Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
SMART ANTENNA
NAME USN
Seminar Report On
SMART ANTENNA
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the VIII Semester Bachelor of Engineering IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING For the Academic year 2013-2014
BY BHARATH KUMAR V
1PE10EC019
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled SMART ANTENNA is a bonafide work carried out by BHARATH KUMAR V bearing register number 1PE10EC019 in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelors (Bachelors of Engineering) in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2013-2014.
Signatures:
Seminar Guide Mr.Kailashnath Head of the Dept
Examiners: 1. 2.
Index
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. ABSTRACT 1:- Introduction 2:- Antenna and Antenna Systems 2.1:-Antenna 2.1.1:- Omnidirectional Antenna 2.1.2:- Directional Antenna 4. 3:-Smart Antenna. 3.1:- Introduction of Smart Antenna 3.2:- History of Smart Antenna 3.3:- Types of Smart Antenna 3.3.1:- Adaptive Array 3.3.2:- Switched Beam 3.4:- Relative Benefits of Switched Beam and Adaptive Array Systems 3.5:- Working of Smart Antenna 3.6:- Categories of Smart Antenna. 3.7:- Function of Smart Antenna 3.7.1:- Beamforming 3.7.2:- Direction of Arrival(DOA) 3.8:- Parameters affecting Antenna performance 3.9:- Applications of Smart Antenna. 3.10:- Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Antenna. 3.11:- Features and Benefit of Smart Antenna 5. 6. 4:- Conclusion References Topic Page No. 1
1. Introduction
Wireless Communication is growing with a very rapid rate for several years. The progress in radio technology enables new and improved services. Current wireless services include transmission of voice, fax and low-speed data. More bandwidth consuming interactive multimedia services like video-on demand and internet access will be supported in the future. Wireless systems that enable higher data rates and higher capacities are a pressing need. Wireless networks must provide these services in a wide range of environments, dense urban, suburban, and rural areas. Because the available broadcast spectrum is limited, attempts to increase traffic within a fixed bandwidth create more interference in the system and degrade the signal quality. The solution to this problem is SMART ANTENNA. Today's modern wireless mobile communications depend on adaptive "smart" antennas to provide maximum range and clarity. With the recent explosive growth of wireless applications, smart antenna technology has achieved widespread commercial and military applications. There is an ever-increasing demand on mobile wireless operators to provide voice and high-speed data services. At the same time, operators want to support more users per basestation in order to reduce overall network cost and make the services affordable to subscribers. As a result, wireless systems that enable higher data rates and higher capacities have become the need of the hour.
Given this limitation, omnidirectional strategies attempt to overcome environmental challenges by simply boosting the power level of the signals broadcast. In a setting of numerous users (and interferers), this makes a bad situation worse in that the signals that miss the intended user become interference for those in the same or adjoining cells. In uplink applications (user to base station), omnidirectional antennas offer no preferential gain for the signals of served users. In other words, Users have to shout over competing signal energy. Also, this singleelement approach cannot selectively reject signals interfering with those
of served users and has no spatial multipath mitigation or equalization capabilities. Omnidirectional strategies directly and adversely impact spectral
efficiency, limiting frequency reuse. These limitations force system designers and network planners to devise increasingly sophisticated and costly remedies. In recent years, the limitations of broadcast antenna technology on the quality, capacity, and coverage of wireless systems have prompted an evolution in the fundamental design and role of the antenna in a wireless system.
All antennas radiate some energy in all directions in free space but careful construction results in substantial transmission of energy in a preferred direction and negligible energy radiated in other directions.
3. Smart Antenna
3.1- Introduction of Smart Antenna
Contrary to the name smart antennas consist of more than an antenna. A Smart Antenna is an antenna system which dynamically reacts to its environment to provide better signals and frequency usage for wireless communications. There are a variety of smart antennas which utilize different methods to provide improvements in various wireless applications. This report aims to explain the main types of smart antennas and there advantages and disadvantages. The concept of using multiple antennas and innovative signal processing to serve cells more intelligently has existed for many years. In fact, varying degrees of relatively costly smart antenna systems have already been applied in defense systems. Until recent years, cost barriers have prevented their use in commercial systems. The advent of powerful lowcost digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose processors (and ASICs), as well as innovative software-based signal-processing techniques (algorithms) have made intelligent antennas practical for cellular communications systems. Today, when spectrally efficient solutions are increasingly a business imperative, these systems are providing greater coverage area for each cell site, higher rejection of interference, and substantial capacity improvements.
transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals. Marconi's use of the word antenna (Italian for pole) would become a popular term for what today is uniformly known as the antenna. Smart Antennas Today Today, smart antennas have been widely deployed in many of the top wireless networks worldwide to address wireless network capacity and performance challenges. Several different versions of smart antennas are either in development or available on the market today. Appliqu smart antenna systems can be added to existing cell sites, enabling software-controlled pattern changes or software-optimized antenna patterns that have produced capacity increases of up to 35-94% in some deployments. Appliqu smart antenna systems provide greater flexibility in controlling and customizing sector antenna pattern beamwidth and azimuthal orientation over that of standard sector antennas. A second approach, embedded smart antennas, uses adaptive array processing within the channel elements of a base station. The smart antenna processing takes place in the base station signal path, using a custom, narrow beam to track each mobile in the network. Embedded smart antenna system trials have been proven to deliver 2.5-3 times the capacity of current 2-2.5G base stations.
Figure 3.3:- Adaptive Array System:- Representative Depiction of a Main Lobe Extending Toward a User.
multiple antennas in such a way as to form finely sectorized (directional) beams with more spatial selectivity than can be achieved with conventional, single-element approaches.
3.4- Relative Benefits of Switched Beam and Adaptive Array Systems Integration
Switched beam systems are traditionally designed to retrofit widely deployed cellular systems. It has been commonly implemented as an addon or appliqu technology that intelligently addresses the needs of mature networks
Range/coverage
Switched beam systems can increase base station range from 20 to 200 percent over conventional sectored cells, depending on environmental circumstances and the hardware/software used. The added coverage can save an operator substantial infrastructure costs and means lower prices for consumers. Also, the dynamic switching from beam to beam conserves capacity because the system does not send all signals in all directions. In comparison, adaptive array systems can cover a broader, more uniform area with the same power levels as a switched beam system.
Interference suppression
Switched beam antennas suppress interference arriving from directions away from the active beam's center. Because beam patterns are fixed, however, actual interference rejection is often the gain of the selected communication beam pattern in the interferer's direction. Also, they are normally used only for reception because of the system's ambiguous perception of the location of the received signal (the consequences of transmitting in the wrong beam being obvious). Also, because their beams are predetermined, sensitivity can occasionally vary as the user moves through the sector. Adaptive finite, array technology of currently its offers narrower more focus comprehensive creates less
interference rejection. Also, because it transmits an infinite, rather than number combinations, interference to neighboring users than a switched-beam approach.
output. An adaptive algorithm controls the weights according to predefined objectives. For a switched beam system, this may be primarily maximum gain; for an adaptive array system, other factors may receive equal consideration. These dynamic calculations enable the system to change its radiation pattern for optimized signal reception.
In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is used at the source, and another single antenna is used at the destination. This is called SISO (single input, single output). Such systems are vulnerable to problems caused by multipath effects. When an electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as hills, canyons, buildings, and utility wires, the wavefronts are scattered, and thus they take many paths to reach the destination. The late arrival of scattered portions of the signal causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and intermittent reception (picket fencing). In a digital communications system like the Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of smart antennas can reduce or eliminate the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation. Smart antennas fall into three major categories:-1). SIMO (single input, multiple output) 2). MISO (multiple input, single output) 3). MIMO (multiple input, multiple output).
SIMO
SIMO (single input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at the destination (receiver). The antennas are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. The source (transmitter) has only one antenna. SIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) and MISO (multiple input, single output). In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of two or more antennas at the destination can reduce the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation. SIMO technology has widespread applications in digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area networks
(MANs), and mobile communications. An early form of SIMO, known as diversity reception, has been used by military, commercial, amateur, and shortwave radio operators at frequencies below 30 MHz since the First World War.
MISO
MISO (multiple input, single output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at the source (transmitter). The antennas are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. The destination (receiver) has only one antenna. MISO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output). In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of two or more antennas, along with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each antenna) at the source, can reduce the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation. MISO technology has widespread applications in digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and mobile communications.
MIMO
MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MISO (multiple input, single output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output).
In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of two or more antennas, along with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each antenna) at the source and the destination, eliminates the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation, and can even take advantage of this effect. MIMO technology has aroused area interest networks because (MANs), of its and possible mobile
applications in digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan communications.
3.7.1- Beamforming
Beamforming is a signal processing technique used with arrays of transmitting or receiving transducers that control the directionality of, or sensitivity to, a radiation pattern. When receiving a signal, beamforming can increase the receiver sensitivity in the direction of wanted signals and decrease the sensitivity in the direction of interference and noise. When transmitting a signal, beamforming can increase the power in the direction the signal is to be sent. The change compared with an omnidirectional receiving pattern is known as the receive gain (or loss). The change compared with an omnidirectional transmission is known as
the transmission gain. These changes are done by creating beams and nulls in the radiation pattern. system. Beamforming can be done with either radio or sound waves, and can also be thought of as spatial filtering. As an everyday analogy, the human brain uses a form of signal processing on its two sound transducers (ears) and determines where the sound came from (sound localization). In the comparable beamforming analogy, digital computers use signal processing on an array of two (or generally more) electromagnetic sound transducers (microphones) to determine the direction of maximum signal strength, and thus the likely origin of the sound. A microphone with a cord A microphone, sometimes called a mic (pronounced mike), is a device that converts sound into an electrical signal. In telecommunications, and particularly in radio, signal strength is the measure of how strongly a transmitted signal is being received, measured, or predicted, at a reference point that is a significant distance from the transmitting antenna. Beamforming takes advantage of interference to change the directionality of the array. When transmitting, a beamformer controls the phase and relative amplitude of the signal at each transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and destructive interference in the wavefront. When receiving, information from different sensors is combined in such a way that the expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed. Interference of two circular waves - Wavelength (decreasing bottom to top) and Wave centers distance (increasing to the right). In the receive beamfomer the signal from each antenna may be amplified by a different "weight." Different weighting patterns (eg Dolph-Chebyshev) can be used to achieve the desired sensitivity patterns. . A main lobe is produced together with nulls and sidelobes. As well as controlling the In electronics, gain is usually taken as the mean ratio of the signal output of a system to the signal input of the
main lobe width (the beam) and the sidelobe levels, the position of a null can be controlled. This is useful to ignore noise or jammers in one particular direction, while listening for events in other directions. A similar result can be obtained on transmission. Jammer can refer to: A device used in electronic warfare to inhibit or halt the transmission of signals.
Beamforming techniques can be broadly divided into two categories: A).Conventional (fixed) beamformers or switched beam smart antennas. B).Adaptive beamformers or adaptive array smart antennas Conventional beamformers use a fixed set of weightings and time-delays (or phasings) to combine the signals from the sensors in the array, primarily using only information about the location of the sensors in space and the wave directions of interest. In contrast, adaptive beamforming techniques, generally combine this information with properties of the signals actually received by the array, typically to improve rejection of unwanted signals from other directions. This process may be carried out in the time or frequency domains. Smart Antenna refers to a system of antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms that are used to identify the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. ... Smart Antenna refers to a system of antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms that are used to identify the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. ... As the name indicates, an adaptive beamformer is able to adapt automatically its response to different situations. Some criterion has to be set up to allow the adaption to proceed such as minimising the total noise output. Because of the variation of noise with frequency, in wide band systems it may be desirable to carry out the process in the frequency domain. An adaptive beamformer is signal processing system often used with an array of radar antennae (or phased array) in order to transmit or receive signals in different directions without having to mechanically steer the array. ... Frequency domain is a term used to describe the analysis of mathematical functions with respect to frequency.
of the input vectors from the receiving antenna array. These calculations are computationally intensive. Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case of real time systems, and under the correlated sources. In mathematics, a number is called an eigenvalue of a matrix if there exists a nonzero vector such that the matrix times the vector is equal to the same vector multiplied by the eigen value.In linear algebra, the eigenvectors (from the German eigen meaning own) of a linear operator are non-zero vectors which, when operated on by the operator, result in a scalar multiple of themselves.
TO
MOBILE
Smart or adaptive antenna arrays can improve the performance of wireless communication systems. An overview of strategies for achieving coverage, capacity, and other improvements is presented, and relevant literature is discussed. Multipath mitigation and direction finding applications of arrays are briefly discussed, and potential paths of evolution for future wireless systems are presented. Requirements and implementation issues for smart antennas are also considered. Smart antennas are most often realized with either switched-beam or fully adaptive array antennas. An array consists of two or more antennas (the elements of the array) spatially arranged and electrically interconnected to produce a directional radiation pattern. In a phased array the phases of the exciting currents in each element antenna of the
array are adjusted to change the pattern of the array, typically to scan a pattern maximum or null to a desired direction. A smart antenna system consists of an antenna array, associated RF hardware, and a computer controller that changes the array pattern in response to the radio frequency environment, in order to improve the performance of a communication or radar system. Switched-beam antenna systems are the simplest form of smart antenna. By selecting among several different fixed phase shifts in the array feed, several fixed antenna patterns can be formed using the same array. The appropriate pattern is selected for any given set of conditions. An adaptive array controls its own pattern dynamically, using feedback to vary the phase and/or amplitude of the exciting current at each element to optimize the received signal. Smart or adaptive antennas are being considered for use in wireless communication systems. Smart antennas can increase the coverage and capacity of a system. In multipath channels they can increase the maximum data rate and mitigate fading due to cancellation of multipath components. Adaptive antennas can also be used for direction finding, with applications including emergency services and vehicular traffic monitoring. All these enhancements have been proposed in the literature and are discussed in this paper. In addition, possible paths of evolution, incorporating adaptive antennas into North American cellular systems, are presented and discussed. Finally, requirements for future adaptive antenna systems and implementation issues that will influence their design are outlined.
Range extension
In sparsely populated areas, extending coverage is often more important than increasing capacity. In such areas, the gain provided by adaptive antennas can extend the range of a cell to cover a larger area and more users than would be possible with omnidirectional or sector antennas.
and
Disadvantages
of
Smart
Increased number of users Due to the targeted nature of smart antennas frequencies can be reused allowing an increased number of users. More users on the same frequency space means that the network provider has lower operating costs in terms of purchasing frequency space. Increased Range As the smart antenna focuses gain on the communicating device, the range of operation increases. This allows the area serviced by a smart antenna to increase. This can provide a cost saving to network providers as they will not require as many antennas/base stations to provide coverage. Geographic Information As smart antennas use targeted signals the direction in which the antenna is transmitting and the gain required to communicate with a device can be used to determine the location of a device relatively accurately. This allows network providers to offer new services to devices. Some services include, guiding emergency services to your location, location based games and locality information. Security Smart antennas naturally provide increased security, as the signals are not radiated in all directions as in a traditional omni-directional antenna. This means that if someone wished to intercept transmissions they would need to be at the same location or between the two communicating devices. Reduced Interference Interference which is usually caused by transmissions which radiate in all directions are less likely to occur due to the directionality introduced
by the smart antenna. This aids both the ability to reuse frequencies and achieve greater range. Increased bandwidth The bandwidth available increases form the reuse of frequencies and also in adaptive arrays as they can utilize the many paths which a signal may follow to reach a device. Easily integrated Smart antennas are not a new protocol or standard so the antennas can be easily implemented with existing non smart antennas and devices.
Disadvantages
Complex A disadvantage of smart antennas is that they are far more complicated than traditional antennas. This means that faults or problems may be harder to diagnose and more likely to occur. More Expensive As smart antennas are extremely complex, utilizing the latest in processing technology they are far more expensive than traditional antennas. However this cost must be weighed against the cost of frequency space. Larger Size Due to the antenna arrays which are utilized by smart antenna systems, they are much larger in size than traditional systems. This can be a problem in a social context as antennas can be seen as ugly or unsightly.
Location The location of smart antennas needs to be considered for optimal operation. Due to the directional beam that swings from a smart antenna locations which are optimal for a traditional antenna are not for a smart antenna. For example in a road context, smart antennas are better situated away from the road, unlike normal antennas which are best situated along the road.
space division multiple access) support the reuse of frequencies within the same cell. 3).Multipath rejection- Can reduce the effective delay spread of the channel, allowing higher bit rates to be supported without the use of an equalizer. 4).Reduced expense- Lower amplifier costs, power consumption, and higher reliability will result.
4. Conclusion
This report aims to explain the basic concept of Smart Antenna and some of its Application. First Question arises what is Smart Antenna? A smart antenna combines an antenna array with a digital signalprocessing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive manner. Or In other words Smart Antenna is an Array of antenna which is used to optimize its reception and transmit pattern. There are two types of Smart Antenna:1). Switched Beam- Switched beam antenna systems form multiple fixed beams with heightened sensitivity in particular directions. These antenna systems detect signal strength, choose from one of several predetermined, fixed beams, and switch from one beam to another as the mobile moves throughout the sector. 2). Adaptive Array- Adaptive antenna technology represents the most advanced smart antenna approach to date. the adaptive system takes advantage of its ability to effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically minimize interference and maximize intended signal reception. Both systems attempt to increase gain according to the location of the user; however, only the adaptive system provides optimal gain while simultaneously identifying, tracking, and minimizing interfering signals. Smart antenna works in two processes. First one is Uplinking and second one is Downlinking There are 2 categories of Smart Antenna:-
1). SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) 2). MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) 3).MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Basically Smart antenna has two functions :1).Beamforming2).Direction of Arrival Smart antenna is used in various fields the most important is named below:1). Mobile Communication 2). Wireless Communication 3). RADAR 4).SONAR There are some of the factors which affects the performance of Smart Antenna . These factors reduce the Quality of Smart Antenna.Factors are:1).Resonant Frequency 2).Gain 3).Impedance 4).Bandwidth 5).Polarization 6).Transmission and Reception Merits of Smart Antenna 1). Increased number of users. 2). Increased Range 3). Security 4). Reduced Interference.
Demerits of Smart Antenna:1). Complex 2). Expensive 3). Large Size 4). Location
11). R Kronberger,H Lindermerier,J Hopf Smart antenna applications on vehicles with low profile array antenna Proc IEEE Vol 53 pp1-3 September 2003.