Sei sulla pagina 1di 32

  

   

        

    

&XUVRGH*UDPiWLFD,WDOLDQD
3HQVDGRHVFULWR\SURGXFLGRSRU
/XFD0DUFHJOLD6$
/D SURQXQFLDFLyQ  /D SURQXQFLD
(O LWDOLDQR GLILHUH GHO HVSDxRO VREUH OD SURQXQFLDFLyQ GH DOJXQDV OHWUDV 9DPRV
D YHU ODV GLIHUHQFLDV ODV OHWUDV TXH QR DSDUHFHQ HQ HVWD OLVWD VH SURQXQFLDQ
LJXDO TXH HQ HVSDxRO
 OD OHWUD % VH SURQXQFLD    
   
  

 \ VH REWLHQH FHUUDQGR WRWDOPHQWH ORV ODELRV 3XHGH VHU GREOH FRPR
WRGDV ODV FRQVRQDQWHV LWDOLDQDV (Q HVH FDVR VLPSOHPHQWH OD SURQXQFLDUHPRV
XQ SRFR PiV ODUJD EDQFR DEEDJOLR 

 HVWD OHWUD VH SURQXQFLD GH PDQHUD PX\ GLIHUHQWH 6L ODV OHWUDV H y L VLJXHQ


OD & FRPR HQ ODV SDODEUDV    OD & VH SURQXQFLD FRPR HQ HO HVSDxRO
FK /D FRPELQDFLyQ   VH OHHQ FRPR HQ HO HVSDxRO
FKDFKHFKRFKX HMHPSORV VRQ ODV SDODEUDV      
  (Q HVWH ~OWLPR FDVR WHQHPRV GRV F DVt TXH WHQGUHPRV TXH
SURQXQFLDUODV GXUDQWH XQ WLHPSR XQ SRFR PiV ODUJR DOJR FRPR  
(Q ORV GHPiV FDVRV       OD & VH SURQXQFLD FRPR VL IXHUD
XQD N NDSUD NRSHUWD NLDYH 

 (VH FDVR HV PX\ VLPLODU DO FDVR GH OD & VL ODV OHWUDV   


  

HQWRQFHV VH SURQXQFLD FRPR GJ R FRPR OD WJ GH ODV SDODEUDV FDWDODQDV


  /D FRPELQDFLyQ      VH OHHQ   
   YHDQVH ODV SDODEUDV JLDOOR PDJJLR JLXJQR JLRUQR JLQQDVWLFD 
$GHPiV VL  
   FRPR HQ ODV SDODEUDV       OD
FRPELQDFLyQ JQ VH OHH  OD FRPELQDFLyQ  SDJOLD 0DUFHJOLD IDPLJOLD VH
OHH  
 FRQ XQD OO QR FRPSOHWDPHQWH SURQXQFLDGD SDOOOD 0DUFHOOOD 
0iV R PHQRV HVWH VRQLGR HV SDUHFLGR DO FDWDODQ OO FRPR PROO OORUHW

 VL VH HQFXHQWUD XQD // VH OHH  


  
 FRPR  
    \ QR FRPR HQ HVSDxRO OD SDODEUD SDOOD HQWRQFHV VH OHH DOJR
FRPR SDOOD

! /D 4 QXQFD VH HQFXHQWUD VyOD VLQR


  "      /D
FRPELQDFLyQ TX VLHPSUH VH OHH # TXDGUR TXDGHUQR VRTTXDGUR 
$ +D\ GRV WtSRV GH 6
 

% 
  $ DVPD GHVYLR 
HQWRQFHV VH OHH FRPR OD &  '
  % &  REWHQLGD SURQXQFLDQGR
1/32

  
   

        

    

OD V HVSDxROD SRQLHQGR OD OHQJXD DUULED  





 ( %'
 
    

" 
 VH OHH    
 
DVVRFLD]LRQH VRFLHWj  6L 
'
  $
       OD
FRPELQDFLyQ 
 VH OHH FRPR OD )  [XQWD  OD L[ FDWDODQD FDL[D  OD
VK LQJOpV VKRW  \ ODV FRPELQDFLyQHV 




 
 VH OHHQ
) ) )  ) VFHQD VFLPPLD

* HVWD OHWUD VH OHH FRPR OD     R GH &DWDOXQ\D GHO VXU R FRPR HQ

SRUWXJXpV IUDQFpV LQJOpV DVt TXH VH GLIHUHQFLD GH OD E

+ +D\ GRV WtSRV GH ] WRGDV 


%
  &  
 

 & ]LR ]RUUR ]DQQD   



D]LRQH SL]]D VH OHH PiV
ELHQ FRPR & 'H WRGDV IRUPDV KD\ H[FHSFLRQHV FRPR HQ OD SDODEUD PH]]R
TXH VH OHH PHG]R HQ YH] GH PHW]R

,  "   
 )   
&LDR ,QQDQ]L D WXWWR JUD]LH SHU DYHU YLVLWDWR TXHVWD SDJLQD R IRUVH VLHWH
FDSLWDWL TXL SHU FDVR"  0L FKLDPR /XFD H ODYRUR LQ XQD GLWWD GL
WHOHFRPXQLFD]LRQL D 0LODQR
TXH HV FRPR HPSLH]D PL SiJLQD ZHE HQ OD YHUVLyQ LWDOLDQD VH OHH GH HVWD
IRUPD HQ HVSDxRO

&KDR ,QQDQW]L D WXWWR JUDW]LH SHU DYHU 9L]LWDWR NXHVWD SDGJLQD R IRUVH
VLHWH FDSLWDWL NXL SHU FD]R"  0L NLDPR /XFD H OD9RUR LQ XQD GLWWD GL
WHOHFRPXQLFDW]LRQL D 0LODQR
/DV SDODEUDV WLHQHQ HVWRV DFHQWRV ORV SRQJR SDUD TXH SRGiLV HQWHQGHU FRPR
VH OHH SHUR QR HVWDQ HQ OD IRUPD HVFULWD 

&LjR ,QQjQ]L D WWWR JUj]LH SHU DYpU YLVLWjWR TXpVWD SjJLQD R IyUVH VLpWH
FDSLWjWL TXt SHU FjVR" 0u FKLjPR /FD H ODYyUR LQ XQD GtWWD GL
WHOHFRPXQLFD]LyQL D 0LOiQR

2/32

  
   

        

    

(O DUWtFXOR  /
DUWLFROR
9DPRV D YHU DKRUD ODV GLIHUHQFLDV TXH KD\ HQWUH ORV DUWtFXORV LWDOLDQRV \ ORV
HVSDxROHV
&RPR VH SXHGH YHU KD\ PXFKDV PDQHUDV GH GHFLU HO PLVPR DUWtFXOR $TXt
WHQHPRV OD H[SOLFDFLyQ FDVR SRU FDVR

-   


$ 
,
. /
  . /
 
,/ /2 /

(O

, */,

/RV

/$ /

/D

/(

/DV

-    


6LQJXODU
,WDOLDQR (VSDxRO

3OXUDO
,WDOLDQR

(VSDxRO

81

8Q

$/&81, '(,

8QRV

81$

8QD

$/&81( '(//( 8QDV

. 0 1 6H XVDQ SDUD ODV SDODEUDV PDVFXOLQDV SHUR


  %  &



   &  2 
0
  %  & 
   2
 1  




 
 
2 . OR
]LR O
DPLFR OR VWHUHR LO WHOHIRQR

(O SOXUDO VLJXH OD PLVPD UHJOD DVt TXH EDVWH UHFRUGDU TXH    . 
.
   0 
. SRU OR WDQWR HO SOXUDO GH ODV SDODEUDV GH DQWHV VHUi JOL
]LL JOL VWHUHR L WHOHIRQL

- 
 &RPR \D GLFKR   
      %   &
      
 -
 
 1 OD ELFLFOHWWD O
DPLFD
3/32

  
   

        

    

1yWHVH TXH HO SOXUDO GH ORV DUWtFXORV LQGHWHUPLQDWLYRV QR H[LVWH HQ LWDOLDQR DVt


TXH VH XVDQ SDODEUDV FRPR DOFXQH GHOOH TXH TXLHUH GHFLU XQDV FXDQWDV
XQDV DOJXQDV

4/32

  
   

        

    

(O SOXUDO  ,O SOXUDOH
(O SOXUDO GH ODV SDODEUDV LWDOLDQDV SXHGH SDUHFHU XQ SRFR FRPSOLFDGR D SULRUL
SHUR HQ UHDOLGDG VLJXH XQDV UHJODV TXH YDPRV D HQVHxDU HQ HVWD WDEOD
7HUPLQDFLyQ GHO VLQJXODU 7HUPLQDFLyQ GHO SOXUDO
D

H

FD

FKH

JD

JKH

FLD

FLH FH

JLD

JLH JH

R

L

FR

FKL FL

JR

JKLJL

j

j

H

L

(O SOXUDO GH ODV SDODEUDV TXH WHUPLQDQ HQ FLD SXHGH VHU GH GRV WtSRV

 
    
  
  IUHFFLD JRFFLD PDUFLD 
HQWRQFHV  
        IUHFFH JRFFH
PDUFH  HQ ORV GHPiV FDVRV HO SOXUDO VH IRUPDUi FRQ OD WHUPLQDFLyQ FLH
DFDFLD DFDFLH  /R PLVPR VH SXHGH GHFLU VREUH OD WHUPLQDFLyQ JLD YDOLJLD
YDOLJLH  DXQTXH HV PX\ GLILFLO HQFRQWUDU SDODEUDV FRQ XQD FRQVRQDQWH DQWHV
GH GLFKD WHUPLQDFLyQ

5/32

  
   

        

    

/RV DUWtFXORV \ ODV SUHSRVLFLRQHV  *OL DUWLFROL H


OH SUHSRVL]LRQL
/DV SUHSRVLFLRQHV LWDOLDQDV VRQ QXHYH \ VRQ       
  
 GH D GHVGH HQ FRQ VREUHHQFLPD SRUSDUD HQWUH HQWUH  &XDQGR VH

XVDQ HVWDV SUHSRVLFLRQHV FRQ ORV DUWtFXORV VH FUHDQ RWUDV SDODEUDV TXH DTXt
HVFULER HQ HVWD WDEOD
,O

/R

/D

*OL

/H

'L

'HO

'HOOR

'HOOD

'HL

'HJOL

'HOOH

$O

$OOR

$OOD

$L

$JOL

$OOH

'D

'DO

'DOOR

'DOOD

'DL

'DJOL

'DOOH

,Q

1HO

1HOOR

1HOOD

1HL

1HJOL

1HOOH

LO  &RQ OR  &RQ OD
&RQ &RQ
FRO
FRO
FROOD
6X

6XO

 &RQ L  &RQ JOL


FRL
&RJOL

 &RQ OH
FROOH

6XOOR

6XOOD

6XL

6XJOL

6XOOH

3HU 3HU LO

3HU OR

3HU OD

3HU L

3HU JOL

3HU OH

7UD 7UD LO

7UD OR

7UD OD

7UD L

7UD JOL

7UD OH

)UD )UD LO

)UD OR

)UD OD

)UD L

)UD JOL

)UD OH

(Q HO FDVR GH FRQ  LO SRU HMHPSOR KH HVFULWR FRQ LO \ FRO (VWD ~OWLPD
IRUPD VH XVDED PX\ D PHQXGR KDFH XQRV DxRV SHUR DKRUD VLHPSUH VH HVFULEH
OD IRUPD PiV ODUJD (Q HO KDEOD GH WRGDV IRUPDV VH VLJXH GLFLHQGR FRO
FROOD HWF
(MHPSORV (Q OD FDVD  
 DO WtR  & 

6/32

  
   

        

    

(OYHUER,OYHUER
/RV DX[LOLDULHV \ HO WLHPSR SUHVHQWH
LQGLFDWLYR
*OL DXVLOLDUL HG LO WHPSR SUHVHQWH LQGLFDWLYR
9DPRV D HPSH]DU DKRUD FRQ ORV YHUERV /RV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV VRQ ORV
DX[LOLDUHV 

 VHUHVWDU \  WHQHUKDEHU  9HDPRV DKRUD HO 



  GH HVWRV GRV LPSRUWDQWHV YHUERV LWDOLDQRV
(VVHUH $YHUH
,R

VRQR

KR

7X

VHL

KDL

/XL HJOL

KD

1RL

VLDPR DEELDPR

9RL

VLHWH

DYHWH

/RUR HVVL VRQR

KDQQR

/RV VXMHWRV    VH XVDQ PiV HQ HO KDEODGR PLHQWUDV VH SUHILHUH 




  
 
% &RQ HVWRV YHUERV VH SXHGH GHFLU SRU HMHPSOR +R XQ
OLEUR  FKLXVR 7HQJR XQ OLEUR  (VWi FHUUDGR \ WDPELpQ VH SXHGHQ IRUPDU ORV
WLHPSRV SDVDGRV TXH YHUHPRV PiV DGHODQWH (V LQWHUHVDQWH QRWDU TXH QR KD\

GLIHUHQFLD HQ LWDOLDQR HQWUH ORV GRV YHUERV HVSDxROHV VHU \ HVWDU R WHQHU \
KDEHU

7/32

  
   

        

    

(O WLHPSR SUHVHQWH
/RV YHUERV SXHGHQ DFDEDU HQ    (Q JHQHUDO HQ LWDOLDQR KD\ PXFKRV
YHUERV LUUHJXODUHV SHUR KD\ WDPELpQ XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG TXH VH SXHGH FRQMXJDU
VHJ~Q HVWD WDEOD
6XMHWR  6RJJHWWR DUH

HUH

LUH

(M FDQWDUH FDQWDU (M YHGHUH YHU (M GRUPLUH GRUPLU


,R

R

R

R

7X

L

L

L

/XL

D

H

H

1RL

LDPR

LDPR

LDPR

9RL

DWH

HWH

LWH

/RUR

DQR

RQR

RQR

(QWRQFHV SRU HMHPSOR HQ HO FDVR GHO YHUER FDQWDUH VHUi       


                /DV SDODEUDV QR OOHYDQ
DFHQWR SHUR Vt VH SURQXQFLD \ HQ ORV YHUERV VLHPSUH KD\ HVWD UHJOD FDQWjUH
uR FjQWR WX FjQWL OL FjQWD QRL FDQWLjPR YRL FDQWjWH ORUR FjQWDQR (V GHFLU
HO DFHQWR VLHPSUH TXHGD HQ OD UDt] GHO YHUER H[FHSWR HQ ODV SHUVRQDV QRL \
YRL \ HVR HQ WRGRV ORV YHUERV H[FHSWR VL OD SDODEUD HQ FXHVWLyQ WLHQH DFHQWR
HQ OD ~OWLPD OHWUD
&RPR \D GHFtD DQWHV KD\ PXFKRV YHUERV TXH QR VLJXHQ HVWDV UHJODV \ VyOR
KD\ TXH DSUHQGHUORV GH PHPRULD QR KD\ RWUR UHFXUVR 3RU HMHPSR ORV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHV VRQ   LU   KDFHU   GHFLU   GDU 
 
VDEHU 
DQGDUH

          

GLUH

        

IDUH

        

GDUH    3     Gj OOHYD DFHQWR SDUD QR FRQIXQGLUOR
FRQ OD SDODEUD GD RVHD GHVGH 
VDSHUH




  
 

8/32

  
   

        

    

'H OD WHUFHUD SHUVRQD VLQJXODU HQWUH ' 6$ \ )$


   %
    (VWR HV XQ HUURU PX\ FRP~Q HQWUH ORV PLVPRV LWDOLDQRV

9/32

  
   

        

    

(O WLHPSR SDVDGR 3DUWLFLSLR SDVVDWR \


3DVVDWR SURVVLPR
,O WHPSR SDVVDWR
+D\ GRV IRUPDV GH SDVDGR HO  

 

  \ HO  

    (O
SDVVDWR SURVVLPR VH XVD FXDQGR XQD DFFLyQ DFDED GH FXPSOLUVH R VH FXPSOLy
KDFH SRFR VLQ HPEDUJR HQ HO 1RUWH GH ,WDOLD VH XVD HVWH WLHPSR DXQTXH OD
DFFLyQ VH KD\D DFDEDGR KDFH DxRV HQ HVWH FDVR VH GHEHUtD GH XVDU HO SDVVDWR
UHPRWR DO FRQWUDULR HQ HO 6XU VH XVD FDVL VLHPSUH HVWH WLHPSR D SHVDU GH TXH
HO KHFKR VH KD\D FXPSOLGR KDFH XQRV PLQXWRV 3RU ILQ HQ ,WDOLD VH SXHGH XVDU
HO WLHPSR TXH XQR PiV SUHILHUD \ TXLHUD

3DVVDWR 3URVVLPR
6H IRUPD FRQ HO YHUER HVVHUH R DYHUH \ HO YHUER VH SRQH DO SDVDGR VHJ~Q HVWD
WDEOD
DUH HUH LUH
DWR XWR LWR

(O YHUER 


 &     
%
 


   LU   FDHUVH


  VHU HVWDU HQFRQWUDUVH   YLYLU

  QDFHU    PRULUVH  / 




 
  %
 (O YHUER VLJXH HO JHQHUR GH OD SHUVRQD DVt TXH VL HV XQD FKLFD VH GLUi
4
 SHUR VL HV XQ FKLFR VH GLUi 4
  /R PLVPR SDUD HO SOXUDO 6RQR
VWDWL
VH WUDWD GH GRV FKLFRV R GH XQ FKLFR \ XQD FKLFD \D TXH

 5
 6
    5
 6
 
6RQR VWDWH VH WUDWD GH GRV FKLFDV 

10/32

  
   

        

    

7LHPSR LPSHUIHFWR
(O WLHPSR LPSHUIHFWR VLJXH HVWD WDEOD \ VH XVD GH OD PLVPD IRUPD TXH HQ
HVSDxRO
DUH

HUH

LUH

,R

DYR

HYR

LYR

7X

DYL

HYL

LYL

/XL

DYD

HYD

LYD

1RL

DYDPR HYDPR LYDPR

9RL

DYDWH

HYDWH

LYDWH

/RUR DYDQR HYDQR LYDQR


3RU HMHPSOR SDUD GHFLU FDQWDED VH GLUj  -   -  -
 -   -  -  ODV OHWUDV PD\~VFXODV SDUD UHFRUGDURV
GyQGH HVWi HO DFHQWR

11/32

  
   

        

    

3DVVDWR 5HPRWR
(O SDVVDWR UHPRWR VH FRQMXJD FRPR HQ HVWD WDEOD SHUR KD\ TXH GHVWDFDU TXH


%


 DVt TXH HVWH WLHPSR HV HO PiV
FRPSOLFDGR GH WRGD QXHVWUD JUDPiWLFD 'H WRGRV PRGRV ORV SRFRV YHUERV
UHJXODUHV VH FRQMXJDQ DVt
DUH

HUH

LUH

,R

DL

HL

LL

7X

DVWL

HVWL

LVWL

/XL

z

H

u

1RL

DPPR HPPR LPPR

9RL

DVWH

HVWH

LVWH

/RUR DURQR HURQR LURQR


8Q HMHPSOR GH YHUER UHJXODU FDQWp

 -
  -

 -  -
  7  - 

9HUERV LUUHJXODUHV
GLUH 

 
 

   
 


IDUH  
    
 
VDSHUH
 
 

 
  
 

 

12/32

  
   

        

    

)XWXUR
3DUD HO IXWXUR VLJXH HVWD WDEOD
DUH

HUH

LUH

LR

HUz

Uz

LUz

WX

HUDL

UDL

LUDL

OXL

HUj

Uj

LUj

QRL

HUHPR UHPR LUHPR

YRL

HUHWH

UHWH

LUHWH

/RUR HUDQQR UDQQR LUDQQR

/"8  7  -  9  /   /  - :


(O XVR GHO IXWXUR HV LGHQWLFR DO GHO HVSDxRO DSDUWH XQD GLIHUHQFLD HQ LWDOLDQR
IUDVHV FRPR 
  
  (' VH WUDGXFHQ FRQ VL OR KDUiV WH
D\XGDUp  
    ;

13/32

  
   

        

    

&RQGL]LRQDOH SUHVHQWH
DUH

HUH

LUH

LR

HUHL

UHL

LUHL

WX

HUHVWL

UHVWL

LUHVWL

OXL

HUHEEH

UHEEH

LUHEEH

QRL HUHPPR UHPPR LUHPPR


YRL HUHVWH

UHVWH

LUHVWH

ORUR HUHEEHUR UHEEHUR LUHEEHUR

/"8  /
 /%% :

/


 /%%

 / 

 /


+D\ YDULDV H[FHSFLRQHV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR     

YHGHUHL 
 %%   
 %% :
(O FRQGLFLRQDO VLJXH ODV PLVPDV UHJODV GHO HVSDxRO

14/32

  
   

        

    

6XEMXQWLYR SUHVHQWH  FRQJLXQWLYR SUHVHQWH


(VWH WLHPSR VH XVD HQ PXFKRV FDVRV   ( %
 ) 

    SHQVDUH FUHGHUH ULWHQHUH VSHUDUH  SHQVDU FUHHU HVSHUDU  
   
    &   
  
 VL 
9DPRV D YHU ODV IRUPDV GH HVH WLHPSR SDUD ORV YHUERV HQ DUH HUH LUH
DUH

HUH

LUH

LR

L

D

D

WX

L

D

D

OXL

L

D

D

QRL LDPR LDPR LDPR


YRL LDWH

LDWH

LDWH

ORUR LQR

DQR

DQR

/R ~QLFR TXH FDPELD HV HO WLHPSR HQWUH OD IUDVH SULQFLSDOH \ OD VHFRQGDULD 

   
 
   
   
    
 
    9pDQVH HVWRV HMHPSORV SDUD HQWHQGHU PHMRU OR TXH TXLHUR
GHFLU

'LVVH WLHPSR SDVDGR FKH


%%   WLHPSR IXWXUR HQ 'LMR
TXH
HO SDVDGR IRUPD SDVDGD
YHQGUtD
'LFH SUHVHQWH FKH YHUUj IXWXUR

'LFH
YHQGUi

TXH

15/32

  
   

        

    

6XEMXQWLYR LPSHUIHFWR  FRQJLXQWLYR LPSHUIHWWR


(VWH WLHPSR VH XVD HQ PXFKRV FDVRV   ( %
 ) 

    SHQVDUH FUHGHUH ULWHQHUH VSHUDUH  SHQVDU FUHHU HVSHUDU HQ
HO WLHPSR SDVDGR \ HQ ODV GHPiV IRUPDV \D XVDGDV HQ HO HVSDxRO
9DPRV D YHU ODV IRUPDV GH HVH WLHPSR SDUD ORV YHUERV HQ DUH HUH LUH
DUH

HUH

LUH

LR

DVVL

HVVL

LVVL

WX

DVVL

HVVL

LVVL

OXL

DVVH

HVVH

LVVH

QRL DVVLPR HVVLPR LVVLPR


YRL DVWH

HVWH

LVWH

ORUR DVVHUR HVVHUR LVVHUR


3RU HMHPSOR FUHGHYR FKH YHQLVVL SHQVDED TXH tEDV D YHQLU VH SRWHVVL WL

DLXWHUHL VL SXGLHUD WH D\XGDUtD

<
 TXH OD IRUPD GHO VXEMXQWLYR SDVDGR VH SDUHFH PXFKR D OD PLVPD IRUPD
GHO VXEMXQWLYR SDVDGR HVSDxRO FRQ WHUPLQDFLyQ HVH
9HiPRV HVWD WDEOD GH FRPSDUDFLyQ

.

/
 

FDQWDVVL

FDWDVH

FDQWDVVL

FDQWDVHV

FDQWDVVH

FDQWDVH

FDQWDVVLPR FDQWiVHPRV
FDQWDVWH

FDQWiVHLV

FDQWDVVLPR FDQWDVHQ

=
 
>
16/32

  
   

        

    

,PSHUDWLYR
(O LPSHUDWLYR VLJXH HVWDV UHJODV XQ SRFR GLIHUHQWHV GH ODV HVSDxRODV

1HJDWLYR

$ILUPDWLYR

   
 VL HO YHUER DFDED HQ 

PiV
DUH

7X LQILQLWLYR
   
   SHUR FRQ
WHUPLQDFLyQ HQ L HQ ORV GHPiV FDVRV

PiV 
 
1RL
SUHVHQWH
PiV 
 
9RL
SUHVHQWH
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ WUHV YHUERV UHJXODUHV \ WUHV LUUHJXODUHV

FDQWDUH

FDGHUH

GRUPLUH

DQGDUH

FDQWD
VLQJ QRQ
FDQWDUH

FDGL
QRQ
FDGHUH

GRUPL
QRQ
GRUPLUH

YD

QRQ
DQGDUH

IDUH

GLUH

GL

ID

QRQ IDUH QRQ
GLUH

SO

FDQWLDPR FDGLDPR GRUPLDPR DQGLDPR IDFFLDPR GLFLDPR


QRQ
QRQ
QRQ
QRQ
QRQ
QRQ
FDQWLDPR FDGLDPR GRUPLDPR DQGLDPR IDFFLDPR GLFLDPR

SO

FDQWDWH
QRQ
FDQWDWH

FDGHWH
QRQ
FDGHWH

GRUPLWH
QRQ
GRUPLWH

DQGDWH
QRQ
DQGDWH

GLWH
IDWH
QRQ IDWH QRQ
GLWH
17/32

  
   

        

    

&yPR VH SXHGH QRWDU KD\ GRV YHUERV UDURV 1 \ 1 (O DSyVWURIH HV
QHFHVDULR SRUTXH HO LPSHUDWLYR VHUtD GDL  IDL TXH \D QR VH XVD \ SRU HOOR HQ
OXJDU GH OD ~OWLPD YRFDO  KD\ XQ

$GHPiV SDUD TXHGDU PiV FODURV YDPRV D H[SOLFDU OD IRUPD DILUPDWLYD GH OD D
SHUVRQD VLQJXODU

 > 6 > UH  UH@


> 6 ?HUH  HUH  L@

 
  L 

  > > UH  LUH  L @    L

 

18/32

  
   

        

    

*HUXQGLR
(Q HO JHUXQGLR  % 
 
 & 

 VWR VWDL VWD
VWLDPR VWDWH VWDQQR 
      %  VHJ~Q HVWD
WDEOD
DUH

HUH

LUH

DQGR HQGR HQGR


6LPSOHPHQWH  
 (    VH GLUi PL
 ODY   &RPR HQ
HVSDxRO HO JHUXQGLR QR GHSHQGH GHO JpQHUR R GHO Q~PHUR

19/32

  
   

        

    

7DEOD GH UHV~PHQ SDUD HO YHUER 088070 \ ,;070


FRQ FRPSDUDFLyQ
(VWD WDEOD FRPSUHQGH WRGDV ODV IRUPDV YHUEDOHV YLVWDV HQ ORV SiUUDIRV
DQWHULRUHV

 
 

 


 

   


 

 




   
















 


 

  

 

   

  



 



  


 

  





  

 

 
 

 

   





  

  



 

  

 

   

  

  

 

 

  

 





 

 

 

 

 

  

 
 

  
 





  

 

 
 

 




 




 

 
 







 

  

  

 










 








 


















 



 


 



 



 



 


 



 



  

  


 

 
 


 















 


 


 



 



 



 

20/32

  
   

        

    


 
  
 


 
    

   


   

 



 

   

 

 

   

 

 
 

 

   

 

 

 
 


  




  

 


  

  


  

   




  


  






  


  






  


  

 


 

 
 

 




   


  

 

 


 

 
 


 
 

 
 

 


   

 

 

  















  



 








  



  





 


   





 


   

 



  


 


  
 

 


 
 


  



  

  


 

 


  

  
  




 





 




 

 

 


21/32

  
   

        

    

  
 

 


 

   


 

 




   













!








 



 





!















 



! 











 

 

 

 



 

















 




 












 

! 

 

! 



 









 

 






































 



 


 



 




 



 




 




 




 




 




 




 





 








 







 


 

 




 




 


 

 




 


 
  


 
    



 





 

 



 








 

 







 

 

 


 

 

 






















 




 



 




 




 




 


  
 

  
 

  
 

  
 

  
 

  
 

22/32

  
   

        

    


  




  

 


  

  


  

   





 

 







 

 







 

 

 

 

 


 


 



  

 

 

 



 

















 
 






 
 






 
 






  

 
 

 
 




  



 
 

  



 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

  
  















 









 

 



23/32

  
   

        

    

7DEOD GH UHV~PHQ SDUD ORV YHUERV UHJXODUHV


(VWD WDEOD FRPSUHQGH WRGDV ODV IRUPDV YHUEDOHV YLVWDV HQ ORV SiUUDIRV
DQWHULRUHV ORV YHUERV XVDGRV DTXt VRQ &$17$5( 9('(5( \ '250,5(
9HGHUH QR HV XQ YHUER WRWDOPHQWH UHJXODU SHUR HV SUDFWLFDPHQWH LPSRVLEOH
HQFRQWUDU HQ LWDOLDQR XQ YHUER FRQ WHUPLQDFLyQ (5( TXH VLJD WRGDV ODV UHJODV
HQ FXDOTXLHUD IRUPD GH ORV WLHPSRV +H HOLJLGR XQ YHUER TXH QR YDULD PXFKR
/DV ~QLFDV H[FHSFLRQHV HVWiQ HQ URMR


 

  







 








 


 

  





 

 

  


 

 

!
 


 


 

!
  

 

  


















 


 

 


 

!  


 

!

 


 

 

  







 








 


 
 

  

   

 

 









 





 


  

 

!
  


 

!  

  

!

 


 

   


 



  



 



 



 




 

  



 



 



 


 



 



 










 


 

 


 



 





 

  



 



 

 







 



 


 


 

 


 
 


 


 
 



 

 





 

 

  


"



 







 








 





 



 




 



 



 


 



 







 



 


  

 





 



  


 



 







 



 



  



  

  



 

  



 



 



 




  



  


  


 
 

 



 



 


  

  






  



 



 

 

 


 

 


  

 

 

 


 





 

 

  


 

 


  



 

   





  



 

 

  


 

 




 








 





 



 



 



  






24/32

  
   

        

    

 


  

  

   



 






 




 


  
 



 


 



 



 



 

! 

  

  

   




 



 











 


  

 


 

! 

 


 

! 


 


 



 

 
 



 

 

 

 

 



 

 


 



 

  




 




 






 



 



 




 



 

  



 



 


   



  


   

   

 
 


   

 


  




 

 

 


 


   

   

 





 


   

 

 


  


   


 


 



 

 

 
 



 

 


   


  

 





 


   

 

 

  


   

  


 

 

  

 
 



 



 


   

   

 



 


   

 

 





 


   

  


 


 

 
 



 




 


   

   

 





 


   

 
 





  


 

 


 
 

   

 

 

 


 
 

 


 


 


 


 
    

 

 


 
 


 
  

 

 





 


 



 

 

  

 

  



 



 


  


  

 
  


   

   

25/32

  
   

        

    


 

 


  
 


  
  


  
   

 

  

   

   





  

  








  


   

 
 


   





  

  



 
 


 

 

  
  

 
 

  


   

   

 
 


   

 

  

   

   





  

  



 


   

   


 

 

  

   

 
  

 
  

 

 

 
 

 
 






 



 

  
  


 
  




 
 


  

 

  
  

 

 

  

 
 


   

   

   

 

 


   

  

  

    

   

 



   

  





 


 
 


 

 

  
  

  
 

  


   

   

 
 


   

  

  

 
  


  

 



 
 


 



 

 

 
 

   




 

  


   

   



 

  

  






 

 






   


  





 




 



 
 


 

 

  
  

 

 

  


   

   



 


   

26/32

  
   

  

  

        

    



  


  
  

 





  









 

  








 

  

  

  





 

 
 




 





 



 
 


 

 




 



  







 



27/32

  
   

        

    

9HUERV UHIOH[LYRV
6H FRQMXJDQ FRPR HQ HVSDxRO VyOR KD\ TXH VHJXLU HVWD WDEOD SDUD VDEHU FRPR
GHFLU ODV SUHSRVLFLRQHV
,WDOLDQR (VSDxRO
PL

PH

WL

WH

VL

VH

FL

QRV

YL

RV

VL

VH

3RU HVR VLPSOHPHQWH VH GLUi     


      

  PH ODYR WH ODYDV 

28/32

  
   

        

    

&H FL QH YL


(Q LWDOLDQR FXDQGR VH HQWUD D XQ OXJDU R FXDQGR VH VDOH GH HOOR PXFKDV YHFHV
(    

 
%
TXH HVSHFLILFDQ 
  


 R ELHQ   


   3RU HMHPSOR HQ OD IUDVH *  @  (
 ' VH HQWLHQGH TXH VH HQWUy HQ HO W~QHO ELHQ HQ LWDOLDQR KD\ TXH GHFLUOR
GH IRUPD H[SOtFLWD /D IRUPD SDUD GHFLU KDFLD HVR HV YL R FL PLHQWUDV SDUD
GHFLU GHVGH HVR HV QH
9DPRV D YHU D XQRV FXDQWRV HMHPSORV SDUD TXH WRGR SXHGD TXHGDU PiV FODUR
9LGL XQD JDOOHULD H  HQWUDL
9LGL XQD JDOOHULD H  HQWUDL   6   @  9L XQ W~QHO \ HQWUp
1RQ YLGH LO EXFR H  FDGGH 

  " 1R YLR HO DJXMHUR \ VH FD\y


6L HUD VWDQFDWR H VH  DQGz QH  
6H KDEtD FDQVDGR \ VH IXH
(V LQWHUHVDQWH QRWDU TXH

     
)
  
  ODV IRUPDV PL WL FL VL FDPELDQ \ VH HVFULEHQ PH WH FH VH YH
VH 3RU HVR HV 
  DQGz HQ OXJDU GH VL QH DQGz 
/D SDODEUD QH GH WRGDV IRUPDV WDPELpQ VH XVD HQ HO VHQWLGR GH GH HVWR
6H YHDQ HVWRV GRV HMHPSORV
&
q XQ FDQH" 1R   VRQR GXH KD\ GRV GH +D\ XQ SHUUR" 1R (
HVWRV
GRV
&H Q
q XQR PD  1 GXH

+D\ XQR SHUR %2 

/D IRUPD A( VH WUDGXFH FRQ 1B C 


 VHJ~Q VHD VLQJXODU y SOXUDO 6L
GLJR +D\ XQR TXLHUR GHFLU TXH KD\ XQ SHUUR y TXH KD\ XQ REMHWR R PHMRU
GLFKR TXH KD\ XQR GH HVWRV REMHWRV (VWH REMHWR VHD OR TXH VHD HV HO QH
LWDOLDQR (QWRQFHV KDEtD TXH HVFULELU &H QH q XQR TXHGDQGR HQ OD IRUPD &H
Q
q XQR
(Q HO WLHPSR      
    
 
  


%

 "   %  LUVH TXHGD HQWRQFHV  
 

29/32

  
   

        

    

1~PHURV HVWDFLRQHV PHVHV


XQR 

XQGLFL 

YHQWXQR 

QRYDQWD 

GXH 

GRGLFL 

YHQWLGXH 

FHQWR 

WUH 

WUHGLFL 

YHQWRWWR 

FHQWRXQR 

TXDWWUR  TXDWWRUGLFL  YHQWLQRYH  GXHFHQWR 


FLQTXH  TXLQGLFL 

WUHQWD 

VHL 

VHGLFL 

TXDUDQWD  QRYHFHQWR 

VHWWH 

GLFLDVVHWWH  FLQTXDQWD  PLOOH 

RWWR 

GLFLRWWR 

QRYH 

GLFLDQQRYH  VHWWDQWD 

PLOOHFHQWRYHQWLWUp 

GLHFL 

YHQWL 

GXHPLOD 

VHVVDQWD 
RWWDQWD 

WUHFHQWR 

PLOOHXQR 

+DVWD HO  YHQWL  ORV Q~PHURV VRQ LUUHJXODUHV HQ LWDOLDQR 'HVSXpV


VLPSOHPHQWH VH DxDGH XQR GXH WUH DO   

YHQWL  GXH
WUHQWD  QRYH

YHQWLGXH
WUHQWDQRYH

$ 
  %  &    XQR RWWR 
   @
     %
YHQWL  XQR

YHQW  XQR

YHQWXQR

YHQWL  RWWR

YHQW  RWWR

YHQWRWWR

/    
 HO SOXUDO GH FHQWR VLJXH VLHQGR FHQWR 

@

  '   DVt TXH VRQ GXHFHQWR DPLFL \ GXHFHQW
DPLFK

30/32

  
   

        

    

9DPRV D YHU DKRUD ODV HVWDFLRQHV \ ORV PHVHV GHO DxR

$ 

/
 

SULPDYHUD

SULPDYHUD

HVWDWH

YHUDQR

DXWXQQR

RWRxR

LQYHUQR

LQYLHUQR

D
 1 D

 
JHQQDLR

HQHUR

IHEEUDLR

IHEUHUR

PDU]R

PDU]R

DSULOH

DEULO

PDJJLR

PD\R

JLXJQR

MXQLR

OXJOLR

MXOLR

DJRVWR

DJRVWR

VHWWHPEUH

VHSWLHPEUH

RWWREUH

RFWXEUH

QRYHPEUH

QRYLHPEUH

GLFHPEUH

GLFLHPEUH

(Q LWDOLDQR SDUD GHFLU <2  EF  -%  EGHE OD IRUPD HV $


 C<  EF   EGHE

31/32

  
   

        

    

8QDV H[SUHVLRQHV  $OFXQH HVSUHVVLRQL


&RPH VWDL"

4Xp WDO"

4XDQWL DQQL KDL"

&XiQWRV DxRV WLHQHV"

&KH WHPSR ID"

4Xp WLHPSR KDFH"

)D FDOGR

+DFH FDORU

)D IUHGGR

+DFH IUtR

&
q LO VROH

+D\ VRO

6WD SLRYHQGR  QHYLFDQGR

(VWi OORYLHQGR  QHYDQGR

'RYH DELWL"

'yQGH YLYHV"

&DYROR  $FFLGHQWL  &KH SL]]D  &KH -ROtQ  2VWUDV  4Xp UROOR  4Xp
VWUHVV
SHVDGR

32/32

Potrebbero piacerti anche