: :

: /
2012/2011

** .
** .
** .
** .
** ................... .
** .
** .
** .
** ) : ( Ox / Rd
) S2O82(aq ) + 2e = 2 SO42(aq
2 I (aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e

) ) ( ( S O ( ) / SO
) ) (( I ( ) / I
2
8 aq

2
4 aq

aq

2S2O32( aq ) S4O62( aq ) + 2e

H 2C2O4 = 2CO2 + 2 H + + 2e

2 aq

) H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) + 2 e 2 H 2O( l

) / H 2O( l

)
))

) / S2O32( aq

( (H O

) 2 aq

+ 2 H (+aq ) + 2e

)
))

) ( aq

H 2O2( aq ) = O2

) Mno4( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5e = Mn(2aq+ ) + +4 H 2O(l

) / Mn(2aq+

) 4 aq

) Cr2O72(aq ) + 14 H (+aq ) + 6e = 2Cr(3aq+ ) + +7 H 2O( l

/ 2Cr(3aq+

2
) 7 aq

2
) 6 aq

( ( CO ( ) / H C O
) ) ( (O ( ) / H O

4 aq

2 aq

( ( Mno
( (Cr O

( (S O

2 g

aq

** : :

m : V : - :

Vg
VM

P V
R T

=n

=n

m V
=
M
M

: VM )

=n

) V ( l ) , ( g / l ) , M ( g / mol ) , m ( g

P = 1 atm

: (T = 0 0 C = 273,15 0 K ,

= 00 C + 273,15 , R = 8,31 SI

) VM ( n = 1 mol :
) : p ( 0 0 : d = s : eau

pd
M

{P ( pascal ) , V ( m ) , T ( K

1 R T
P
n = 10

VM = 22, 4 l / mol

= VM

}{1 atm = 1, 013 10 pa

5

eau = 1 Kg / l

n = C V :) C 4 H 9Cl ( l ) + 2H 2O ( l ) C 4 H 9OH ( l ) + H 3O (+aq ) + Cl (aq

** :

( t ) = H O H 3O + t + Cl Cl t

** :
20/1

x (t )
( t ) = H 3O+ + Cl .

= + + . xmax
H 3O
Cl
max
V

)
)

(
(

x x2 x1
=
t t2 t1

=v

) . ( t

xmax

max

= ) x (t

) ( s / m ) , ( s.m2 / mol ) , V ( m3 ) , C ( mol / m3

dx
dt

=v

1 dx 1 d ( C V ) dC
=
=
V dt V
dt
dt

=v

 :
3

. ) H 2O 2(aq

) 20 ) . ( 20 Volumes
.
-1 .
/ . ( H 2O2 / H 2O ) , ( O2 / H 2O2 ) :
. / . .
/
-2 . 500 mL

) - ( 2 ) ( 2

)- (1 )(1
** 5 mL ) (Fe +3 + 3Cl

** 10 mL ) (Fe +3 + 3Cl

** C FeCl3 = 0.2mol / L

** C FeCl3 = 0.2mol / L

** 175mL

** 170 mL

** 20mL 20

** 20mL 20

/ ] [ H 2O 2 20 .
/ H 2O 2 . R = 8.314SI : P = 1.013 105 pa

-3 10 mL 10 mL 10 mL

. C = 1mol / L
/
/ ) Fe +3(aq
-4 ) ) (K (+aq ) + MnO 4(aq .C = 2.00 102 mol / L
. V q :

9
55, 00

8
43, 35

7
27,38

6
22, 27

5
13,32

4
7, 05

3
4, 24

2
2, 75

1
1, 20

) t ( min

5,90

8, 60

14, 2

18,1

21, 6

28

31

33

34, 4

) Veq ( min
) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol
) X ( mmol

20/2

9
55, 00

8
41,50

7
27, 42

6
22, 22

5
13,17

4
7, 05

3
4, 42

2
2,30

1
1, 75

) t ( min

1,8

3,5

6, 0

8, 2

15, 0

22, 0

25, 4

31, 0

32, 5

) Veq ( min
) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol
) X ( mmol

/ .
/ .
/ .
/ t n( H 2O2 ) = 50 MnO4 Vq :

/ .
/ .
/ .
/ . .
/ .
:
) ( S1 ) ) (2 K (+aq ) + S2O82( aq
) ( S2 ) ) ( K (+aq ) + I ( aq . 250 C
) ( t = 0 ) (V1 = 50 ml ) ( S1 ) ( C1 ) (V2 = 50 ml
) ( S2 ) . ( C2 = 1 mol / L
.
-1 . :
) ) ( S2O8 2 ( aq ) / SO4 2( aq

) ) / I ( aq

) 2 ( aq

. (I

- 1 -

)mmol

2
S 2O 8

n
12

-2 . .

10

-3 .

-4 ) . ( C1

-5 .

-6 .

-7

) . ( t1/2
-8 ) ( t = 10 min

20/3

t (min) 40

30

20

10

 :
CH 3OCH 3 ) ( mthoxymthane 504o C CH 4
) CH 3OCH 3( g ) CH 4( g ) + CH 2O( g
CH 2O :
V ) (a CH 3OCH 3

Pt :
130
59, 6

160
60

96
58

70
56,8

38
49,9

46
52

32, 5
48, 4

25
46,1

20, 5
44, 6

16
41, 6

9
38, 6

6
36, 2

0
32

) t (min
) Pt (KPa

-1 .

-2 ng t (a ) : ) . x(t
) x(t
-3( - t
V
R = 8.31J / mol.o K Pt

: T R

) Pt (KPa

P0 . PV = nRT :
( .

) x(t
(
V

. Pt

. t = 25 min

-4 ) . Pt (t

( .
. t = 20 min

( . .

10

) t (min
20

:
) ( t = 0 ) (V1 = 500 ml ) ( S1 ) ) (2 K (+aq ) + S2O8 2 ( aq

) = 1, 5 10 2 mol / L

(C

) (V2 = 500 ml ) ( S2 ) ) ( K (+aq ) + I ( aq

) . ( C2
.

) 2 ( aq

I .

-1
-2 ) ( Ox / Rd .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
20/4

 -7 x
) = f ( t

) 2 ( aq

I .

-8 ) ( t = 25 mn
-9
-10 ) ( t1/2 .
) 2 ( aq

I .

-11 ) ( C2 .
:
Zn( s ) + 2 H + = Zn(+aq2 ) + H 2( g ) :

) ( t = 0 m = 1 g V = 40 ml
C = 0, 5 mol / L ) V ( H 2
VM = 25 L / mol ) n ( H 2
750

500

400

300

250

200

150

100

50

) t (S

6,8

6,16

5, 28

4,8

4,16

3, 44

2,56

1, 44

) nH 2 ( mmol

-1 ) ( Ox / Rd .
- 2 ) n ( H 2 VM . VH
2

- 3 .
- 4 x ) . n ( H 2
- 5 ) x = f ( t 1cm 1mmol : . 1cm 50s
- 6 t = 50 s t = 400 s .

- 7 : - . - ( M (Z n ) = 65, 4 g / mol ) .
:
) ( propanol 2 ol
)............. (1

) 5C3 H 8O( aq ) + 2 Mno4 ( aq ) + 6 H (+aq ) = 5C3 H 6O( aq ) + 2 Mn 2(+aq ) + 6 H 2O( aq

** : 50 ml C0 = 0, 20 mol / L

50 ml

** ) ( t = 0 1 ml ) ( propanol 2 ol
) x = f ( t x t

10 ml

40 ml
, C = 0, 5 mol / L VE x

, t )(1

20/5

-:

** ) ( propanol 2 ol

g / mol , = 0785 g / L ) :

** ) ) ) : (Ox / Rd

( M = 60

) / Fe 2+ ( aq ) ) , ( C3 H 6O( aq ) / C3 H 8O( aq ) ) , 2 Mno4 ( aq ) / Mn 2(+aq

** ) : Mno4 ( aq

3+
) ( aq

(( Fe

** ) : Mn2(+aq

** : ) ( 2
-1 40 ml .
-2 ) ( 2 :
) ............. ( 2

) Mno4 ( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5 Fe(2aq+ ) = Mn 2(+aq ) + 5 Fe(3aq+ ) + 4 H 2O( aq

-3 .
-4
nMno t ) ( C , VE
4

** )(1
n t :
nMno = 10nMno
4

-1 ) ( propanol 2 ol
n0 : n0 .

-2 )(1
-3 xmax ) (1 .
-4 ) x = f ( n0 , C ,VE
** :
-1 t1/ 2 .
-2 .

:
CaCO 3 :
CaCO 3 (S ) + 2H 3O (+aq )
) CO 2 ( g ) + 3H 2O ( l ) + Ca(+aq2

V a = 100 ml :
C = 0,10 mol / l
- V = 1 l T = 298 K

:
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

)t (s

7150

6940

6540

6090

5560

4880

4120

3320

2280

1250

) PCO2 ( pa
nCO2

-1 )

= nRT

( PV

R = 8, 31 SI

nCO .2

20/6

 -2 x . nCO
2

-3 . t = 50 s
-4 ) . x = f (t
-5 t = 0 t = 50 s
-6 H 3O + :
- x max

- . t1/2

-7 . .
-8 .
- ) (
- 0 ) . ( t = 0
- ) ( t ) x ( t . ( t ) = 4, 25 580.x ( t ) :
- . max
: : 250 C

= 12 , Cl = 7,5 , H O+ = 35, 0 ms.m 2 / mol

3

Ca 2+

) ) (( I

aq

) ( H 2O2

C = 0,1 mol / l

H 2O2

2 ml

18 ml

1 ml

10 ml

+I

(K

)(1
)( 2

) ( . 30 ml :
) 2 I (aq ) + H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) I 2( aq ) + 2 H 2O(l

-1 . .
2 - .
- .
3 .
.

)(1

) [ I 2 ] ( mol / l

t = 30 min

- ) (1 t = 30 min .
4 - . I 2( aq )
- t = 5 min

- .
- .

20/7

) t ( min

 :
= 20 0 C )( V = 500mL ,

V = 200mL ) ) (H + (aq ) + Cl (aq C = 1.101 mol / L

m ( Mg ) = 9 102 g .
Mg (s ) + 2 H + (aq ) = Mg +2 (aq ) + H 2 ( g ) :

-1
-3 - .

-2 .

- .

-4 , Patm = 1,009 10 5 Pa P
, :

P = Patm + PH 2

:
115
1.198
266
1.297

144
1.239
290
1.297

90
1.159
238
1.297

52
1.097
193
1.294

71
1.127
212
1.297

18
1.034
174
1.273

0
1.009
160
1.261

) t (s
5

)P(10 Pa
)t(s
)P(105Pa

- x PH 2

1cm
4.10 4 mol 1cm
-5 x . 20 s :
-6 t 1/2 t=180s

-7 t = 180 s ) Mg+2(aq .
Vm=22.4mol/L . T (K ) = 273 + ( 0 C ) . R = 8,31.Pa.m 3 .mol 1 .k 1 . M (Mg ) = 24,3g / mol :

** :
2 2 . :
+ 2H 2O (CH 3 )3 C OH + H 3O + + Cl

(CH 3 )3 C Cl

t = 0 n 0 = 3, 7 103 mol 2 2 150 ml

) ( .
t = 0 0 = 0 t = 400 s
f = 9,1 ms / Cm .
-1 .

- 2 .

-3 ] = i [ X i ] [ X i
i .
- = K .x ( t ) :

(t ) .n 0
-4 t :
f

K ) . K (

= ) x (t

-5( t 1 - 1 = 5,1 ms / Cm ) . x (t 1
( 2 2 .
20/8

M = 92,5 g / mol