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Helicopter Engineering

VI Semester Aeronautical Engineering




1. Show that for a hovering rotor with blades that operate at constant lift and drag
coefficients, thrust on the rotor is proportional to the square of the tip speed, and
the power is proportional to the cube of the tip speed.


2.

A helicopter weights 30,000 N and has a single rotor of 16m diameter. Using
momentum theory estimate the power required for level flight at a speed of 20
m/ sec at sea level. Take C
D
=0.0065 based on rotor disc area.


3.

Using Bernoullis equation of the general energy equation, show that the
induced velocity in the fully contracted wake of a rotor climbing with a vertical
velocity if twice the induced velocity in the rotor plane.






4.

A helicopter with gross weight of 1600 kg, a main rotor radius of 6 m, and a
rotor tip speed of 210 m/s has 225 kW delivered to the main rotor shaft, the tail
rotor radius is 0.8 m and the tail rotor is located 4.8 m from the main shaft.
Calculate the thrust and power required by the tail rotor for hovering conditions
at 7500 ft. Assume that the FM of the tail rotor is 0.70.


5.

The simple momentum theory assumes that the jump in pressure across the disk
of a hovering rotor is the same everywhere. By considering an elemental
annulus of the rotor disk prove that
(

= 1
32
1
16
r
a
a
i
u
o
o




6. How the Blade Element Theory does relate induced inflow, Pitch angle, Airfoil
shape and Solidity ratio?


7.

Explain the following with respect to a Helicopter.
a. Ideal Rotor
b. Optimum Rotor
c. Mean Lift Co-efficient
d. Root cutout


8. Given that the inflow distribution over a rotor with rectangular untwisted blades
is approximately triangular and assuming no tip-loss effects (a) Compute the
variation with radius of inflow angle and section AOA for such a rotor. (b)
Derive the relation between the blade element lift coefficients and

. (c)
Derive an expression for the hovering power of such rotor in terms of


and

.


9. Using Blade Element Theory, derive the following expression.
(

=
2 3 2
u oa
C
T



10.

Explain the performance of the rotor at different flow states in axial flight.


11.

Estimate the inflow value in turbulent wake region using induced velocity curve
diagram.


12.

A helicopter with gross weight of 1400 kg, a main rotor radius of 4m, and a rotor
tip speed of 208 m/s has 210 kW delivered to the main rotor shaft. For hovering
conditions at 3 km, compute: (a) the rotor disk loading (b) the ideal power
loading (c) the thrust and torque co-efficient, and (d) the figure of merit and
actual power loading.


13.

A large helicopter of 45359 kg of weight is to be designed with a rotor diameter
of 40 mm. The operating altitude is 4 km. Rotor speed is restricted to 200 m/s.
Assuming same blades, Calculate the chord of the rotor. Assume reasonable
values for data not specified in the problem, but clearly state the assumptions.


14.

In a coaxial rotor design, the rotors are spaced sufficiently far apart such that the
lower rotor operates in the fully developed slipstream of the upper rotor. Show
by means of the momentum theory that the induced power factor resulting from
interference is 1.28 compared to 1.41 when the rotors have no vertical
separation. Assume that the thrusts of both rotors are equal.


15.

Using the momentum theory for an overlapping rotor configuration with unequal
rotor thrusts, find an expression for the overlap induced power factor
ov
k in
terms of the overlap area A m A
ov
'
= where

(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=

2
1 '
1 cos
2
D
d
D
d
D
d
m
t


16.

For helicopter operations at high speed, it is possible that a reverse flow
region can exist at the root end of the blade on the retreating side of the rotor
disk. Show that the reverse flow region on the rotor disk is a circle of diameter
with a center located at (r, ) = (
2
3
,
2
t
)


17.

Show that for a rotor producing constant thrust in non-axial translation moving
at a speed of
0
V and, at an angleo , the induced velocity
i
u and the ideal power
i
P are given by the following equations.
0 1 sin 2
2
0
2
0
3 4
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
h h
i
h h
i
h
i
V V
u u
u
o
u u
u
u
u

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
h
i
h h i
i
V
P
P
u
u
o
u
sin
0
,



18.

Starting from an expression for the figure of merit for an optimum hovering
rotor, show that the figure of merit is a maximum when the blade sections are
operating at the highest values of
d l
C C /
2 3



19.

A tilt rotor has a gross weight of 25,500 kg. The rotor diameter is 12 m. On the
basis of the simple momentum theory, estimate the power required for the
helicopter to hover at 2 km altitude. Assume that the figure of merit of the
rotors is 0.80 and transmission losses amount to 5%. If each of the two turbo-
shaft engines delivers 4,500 kW, estimate the maximum vertical rate of climb at
sea level.



20.

For the autorotation in vertical flight, prove that
1.
2 3
0
2
2 3
l
C
d
C
T
C
pd
P
C




21.

Based on what the Figure of Merit of rotor system of a Helicopter will be
decided? Explain briefly with set of mathematical relations and graphs.


22.

Assuming an optimum hovering rotor, rewrite an expression for the figure of
merit in terms of rotor tip speed, disk loading and airfoil lift-to-drag ratio.


23.

By means of the blade element theory in forward flight show that the profile
power co-efficient can be written as

( )
2 0
0
3 1
8

o
+ =
d
P
C
C
Neglect the radial component of velocity.

24.

Given a helicopter of weight, W=2700 kg, calculate the power required in hover
and up to 600m/min axial rate of climb. The radius of the main rotor is 12m and
the rotor has a figure of merit of 0.70. Assume sea level conditions. Plot your
result in the form of power required versus climb velocity.


25.

Derive the condition for auto-rotation of a particular blade element on rotor and
prove mathematically how the acceleration and deceleration of the blade region
takes place on a single rotor.


26.

A preliminary design of a tandem rotor helicopter with a gross weight of 9,000
kg suggests a rotor diameter of 14 m, a blade chord of 0.6 m, three blades, and a
rotor tip speed of 220 m/s. Estimate the total shaft power required to hover if
the induced power factor for the front rotor is 1.20 and that for the rear rotor is
1.15. The rotor airfoil to be used has a zero lift drag co-efficient of 0.01.
Estimate the installed power if transmission losses amount to 5% and the
helicopter must demonstrate a vertical rate of climb of 310 m/min at 5 km
altitude.


27.

An understanding of the vortex ring state is necessary to explain certain aspects
of helicopter performance. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, what is the
mechanism behind the vortex-ring state. Under what flight conditions is the
vortex ring state important to pilot and why?


28.

An understanding of ground effect is necessary to explain certain trends in
helicopter behaviour. Describe the mechanism of ground effect in hover. How
does ground effect influence the performance of the helicopter during the
transition from hover to forward flight?


29.

Explain why in reality the variation of inflow through a helicopter rotor in
forward flight is highly non-uniform. Explain the source of non-uniformity.


30.

If the coning angle of a blade is given by



Write the above expression in terms of the Lock number. What does the factor
represent?


31.

A rigid rotor blade with a uniform mass distribution has its flapping hinge
located at a distance e from the rotational shaft axis. If the shaft is rotating at an
angular velocity , calculate the natural frequency of the blade about the
flapping hinge.


32. From Glauert formula, How to calculate induced velocity and inflow ratio in
forward flight? Also show the exact analytical solution of inflow ratio for the
special case when .

33.

Justify that, the rotary wing will act as fixed wing in high forward speed.


34.

Using coordinate transformation or rotation matrix, Derive the aerodynamic
loads acting on blade element at an arbitrary location in terms of hub fixed non-
rotating coordinate system.


35.

By considering the blade thrust, blade weight, centrifugal force, and blade
inertia of a centrally hinged flapping untwisted untapered blade, find an
expression for co-efficient of thrust
{ }
(

+ + +
)
`

+ =
2 2
1
4 2
3
1
3 2
1 2 2 0 TPP s tw
T
a
C
u

u

u o



36.

Derive an expression for coning angle

for the helicopter with centrally


hinged rotor system in forward flight.


37.

By considering the blade thrust, blade weight, centrifugal force, and blade
inertia of a centrally hinged flapping untwisted untapered blade, find an
expression for the coning angle of the blade in forward flight. Assume uniform
inflow.


38.

A helicopter is operating in level forward flight at 210 ft/s under the following
conditions: shaft power supplied = 655 hp, W = 6,000 lb, = 0.00200 slugs/ft
3
.
The rotor parameters are R = 19 ft, = 0.08, R = 700 ft/s, k = 1.15, C
d0
= 0.01.
(i) How much power is required to overcome induced losses? (ii) How much
power is required to overcome profile losses? (iii) What is the equivalent flat
plate area, f ? (iv) If the installed power is 800 hp, estimate the maximum rate-
of-climb possible at this airspeed. (v) If the installed power is 800 hp, estimate
the maximum level flight speed.


39.

Estimate the vertical autorotative rate-of-descent in forward flight at sea-level
conditions for a small light-weight helicopter with the following characteristics:
Weight = 1370 lbs, rotor radius = 12.6 ft, rotor solidity = 0.030, tip speed = 700
ft/s. Estimate the autorotative rate of descent for the same helicopter in forward
flight as a function of forward flight speed. Repeat the calculations for a density
altitude of 10,000 feet and comment on your results.


40.

Derive the following expression for power required in forward flight using
Blade Element Theory

()

) (



A helicopter is operating in level forward flight at 63.6 m/s under the following
conditions: shaft power supplied = 488.4 kw, W = 2722 Kg, = 1.038 Kg/m^3.
The rotor parameters are R = 5.75 m, = 0.08, = 212.2 m/s, K=1.15,

=
0.01.

(a) How much power is required to overcome induced losses?
(b) How much power is required to overcome profile losses?
(c) What is the equivalent flat-plate area, f?
(d) If the installed power is 596.56 kW, estimate the maximum rate of climb
possible at this airspeed.

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