) *180/ %pi 39 disp ( At o u t l e t ) 40 disp ( But Vcw2 e q u a l s t o Um s i n c e Cw2 i s 41 42
z e r o . Hence
) Vcw2 = Um beta2 = atan ( Cr / Vcw2 ) * 180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 3.21 Overall Eciency 75

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 21 ) disp ( H y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y , e t a h , i s g i v e n by ) disp ( e t a h = Power g i v e n t o r u n n e r / Water Power a v a i l a b l e ) disp ( = m ( U1Cw1 U2Cw2 ) / r h o gQH ) disp ( S i n c e f l o w i s r a d i a l a t e x i t , Cw2 = 0 and m = r h o Q . T h e r e f o r e ) 59
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Cw2 = 0; etah = 0.82; U1 = 10.6; g = 9.81; H = 6; Cw1 = etah * g * H / U1 Cr1 = 4; alpha1 = atan ( Cr1 / Cw1 ) *180/ %pi disp ( From F i g u r e s ) disp ( B l a d e a n g l e , b e t a 1 , i s g i v e n by ) beta1 = 180 - atan ( Cr1 /( U1 - Cw1 ) ) * 180/ %pi disp ( Runner s p e e d a t i n l e t ) N = 235; D1 = U1 *60/( %pi * N ) disp ( O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y ) disp ( e t a o = Power o u t p u t / Power a v a i l a b l e ) etao = 0.75 rho = 1000; P = 128000 disp ( From which f l o w r a t e ) Q = P /(0.75* rho * g * H ) disp ( Also , Q = r h o D1hCr1 ) disp ( where h1 i s t h e h e i g h t o f r u n n e r . T h e r e f o r e , ) h1 = Q /( %pi * D1 * Cr1 )
Scilab code Exa 3.22 Kaplan 10000kW

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
disp ( Head , H = 8 m, Power , P = 1 0 , 0 0 0kW ) disp ( O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y , e t a o = 0 . 8 6 ) P = 10000; g = 9.81; H = 8; rho = 1000; U1 = 2*(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( Flow r a t i o Cr1 / ( 2 gH ) 0 . 5 ) Cr1 = 0.6*(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( Hub d i a m e t e r , D1 = 0 . 3 5 D2 ) disp ( O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y , e t a o = P/ r h o gQH ) etao = 0.86; Q = P /( rho * g * H * etao ) * 1000 disp ( Now u s i n g t h e r e l a t i o n ) disp ( Q = Cr1 p i ( D12 D2 2 ) /4 ) D1 = ( Q *4/( Cr1 * %pi *(1 -0.35^2) ) ) ^0.5 disp ( The p e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e t u r b i n e a t i n l e t ) 25 N = U1 *60/( %pi * D1 )
Scilab code Exa 3.23 Vanes 12 degrees

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 23 ) 8 disp ( I n n e r Diameter , ) 9 D2 = 0.45 10 disp ( Outer Diameter , ) 61
11 D1 = 0.9 12 disp ( R a d i a l D i s c h a r g e ) 13 alpha2 = 90 14 Cr2 = 2.8 15 Cr1 = Cr2 16 disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e 17 18 19 20 21 22
a t i n l e t , The p e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t y of the wheel at i n l e t ) alpha1 = 12 U1 = Cr1 / tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) N = 60* U1 /( %pi * D1 ) disp ( C o n s i d e r i n g v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t o u t l e t p e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t y at o u t l e t ) U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 beta2 = atan ( Cr2 / U2 ) *180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 3.24 Inward Flow 70kW

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 24 ) Q = 0.545 //m3/ s D1 = 0.8 //m D2 = 0.4 //m H =14 //m alpha2 = 90 // d e g r e e s N = 370 // b e t a 1 = b e t a 2 disp ( P e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e w h e e l a t i n l e t ) U1 = %pi * D1 * N /60 disp ( V e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t t h e e x i t , ) 62
18 Cr2 = 2.8 //m/ s 19 alpha2 = 90 20 C2 = Cr2 21 g = 9.81; 22 disp ( Work done / s by t h e t u r b i n e p e r kg o f w a t e r = 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Cw U1/ g ) disp ( But t h i s i s e q u a l t o t h e head u t i l i z e d by t h e turbine , i . e . ) disp ( Cw1U1/ g = H C2/2 g ) disp ( ( Assuming t h e r e i s no l o s s o f p r e s s u r e a t o u t l e t ) ) Cw1 = ( H - C2 /(2* g ) ) * g / U1 disp ( Work done p e r s e c o n d by t u r b i n e ) rho = 1000; W = rho * Q * Cw1 * U1 /(1000) //kW disp ( A v a i l a b l e power o r w a t e r power ) Pav = rho * g * Q * H /1000 //kW disp ( A c t u a l a v a i l a b l e power ) Pac = 70 //kW disp ( O v e r a l l t u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y i s ) etat = Pac / Pav * 100 disp ( T h i s i s t h e a c t u a l h y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y a s r e q u i r e d i n the problem . H y d r a u li c E f f i c i e n c y i s ) etah = W / Pav * 100 disp ( T h i s i s t h e t h e o r e t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y ) disp ( Q = p i D1b1Cr1 = p i D2b2Cr2 ) disp ( ( N e g l e c t i n g b l a d e t h i c k n e s s ) ) Cr1 = Cr2 * D2 / D1 disp ( Drawing i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) // Cr1 / ( U1Cw1 ) = 0 . 2 0 3 beta1 = atan (0.203) * 180/ %pi C1 = ( Cw1 ^2+ Cr1 ^2) ^0.5 //Cw1/C1 = 0 . 9 9 5 aplha1 = acos (0.995) *180 / %pi
63
Scilab code Exa 3.25 Francis Turbine 500kW

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 25 ) P = 5000 //kW alpha1 = 30 // d e g r e e s H = 30 //m g = 9.81; Ns = 270 etah = 0.9 etao = 0.86 disp ( S p e c i f i c s p e e d o f t h e t u r b i n e i s ) N = Ns * H ^1.25 / ( P ^0.5) disp ( V e l o c i t y o f Flow : ) Cr1 = 0.28* (2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( From i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e Cr1 = C 1 s i n ( alpha1 ) ) C1 = Cr1 / sin ( alpha1 * %pi /180) Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( Work done p e r ( s e c ) ( kg ) o f w a t e r ) //W = Cw1 U1/ g W = etah * H disp ( P e r i p h e r a l V e l o c i t y , ) U1 = W * g / Cw1 disp ( But U1 = p i D1N/60 ) D1 = 60* U1 /( %pi * N ) disp ( Power , P = r h o gQH e t a o ) rho = 1000; 64
31 Q = P /( rho * g * H * etao ) * 1000 32 disp ( A l s o Q = k p i D1b1Cr1 ( where k i s
33 34 35 36
the blade t h i c k n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t and b1 i s t h e b r e a t h o f t h e wheel at i n l e t ) or ) k = 0.95 b1 = Q /( k * %pi * D1 * Cr1 ) disp ( From i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) beta1 = atan ( Cr1 /( U1 - Cw1 ) ) * 180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 3.26 35MW Generator

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 26 ) disp ( I n t h i s c a s e , t h e g e n e r a t o r i s f e d by two Pelton t u r b i n e s . ) disp ( Power d e v e l o p e d by e a c h t u r b i n e , ) PT = 35000/2 disp ( U s i n g P e l t o n w h e e l e f f i c i e n c y i n o r d e r t o f i n d a v a i l a b l e power o f e a c h t u r b i n e ) P = PT / 0.84 disp ( But , P = r h o gQH ) rho = 1000; g = 9.81; H = 350 Q = P /( rho * g * H ) * 1000 disp ( V e l o c i t y o f j e t , Cj ) Cv = 0.96; Cj = Cv *(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( Area o f j e t , A ) 65
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
A = Q / Cj disp ( D i a m e t e r o f j e t , d ) d = (4* A / %pi ) ^0.5 disp ( D i a m e t e r o f w h e e l D = d j e t r a t i o ) r = 12; D = d *12 disp ( P e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e w h e e l ) U = 0.45*(2* g * H ) ^0.5 disp ( But U = p i DN/60 o r ) N = 60* U /( %pi * D ) disp ( S p e c i f i c s p e e d , ) Ns = N * PT ^0.5 / H ^1.25
66
Chapter 4 Centrifugal Compressors and Fans
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Air leaving impeller

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 1 ) disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e ) beta2 = 25.5 // d e g r e e s Cr2 = 110 //m/ s U2 = 475 //m/ s Cw2 = U2 - tan (25.5* %pi /180) * Cr2 //m/ s sigma = Cw2 / U2 disp ( The o v e r a l l p r e s s u r e r a t i o o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r : ) 67
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
// r = P03 / P04 etac = 0.8 psi = 1 Cp = 1005 T01 = 298 gamma = 1.4 r = (1 + etac * sigma * psi * U2 ^2 /( Cp * T01 ) ) ^( gamma /( gamma -1) ) disp ( The t h e o r e t i c a l power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e compressor : ) m = 3 P = ( m * sigma * psi * U2 ^2 /1000) disp ( U s i n g m e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y , t h e a c t u a l power r e q u i r e d to d r i v e thecompressor i s : ) Power = P / 0.96
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Speed Centrifugal Compressor270

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 2 ) disp ( S l i p f a c t o r : s i g m a = Cw2/U2 ) U2 = 370; sigma = 0.9; Cw2 = sigma * U2 disp ( The a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y a t t h e i m p e l l e r e x i t : ) Cr2 = 35; //m/ s C2 = ( Cr2 ^2+ Cw2 ^2) ^0.5 disp ( The mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r : m = r h o 2 A2 Cr2 ) rho2 = 1.57; // kg /m3 68
17 A2 = 0.18; //m2 18 m = rho2 * A2 * Cr2 19 disp ( The t e m p e r a t u r e e q u i v a l e n t
o f work done (
n e g l e c t i n g c ) : )
20 disp ( T h e r e f o r e , T02 T01 =s i g m a U22/Cp ) 21 T01 = 290; 22 Cp = 1005; 23 T02 = T01 + sigma * U2 ^2/ Cp 24 disp ( The s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i m p e l l e r 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
exit , ) T2 = T02 - C2 ^2/(2* Cp ) disp ( The Mach number a t t h e i m p e l l e r t i p : ) gamma = 1.4; R = 287; // M2 = C2 / ( gamma * R * T2 ) ^0.5 disp ( The o v e r a l l p r e s s u r e r a t i o o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r ( n e g l e c t i n g p s i ) : P03 / P01 ) etac = 0.88; // e f f i c i e n c y psi = 1; // n e g l e c t e d ratio = (1+ etac * sigma * psi * U2 ^2 /( Cp * T01 ) ) ^3.5
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Centrifugal Compressor 16000rpm

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 3 ) 8 disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d i s g i v e n by : U2 ) 9 D = 0.58 //m 69
10 N = 16000 // rpm 11 U2 = %pi * D * N /60 12 disp ( Assuming i s e n t r o p i c 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
f l o w between i m p e l l e r i n l e t and o u t l e t , t h e n T02a ) T01 = 293; //K stagratio = 4.2 T02a = T01 *( stagratio ) ^0.286 disp ( U s i n g c o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y , t h e a c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e T02aT01 ) etac = 0.82 rise = ( T02a - T01 ) / etac disp ( S i n c e t h e f l o w a t t h e i n l e t i s a x i a l , Cw1 = 0 ) disp ( W = U2Cw2 = Cp ( T02 T01 ) ) Cp = 1005 W = Cp *( rise ) Cw2 = W / U2 Slip = U2 - Cw2 disp ( S l i p f a c t o r : ) sigma = Cw2 / U2
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Adiabatic Eciency

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 ) // I m p e l l e r t i p d i a m e t e r = 1m // Speed = 5 9 4 5 rpm // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r = 28 kg / s // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o p3 / p1 = 2 . 2 70
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
// A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e = 1 b a r // A t m o s p h e r i c t e m p e r a t u r e = 25 d e g r e e C e l c i u s // S l i p f a c t o r = 0 . 9 0 disp ( N e g l e c t t h e power i n p u t f a c t o r . ) disp ( The i m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d i s g i v e n by : ) D = 1; N = 5945; U2 = %pi * D * N /60 disp ( The work i n p u t : ) sigma = 0.9; W = sigma * U2 ^2 / 1000 disp ( U s i n g t h e i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n and d e n o t i n g i s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e by T3a , we g e t : ) T1 = 298; r = 2.2; T3a = T1 * ( r ) ^ 0.286 disp ( Hence t h e i s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e : T3a T1 ) rise = T3a - T1 disp ( The t e m p e r a t u r e e q u i v a l e n t o f work done : T3 T1 ) Cp = 1.005 Weq = W / Cp disp ( The c o m p r e s s o r a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y i s g i v e n by : ) etac = rise / Weq * 100 disp ( The a i r t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i m p e l l e r e x i t i s : ) T3 = T1 + Weq disp ( Power i n p u t : ) m = 28; P = m * W
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Centrifugal Compressor 9000rpm 71
18 19
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 5 ) disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d i s g i v e n by ) D = 0.914; N = 9000; U2 = %pi * D * N /60 disp ( S i n c e t h e e x i t i s r a d i a l and no s l i p , Cw2 = U2 = 431 m/ s ) disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , ) alpha2 = 20; Cw2 = U2 ; Cr2 = U2 * tan ( alpha2 * %pi /180) disp ( For r a d i a l e x i t , r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y i s e x a c t l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o r o t a t i o n a l v e l o c i t y U2 . Thus t h e a n g l e b e t a 2 i s 90 d e g r e e s f o r r a d i a l e x i t . ) disp ( U s i n g t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) C2 = ( U2 ^2 + Cr2 ^2) ^0.5
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Centrifugal Compressor No prewhirl

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 6 ) disp ( The p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s g i v e n by r = P03 / P01 ) 72
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
etac = 0.88; sigma = 0.95; U2 = 457; Cp = 1005; T01 = 288; r = (1+ etac * sigma * U2 ^2/( Cp * T01 ) ) ^3.5 disp ( The work p e r kg o f a i r ) Cw2 = 0.95* U2 ; W = U2 * Cw2 / 1000 // kJ / kg disp ( The power f o r 29 kg / s o f a i r ) m = 29; P = W * m //kW

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 7 ) disp ( T e m p e r a t u r e e q u i v a l e n t o f work done : ) disp ( Weq = T02 T01 ) T02 = 440; // k e l v i n T01 = 290; // k e l v i n sigma = 0.88; psi = 1.04; Cp = 1005; N = 10000; // rpm U2 = (( T02 - T01 ) * Cp /( sigma * psi ) ) ^0.5 //m/ s D = 60* U2 /( %pi * N ) //m disp ( The o v e r a l l p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s g i v e n by : P03 / P01 ) 73
19 20 21
etac = 0.85; ratio = (1+ etac * sigma * psi * U2 ^2 /( Cp * T01 ) ) ^3.5 disp ( Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r p e r u n i t mass f l o w : ) 22 m = 1; 23 P = m * psi * sigma * U2 ^2 / 1000 //kW
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Centrifugal Compressor 19 vanes

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 8 ) disp ( S i n c e t h e v a n e s a r e r a d i a l , u s i n g t h e S t a n i t z formula to f i n d the s l i p f a c t o r : ) n = 19; sigma = 1 -0.63* %pi / n disp ( The o v e r a l l p r e s s u r e r a t i o r = P03 / P01 ) etac = 0.84; psi = 1.04; r = 4.5; Cp = 1005; T01 = 293; U2 = (( r ^(1/3.5) - 1) * Cp * T01 /( etac * sigma * psi ) ) ^0.5 disp ( The i m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r ) N = 17000; D = 60* U2 /( %pi * N ) disp ( The work done on t h e a i r ) W = psi * sigma * U2 ^2 /1000 disp ( Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r : ) 74
24 m = 2.5; 25 P = m * W
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Problem 8 repeat


8 sigma = 0.8958; 9 U2 = 449.9; 10 Cw2 = sigma * U2 11 disp ( U s i n g t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n , ) 12 disp ( m=r h o 2 A2Cr2 = r h o 2 2 p i r 2 b 2 C r 2 ) 13 disp ( where : b2 = a x i a l width , r 2 = r a d i u s . 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Therefore : ) m = 2.5; rho2 = 1.8; r2 = 0.25; b2 = 0.012; Cr2 = m / ( rho2 *2* %pi * b2 * r2 ) disp ( A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y a t t h e i m p e l l e r e x i t ) C2 = ( Cr2 ^2+ Cw2 ^2) ^0.5 disp ( The t e m p e r a t u r e e q u i v a l e n t o f work done : Weq = T02 T01 ) Cp = 1.005; Weq = 188.57/ Cp T02 = 293+ Weq disp ( Hence t h e s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i m p e l l e r e x i t i s : ) T2 = T02 - C2 ^2 / (2* Cp *1000) 75
disp ( Now , t h e Mach number a t t h e i m p e l l e r e x i t i s : ) 28 gamma = 1.4; 29 R = 287; 30 M2 = C2 / ( gamma * R * T2 ) ^0.5

27
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Compressor 15000rpm

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 10 ) disp ( I n l e t s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e : ) R = 287; Ta = 298; C1 = 145; Cp = 1005; T01 = Ta + C1 ^2 /(2* Cp ) disp ( U s i n g t h e i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n f o r t h e compression process , ) disp ( x = P03 / P01 ) x = 4; T03a = T01 * (4) ^0.286 disp ( U s i n g t h e c o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y , ) disp ( T02T01 = y ) T02a = T03a ; etac = 0.89; y = ( T02a - T01 ) / etac disp ( Hence , work done on t h e a i r i s g i v e n by : i n kJ 76
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
/ kg ) W = Cp * y / 1000 U2 = ( W *1000/0.89) ^0.5 //m/ s disp ( Hence , t h e i m p e l l e r t i p d i a m e t e r ) N = 15000; // rpm D = 60* U2 /( %pi * N ) //m disp ( The a i r d e n s i t y a t t h e i m p e l l e r e y e i s g i v e n by : ) P1 = 1*100; rho1 = P1 /( R * Ta ) * 1000 disp ( U s i n g t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e a r e a a t t h e i m p e l l e r eye , ) m = 8; // kg /m A1 = m /( rho1 * C1 ) //m2 disp ( The power i n p u t i s : i n kW ) P = m*W
Scilab code Exa 4.11 Double sided compressor

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 11 ) disp ( L e t Uer be t h e i m p e l l e r s p e e d a t t h e e y e r o o t . Then t h e vane a n g l e a t t h e e y e r o o t i s : ) disp ( a l p h a e r = a t a n ( Ca/ Uer ) ) Der = 0.14; //m N = 15000; // rpm Uer = %pi * Der * N /60 disp ( Hence , t h e vane a n g l e a t t h e i m p e l l e r e y e r o o t : ) 77
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ca = 145; //m/ s alphaer = atan ( Ca / Uer ) *180/ %pi disp ( I m p e l l e r v e l o c i t y a t t h e e y e t i p ) Det = 0.28; Uet = %pi * Det * N /60 disp ( T h e r e f o r e vane a n g l e a t t h e e y e t i p : ) alphaet = atan ( Ca / Uet ) *180/ %pi disp ( Work i n p u t : ) m = 10; psi = 0.89; sigma = 1.03; D2 = 0.48; U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 W = m * psi * sigma * U2 ^2 /1000 disp ( The r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t t h e e y e t i p : ) V1 = ( Uet ^2+ Ca ^2) ^0.5 disp ( Hence , t h e maximum r e l a t i v e Mach number a t t h e eye t i p : ) disp ( M1 = V1 / ( gamma R T1 ) ) disp ( where T1 i s t h e s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n l e t ) T01 = 290; C1 = 145; Cp = 1005; T1 = T01 - C1 ^2 / (2* Cp ) disp ( The Mach number a t t h e i n l e t t h e n i s : ) gamma = 1.4; R = 287; M1 = ( V1 ) /( gamma * R * T1 ) ^0.5
Scilab code Exa 4.12 Recalculating 412

1
// D i s p l a y mode 78
2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 12 ) disp ( F i g u r e shows t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e w i t h t h e p r e w h i r l a n g l e . From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e : ) Ca = 145; //m/ s C1 = Ca / cos (20* %pi /180) //m/ s disp ( E q u i v a l e n t dynamic t e m p e r a t u r e : Eq = C1 2 / 2Cp ) Cp = 1005; Eq = C1 ^2 / (2* Cp ) Cw1 = Ca * tan (20* %pi /180) disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t t h e i n l e t : ) Ue = 220; //m/ s V1 = ( Ca ^2 +( Ue - Cw1 ) ^2) ^0.5 disp ( T h e r e f o r e t h e s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n l e t : ) T01 = 290; //K T1 = T01 - Eq gamma = 1.4; R = 287; M1 = V1 /( gamma * R * T1 ) ^0.5 disp ( Note t h e r e d u c t i o n i n Mach number due t o p r e w h i r l . )

1 2 3 4
5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 13 ) disp ( L e t : r h = hub r a d i u s ) disp ( r t = t i p r a d i u s ) disp ( The f l o w a r e a o f t h e i m p e l l e r i n l e t a n n u l u s i s : ) rh = 0.0625; rt = 0.125; A = %pi *( rt ^2 - rh ^2) ; A1 = A + 0.0012 disp ( A x i a l v e l o c i t y can be d e t e r m i n e d from t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n but s i n c e t h e i n l e t d e n s i t y ( r h o 1 ) i s unknown a t r i a l and e r r o r method must be f o l l o w e d . ) disp ( Assuming a d e n s i t y b a s e d on t h e i n l e t s t a g n a t i o n condition , ) P01 = 1; // i n b a r s R = 287; T01 = 288; //K rho1 = P01 *10^5 /( R * T01 ) disp ( U s i n g t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n , ) m = 5.5; Ca = m /( rho1 * A1 ) disp ( S i n c e t h e w h i r l component a t t h e i n l e t i s z e r o , t h e a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y a t t h e i n l e t i s C1 = Ca . ) C1 = Ca ; disp ( The t e m p e r a t u r e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e v e l o c i t y i s : Eq ) Cp = 1005; Eq = C1 ^2 /(2* Cp ) T1 = T01 - Eq disp ( U s i n g i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n s h i p , ) P1 = P01 *10^5 * ( T1 / T01 ) ^3.5 /1000 // kPa rho1a = P1 *1000/( R * T1 ) * 1.004 Caa = m /( rho1a * A1 ) 80
34 Eqa = Caa ^2 /(2* Cp ) * 1.003 35 T1a = T01 - Eqa 36 P1a = P01 *10^5 *( T1a / T01 ) ^3.5 /1000 // kPa 37 rho1b = P1a *1000/( R * T1a ) 38 disp ( F u r t h e r i t e r a t i o n s a r e n o t r e q u i r e d and t h e
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
48 49 50 51 52 53
v a l u e o f r h o 1 b = 1 . 1 3 kg /m3 may be t a k e n a s t h e i n l e t d e n s i t y and Ca = C1 a s t h e i n l e t v e l o c i t y . At t h e e y e t i p : ) N = 16500; // rpm Uet = 2* %pi * rt * N /60 //m/ s disp ( The b l a d e a n g l e a t t h e e y e t i p : ) betat = atan ( Uet / Caa ) *180/ %pi disp ( At t h e hub , ) Ueh = 2* %pi * rh * N /60 //m/ s disp ( The b l a d e a n g l e a t t h e hub : ) betah = atan ( Ueh / Caa ) *180/ %pi disp ( The Mach number b a s e d on t h e r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y at the eye t i p using the i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e i s : ) U1 = 216; V1 = ( Caa ^2+ U1 ^2) ^0.5 disp ( The r e l a t i v e Mach number ) gamma = 1.4; M1 = V1 /( gamma * R * T1a ) ^0.5 disp ( A v e r y s m a l l f a c t o r i s m u l t i p l i e d t o make approximity )
Scilab code Exa 4.14 ToT Eciency 88

81
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 14 ) disp ( The a b s o l u t e Mach number o f t h e a i r a t t h e i m p e l l e r t i p i s : ) disp ( M2 = C2 / ( gamma R T2 ) 0 . 5 ) disp ( where T2 i s t h e s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i m p e l l e r t i p . L e t u s f i r s t c a l c u l a t e C2 and T2 . ) U2 = 364; sigma = 0.89; Cw2 = sigma * U2 disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , ) Cr2 = 28; C2 = ( Cr2 ^2+ Cw2 ^2) ^0.5 disp ( With z e r o w h i r l a t t h e i n l e t ) disp ( W/m = s i g a m U22 = Cp ( T02 T01 ) ) T01 = 288; Cp = 1005; T02 = T01 + sigma * U2 ^2 / Cp disp ( S t a t i c T e m p e r a t u r e ) T2 = T02 - C2 ^2 /(2* Cp ) gamma = 1.4; R = 287; M2 = ( C2 ^2/( gamma * R * T2 ) ) ^0.5 disp ( U s i n g t h e i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n : ) disp ( R a t i o a = P02 / P01 ) etac = 0.88; Ratioa = (1+ etac * ( T02 / T01 - 1) ) ^3.5 disp ( R a t i o b = P2/ P02 ) Ratiob = ( T2 / T02 ) ^3.5 P01 = 1*100; disp ( S t a t i c P r e s s u r e i n kPa ) P2 = Ratiob * Ratioa * P01 rho2 = P2 *1000/( R * T2 ) disp ( Mass f l o w : i n kg / s ) A = 0.085; //m2 m = rho2 * Cr2 * A
82

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 15 ) disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d ) D2 = 0.56; //m N = 15500; // rpm U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 + 0.188 R = 287; disp ( O v e r a l l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e S t a g r = T03T01 ) psi = 1.04; sigma = 0.9; Cp =1005; Stagr = psi * sigma * U2 ^2 / Cp disp ( S i n c e T03 = T02 ) T01 = 290; T02 = Stagr + T01 disp ( Now p r e s s u r e r a t i o f o r i m p e l l e r r a t = P02 / P01 ) rat = ( T02 / T01 ) ^3.5 P01 = 101 // kPa P02 = rat * P01 Cw2 = sigma * U2 disp ( L e t Cr2 = 105 m/ s ) Cr2 = 105; disp ( O u t l e t a r e a n o r m a l t o p e r i p h e r y ) disp ( A2 = p i D2 i m p e l l e r d e p t h ) 83
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
48 49 50 51
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A2 = %pi * D2 *0.038 disp ( From o u t l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) C2 = ( Cr2 ^2 + Cw2 ^2) ^0.5 T2 = T02 - C2 ^2 /(2* Cp ) disp ( U s i n g i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n s ) P2 = P02 *( T2 / T02 ) ^3.5 disp ( From e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e ) rho2 = P2 /( R * T2 ) * 1000 disp ( The e q u a t i o n o f c o n t i n u i t y g i v e s ) m = 16; Cr2a = m /( A2 * P2 ) * 100 disp ( Thus , i m p e l l e r o u t l e t r a d i a l v e l o c i t y = 8 1 . 6 3 m/ s ) disp ( I m p e l l e r o u t l e t Mach number ) gamma = 1.4; M2 = C2 /( gamma * R * T2 ) ^0.5 disp ( From o u t l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) alpha2 = acos ( Cr2 / C2 ) *180/ %pi disp ( Assuming f r e e v o r t e x f l o w i n t h e v a n e l e s s s p a c e and f o r c o n v e n i e n c e d e n o t i n g c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e d i f f u s e r vane w i t h o u t a s u b s c r i p t ( r = 0 . 2 8 + 0.043 = 0 . 3 2 3 ) ) r = 0.323; r2 = 0.28; Cw = Cw2 * r2 / r disp ( The r a d i a l component o f v e l o c i t y can be f o u n d by t r i a l and e r r o r . Choose a s a f i r s t t r y , Cr = 105 m/ s ) Cr = 105; C = ( Cw ^2+ Cr ^2) ^0.5 x = C ^2 /(2* Cp ) disp ( T = 4 8 2 . 5 3 68 ( s i n c e T = T02 i n v a n e l e s s space ) ) T = T02 - x P = P02 *( T / T02 ) ^3.5 rho = rho2 /( R * T2 ) * 10^5 * 1.132 disp ( The e q u a t i o n o f c o n t i n u i t y g i v e s ) A = 2* %pi * r *0.038 84
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Cra = m /( rho * A ) disp ( Next t r y Cra = 7 9 . 4 1 m/ s ) Cra = 79.41; x1 = ( Cra ^2 + Cw ^2) /(2* Cp ) Ta = T02 - x1 Px = P02 *( Ta / T02 ) ^3.5 // Pa rhox = P /( Ta * R ) * 1000 + 0.1 Crb = m /( rhox * A ) disp ( Try Crb = 6 8 . 1m/ s ) x2 = ( Crb ^2+ Cw ^2) /(2* Cp ) Tb = T02 - x2 Py = P02 *( Tb / T02 ) ^3.5 rhoy = Py /( Tb * R ) * 1000 Crc = m /( rhoy * A ) disp ( Taking Crc a s 6 8 . 6 3 m/ s , t h e vane a n g l e ) alpha = atan ( Cw / Crc ) *180/ %pi disp ( Mach number a t vane ) M = (2* Cp * x1 /( gamma * R * Tb ) ) ^0.5 // I have g o n e t h r o u g h a l l t h e a n s w e r t h e r e i s a p r i n t i n g m i s t a k e i n book w i t h two a n s w e r s
Scilab code Exa 4.16 Double sided compressor 15500

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 16 ) 8 disp ( At e y e r o o t , Ca = 150 m/ s ) 9 Ca = 150; 85
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
C1 = Ca / cos (20* %pi /180) Cw1 = Ca * tan (20* %pi /180) disp ( I m p e l l e r s p e e d a t e y e r o o t ) Der = 0.18; N = 15500; // rpm Uer = %pi * Der * N /60 //m/ s disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) betaer = atan ( Ca /( Uer - Cw1 ) ) *180/ %pi disp ( At e y e t i p from F i g u r e ) Det = 0.3175; Uet = %pi * Det * N /60 alphaet = atan ( Ca /( Uet - Cw1 ) ) *180/ %pi disp ( Mach number w i l l be maximum a t t h e p o i n t where r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y i s maximum . ) disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t e y e r o o t i s : ) Ver = Ca / sin ( betaer * %pi /180) disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t e y e t i p i s : ) Vet = Ca / sin ( alphaet * %pi /180) disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t t h e t i p i s maximum . ) disp ( S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t : ) T01 =288; Cp = 1005; T1 = T01 - Vet ^2 /(2* Cp ) gamma = 1.4; R = 287; Mmax = Vet /( gamma * R * T1 ) ^0.5
Scilab code Exa 4.17 Vanes 17 stagnation T and P

86
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disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 4 , Example 17 ) disp ( P r e s s u r e i s i n b a r and t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n ) disp ( M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s ) disp ( etam = Work t r a n s f e r r e d t o a i r /Work s u p p l i e d to s h a f t ) disp ( o r s h a f t power = W/ etam ) disp ( f o r vaned i m p e l l e r , s l i p f a c t o r , by S t a n i t z formula i s ) disp ( s i g m a = 1 0 . 6 3 p i / n ) n = 17; R = 287; sigma = 1 -0.63* %pi / n ; disp ( Work i n p u t p e r u n i t mass f l o w ) disp ( W = p s i s i g m a U2Cw2 ) psi = 1.04; U2 = 475; //m/ s W = psi * sigma * U2 ^2 /1000 disp ( Work i n p u t f o r 2 . 5 kg / s ) Wi = W *2.5 disp ( S h a f t Power ) etam = 0.96; Pshaft = Wi / etam disp ( The o v e r a l l p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s p R a t i o = P03 / P01 ) P01 = 1.01; etac = 0.84; Cp = 1005; T01 = 288; pRatio = (1+ etac * psi * sigma * U2 ^2 /( Cp * T01 ) ) ^3.5 disp ( S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t d i f f u s e r e x i t ) P03 = P01 * pRatio m = 2.5; T03 = Wi *1000/( m * Cp ) + T01 T02 = T03 ; disp ( S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t d i f f u s e r e x i t ) C3 = 90; T3 = T03 - C3 ^2 /(2* Cp ) 87
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disp ( S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t d i f f u s e r e x i t ) P3 = P03 *( T3 / T03 ) ^3.5 disp ( The r e a c t i o n i s 0 . 5 = ( T2 T1 ) / ( T3 T1 ) ) disp ( x = T3 T1 ) C1 = 150; x = Wi *1000/( m * Cp ) + ( C1 ^2 - C3 ^2) /(2* Cp ) disp ( y = T2T1 ) y = 0.5* x disp ( S u b s t i t u t i n g T2 T1 ) T2 = T01 - C1 ^2 /(2* Cp ) + y disp ( At t h e i m p e l l e r e x i t ) disp ( T02 = T2 + C2 2 / 2Cp ) disp ( T03 = T2 + C2 2 / 2Cp ( S i n c e T02 = T03 ) ) C2 = (2* Cp *(( T03 - T01 ) +( T01 - T2 ) ) ) ^0.5 disp ( Mach number a t i m p e l l e r o u t l e t ) M2 = C2 /(1.4* R * T2 ) ^0.5 disp ( R a d i a l v e l o c i t y a t i m p e l l e r o u t l e t ) Cw2 = sigma * U2 ; Cr2 = ( C2 ^2 - Cw2 ^2) ^0.5 disp ( D i f f u s e r e f f i c i e n c y i s g i v e n by ) disp ( etaD = ( h3a h2 ) / ( h3 h2 ) ) disp ( = i s e n t r o p i c e n t h a l p y i n c r e a s e / a c t u a l enthalpy i n c r e a s e ) disp ( = ( T3a T2 ) / ( T3 T2 ) ) disp ( z = P3/P2 i m p l i e s ) etaD = 0.821; z = (1+ etaD *( T3 - T2 ) / T2 ) ^3.5 P2 = P3 / z disp ( From i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n s i n b a r s ) P02 = P2 *( T02 / T2 ) ^3.5 disp ( I m p e l l e r e f f i c i e n c y i s ) etai = T01 *(( P02 / P01 ) ^0.286 -1) /( T03 - T01 ) * 100 rho2 = P2 /( R * T2 ) * 10^5 // i n kg /m3 disp ( m = rho2A2Cr2 ) disp ( = 2 p i r 2 r h o 2 b2 ) m = 2.5; b2 = 0.0065; N = U2 *2.27*246.58* b2 *60/ m 88
89
Chapter 5 Axial Flow Compressors and Fans
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Work of compression

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 1 ) T01 = 292; //K P01 = 1; // b a r etac = 0.85; disp ( U s i n g t h e i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n f o r compression p r o c e s s e s , ) disp ( R a t i o = P02 / P01 = ( T02a / T01 ) ( gamma / ( gamma 1) ) ) disp ( where T02a i s t h e i s e n t r o p i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t the o u t l e t . Therefore , ) 90
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17 18 19 20
Ratio = 9.5; T02a = T01 *( Ratio ) ^0.286 // K e l v i n disp ( Now , u s i n g i s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e compressor in order to f i n d the actual temperature at the o utl et , ) T02 = T01 + ( T02a - T01 ) / etac disp ( Work o f c o m p r e s s i o n : i n kJ / kg ) Cp = 1.005; Wc = Cp *( T02 - T01 )
Scilab code Exa 5.2 One stage compressor

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 2 ) disp ( The s t a g e p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s g i v e n by : ) disp ( Rs = (1+ e t a s d e l t a T 0 s / T01 ) ( gamma / ( gamma 1) ) ) Rs = 1.22; DeltaT0s = 21; T01 = 288; // K e l v i n etas = ( Rs ^(1/3.5) - 1) * T01 / DeltaT0s *100 disp ( The r o t o r s p e e d i s g i v e n by : ) U = 200; //m/ s N = 4500; // rpm D = 60* U /( %pi * N )
91
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Compressor 5000rpm

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 3 ) disp ( R o t o r s p e e d i s g i v e n by : ) D = 0.95; //m N = 5000; // rpm U = %pi * D * N /60 disp ( B l a d e s p e e d a t t h e hub : ) Dh = 0.85; Uh = %pi * Dh * N /60 disp ( From t h e i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ( F i g u r e ) ) disp ( t a n a l p h a 1 = Cw1/Ca and t a n b e t a 1 = (U Cw1 ) /Ca ) disp ( Adding t h e a b o v e two e q u a t i o n s : ) disp ( U/Ca = t a n a l p h a 1 + t a n b e t a 1 ) alpha1 = 28; beta1 = 56; Ca = U /( tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) + tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e , Ca = 1 2 3 . 4 7 m/ s ( c o n s t a n t a t a l l r a d i i ) ) disp ( The mass f l o w r a t e : i n kg / s ) disp ( m = p i ( r t 2 r h 2 ) r h o Ca ) rt = 0.475; rh = 0.425; rho = 1.2; m = %pi * rho * Ca *( rt ^2 - rh ^2) disp ( The power r e q u i r e d p e r u n i t kg f o r c o m p r e s s i o n i s : ) disp ( Wc = lambda U Ca ( t a n ( b e t a 1 ) t a n ( b e t a 2 ) ) i n kJ / kg ) lambda = 1; 92
32 beta2 = alpha1 ; 33 Wc = lambda * U * Ca *( tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) - tan ( beta2 * %pi 34 35 36 37 38
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/180) ) /1000 disp ( The t o t a l power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r i s : i n kW ) P = m * Wc disp ( At t h e i n l e t t o t h e r o t o r t i p : ) Cw1t = Ca * tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) //m/ s disp ( U s i n g f r e e v o r t e x c o n d i t i o n , i . e . , Cwr = c o n s t a n t , and u s i n g h a s t h e s u b s c r i p t f o r t h e hub , ) Cw1h = Cw1t * rt / rh //m/ s disp ( At t h e o u t l e t t o t h e r o t o r t i p , ) alpha2 = beta1 ; Cw2t = Ca * tan ( alpha2 * %pi /180) Cw2h = Cw2t * rt / rh disp ( Hence t h e f l o w a n g l e s a t t h e hub : ) alpha1a = atan ( Cw1h / Ca ) *180/ %pi beta1a = atan (( Uh / Ca ) - tan ( alpha1a * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi alpha2a = atan ( Cw2h / Ca ) *180/ %pi beta2a = atan (( Uh / Ca ) - tan ( alpha2a * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi disp ( The d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n a t t h e hub i s g i v e n by : ) A = Ca *( tan ( beta1a * %pi /180) + tan ( beta2a * %pi /180) ) /(2* Uh ) * 100
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Stage air angles for vortex

1
Figure 5.1: Stage air angles for vortex

2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 4 ) disp ( C a l c u l a t i o n a t mean r a d i u s : ) disp ( Wc = U( Cw2 Cw1 ) = U DeltaCw ) disp ( o r ) disp ( Cp ( T02 T01 ) = CpDeltaT0s = lambda U DeltaCw ) Cp = 1005; DeltaT0s = 15; lambda = 0.85; Um = 185; DeltaCw = Cp * DeltaT0s /( lambda * Um ) disp ( S i n c e t h e d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n ( F i g . 5 . 1 4 ) a t t h e mean r a d i u s i s 50%, a l p h a 1 = b e t a 2 , and a l p h a 2 = b e t a 1 . From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t t h e mean , ) disp ( Um = DeltaCw + 2Cw1 ) disp ( Cw1 i n m/ s a l p h a 1 i n d e g r e e s )
94
20 Cw1 = ( Um - DeltaCw ) /2 //m/ s 21 Ca = 140; 22 alpha1 = atan ( Cw1 / Ca ) *180/ %pi 23 beta2 = alpha1 24 beta1 = atan (( DeltaCw + Cw1 ) / Ca ) *180/ %pi 25 alpha2 = beta1 26 disp ( C a l c u l a t i o n a t t h e b l a d e t i p : U s i n g t h e 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
free v o r t e x d i a g r a m ( F i g . 5 . 1 5 ) , V e l o c i t y i n m/ s ) disp ( ( DeltaCw U) t = ( DeltaCw U)m ) Ut = 240; DeltaCwt = DeltaCw * Um / Ut Cwt = Cw1 * Um / Ut alpha1t = atan ( Cwt / Ca ) *180/ %pi disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t t h e t i p , x2 + DeltaCwt + Cwt = Ut ) x2 = Ut - DeltaCwt - Cwt beta1t = atan (( DeltaCwt + x2 ) / Ca ) *180/ %pi alpha2t = atan (( Cwt + DeltaCwt ) / Ca ) *180/ %pi beta2t = atan ( x2 / Ca ) *180/ %pi disp ( C a l c u l a t i o n a t t h e b l a d e r o o t : ( DeltaCwr U) r = ( DetaCw U)m ) Ur = Ca ; DeltaCwr = DeltaCw * Um / Ur Cwr = Cw1 * Um / Ur Cw2tip = Ca * tan ( alpha2t * %pi /180) Cw2root = Cw2tip * Ut / Ur alpha1r = atan ( Cwr / Ca ) *180/ %pi x3 = Cw2root - Ur beta1r = atan (( Ur - Cwr ) / Ca ) *180/ %pi alpha2r = atan ( Cw2root / Ca ) *180/ %pi beta2r = - atan ( x3 / Ca ) *180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Degree of reaction for Ex54

1
2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R .

8 disp ( DOF > D e g r e e o f Freedom ) 9 disp ( R e a c t i o n a t t h e b l a d e r o o t : ) 10 Ca = 140; 11 beta1r = 30.08; 12 beta2r = -18; 13 Ur = 140; 14 DOFroot = Ca *( tan ( beta1r * %pi /180) + tan ( beta2r * %pi /180) 15 16 17 18 19
) /(2* Ur ) *100 disp ( R e a c t i o n a t t h e b l a d e t i p : ) Ut = 240; beta1t = 55.75; beta2t = 43.26; DOFtip = Ca *( tan ( beta1t * %pi /180) + tan ( beta2t * %pi /180) ) /(2* Ut ) *100
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Temperature rise in rst stage

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 6 ) disp ( S i n c e t h e d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n i s 50%, t h e 96
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v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e i s s y m m e t r i c a s shown i n F i g u r e Ex56 ) disp ( U s i n g t h e d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n e q u a t i o n ) disp ( DOF = Ca ( t a n b e t a 1 + t a n b e t a 2 ) /2U ) disp ( p h i = Ca/U ) disp ( Now , f o r t h e r e l a t i v e Mach number a t t h e i n l e t : ) DOF = 0.5; phi = 0.56; beta1 = atan (2* DOF / phi - tan (32* %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi disp ( Mr1 = V1 / ( gamma RT1 ) 0 . 5 ) disp ( V12 = gamma R Mr1 2 ( T01 C1 2 / 2Cp ) ) disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , ) disp ( V1 = Ca/ c o s b e t a 1 ; and C1 = Ca/ c o s a l p h a 1 ) disp ( a l p h a 1 = b e t a 2 ( s i n c e DOF = 0 . 5 ) ) disp ( C1 = Ca/ c o s 3 2 = Ca / 0 . 8 4 8 ) disp ( V1 = Ca/ c o s 4 9 . 2 4 = Ca / 0 . 6 5 3 ) disp ( Hence : C1 2/ = Ca 2 / 0 . 7 1 9 ; and V12 = Ca 2/0.426 ) disp ( S u b s t i t u t i n g f o r V1 and C1 , ) Ca = ((104.41*295*1445) /(1445+104.41) ) ^0.5 disp ( The s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e may be c a l c u l a t e d a s : R i s e i n K e l v i n = T02T01 ) Cp = 1005; Rise = Ca ^2*( tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) - tan (32* %pi /180) ) /( Cp * phi )
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Rpm 152 rps

97
7 8
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disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 7 ) disp ( The f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n p r o v i d e s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e and t h e d e s i r e d a n g l e s : ) disp ( T02 T01 = lambda U Ca ( t a n ( b e t a 1 ) t a n ( b e t a 2 ) ) /Cp ) disp ( T02T01 = R i s e ) Rise = 24; lambda = 0.93; U = 205; Ca = 155.5; Cp = 1005; disp ( D i f = t a n ( b e t a 1 ) t a n ( b e t a 2 ) ) Dif = Rise * Cp /( U * lambda * Ca ) disp ( U s i n g t h e d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n e q u a t i o n : ) disp ( DOF = Ca ( t a n ( b e t a 1 ) + t a n ( b e t a 2 ) ) / ( 2 U) ) disp ( t a n ( b e t a 1 ) + t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = Add ) DOF = 0.5; Add = DOF *2* U / Ca beta1 = atan (( Add + Dif ) /2) *180/ %pi alpha2 = beta1 beta2 = atan ( Add - tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi alpha1 = beta2 disp ( The mean r a d i u s , rm , i s g i v e n by : i n m ) N = 152; // rpm rm = U /(2* %pi * N ) disp ( The b l a d e h e i g h t , h i n m, i s g i v e n by : m = r h o ACa , where A i s t h e a n n u l a r a r e a o f t h e f l o w . ) C1 = Ca / cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) T01 = 290; disp ( S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n ) T1 = T01 - C1 ^2 /(2* Cp ) disp ( U s i n g t h e i s e n t r o p i c P T r e l a t i o n : ) disp ( S t a t i c p r e s s u r e : P1 i n b a r s ) P01 = 1; P1 = P01 *( T1 / T01 ) ^3.5 R = 287/1000; 98
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disp ( D e n s i t y r h o 1 i n kg /m3 ) rho1 = P1 /( R * T1 ) * 100 disp ( From t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n : ) m = 22; A = m /( rho1 * Ca ) disp ( and t h e b l a d e h e i g h t : ) rm = 0.215; h = A /(2* %pi * rm )
Scilab code Exa 5.8 polytropic eciency 87

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G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 8 ) disp ( S i n c e t h e d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n a t t h e mean r a d i u s i s 50%, a l p h a 1 = b e t a 2 and a l p h a 2 = b e t a 1 . From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s , t h e r e l a t i v e o u t l e t v e l o c i t y component i n t h e x d i r e c t i o n i s g i v e n by : ) Ca = 158; beta2 = 30; Vx2 = Ca * tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) disp ( V1 = C2 = (U Vx2 ) 2 + Ca 2 ) 1 / 2 ) U = 245; Vx2 = 91.22; Ca = 158; C2 = (( U - Vx2 ) ^2 + Ca ^2) ^0.5 V1 = C2 beta1 = acos ( Ca / V1 ) *180/ %pi disp ( S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n t h e s t a g e , i n 99
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Kelvin ) disp ( D e l t a T 0 s = UCa( t a n b e t a 1 t a n b e t a 2 ) /Cp ) Cp = 1005; DeltaT0s = U * Ca *( tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) - tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) ) / Cp disp ( n / ( n 1) = i n f gamma / (gamm1 = 3 . 0 5 ) ) disp ( Number o f s t a g e s ) N = (4.5^(1/3.05) -1) *290/ DeltaT0s disp ( i m p l i e s N = 12 s t a g e s )
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Rotor speed 200

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 9 ) disp ( For 50% d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n a t t h e mean r a d i u s ( F i g . Ex59 ) , a l p h a 1 = b e t a 2 and a l p h a 2 = b e t a 1 . ) disp ( From t h e i n l e t v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , ) Ca = 180; C1 = 185; Cp = 1005; alpha1 = acos ( Ca / C1 ) *180/ %pi beta2 = alpha1 disp ( From t h e same v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , ) Cw1 = ( C1 ^2 - Ca ^2) ^0.5 U = 200; beta1 = atan (( U - Cw1 ) / Ca ) *180/ %pi alpha2 = beta1 100
20
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disp ( S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t s t a g e i n l e t may be d e t e r m i n e d by u s i n g s t a g n a t i o n and s t a t i c temperature r e l a t i o n s h i p as g i v e n below : i n Kelvin ) T01 = 290; T1 = T01 - C1 ^2/(2* Cp ) disp ( S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t h e s t a g e i s g i v e n by ) lambda = 0.86; DeltaT0s = lambda * U * Ca *( tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) - tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) ) / Cp disp ( S t a g e p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s g i v e n by ) etas = 0.86; Rs = (1+ etas * DeltaT0s / T01 ) ^3.5
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Isentropic Eciency

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , disp ( U s i n g t h e i s e n t r o p i c compression process , ) disp ( P02 / P01 = r , T02a i n r = 6 T01 = 285; gam = 1.4; x = ( gam -1) / gam ; T02a = T01 * r ^ x disp ( U s i n g t h e p o l y t r o p i c compression p r o c e s s : )
C h a p t e r 5 , Example 10 ) P T r e l a t i o n f o r the Kelvin i s )
r e l a t i o n f o r the
101
16 etainf = 0.85; 17 disp ( ( n 1) / n = R ) 18 R = ( gam -1) /( gam * etainf ) 19 disp ( A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e : ) 20 T02 = T01 * r ^ R 21 disp ( The c o m p r e s s o r i s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y 22
i s given
by : ) etac = ( T02a - T01 ) /( T02 - T01 ) *100

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 11 ) disp ( As no i n l e t g u i d e v a n e s a l p h a 1 = 0 ; Cw1 = 0 ) disp ( S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , T01 i n K e l v i n s , i s g i v e n by ) T01 = 290; C1 = 145; Cp = 1005; Ca = C1 ; T1 = T01 - ( C1 /(2* Cp ) ) - 1 disp ( The Mach number r e l a t i v e t o t i p i s ) M = 0.96; gam = 1.4; R = 287; V1 = M *( gam * R * T1 ) ^0.5 *1.04 disp ( i . e . , r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t t i p = 3 4 0 . 7 m/ s . 102
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t i n l e t F i g 511 ) Ut = ( V1 ^2 - C1 ^2) ^0.5 disp ( R a d i u s i n m ) N = 5500; rt = Ut *60/(2* %pi * N ) beta1 = atan ( Ut / Ca ) *180/ %pi DeltaT0s = 22; Tau = 0.92; disp ( t a n ( b e t a 1 ) t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = D i f ) Dif = DeltaT0s * Cp /( Tau * Ut * Ca ) beta2 = atan (1.588) *180/ %pi h = 0.268; rm = 0.402; A = 2* %pi * rm * h //m2 P01 = 1; // b a r P1 = P01 *( T1 / T01 ) ^3.5 R = 287; rho1 = P1 /( R * T1 ) * 10^5 m = rho1 * A * Ca disp ( S t a g e p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s ) etas = 0.9; Rs = (1+ etas * DeltaT0s / T01 ) ^3.5 W = Cp * DeltaT0s // kJ / kg disp ( Power r e q u i r e d by t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW ) P = m * W /1000 disp ( I n o r d e r t o f i n d o u t r o t o r a i r a n g l e s a t t h e r o o t s e c t i o n , r a d i u s a t t h e r o o t can be f o u n d a s g i v e n below . ) rr = rm - h /2 disp ( I m p e l l e r s p e e d a t r o o t i s ) Ur = 2* %pi * rr * N /60 disp ( T h e r e f o r e , from v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t r o o t s e c t i o n ) beta1 = atan ( Ur / Ca ) *180/ %pi disp ( t a n b e t a 1 t a n b e t a 2 = R ) R = DeltaT0s * Cp /( Tau * Ur * Ca ) beta2 = atan ( tan (46.695* %pi /180) -1.078) *180/ %pi
103
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Number of stages

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 12 ) disp ( I f N i s t h e number o f s t a g e s , t h e n o v e r a l l p r e s s u r e r i s e i s : ) disp ( R = (1+(N D e l t a T 0 s ) / T01 ) ( ( n 1) / n ) ) disp ( Exp=(n 1) / n = e t a a c gam / ( gam 1) ) disp ( ( where hac i s t h e p o l y t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y ) s u b s t i t u t i n g v a l u e s ) etaac = 0.87; gam = 1.4; Exp = etaac * gam /( gam -1) R =4.5; Cp = 1005; DeltaTs = 22; T01 = 290; N = (( R ^(1/3.05) ) -1) * T01 / DeltaTs disp ( Hence number o f s t a g e s = 8 ) disp ( S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e , D el taT s , p e r s t a g e = 22K, a s we t o o k 8 s t a g e s , t h e r e f o r e ) DeltaT0s = DeltaTs * N /8 disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e c o s ( a8 ) = Ca8 /C8 ) alpha8 = 20; C8 = 160; Ca8 = C8 * cos ( alpha8 * %pi /180) 104
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
disp ( U s i n g d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n , DOF = 0 . 5 ) disp ( 0 . 5 = Ca8 ( t a n b e t a 8 + t a n b e t a 9 ) / ( 2U) ) disp ( 0 . 5 = 1 5 0 . 3 5 ( t a n b e t a 8 + t a n b e t a 9 ) /2U (A ) ) disp ( DelTaT0s = TauUCa8 ( t a n b e t a 8 t a n b e t a 9 ) /Cp ) disp ( 2 3 . 1 = 0 . 8 5 U 1 5 0 . 3 5 ( t a n b e t a 8 t a n 2 0 ) / 1 0 0 5 (B) ) Tau = 0.85; beta9 = alpha8 ; disp ( From Eq . (A) U = 1 5 0 . 3 5 ( t a n b e t a 8 0 . 3 6 4 ) (C) ) disp ( From Eq . (B) U = 1 8 1 . 6 6 / ( t a n b e t a 8 0 . 3 6 4 ) (D) ) disp ( Comparing Eqs . (C) and (D) , we have ) disp ( 1 5 0 . 3 5 ( t a n b e t a 8 + 0 . 3 6 4 )= 1 8 1 . 6 6 / ( t a n b e t a 8 0 . 3 6 4 ) ) disp ( ( t a n ( b e t a 8 ) ) 2 = p ) p = 181.66/150.35 + 0.364^2 beta8 = atan ( p ^0.5) *180/ %pi disp ( S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq . (C) ) U = Ca8 *( tan ( beta8 * %pi /180) + tan ( beta9 * %pi /180) ) disp ( The r o t a t i o n a l s p e e d i s g i v e n by N i n r p s ) N = U /(2* %pi *0.0925) disp ( I n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e l a s t s t a g e r o t o r blade at i n l e t to the stage , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c a l c u l a t e s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e r a t i o of the l a s t s t a g e . ) disp ( S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f l a s t s t a g e : F i g . Ex512 ) T08 = T01 + 7* DeltaT0s disp ( P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f t h e f i r s t s t a g e i s : Rat = P09 / P08 ) Rat = 1.1643 disp ( Rat1 = P09 / P01 ) Rat1 = 4 P01 = 1; // i n b a r s P09 = Rat1 * P01 // b a r s P08 = P09 / Rat 105
55 T8 = T08 - C8 ^2 /(2* Cp ) 56 disp ( U s i n g s t a g n a t i o n and s t a t i c
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
isentropic t e m p e r a t u r e r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t h e l a s t s t a g e , we have p r e s s u r e i n b a r s ) P8 = P08 *( T8 / T08 ) ^(3.5) R = 287; rho8 = P8 /( R * T8 ) *100000 // i n kg /m3 disp ( U s i n g mass f l o w r a t e m = r h o 8 A8 Ca8 ) m = 3.5; A8 = m /( rho8 * Ca8 ) r = 0.0925; h = A8 /(2* %pi * r ) disp ( i . e . , l e n g t h o f t h e l a s t s t a g e r o t o r b l a d e a t i n l e t t o t h e s t a g e , h = 1 6 . 1 7 mm. )
Scilab code Exa 5.13 10 stage axial

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 13 ) disp ( No . o f s t a g e s = 10 ) disp ( The o v e r a l l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i s : ) T01 = 290; R = 4.5; etac = 0.88; T1 = (290*(4.5^0.286 - 1) ) disp ( The s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f a s t a g e ) T0s = T1 /10 disp ( The s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n t e r m s o f a i r a n g l e s i s : ) 106
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
disp ( T0s = TauUCa ( t a n a l p h a 2 t a n a l p h a 1 ) /Cp ) disp ( ( t a n a l p h a 2 t a n a l p h a 1 ) = T0s Cp / ( TauUCa ) ) disp ( ( t a n a l p h a 2 t a n a l p h a 1 )= D i f (A) ) Tau = 0.87; Cp = 1005; U = 218; Ca = 165; Dif = T0s * Cp /( Tau * U * Ca ) disp ( From d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n DOF ) disp ( DOF = ( 1 Ca ( t a n a l p h a 2 + t a n a l p h a 1 ) /2U) ) disp ( 0 . 7 6 = ( 1 1 6 5 ( t a n a l p h a 2 + t a n a l p h a 1 ) / ( 2 2 1 8 ) ) ) disp ( ( t a n a l p h a 2 + t a n a l p h a 1 ) = Add (B) ) Add = (1 -0.76) *(2* U ) / Ca disp ( Adding (A) and (B) , we g e t ) alpha2 = atan (( Add + Dif ) /2) *180/ %pi alpha1 = atan (( Add - Dif ) /2) *180/ %pi disp ( S i m i l a r l y , f o r b e t a 1 and b e t a 2 , d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n ) disp ( Add1 = t a n b e t a 1 + t a n b e t a 2 = 2 . 0 1 ) Add1 = 2.01; disp ( and D i f 1 = t a n b e t a 1 t a n b e t a 2 = 0 . 5 0 1 ) Dif1 = 0.501; beta1 = atan (( Add1 + Dif1 ) /2) *180/ %pi beta2 = atan (( Add1 - Dif1 ) /2) *180/ %pi

107
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 14 ) disp ( I m p e l l e r s p e e d i s U i n m/ s ) rt = 0.45; //m N = 5400; // rpm U = 2* %pi * rt * N /60 disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) disp ( U = Ca ( t a n a l p h a 1 + t a n b e t a 1 ) ) alpha1 = 28; beta1 = 58; Ca = U /( tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) + tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) ) disp ( Flow a r e a i s A i n m2 ) rtip = rt ; //m rroot =0.42; //m A = %pi *(0.45^2 - 0.42^2) disp ( Mass f l o w r a t e i s m i n kg / s ) rho = 1.5; // kg /m3 m = rho * A * Ca disp ( Power a b s o r b e d by t h e c o m p r e s s o r P i n kW ) disp ( = Tau U( Cw2 Cw1 ) ) disp ( = Tau U Ca ( t a n a l p h a 2 t a n a l p h a 1 ) ) alpha2 = beta1 ; Tau = 0.93; P = Tau * U * Ca *( tan ( alpha2 * %pi /180) - tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) *1.001 disp ( T o t a l Power i n kW ) Pt = m * P /1000*1.017 disp ( and w h i r l v e l o c i t y a t i m p e l l e r t i p Cwt i n m/ s ) Cwt = Ca * tan ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( Now u s i n g f r e e v o r t e x c o n d i t i o n ) disp ( r Cw = c o n s t a n t ) disp ( [ rhCw1h = rtCw1t ( where s u b s c r i p t s h f o r hub and t f o r t i p ) ) rh = 0.4; Cw1h = rt * Cwt / rh Cw2t = Ca * tan ( alpha2 * %pi /180) Cw2h = Cw2t * rt / rh disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t h e f l o w a n g l e s a t t h e hub a r e ) 108
42 alpha1h = atan ( Cw1h / Ca ) *180/ %pi 43 Uh = 2* %pi * rh * N /60 44 beta1h = atan (( Uh - Ca * tan ( alpha1h * %pi /180) ) / Ca ) *180/
%pi alpha2h = atan ( Cw2h / Ca ) *180/ %pi beta2h = atan (( Uh - Ca * tan ( alpha2h * %pi /180) ) / Ca ) *180/ %pi 47 disp ( F i n a l l y , t h e d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n a t t h e hub i s DOF i n % ) 48 DOF = Ca *( tan ( beta1h * %pi /180) + tan ( beta2h * %pi /180) ) /(2* Uh ) *100
45 46

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 5 , Example 15 ) disp ( A n g l e s a r e i n d e g r e e s , l e n g t h s i n m e t e r s , v e l o c i t i e s i n m/ s , t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e i n K e l v i n s ) disp ( U s i n g E q u a t i o n a t t h e mean r a d i u s ) disp ( Wc = Cp ( DeltaTA + DeltaTB ) =DeltaTS ) disp ( D i f = T02T01 ) Dif = 20; tau = 0.94; U = 200; Ca = 155; Cp = 1005; N = 8000; 109
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
49 50
disp ( t a n ( b e t a 1 ) t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = D i f t (A) ) Dift = Dif * Cp /( tau * U * Ca ) disp ( U s i n g E q u a t i o n , t h e d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n (DOF) i s ) disp ( DOF = Ca ( t a n ( b e t a 1 )+t a n ( b e t a 2 ) ) / ( 2U) ) disp ( t a n ( b e t a 1 )+t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = Add (B) ) DOF = 0.5; Add = DOF *2* U / Ca disp ( S o l v i n g (A) and (B) e q u a t i o n s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ) beta1 = atan (( Add + Dift ) /2) *180/ %pi alpha2 = beta1 ; beta2 = atan (1.29 - tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi alpha1 = beta2 ; disp ( L e t rm be t h e mean r a d i u s ) rm = U /(2* %pi * N ) //m disp ( U s i n g c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e annulus area of flow ) C1 = Ca / cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) //m/ s T01 = 290; T1 = T01 - C1 ^2 /(2* Cp ) disp ( U s i n g i s e n t r o p i c r e l a t i o n s h i p a t i n l e t : p1 / p01 = ( T1/ T01 ) ( gamma / ( gamma 1) ) ) disp ( S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i s P1 i n b a r s ) P01 = 1; P1 = P01 *( T1 / T01 ) ^3.5 disp ( D e n s i t y i n kg /m3 ) R = 287; rho1 = P1 /( R * T1 ) *10^5 disp ( From t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n , ) m = 22; // kg A = m /( rho1 * Ca ) disp ( b l a d e h e i g h t i n m i s ) h = A /(2* %pi * rm ) disp ( At mean r a d i u s , and n o t i n g t h a t b l a d e s b e t a , an e q u i v a l e n t t o c a s c a d e , a l p h a , n o m i n a l a i r d e f l e c t i o n i s Epsilon ) Epsilon = beta1 - beta2 disp ( U s i n g F i g . Ex515 f o r c a s c a d e n o m i n a l 110
51 52 53 54 55 56 57
d e f l e c t i o n vs . a i r o u t l e t angle , the s o l i d i t y , ) disp ( s / c = 0 . 5 ) disp ( B l a d e a s p e c t r a t i o = s p a n / c h o r d ) disp ( B l a d e c h o r d = C ) C = 0.089/3 disp ( B l a d e p i t c h = s ) s = 0.5* C disp ( Both t h e Chord and p i t c h / s p a n a r e i n m e t e r s )
111
Chapter 6 Steam Turbines
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Isentropic expansion

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 1 ) disp ( From s a t u r a t e d steam t a b l e s , e n t h a l p y o f s a t u r a t e d v a p o r a t 2 MPa : ) disp ( E n t h a l p y i n kJ / kg ) h1 = 2799.5 hg = h1 disp ( Entropy i n kJ /kgK ) s1 = 6.3409 sg = s1 disp ( S i n c e t h e e x p a n s i o n i s i s e n t r o p i c , s 1 = s 2 : i . e . , s 1 = s 2 = 6 . 3 4 0 9 = s f 2 +x 2 s f g 2 , where x2 i s the dryness f r a c t i o n a f t e r i s e n t r o p i c expansion , s f 2 i s t h e e n t r o p y o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d a t 0 . 2 MPa, s f g 2 i s t h e e n t r o p y o f v a p o r i z a t i o n a t 0 . 2 MPa . 112
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Using t a b l e s : ) x2 = ( sg - 1.5301) /5.5970 disp ( h2 ) hf2 = 504.7; hfg2 = 2201.9; disp ( h2 i n kJ / kg ) h2 = hf2 + x2 * hfg2 disp ( U s i n g t h e e n e r g y e q u a t i o n : C2 i n m/ s ) C2 = (2*( h1 - h2 ) *1000) ^0.5
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Mass of steam discharged

12 13 14 15 16 17 18
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 2 ) disp ( E n t h a l p y o f d r y s a t u r a t e d steam a t 1 . 3 MPa, u s i n g steam t a b l e s , ) h1 = 2787.6 s1 = 6.4953 disp ( S i n c e t h e e x p a n s i o n p r o c e s s i s i s e n t r o p i c , s 1 = s2 = s f 2 + x2sfg2 , hence dryness f r a c t i o n a f t e r expansion : ) x2 = ( s1 -1.3026) /6.0568 disp ( Now , t h e e n t h a l p y a t t h e e x i t : ) hf2 =417.46; hfg2 = 2258; h2 = hf2 + x2 * hfg2 disp ( T h e r e f o r e e n t h a l p y d r o p from 1 . 3 MPa t o 0 . 1 MPa i n kJ / kg ) drop = h1 - h2 113
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28
disp ( A c t u a l e n t h a l p y d r o p due t o f r i c t i o n l o s s i n t h e n o z z l e d r o p i n g i n kJ / kg ) Droping = 0.9* drop disp ( Hence , t h e v e l o c i t y o f steam a t t h e n o z z l e e x i t : ) C2 = (2*1000* Droping ) ^0.5 disp ( S p e c i f i c volume o f steam a t 0 . 1 MPa : i n m3/ kg ) vg2 = 1.694; Specificv = x2 * vg2 disp ( ( s i n c e t h e volume o f t h e l i q u i d i s u s u a l l y n e g l i g i b l e compared t o t h e volume o f d r y s a t u r a t e d vapor , h e n c e f o r most p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m s , v = xvg ) ) disp ( Mass f l o w r a t e o f steam a t t h e n o z z l e e x i t : i n kg / h ) m = (0.01^2) * %pi * C2 /(4* x2 * vg2 ) *3600
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Exit area required

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 3 ) P1 = 7.5; //MPa h1 = 3404.3; // kJ / kg s1 = 6.7598; // kJ / kg K disp ( ( h1 and s 1 from s u p e r h e a t e d steam t a b l e s ) ) disp ( At t h e e x i t s t a t e , P2 > Pc = 0 . 5 4 5 7 . 5 = 4 . 0 8 7 5 MPa ; and t h e r e f o r e t h e n o z z l e i s c o n v e r g e n t . S t a t e 2 i s f i x e d by P2 = 5MPa, s 1 = 114
13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
s 2 = 6 . 7 5 9 8 kJ /kgK ) disp ( T2 = 4 3 5 8K, v2 = 0 . 0 6 1 5 2 m3/ kg , h2 = 3 2 7 7 . 9 kJ / kg ( from t h e s u p e r h e a t e d steam t a b l e s o r t h e M o l l i e r Chart ) . ) disp ( The e x i t v e l o c i t y : ) h2 = 3277.9; // kJ / kg C2 = (2*1000*( h1 - h2 ) ) ^0.5 disp ( U s i n g t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n , t h e e x i t a r e a i s ) m = 2.8; v2 = 0.06152; A2 = m * v2 / C2
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Ratio of cross sectional area

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 4 ) disp ( C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e f o r maximum mass f l o w i s g i v e n by F i g . Ex64 ) disp ( Pc i s c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n MPa ) P1 = 0.8; //MPa n = 1.135; // i n d e x Pc = P1 *(2/( n +1) ) ^( n /( n -1) ) P2 = Pc ; disp ( From t h e M o l l i e r c h a r t : ) disp ( h1 = 2 7 6 9 kJ / kg ) disp ( h2 = 2 6 5 9 kJ / kg ) 115
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
disp ( h3 = 2 4 5 2 kJ / kg ) h1 = 2769; h2 = 2659; h3 = 2452; disp ( E n t h a l p y d r o p from 0 . 8 MPa t o 0 . 1 5 MPa : ) Deltah13 = h1 - h3 disp ( E n t h a l p y d r o p from 0 . 8 MPa t o 0 . 4 6 2 MPa : ) Deltah12 = h1 - h2 disp ( D r y n e s s f r a c t i o n : ) x2 = 0.954 x3 = 0.902 disp ( The v e l o c i t y a t t h e e x i t i n m/ s ) C3 = (2*1000* Deltah13 ) ^0.5 disp ( The v e l o c i t y a t t h e t h r o a t i n m/ s ) C2 = (2*1000* Deltah12 ) ^0.5 disp ( Mass d i s c h a r g e d a t t h e t h r o a t ) disp ( m2 = A2C2/ x2vg2 ) disp ( Mass d i s c h a r g e d a t t h e e x i t ) disp ( m3 = A3C3/ x3vg3 ) disp ( A3C3/ x3vg3 = A2C2/ x2vg2 ) disp ( A3/A2 = ( C2/C3 ) ( x3vg3 / x2vg2 ) ) disp ( Area R a t i o A3/A2 = Ar ) vg3 = 1.1593; vg2 = 0.4038; Ar = C2 * x3 * vg3 /( C3 * x2 * vg2 )
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Convergent Divergent Nozzle

1 2 3 4 5
// D i s p l a y mode mode (0) ; // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n ieee (1) ; clear ; 116
6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20
21
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 5 ) disp ( At t h e s t a t e p o i n t 2 , t h e d r y n e s s f r a c t i o n i s 0 . 8 5 and t h e p r e s s u r e i s 0 . 1 MPa . ) disp ( T h i s p r o b l e m can be s o l v e d e a s i l y by t h e M o l l i e r c h a r t o r by c a l c u l a t i o n s . ) disp ( E n t h a l p y and e n t r o p y may be d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g the f o l l o w i n g equations : ) disp ( h2 = h f 2 + x 2 h f g 2 and s 2 = s f 2 + x 2 s f g 2 ; ) hf2 = 417.46 x2 = 0.85 hfg2 = 2258 h1 = hf2 + x2 * hfg2 sf2 = 1.3026 sfg2 = 6.0568 s2 = sf2 + x2 * sfg2 disp ( S i n c e s 1 = s2 , t h e s t a t e 1 i s f i x e d by s 1 = 6 . 4 5 1 kJ / kg K, and p o i n t 1 i s a t t h e d r y s a t u r a t e d l i n e . ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e p r e s s u r e P1 may be d e t e r m i n e d by t h e M o l l i e r c h a r t o r by c a l c u l a t i o n s : i . e . : P1 = 1 . 4 7 4 MPa . ) disp ( E l t h a l p i e s a r e i n kJ / kg , e n t r o p y i n kJ /kgK and P r e s s u r e i n MPa )
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Steam leaving nozzle at 925

1 2 3 4 5
// D i s p l a y mode mode (0) ; // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n ieee (1) ; clear ; 117
6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 6 ) disp ( From t h e d a t a g i v e n , t h e v e l o c i t y d i a g r a m can be c o n s t r u c t e d a s shown i n F i g . Ex66 . The p r o b l e m can be s o l v e d e i t h e r g r a p h i c a l l y o r by c a l c u l a t i o n . ) disp ( A p p l y i n g t h e c o s i n e r u l e t o t h e t r i a n g l e ABC, V1 and V2 i n m/ s i m p l i e s ) U = 250; C1 = 925; alpha1 = 20; V1 = ( U ^2 + C1 ^2 -2* U * C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) ^0.5 k = 0.7; V2 = k * V1 disp ( V e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t i n l e t : ) Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( A x i a l component a t i n l e t : ) Ca1 = C1 * sin ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( B l a d e a n g l e a t i n l e t ) beta1 = atan ( Ca1 /( Cw1 - U ) ) *180/ %pi disp ( b e t a 2 = b e t a 1 = o u t l e t b l a d e a n g l e ) beta2 = beta1 Cw2 = cos ( beta2 * %pi /180) * V2 - U disp ( Ca2 = FE ) Ca2 = ( U + Cw2 ) * tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) disp ( V e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t i n l e t , Cw1 = 8 6 9 . 2 2 m/ s ; ) disp ( V e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t o u t l e t , Cw2 = 1 8 3 . 6 9 m/ s ) disp ( T a n g e n t i a l f o r c e on b l a d e s i n N ) m = 0.182; // kg / s Ft = ( Cw1 + Cw2 ) * m disp ( A x i a l f o r c e on b l a d e s i n N ) Fa = m *( Ca1 - Ca2 ) disp ( Work done on b l a d e s i n kW ) disp ( = t a n g e n t i a l f o r c e on b l a d e s b l a d e v e l o c i t y ) 118
36 W = Ft *250/1000 37 disp ( E f f i c i e n c y
o f b l a d i n g = Work done on b l a d e s / K i n e t i c energy s u p p l i e d ) 38 etab = W /( m * C1 ^2) * 1000 *2 * 100 39 disp ( I n l e t a n g l e o f b l a d e s b e t a 1 = 2 7 . 0 6 8 = b e t a 2 . )

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 7 ) disp ( B l a d e s p e e d U i s g i v e n by : i n m/ s ) D = 1050; N = 2800; U1 = %pi * D * N /(60*1000) disp ( The v e l o c i t y d i a g r a m i s shown i n F i g . Ex67 . A p p l y i n g t h e c o s i n e r u l e t o t h e t r i a n g l e ABC, ) C1 = 590; alpha1 = 20; V1 =( U1 ^2+ C1 ^2 -2* U1 * C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) ^0.5 disp ( A p p l y i n g t h e s i n e r u l e t o t h e t r i a n g l e ABC, C 1 s i n (ACB) = V1/ s i n ( a l p h a 1 ) ) disp ( but s i n (ACB) = s i n (180 b e t a 1 ) = s i n ( b e t a 1 ) ) beta1 = asin ( C1 * sin ( alpha1 * %pi /180) / V1 ) *180/ %pi beta2 = beta1 ; disp ( From T r i a n g l e ABD ) Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) 119
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
disp ( From t r i a n g l e CEF ) disp ( Ca2 / (U + Cw2 ) = t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = t a n ( b e t a 1 ) = t a n ( 2 6 . 7 5 ) = 0.504 ) Ca2 =155; Cw2 = Ca2 / tan ( beta1 * %pi /180) - U1 DeltaCw = Cw1 + Cw2 disp ( R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y a t t h e r o t o r o u t l e t i s : ) V2 = Ca2 / sin ( beta2 * %pi /180) disp ( B l a d e v e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t i s : ) k = V2 / V1 disp ( Work done on t h e b l a d e s p e r kg / s : i n kW ) W = DeltaCw * U1 /1000 disp ( Diagram e f f i c i e n c y ) etad = 2* W /( C1 ^2) *100000
Scilab code Exa 6.8 1 stage impulse turbine

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 8 ) disp ( From t r i a n g l e ABC F i g u r e Ex68 ) C1 = 460; a = 22; // d e g r e e s Cw1 = C1 * cos ( a * %pi /180) Ca1 = C1 * sin ( a * %pi /180) disp ( Now from t r i a n g l e BCD ) BD = Ca1 / tan (33* %pi /180) disp ( Hence , b l a d e s p e e d i s g i v e n by : i n m/ s ) 120
16 U = Cw1 - BD 17 disp ( From T r i a n g l e BCD, 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y at blade i n l e t i s g i v e n by : i n m/ s ) V1 = Ca1 / sin (33* %pi /180) disp ( V e l o c i t y c o e f i i c i e n t ) k = 0.75 V2 = V1 * k disp ( From t r i a n g l e BEF ) BF = V2 * cos (33* %pi /180) Cw2 = BF - U AF = Cw2 ; Ca2 = V2 * sin (33* %pi /180) disp ( The c h a n g e i n v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l : ) DeltaCw = Cw1 + Cw2 disp ( Diagram e f f i c i e n c y ) etad = 2* DeltaCw * U / C1 ^2 * 100 disp ( End t h r u s t on t h e s h a f t p e r u n i t mass f l o w : i n N ) F = Ca1 - Ca2
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Parson Turbine

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 9 ) 8 disp ( The b l a d e s p e e d , i n m/ s ) 9 D = 1.3; 10 N = 3000; 121
11 U = %pi * D * N /60 12 disp ( V e l o c i t y o f f l o w , i n m/ s ) 13 Ca = 0.5* U 14 C2 = 102; 15 disp ( Draw l i n e s AB and CD p a r a l l e l
16
17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
to each other F i g . Ex69 a t t h e d i s t a n c e o f 102 m/ s , i . e . , v e l o c i t y o f f l o w , Ca1 = 102 m/ s . ) disp ( At any p o i n t B , c o n s t r u c t an a n g l e a l p h a 2 = 20 d e g r e e s t o i n t e r s e c t l i n e CD a t p o i n t C . Thus , the v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e at the o u t l e t i s completed . For P a r s o n s t u r b i n e , ) disp ( a l p h a 1 = b e t a 2 , b e t a 1 = a l p h a 2 , C1 = V2 and V1 = C2 ) disp ( By measurement ) Cw1 = 280.26; Cw2 = 76.23; DeltaCw = Cw1 + Cw2 disp ( The i n l e t a n g l e s a r e 5 3 . 2 2 d e g r e e s . S p e c i f i c volume o f v a p o r a t 0 . 5 MPa, from t h e steam t a b l e s , i s i n m3/ kg ) vg = 0.3749 disp ( T h e r e f o r e t h e mass f l o w i s g i v e n by : ) x2 = 1; A = %pi *1.3*6; m = A * C2 /( x2 * vg ) /100 disp ( Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW ) P = m * C2 * DeltaCw /1000

1 2 3
4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 10 ) disp ( With t h e h e l p o f a l p h a 1 , U and C1 , t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t t h e b l a d e i n l e t can be c o n s t r u c t e d e a s i l y a s shown i n F i g . Ex610 ) disp ( A p p l y i n g t h e c o s i n e r u l e t o t h e t r i a n g l e ABC, ) C1 = 950; U = 380; alpha1 = 20; V1 = ( U ^2+ C1 ^2 -2* U * C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) ^0.5 disp ( Now , a p p l y i n g t h e s i n e r u l e t o t h e t r i a n g l e ABC, ) disp ( V1/ s i n ( a l p h a 1 ) = C1/ s i n (180 b e t a 1 ) = C1/ s i n ( beta1 ) ) beta1 = asin ( C1 * sin ( alpha1 * %pi /180) / V1 ) *180/ %pi disp ( From t r i a n g l e ACD ) Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( As b e t a 1 = b e t a 2 , u s i n g t r i a n g l e BEF and n e g l e c t i n g f r i c t i o n l o s s , i . e . V1 = V2 ) beta2 = beta1 ; V2 = V1 ; BF = V2 * cos ( beta2 * %pi /180) Cw2 = BF - U disp ( Change i n v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l : ) DeltaCw = Cw1 + Cw2 disp ( T a n g e n t i a l f o r c e on b l a d e s : i n N ) m = 12; F = m * DeltaCw /60 disp ( H o r s e Power ) P = m * U * DeltaCw /(60*1000*0.746)
123

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 11 ) disp ( V e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s f o r t h i s p r o b l e m a r e shown i n F i g . Ex611 ) disp ( From t h e t r i a n g l e ACD, ) C1 = 700; alpha1 = 22; Ca1 = C1 * sin ( alpha1 * %pi /180) // i n m/ s beta1 = 34; V1 = Ca1 / sin ( beta1 * %pi /180) // i n m/ s disp ( W h i r l component o f C1 i s g i v e n by i n m/ s ) Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( BD = Cw1 U = V 1 c o s b e t a 1 ) BD = V1 * cos ( beta1 * %pi /180) disp ( Hence , b l a d e s p e e d i n m/ s ) U = Cw1 - BD disp ( U s i n g t h e v e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t t o f i n d V2 : ) k = .9; V2 = k * V1 disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e BEF , ) beta2 = beta1 ; Ca2 = V2 * sin ( beta2 * %pi /180) Cw2 = V2 * cos ( beta2 * %pi /180) - U DeltaCw = Cw1 + Cw2 124
29 disp ( mass f l o w r a t e i s g i v e n by m. 30 P = 1600; 31 m = P *1000/( DeltaCw * U ) 32 disp ( T h r u s t on t h e s h a f t i n N ) 33 Ft = m *( Ca1 - Ca2 ) 34 disp ( Diagram e f f i c i e n c y ) 35 etad = 2* U * DeltaCw / C1 ^2 * 100
i n kg / s )
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Axial velocity constant

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 12 ) disp ( For 50% r e a c t i o n t u r b i n e F i g . Ex612 , a l p h a 1 = b e t a 2 , and a l p h a 2 = b e t a 1 . From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ACD, a n g l e s i n d e g r e e s ) disp ( A l l v e l o c i t i e s i n m/ s ) C1 = 105; //m/ s alpha1 = 20; Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) disp ( A p p l y i n g c o s i n e r u l e t o t h e T r i a n g l e ABC : ) U = 40; //m/ s V1 = ( C1 ^2+ U ^2 - C1 *2* U * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) ^0.5 BD = Cw1 - U //ms/ beta1 = acos ( BD / V1 ) *180/ %pi // d e g r e e s disp ( Change i n t h e v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l i s : ) Cw2 = BD ; DeltaCw = Cw1 + Cw2 125
21 disp ( H o r s e Power g e n e r a t e d ) 22 m = 2; 23 P = m * U * DeltaCw /(0.746*1000)
Scilab code Exa 6.13 Blade height and power developed

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 13 ) disp ( F i g u r e Ex613 shows t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s . ) alpha1 = 18; beta2 = alpha1 ; alpha2 = 25; beta1 = alpha2 ; disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , v e l o c i t i e s i n m/ s ) C1 = 90; //m/ s Cw1 = C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) //m/ s Ca1 = C1 * sin ( alpha1 * %pi /180) CD = Ca1 ; disp ( From t r i a n g l e BDC ) BD = Ca1 / sin ( beta1 * %pi /180) disp ( Hence b l a d e v e l o c i t y i s g i v e n by : ) U = Cw1 - BD disp ( A p p l y i n g t h e c o s i n e r u l e , ) V1 = ( C1 ^2+ U ^2 -2* U * C1 * cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) ^0.5 disp ( From t r i a n g l e AEF ) C2 = V1 ; 126
26 Cw2 = C2 * cos ( alpha2 * %pi /180) 27 disp ( Change i n t h e v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l : m/ s ) 28 DeltaCw = Cw1 + Cw2 29 disp ( Power d e v e l o p e d by t h e r o t o r : i n kW ) 30 m = 10; 31 P = m * U * DeltaCw /1000 32 disp ( From s u p e r h e a t e d steam t a b l e s a t 5 bar , 250
33 34 35 36 37 38 39
d e g r e e C e l c i u s , t h e s p e c i f i c volume o f steam i s : i n m3/ kg ) v = 0.4744 disp ( B l a d e h e i g h t i s g i v e n by t h e volume o f f l o w e q u a t i o n : i n m ) disp ( v = p i D h Ca ) disp ( where Ca i s t h e v e l o c i t y o f f l o w and h i s t h e blade height . Therefore , ) D =0.72; Ca = Ca1 ; h = v /( %pi * Ca * D )
Scilab code Exa 6.14 RPM 440

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 14 ) disp ( F i g u r e Ex613 shows t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s . ) disp ( From t h e v e l o c i t y diagram , ) disp ( V2 = 1 . 2U ) disp ( Ca2 = V2 c o s ( b e t a 2 ) ) 127
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
disp ( = 1 . 2 Ucos70 ) disp ( = 0 . 4 1U m/ s ) disp ( At mean d i a m e t e r , ) disp ( U = piDN /60 = 2 piN (Dh + h ) / ( 6 0 2 ) ) disp ( where Dh i s t h e r o t o r d i a m e t e r a t t h e hub and h i s the blade height . ) disp ( S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e v a l u e o f U i n t h e a b o v e equation , ) N = 440; // rpm disp ( Ca2 = 0 . 4 1 2 %pi N ( 1 4 . 5 h+h ) / ( 2 6 0 ) = 1 4 6 . 4 5 h m/ s ) disp ( A n n u l a r a r e a o f f l o w i s g i v e n by : ) disp ( A = p i h (Dh + h ) = p i h ( 1 4 . 5 h + h ) ) disp ( A = 1 5 . 5 p i h 2 ) disp ( S p e c i f i c volume o f s a t u r a t e d steam a t 0 . 9 0 bar , vg = 1 . 8 6 9 m3/ kg . ) disp ( Then t h e s p e c i f i c volume o f steam v = ( 1 . 8 6 9 ) ( 0 . 9 5 ) = 1 . 7 7 6 m3/ kg . ) v = 1.776; disp ( The mass f l o w r a t e i s g i v e n by : kg / s ) mrate = 6.8; // kg /kW h P = 5.5; //M W m = P *1000* mrate /3600 // kg / s h = ( m * v /(146.45*15.5* %pi ) ) ^(1/3)
Scilab code Exa 6.15 Two row velocity compounded impulse turbine
1 2 3 4
5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R .

8 disp ( F i g u r e Ex615 shows v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s ) 9 disp ( G r a p h i c a l s o l u t i o n s ) 10 U = 115; //m/ s 11 C1 = 590; //m/ s 12 alpha1 = 18; // d e g r e e s ; 13 beta2 = 20; // d e g r e e s 14 disp ( The v e l o c i t y d i a g r a m s a r e drawn t o s c a l e , a s
15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
shown i n F i g . Ex615a , and t h e r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y : ) V1 = 482 //m/ s k = 0.9; V2 = k * V1 disp ( The a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y a t t h e i n l e t t o t h e s e c o n d row o f moving b l a d e s , C3 , i s e q u a l t o t h e v e l o c i t y o f steam l e a v i n g t h e f i x e d row o f b l a d e s . ) C2 = 316.4; C3 = k * C2 disp ( D r i v i n g F o r c e i n N ) m = 1; DeltaCw1 = 854; DeltaCw2 = 281.46; disp ( For t h e f i r s t row o f moving b l a d e s , i n N ) F1 = m * DeltaCw1 disp ( For t h e s e c o n d row o f moving b l a d e s , i n N ) F2 = m * DeltaCw2 disp ( where DeltaCw1 and DeltaCw2 a r e s c a l e d from the v e l o c i t y diagram . ) disp ( T o t a l d r i v i n g f o r c e ) F = F1 + F2 disp ( Power = d r i v i n g f o r c e b l a d e v e l o c i t y i n kW p e r kg / s ) s = 115; P = F * s /1000 129
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
disp ( Energy s u p p l i e d t o t h e w h e e l ) E = m * C1 ^2 /(2*1000) disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t h e d i a g r a m e f f i c i e n c y i s : ) etad = P *1000*2/ C1 ^2 *100 disp ( Maximum d i a g r a m e f f i c i e n c y : ) etadm = ( cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) ) ^2 *100 Ca1 = 182.32; Ca2 = 148.4; Ca3 = 111.3; Ca4 = 97.57; disp ( A x i a l t h r u s t on t h e f i r s t row o f moving b l a d e s ( p e r kg / s ) : i n N ) F1 = m *( Ca1 - Ca2 ) disp ( A x i a l t h r u s t on t h e s e c o n d row o f moving b l a d e s ( p e r kg / s ) : i n N ) F2 = m *( Ca3 - Ca4 ) disp ( T o t a l a x i a l t h r u s t : i n N ) F = F1 + F2
Scilab code Exa 6.16 Reaction stage turbine

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 6 , Example 16 ) disp ( F i g u r e Ex616 shows v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s ) disp ( The v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s can e a s i l y be c o n s t r u c t e d a s t h e b l a d e v e l o c i t y and b l a d e a n g l e s a r e g i v e n . From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s , work 130
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
o u t p u t p e r kg i s g i v e n by : ) U = 300; //m/ s alpha1 = 25; beta1 = 60; alpha2 = 71.1; beta2 = 32; disp ( Wt = U ( Cw1+Cw2 ) ) Wt = U *(450* cos ( alpha1 * %pi /180) +247* cos ( alpha2 * %pi /180) ) disp ( Power o u t p u t i kW ) m = 5; P = m * Wt /1000 disp ( D e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n i s g i v e n by : DOR ) V1 = 220; //m/ s V2 = 443; //m/ s DOR = ( V2 ^2 - V1 ^2) / (2* Wt ) * 100 disp ( A x i a l t h r u s t : i n N ) Ca1 = 190.5; //m/ s Ca2 = 234; //m/ s F = m *( Ca1 - Ca2 ) disp ( The t h r u s t i s n e g a t i v e b e c a u s e i t s d i r e c t i o n i s the o p p o s i t e to the f l u i d flow . )
Scilab code Exa 6.17 Series of stages

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
disp ( U s i n g t h e g i v e n data , t h e v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e s f o r t h e i n l e t and o u t l e t a r e shown i n F i g Ex617 ) C2 = 225; //m/ s V2 = 375; //m/ s C1 = 400; //m/ s V1 = 200; //m/ s disp ( Work done p e r u n i t mass f l o w : i n J / kg ) U = 250; Wt = U *( C1 * cos (25* %pi /180) + C2 * cos (70.2* %pi /180) ) disp ( D e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n DOR ) DOR = ( V2 ^2 - V1 ^2) /(2* Wt ) *100 disp ( Power o u t p u t : i n kW ) m = 5.2; P = m * Wt /1000 disp ( I s e n t r o p i c s t a t i c e n t h a l p y d r o p i n t h e s t a t o r : i n kJ / kg ) etas = 0.93; Deltahs = ( C1 ^2 - 0.89* C2 ^2) / etas /1000 disp ( I s e n t r o p i c s t a t i c e n t h a l p y d r o p s i n t h e r o t o r : i n kJ / kg ) etaf = 0.94; Deltahr = Wt /( etas * etaf ) /1000 disp ( S i n c e t h e s t a t e o f t h e steam a t t h e s t a g e e n t r y i s g i v e n a s 10 bar , 300 d e g r e e C e l s i c u s , ) disp ( E n t h a l p y a t n o z z l e e x i t : i n kJ / kg ) Hn = 3051.5 - Deltahs disp ( E n t h a l p y a t r o t o r e x i t : i n kJ / kg ) Hr = 3051.5 - Deltahr disp ( The r o t o r i n l e t and o u t l e t c o n d i t i o n s can be f o u n d by u s i n g t h e M o l l i e r Chart . ) disp ( R o t o r i n l e t c o n d i t i o n s : P1 = 7 bar , T1 = 235 Degree C e l s i u s ) disp ( R o t o r o u t l e t c o n d i t i o n s : P2 = 5 bar , T2 = 2 2 0 8 Degree C e l s i u s )
132
Chapter 7 Axial Flow and Radial Flow Gas Turbines
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Impulse gas turbine

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 1 ) disp ( From i s e n t r o p i c p T r e l a t i o n f o r e x p a n s i o n p r o c e s s ) disp ( T02a / T01 = ( P02 / P01 ) ( ( gam 1) /gam ) ) P02 = 1.03; P01 = 5.2; T01 = 1000; gam = 1.33; T02a = T01 *( P02 / P01 ) ^(( gam -1) / gam ) disp ( U s i n g i s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e ) 133
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
etat = 0.88; T02 = T01 - etat *( T01 - T02a ) //K disp ( U s i n g s t e a d y f l o w e n e r g y e q u a t i o n ) disp ( 1/2 ( C22 C1 2 ) = Cp ( T01 T02 ) ) Cpg = 1147; C1 = 140; C2 = (2* Cpg *( T01 - T02 ) + C1 ^2) ^0.5 //m/ s disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e , v e l o c i t y o f w h i r l a t r o t o r i n l e t i n m/ s ) Cw2 = C2 * sin (57* %pi /180) disp ( T u r b i n e work o u t p u t i s g i v e n by i n kW ) m = 28; Wt = m * Cpg *( T01 - T02 ) /1000
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Nozzle eux angle 68

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 2 ) disp ( The s p e c i f i c work o u t p u t i n kJ / kg ) etats = 0.85; Cpg = 1.147; T01 = 800 + 273; gam = 1.33; W = etats * Cpg * T01 *(1 -(1/4) ^(( gam -1) / gam ) ) disp ( S i n c e a l p h a 1 = 0 , a l p h a 3 = 0 , Cw1 = 0 and s p e c i f i c work o u t p u t i s g i v e n by ) 15 U = 480; 16 Cw2 = W *1000/ U //m/ s 17 disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e )
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
134
18 alpha2 = 68; 19 C2 = Cw2 / sin ( alpha2 * %pi /180) //m/ s 20 disp ( A x i a l v e l o c i t y i s g i v e n by i n m/ s ) 21 Ca2 = C2 * cos ( alpha2 * %pi /180) //m/ s 22 disp ( T o t a l to t o t a l e f f i c i e n c y , e t a t t , i s ) 23 disp ( e t a t t = ( T01T03 ) / ( T01T03a ) ) 24 disp ( = W/ ( T01 (T3+C32 / ( 2 Cpg ) ) ) ) 25 disp ( = W/ ( (W/ e t a t s ) ( C32 / ( 2 Cpg ) ) ) ) 26 C3 = Ca2 ; //m/ s 27 etatt = W /(( W / etats ) - ( C3 ^2 / (2* Cpg *1000) ) ) *100 //
in % 28 disp ( The d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n DOR ) 29 disp ( DOR = Ca ( t a n ( b e t a 3 ) t a n ( b e t a 2 ) ) / ( 2U) ) 30 DOR = (1 - Ca2 * tan ( alpha2 * %pi /180) / (2* U ) ) *100 //%
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Stagnation temperature of 1100K

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 3 ) disp ( From F i g u r e Ex73 ) Ca = 250 //m/ s Ca3 = Ca ; //m/ s Ca2 = Ca3 ; //m/ s Ca1 = Ca2 ; //m/ s U = 350; //m/ s disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ( b ) ) alpha2 = 63; 135
C2 = Ca2 / cos ( alpha2 * %pi /180) //m/ s disp ( From F i g u r e ( c ) ) alpha3 = 9; C3 = Ca3 / cos ( alpha3 * %pi /180) //m/ s Cw3 = Ca3 * tan ( alpha3 * %pi /180) //m/ s beta3 = atan (( U + Cw3 ) / Ca3 ) *180/ %pi disp ( From F i g u r e ( b ) ) Cw2 = Ca2 * tan ( alpha2 * %pi /180) //m/ s beta2 = atan (( Cw2 - U ) / Ca2 ) *180/ %pi disp ( Power o u t p u t i n kW ) m = 15; W = m * U * Ca *( tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) + tan ( beta3 * %pi /180) ) /1000 28 disp ( The d e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n i s g i v e n by ) 29 DOR = Ca *( tan ( beta3 * %pi /180) - tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) ) /(2* U ) *100
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Throat area for 73

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 4 ) disp ( N o z z l e T h r o a t a r e a i n m2 , A = m/ ( r h o 2 Ca2 ) ) disp ( r h o 2 = P2 / ( RT2 ) ) disp ( T2 = T02 C22 / ( 2 Cp ) ) T02 = 1100; // K e l v i n C2 = 550.67; //m/ s Cp = 1.147; T2 = T02 - C2 ^2 /(2* Cp *1000) disp ( From n o z z l e l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t ) 136
16 lambdaN = 0.05; 17 T2a = T2 - lambdaN * C2 ^2 /(2* Cp *1000) 18 disp ( U s i n g i s e n t r o p i c p T r e l a t i o n f o r 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
nozzle
expansion ) P01 = 5; // b a r s gam = 1.33; T01 = T02 ; P2 = P01 /(( T01 / T2a ) ^( gam /( gam -1) ) ) disp ( C r i t i c a l P r e s s u r e r a t i o = r = P01 / Pc ) r = (( gam +1) /2) ^( gam /( gam -1) ) disp ( P01 /P2 = r 1 ) r1 = P01 / P2 disp ( S i n c e r1 <r , and t h e r e f o r e n o z z l e i s unchoked . ) C2 = (2* Cp *1000*( T01 - T2 ) ) ^0.5 //m/ s disp ( T h e r e f o r e , n o z z l e t h r o a t a r e a i n m2 ) R = 0.287; rho2 = P2 *100/( R * T2 ) // kg /m3 m = 15; // k s A = m /( rho2 * C2 ) //m2
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Inlet stagnation temperature is 1000 K

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 5 ) disp ( V e l o c i t i e s a r e i n m/ s , t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n , Angles in d e g r e e s . ) 9 disp ( D e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n DOR = 0 ) 10 disp ( DOR = ( T2T3 ) / ( T1T3 ) )
8
137
11 disp ( T h e r e f o r e T2 = T3 ) 12 disp ( From i s e n t r o p i c p T r e l a t i o n f o r e x p a n s i o n ) 13 T01 = 1000; 14 disp ( P01 / P03 = r ) 15 r = 1.8 16 T03a = T01 /( r ^0.249) 17 disp ( U s i n g t u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y ) 18 disp ( T03 = T01 e t a t ( T01T03a ) ) 19 etat = 0.85; 20 T03 = T01 - etat *( T01 - T03a ) 21 disp ( I n o r d e r t o f i n d s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t t u r b i n e
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
o u t l e t , u s i n g s t a t i c and s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r e l a t i o n ) C3 = 270; Cpg = 1.147; T3 = T03 - C3 ^2 / (2* Cpg *1000) T2 = T3 ; disp ( Dynamic T e m p e r a t u r e i n K i s C2 /2 Cpg = Td ) Td = 1000 - T2 C2 = (2* Cpg *1000* Td ) ^0.5 //m/ s disp ( S i n c e Cpg D e l t a T o s = U ( Cw3+Cw2 ) = U Cw2 ( Cw3 =0) ) U = 290; Cw2 = Cpg *1000*(1000 -884) / U //m/ s disp ( From v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e ) alpha2 = asin ( Cw2 / C2 ) *180/ %pi Ca2 = C2 ; beta2 = atan (( Cw2 - U ) /( Ca2 * cos ( alpha2 * %pi /180) ) ) *180/ %pi
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Inlet stagnation temperature is 1150 K

1 2 3
4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 6 ) disp ( Annulus a r e a A i s g i v e n by ) disp ( A = 2 p i rm h ) disp ( where h = b l a d e h e i g h t ) disp ( rm = mean r a d i u s ) disp ( As we have t o f i n d t h e b l a d e h e i g h t from t h e o u t l e t conditions , in t h i s case annulus area i s A3 . ) disp ( h = A3/2 p i rm ) disp ( Um = p i DmN ) Um = 300; //m/ s N = 240; // r p s Dm = Um /( %pi * N ) rm = Dm /2 disp ( T e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i n t h e s t a g e i s g i v e n by Drop = T01T03 ) Drop = 145 // K e l v i n s T01 = 1150; T03 = T01 - Drop C3 = 390; Cpg = 1.147; T3 = T03 - C3 ^2 / (2* Cpg *1000) disp ( U s i n g t u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y t o f i n d i s e n t r o p i c temperature drop ) eta = 0.88; T03a = T01 - Drop / eta disp ( U s i n g i s e n t r o p i c p T r e l a t i o n f o r e x p a n s i o n p r o c e s s ) P01 = 8; P03 = P01 /( T01 / T03a ) ^(4) disp ( A l s o from i s e n t r o p i c r e l a t i o n ) P3 = P03 /( T03a / T3 ) ^4 disp ( where P01 , P3 ; P03 a r e i n b a r s ) R = 0.287; 139
36 37 38 39 40 41
rho3 = P3 /( R * T3 ) *100 // kg /m3 m = 34; // kg / s Ca3 = C3 ; A3 = m /( rho3 * Ca3 ) h = A3 /(2* %pi * rm ) disp ( where h i s i n m )

1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 ) Cpg = 1147; disp ( T e m p e r a t u r e Drop = T01 T03 ) Drop = 145; U = 345; psi = Cpg *( Drop ) / U ^2 disp ( U s i n g v e l o c i t y d i a g r a m ) disp ( U/Ca = t a n ( b e t a 3 ) t a n ( a l p h a 3 ) ) disp ( t a n ( b e t a 3 ) = 1/ p h i + t a n ( a l p h a 3 ) ) alpha3 = 12; phi = 0.75; beta3 = atan (1/ phi + tan ( alpha3 * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi disp ( P s i = p h i ( t a n ( b e t a 2 ) +t a n ( b e t a 3 ) ) ) disp ( DOR = p h i /2 ( t a n ( b e t a 3 ) t a n ( b e t a 2 ) ) ) disp ( t a n ( b e t a 3 ) = ( p s i + 2 DOR) / ( 2 p h i ) ) DOR = ( tan ( beta3 * %pi /180) *2* phi - psi ) /2 *100 disp ( t a n ( b e t a 2 ) = ( p s i 2DOR) / ( 2 p h i ) ) beta2 = atan (( psi -2* DOR /100) /(2* phi ) ) *180/ %pi alpha2 = atan ( tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) +(1/ phi ) ) *180/ %pi 140
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ca1 = U * phi //m/ s C2 = Ca1 / cos ( alpha2 * %pi /180) //m/ s disp ( R2 = T02T2 = C22 /2Cp ) R2 = C2 ^2 /(2* Cpg ) disp ( R3 = T2T2s = Tn C2 2 / ( 2 Cpg ) ) Tn = 0.05; R3 = Tn * C2 ^2 /(2* Cpg ) T2 = 1100 - R2 //K T2s = T2 - R3 //K P01 = 4; // b a r s T01 = 1100; P2 = P01 *( T2s / T01 ) ^4 R = 0.287; rho2 = P2 *100/( R * T2 ) // kg /m3 disp ( N o z z l e T h r o a t a r e a i n A i n m2 ) C1 = C2 ; //m/ s rho1 = 0.907; // kg /m3 m = 24; A = m /( rho1 * C1 ) A1 = m /( rho1 * Ca1 )
Scilab code Exa 7.8 Equal stage inlet and outlet velocities
1 // D i s p l a y mode 2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 disp ( From V e l o c i t y 9 disp ( C i s v e l o c i t y 10 Ca = 255; //m/ s 11 alpha2 = 60;
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 8 ) t i a n g l e s ) i n m/ s , a n g l e s a r e i n d e g r e e s )
141
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Cw2 = Ca * tan ( alpha2 * %pi /180) alpha3 = 12; Cw3 = Ca * tan ( alpha3 * %pi /180) U = 345; //m/ s Vw2 = Cw2 - U //m/ s beta2 = atan ( Vw2 / Ca ) *180/ %pi Vw3 = Cw3 + U //m/ s beta3 = atan ( Vw3 / Ca ) *180/ %pi disp ( D e g r e e o f R e a c t i o n DOR ) phi = Ca / U ; DOR = phi *( tan ( beta3 * %pi /180) - tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) ) /2 *100 psi = Ca *( tan ( beta2 * %pi /180) + tan ( beta3 * %pi /180) ) / U m = 20; disp ( W i n kW ) W = m * U *( Cw2 + Cw3 ) disp ( lambdaN = 2Cp ( T2T2a ) /C22 ) lambdaN = Ca * sec ( alpha2 * %pi /180) C2 = lambdaN ; disp ( T2T2a = R ) Cp = 1147; Ra = 0.05*0.5* lambdaN ^2 / Cp T02 = 1150; //K T01 = T02 ; //K T2 = T02 - C2 ^2 /(2* Cp ) //K T2a = T02 - C2 ^2 /(2* Cp ) - Ra P01 = 4 // b a r s P2 = P01 /( T01 / T2 ) ^4 R = 0.287; disp ( r h o 2 i s d e n s i t y i n kg /m3 ) rho2 = P2 /( R * T2 ) *100 disp ( Area i n m2 ) m = 20; A2 = m /( rho2 * C2 )
142
Scilab code Exa 7.9 Turbine inlet temperature 900C

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 9 ) disp ( At 50%. alpha2 = beta3 ; alpha3 = beta2 ) U = 340; disp ( C2 i n m/ s ) C2 = U / cos (15* %pi /180) disp ( Heat d r o p i n b l a d e moving row i n Hdrop K ) C3 = 105; //m/ s Cp = 1147; Hdrop = ( C2 ^2 - C3 ^2) /(2* Cp ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e h e a t d r o p i n a s t a g e ) Hdropstage = Hdrop *2 disp ( Number o f s t a g e s n = ) n = (1173 -943) / Hdropstage disp ( T h e r e f o r e No . o f s t a g e s = 2 )
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Gas leaving stage in axial direction

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 10 ) disp ( For no l o s s up t o t h r o a t Ps i n b a r s ) 143
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
P01 = 4; // b a r gam = 1.33; Ps = P01 *(2/( gam +1) ) ^( gam /( gam -1) ) T01 = 1100; //K Ts = 944; //K Cpg = 1147; U = 300; //m/ s C = (2* Cpg *( T01 - Ts ) ) ^0.5 //m/ s R = 0.287; rhos = Ps *100/( R * Ts ) // kg /m3 disp ( T h r o a t a r e a i n m2 ) m =20; // kg / s A = m /( rhos * C ) disp ( A n g l e a l p h a 1 , a t any r a d i u s r and alpha1m a t t h e d e s i g n r a d i u s rm a r e r e l a t e d by t h e e q u a t i o n ) disp ( t a n ( a l p h a 1 ) = rm t a n ( alpha1m ) / r ) disp ( Given ) disp ( Tip r a d i u s / Root r a d i u s = r t / r r = 1 . 4 ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e mean r a d i u s / r o o t r a d i u s = 1 . 2 ) alpha1m = 25 alpha1r = atan (1.2* tan ( alpha1m * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi alpha1t = atan ( tan ( alpha1r * %pi /180) /1.4) *180/ %pi disp ( V e l o c i t y i n m/ s ) disp ( Cw2 = rm x Cw2m/ r r = rm Ca2 / ( r r t a n ( alpha2m ) ) ) Cw2 = 1.2*250/ tan ( alpha1m * %pi /180) disp ( Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW ) W = m * U * Cw2 /1000
Scilab code Exa 7.11 Inward radial ow gas turbine

1
2 mode (0) ; 3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 11 ) disp ( The o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e from n o z z l e i n l e t t o d i f f u s e r o u t l e t i s g i v e n by ) disp ( e t a t t = ( T01 T03 ) / ( T01 T 0 3 s s ) ) disp ( T u r b i n e work p e r u n i t mass f l o w ) disp ( W = U22 = Cp ( T01 T03 ) ; ( Cw3 = 0 ) ) disp ( Now u s i n g i s e n t r o p i c p T r e l a t i o n ) disp ( T01 ( 1 T 0 3 s s / T01 ) = T01 ( 1 ( P03 / P01 ) ( ( gamma 1) /gamma ) ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e ) disp ( U22 = e t a t t Cp T01 ( 1 ( P03 / P01 ) ( ( gamma 1) / gamma ) ) etatt = 0.9; Cp = 1147; T01 = 1145; P03 = 100; P01 = 310; U2 = ( etatt * Cp * T01 *(1 - ( P03 / P01 ) ^0.2498) ) ^0.5 disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d , U2 = 5 3 9 . 4 5 m/ s ) disp ( The Mach number o f t h e a b s o l u t e f l o w v e l o c i t y a t n o z z l e e x i t i s g i v e n by ) disp ( M = C1/ a1 = U1/ a l p h a 1 s i n ( a l p h a 1 ) ) disp ( S i n c e t h e f l o w i s a d i a b a t i c a c r o s s t h e n o z z l e , we have ) disp ( T01 = T02 = T2 + C2 2 / 2Cp = T2 + U2 2 / 2Cp ( s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2 ) disp ( o r T2/ T01 = 1 U2 2 / 2 CpT01 ( s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2 ; but Cp = gamma R/ ( gamma 1 ) ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e ; T2/ T01 = 1 U2 2 ( gamma 1 ) / ( 2 gammaRT01 ( s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2 ) disp ( = 1 U2 2 ( gammaa 1) / ( 2 a01 2 ( s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2) ) 145
30 31 32 33 34 35
disp ( But ( T2/ T01 ) 2 = a2 / a01 = a2 / a02 ; s i n c e T01 = T02 ) disp ( and a2 / a02 = U2/M2 a02 s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e ( U2/M2 a02 s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2 = 1 U2 2 ( gammaa 1) / ( 2 a01 2 ( s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2 ) ) disp ( and 1 = ( U2/ a02 s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2 ( ( gamma 1 ) /2 + 1/M2 2 ) ) disp ( o r ( s i n ( a l p h a 2 ) ) 2 = ( U2/ a02 ) 2 ( ( gamma 1 ) /2 + 1/M2 2 ) ) disp ( T h e r e f o r e n o z z l e a n g l e a l p h a 2 = 75 d e g r e e s )

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 7 , Example 12 ) disp ( D i m e n s i o n l e s s s p e c i f i c s p e e d i s ) disp ( Ns = 0 . 3 3 6 ( C3/C0 ) 0 . 5 ( A3/Ad ) 0 . 5 in rev ) disp ( A3 and Ad a r e i n m2 ) D3t = 0.064; //m D3h = 0.026; //m A3 = %pi *( D3t ^2 - D3h ^2) /4 D2 = 0.092; //m Ad = %pi * D2 ^2/4 disp ( D i m e n s i o n l e s s s p e c i f i c s p e e d Ns i n r e v and Nsa in rad ) 17 Ns = 0.336*(0.447* A3 / Ad ) ^0.5 // r e v 18 Nsa = 0.904 19 disp ( The f l o w r a t e a t o u t l e t f o r t h e i d e a l t u r b i n e i s g i v e n by Q3 i n m3/ s )
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
146
20 disp ( Ns = 0 . 1 8 ( Q3 / (N D2 3 ) ) 0 . 5 ) 21 N = 30500; 22 Q = ( Ns /0.18) ^2* N * D2 ^3/60 23 disp ( The power d e v e l o p e d by t h e t u r b i n e 24 25 26 27
i s g i v e n by
i n kW ) disp ( W = m U32 ) disp ( = r h o 3 Q3 U32 ) rho3 = 1.75; // kg /m3 Wt = rho3 * Q *( %pi * N * D2 /60) ^2 /1000
147
Chapter 8 Cavitation in Hydraulic Machinery
Scilab code Exa 8.0 Theory

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 8 ) 8 disp ( C a v i t a t i o n i n H y d r a u l i c M a c h i n e r y ) 9 disp ( J u s t Theory No S o l v e d / U n s o l v e d Examples )
148

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Scilab Textbook Companion for Turbomachinery Design And Theory by R. S. R. Gorla And A. A.

9 16 38 67 90 112 133 148

List of Scilab Codes

Chapter 1 Introduction Dimensional Analysis Basic Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Radial Flow Hydraulic

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Centrifugal Pump Head

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Air Compressor Speed

// D i s p l a y mode mode (0) ; // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 10

4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R . 8 9 10 11 12

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Pumping Power

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Drag Force F

// D i s p l a y mode mode (0) ; 11

3 // D i s p l a y w a r n i n g f o r f l o a t i n g p o i n t e x c e p t i o n 4 ieee (1) ; 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 disp ( T u r b o m a c h i n e r y D e s i g n and Theory , Rama S . R .

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Axial Pump Power

15 P = 1000 * 2.363 * 0.22688 / 60

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Axial Gas Turbine

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Wind Tunnel 13

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Kinetic Energy

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Radial Inward Flow

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 1 , Example 10 )

Chapter 2 Hyraulic Pumps

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Centrifugal Pump Torque

// Torque = power / a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y Torque = Power * 1000 * 0.6/12

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Head Imparted

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Centrifugal Pump Impeller

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 3 )

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Eciency Lift Discharge

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Horse Power Pump

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Impeller Vanes Angled 20

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Vanes At 45 Degrees

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Vanes Radially Exit

Figure 2.1: Vanes Radially Exit

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Radial Component Water

Scilab code Exa 2.10 Centrifugal Pump Running 25

Scilab code Exa 2.11 Ideal Height Hydraulic Eciency

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 11 )

Scilab code Exa 2.12 Actual Work Absolute Velocity

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 12 ) 27

Scilab code Exa 2.13 Theoritical Head

Scilab code Exa 2.14 Vanes 30 Degrees

12 Cr2 = 2.8 13 beta2 = 30 14 disp ( I m p e l l e r t i p s p e e d , U2 i n m/ s , i s ) 15 U2 = %pi * D2 * N /60 16 disp ( W h i r l component o f a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y Cw2 a t 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Scilab code Exa 2.15 Power Hub dia Angles

Scilab code Exa 2.16 Mechanical Eciency

Scilab code Exa 2.17 Single Stage Pump

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 17 )

Scilab code Exa 2.18 Diameter of Impeller

Scilab code Exa 2.19 Two Multistage Pumps

Scilab code Exa 2.20 Pumps to be Connected

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 2 , Example 20 ) disp ( S p e c i f i c s p e e d f o r a s i n g l e i m p e l l e r i s g i v e n 35

Scilab code Exa 2.21 Specic speed 1150

v e l o c i t y t r i a n g l e a t i n l e t , U1 i n m/ s i s : ) 20 U1 = %pi * D1 * N /60 21 alpha = atan ( Cr / U1 ) *180/ %pi

Chapter 3 Hydraulic Turbines

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Generator Pelton Wheel

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Pelton Wheel 725

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Pelton Speed 14

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 3 ) 8 disp ( R e f e r i n g F i g u r e ) 9 disp ( Given Data ) 10 U2 = 14 //m/ s 40

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Pelton Wheel 12900kW

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 4 ) 41

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Double Overhung Pelton

G o r l a and A i j a z A . Khan , C h a p t e r 3 , Example 5 )

12 Pin = Po / eta 13 disp ( S i n c e t h e r e a r e two r u n n e r s , power d e v e l o p e d

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Power Station

23 s = 0.46* C1 24 disp ( Wheel r o t a t i o n a l s p e e d N ) 25 N = s 60/(0.4452* %pi ) 26 disp ( A c t u a l h y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y ) 27 disp ( A c t u a l power / e n e r g y i n t h e j e t = ( 1 2 6 0 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35