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LIMITATIONS
DC Motor
Armature
IM Motor
Frequency
Alternator
Designed
Later years development of Power transistors, MOFET, IGBT etc. increases the ease control
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
Computer peripheral equipments Robotics Computer Numeric Control (CNC) Machines Electrical vehicles
OVERALL COST
high material price, such as permanent magnet, copper, and iron To reduce the cost
Need
ADVANTAGES
Specific applications High torque density Low cost Better performance Easy to implement digital control
SYLLABUS-COVERAGE
MODULE 2
RELUCTANCE MOTOR
broadly classified into two categories on the basis of how they produce torque
electromagnetically
or by variable reluctance.
TORQUE- ELECTROMAGNETICALLY
Motion is produced by the interaction of two magnetic fields, one generated by the stator and the other by the rotor. Two magnetic fields, mutually coupled, produce an electromagnetic torque tending to bring the fields into alignment. The same phenomenon causes opposite poles of bar magnets to attract and like poles to repel.
TORQUE- RELUCTANCE
In the second category, motion is produced as a result of the variable reluctance in the air gap between the rotor and the stator. When a stator winding is energized, producing a single magnetic field, reluctance torque is produced by the tendency of the rotor to move to its minimum reluctance position. This phenomenon is analogous to the force that attracts iron or steel to permanent magnets. In those cases, reluctance is minimized when the magnet and metal come into physical contact.
RELUCTANCE
Magnetic reluctance, or magnetic resistance, is a concept used in the analysis of magnetic circuits. It is analogous to resistance in an electrical circuits, but rather than dissipating electric energy it stores magnetic energy. In likeness to the way an electric field causes an electric current to follow the path of least resistance, a magnetic field causes magnetic flux to follow the path of least magnetic reluctance
RELUCTANCE MOTOR-DEFINITION
A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. Torque is generated through the phenomenon of magnetic reluctance.
ADVANTAGES
Reluctance motors can deliver very high power density at low cost, making them ideal for many applications.
Washing
DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages are high Torque Ripple (the difference between maximum and minimum torque during one revolution) when operated at low speed, and Noise caused by torque ripple
CLASSIFICATION
SUMMARY
Conventional Electrical Machines are mainly used bulk energy conversions. Special Electrical Machines- invented for specific control applications. Reluctance motors
Synchronous
The Switched reluctance motor is an electric motor in which torque is produced by the tendency of its moveable part to move to a position where the inductance of the excited winding is maximized.
CONSTRUCTION
CONTINUED
It has wound field coils of a DC motor for its stator windings and has no coils or magnets on its rotor. It can be seen that both the stator and rotor have salient poles; hence, the machine is a doubly salient machine.
STATOR
Built by stacking suitably punched silicon laminations to appropriate length. Has salient poles. Poles carry concentric windings. The coils on the opposite poles are connected in series to form phases.
ROTOR
The rotor contains no windings or permenant magnet. Build up of steel laminations and laminations are stacked to the shaft.
DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The rotor is aligned whenever the diametrically opposite stator poles are excited. In a magnetic circuit, the rotating part prefers to come to the minimum reluctance position at the instance of excitation. While two rotor poles are aligned to the two stator poles, another set of rotor poles is out of alignment with respect to a different set of stator poles.
CONTD
CONTD
the movement of the rotor, hence the production of torque and power, involves a switching of currents into stator windings when there is a variation of reluctance, this variable speed motor is referred to as a switched reluctance motor (SRM).
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
s = Stator Pole Arc s = Stator Slot Arc r = Rotor Pole Arc r = Rotor Slot Arc
s + s r + r
= 360 / Ns
= 360/ Nr
Tc= No of turns R= radius of the rotor at air gap g= gap length; = overlap angle
2 Lcoil
SPEED EQUATION
f- switching frequency
LAWRENSON ANALYSIS
Method to select the tooth and slot dimensions of the stator and the rotor so as to obtain feasible and optimised values for Lmax and Lmin. Torque = dL/dt * I2
CONTD
To allow a quick build up of the current from a voltage source, it is desirable that the winding be switched when the inductance is low and fairly constant. This is possible only when the stator pole arc is less than the rotor slot width.
rotor tooth arc be chosen as appox. 40% of the rotor slot pitch for maximizing the difference Lmax - Lmin.
Now s < 24 and > step angle 15 s + s = 360 / Ns ie 45; So s > 21 assume so s = 21 so s = 21
DWELL ANGLE
So dwell angle,
TUTORIAL
A four phase eight pole switched reluctance motor has six rotor teeth. Find the step angle and commutation frequency. A three-phase SRM has six stator poles and four rotor teeth. Draw the feasible zone for stator and rotor pole arcs. Design the pole arc and rotor tooth arc. Sketch the L- profile.
COMPONENTS
Converter Topology Position Sensors Control Circuitry
When T1 and T2 are ON Va1a2= V When T1 and T2 are OFF Va1a2= -V Ie D1 and D2 become forward biased and send power back to the dc bus.
C-DUMP CIRCUIT
POWER CONVERTER
POSITION SENSORS
In the SRM drives, rotor position is essential for the stator phase commutation and advanced angle control. The rotor position is usually acquired by the position sensors. The commonly used position sensors are phototransistors and photodiodes, Hall elements, magnetic sensors, pulse encoders and variable differential transformers.