ratnrnaf

Builder
A grammar guidebook for students of English

A. Amin

CAVTTRIDGE

R. Eravelly F.J. lbrahim

UNIVERSITY PRESS

OF CAMBRIDGE OF THE UNIVERSITY SYNDICATE PUBLISHEDBY THE PRESS The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street,Cambridge,United Kingdom PRESS CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY The Edinburgh Building, CambridgeCB2 2RU, UK , e w Y o r k ,N Y 1 0 0 1 1 - 4 2 1,fU S A 4 0 W e s t2 0 t h S t r e e t N 477Williamstown Road,Port Melbourne,VIC 3207,Australia R u i z d e A l a r c 6 n 1 3 ,2 8 0 1 4M a d r i d , S p a i n Dock House,The Waterfront,CapeTown 8001,South Africa 089004 43-45KretaAyerRoad,Singapore cambridge.org http : / /w'w-w. @ CambridgeUniversity Pressand Pan Asia PublicationsSdn Bhd 2004 This book is in copyright. Subjectto statutory exception and to the provisionsof relevant collectivelicensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of CambridgeUniversity Press. First published 2004 Printed in Singapore stem QuarkXPress@ TypefaceUtopia. Sy I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 5 94 G r a m m a rB u i l d e rB o o k 1 I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 6 0B G r a m m a rB u i l d e rB o o k 2 I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 6 i 6 G r a m m a rB u i l d e r B o o k 3 ISBN 0 52I 548624 Grammar Builder Book 4 I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 6 32 G r a m m a rB u i l d e rB o o k 5

r:',: @& INTRODUCTION & & %

To the student This book is designedto help you master key concepts in English grammar easily and quickly. Studentswho need to take written exams as well as those who wish to write rvell will find the Grammar Builder series helpful. You may use this book for self-studyand practice.An Anslverssection is located at the back of the book. To the teacher The Grammar Bttilder seriesis a useful supplement to any main English languagecourse and is suitablefor both classroomteaching and self-study. The seriesfocuseson written grammar and the key grammar conceptsthat studentsneed to knor,v for written exercises. How the book is organised The Grammar Builder seri,es comprisesfive books for beginnerto upper-intermediatelevel learners of British English.Books 1 and 2 are intended for learnerswho need to acquire the basicsof grammar. Books 3 to 5 are for learnerswho need to strengthentheir proficienry in grammar and improve their written English. Eachbook is made up of 42 to 56 units, and units dealingwith relatedtopics (e.g. prepositions) are grouped togetherfbr easeof use. A unit coversthree to five grammar concepts and includes four to six different types of exercises. Key grammar concepts (e.g.tenses)taught in the lower level books are re-visited and expanded upon in the other books of this series.For a list of units, refer to Ihe Conrcnrs at the beginning of eachbook. The books use a simple but effective three-step approach (error identification, correction, and practice)to help learnersmaster Englishgrammar. There are four pagesper unit, and each unit is divided into three sections:Checkytoirtt, Grammar Points, and Practice. All units begin with a Checkpointsection containing severalpairs of numbered examplesthat show common grammatical errors and then their corrected forms. These examplesof correct and usage demonstrateto the student how slight differencesin expressioncan result in incorrect. grammaucalerrors. The studentscan then refer to the correspondingGrammar Pointsin the next sectionl,r'hichexplain the grammar concepts highlighted under Checkpoint,show how to apply the grammar coniepts correctly,and provide more examples. In the third section, Practice,students revise the grammar concepts they have learned by (The answerscan be found at the back of the book.) This enable's completing a group of exercises. qrJickrevision of each concept, and allows studentsto seeif there are any aspectsthat they do not fuliy comprehend. Studentsmay review what they have learned by going through Ihe Grammar Points again after completing each exercise.The Grammar Points can also be used for quick purposes. relerence There are six revision and evaluation tests towards the back of everv book. These tests deal with most of the Grammar Poinfscoveredin each book.

iii

,,; @ &* CONTENTS &&&,,i'

TTFIIT
1.1 Verbs:baseform I.2 Verbs:with's' and'ing' endings 1.3 Verbs:with'ed' ending 2
tl

UNI'T
6.1 Modals: positive statements, passivestructure 6.2 Modals: negative statements, passivestructure 6.3 Modals: positive and negative questions, passive structure 86 90
o,1

IO

UNTT
Subject-verb agreement: the number ol a lot of, indefinite pronouns 2.2 Subject-verb agreement: abstract nouns, there + verb'to be' 2.3 Subject-verb agreement: adjectives as nouns, gerunds, units of measurement 2.I

T4

tiN['I'
1B 22
7.I Prepositions 7.2 Prepositions 8 Subject and Predicate

9B 102 106
110 I 14 I 18

UNlT
UhJTT

UNIT
s.r Simptepresent;"dpt"t""t
continuous tenses

26 30
2,1

3.2 Simple past tense

J.J

Past continuous tense 3.4 Presentperfect tense 3 . 5 Past perfect tense 3 . 6 Present and past perfect continuous tenses 3 . 7 Simple future and future continuous tenses 3.8 Future perfect and future perfect continuous tenses 3.9 Conditionals- the presenttense 3.10 Conditionals- simple past and past perfect tenses

3B 42 46 50 54 5B
oz

withwho, which 9.1 Relativeclauses: and that 9.2 Relative clauses:with whose after subiectsof 9.3 Relativeclauses: main clauses

UI'11?
l0.l Adverbial clauses:with because, as, since 10.2 Adverbial clauses:with although, though, even though, while with as, since, 10.3 Adverbial clauses: when, while 10.4 Adverbial clauses:with so that and so ... that 10.5 Adverbial clauses:withif and should 10.6 Adverbial clauses:with as, as if, as though 122 130 130 134 138 142

{JNTT
4.1 Active and passivevoice: tense and agreement, verbs with two objects,the use of it 4.2 Active and passivevoice: passive infinitive, passive+'ing' form, adverbs 4.3 Active and passivevoice: to have something done, complement of verb, instructions 66

{_!}itT 70
with that, 11.1 Reportedclauses: whether, if with wh-words 11.2 Reportedclauses: that-clauses 11.3 Reportedclauses: with subjunctives 11.4 Reportedclausesand conditional clauses:that-clauses with subjunctives and if-clauses 146 150 154 158

74

UNI'T
5 . 1 Direct and indirect speech:
positive and negative statements
7a

5 . 2 Direct and indirect speech:

positive and negative questions

82

iv

,;4.i1 6. (QNTENTS

* & & 4"':

{.TNIT
12.1 Adjectivalphrases:with prepositions 12.2 Adjectival phrases:with present and past participles with 12.3 Adjectivalphrases: adjectives 162 166 170

TEST I
Units 1 - 4 'FEST 2 229

226

Units 5 - 1l

TNST 3
Units 12 - lB

{}NTT
13.l Adverbial ohrases: with of 13.2 Adverbial phrases:with to, so as to, to 13.3 Adverbial phrases: with participles 13.4 Adverbial phrases:with before, when, while because in order present after, 174 178 182 186

232

'rEsT 4
235
?EST 5

238
li;irl tl

[}NTT
14.1 Noun phrases: with infinitive (with and without to) and present participle 14.2 Noun phrases:as complements and objects of preposition 14.3 Noun phrases:as subjects 190

241 AruSWtjEtS

194 198

244

U&I{Y
15.1 Sentencestructure:joining two 202 simple sentences with either... or and neither.. . nor 15.2 Sentencestructure:sentence 206 adverbials (as aresult, besides, moreover) 15.3 Sentencestructure:sentence 210 adverbials (first / firstly, after that / next / then, finally / lastly)

{ff{?T'
16 tihiilf' 17 18 Redundancy Reference 218 222 Changingword order: with adverbs, had, should, were 214

[TNIT

UN]TTil=TVERBS
baseform

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section. .RAMMAR
POINTS

.')
t
II

PoTNTS /cnerr,tnrAR

'ed' or'ing' ending.We use The baseform is the simplestform of a verb.It doesnot havethe'sl the baseform for the presenttensewith plural noun subjectsand the pronoun subjectsI, you, we and they. Thosetwo supermarketsstock a variety of imported goods. EXAMPLES: I have a lot to be thankful for. You need to changeyour method of work. We buy our office suppliesfrom the shop acrossthe road. They think you are the best person for the post of chairman.
REMEMBER! 'to have' can be used as main verbs as well as auxiliaryverbs. 'to 'to r The verb be', do' and for the project. (are as main verb) They are the engineers EXAMPLES: (are as auxiliaryverb) They are repairing the old bridge. r The baseform of a verb is alsousedto give instructions,warnings,adviceor commandsto the listener or to make requests. Check the expiry date on the cans. (instruction) E)GMPLES: (warning) Don,t enter that room. Eat in moderation. @duice) (command) Put down your weaponsl Help me carry theseparcels,please. (request) Takenote thatyou (the listener)is the subjectin each ofthe abovesentences.

We use the baseform of a verb in all positive and negativequestionscontaining the verb 'to do': (a) verb'to do' + noun/pronoun + baseform EXAMPLES: Does/Doesn'tDavid use contact lenses? Do/Don't those people know the club'srules and regulations? (b) wh-word + verb'to do' +noun/pronoun + baseform EXAMPLES: When does Ianelle present her paper at the conference? What didn't they discussat the meeting? We call the baseform of a verb togetherwith to 'an infinitive' or 'a non-finite verb'. A sentencewith an infinitive is not complete unlessit contains a finite verb aswell. EXAMPLE:Ronald has to finalise the report this afternoon.

Url:yh)

(4ryry,
IX

Ronald to finalise the report this afternoon.

('"ryi,
REMEMBER! r A verb is either finite or non-finite. A finite verb changesits form accordingto the tenseand subjectof A non-finite verb doesnot changeits form. the sentence. EXAMpLES: finite verb: iike non-finite verb: to go Presenttense Pasttense : : Grandma likes to go for short walks in the evening. Grandma liked to go for long walks when shervasmuch younger. She likes to go for short walks in the evening. They like to go for short walks in the evening.

___r_

Singularsubject : Plural subject :

We use the baseform of a verb with all positive and negativemodals. (Examples of modals:can, could, may, might, shall, should, must) I could revise the timetable for vou. EXAMPLES:
ll

,7

('n9t

Q{.'ryf"q,
base form + ending

Uryq4,

I could revised the timetable for you. fI -'-\ 'ed'

Jaymustn't disturb the baby.

t9as9!.-jry4' Jaymustn'tdisturbsthe baby.

negative tbrm of modal baseform +'s' ending

@AJcirclethenumberSoftheSentenceSthatusethebaseformofverbscorrectly.
I 2 3 4 Thesehousesare designedto suit the needsof the elderly. He doesn'tto let problems ruin his day. \t\hen are you join us in a game of tennis? Everyresidentialareashould have its own recyclingcentre.

5 6 7 S 9 10

Paul mustn't cyclesfast on a wet road. They wishesthe trip to the mountainshad been lessstrenuous. Don't use your mobile phone while you are drivingl \A4rydo you stay up very late every night? to contribute items for our jumble saleon Saturday. Please Did Mary get an autographedposter from her favourite singer?

Ten of the underlined verbs are incorrect.Write the correct verbsin the boxes.
I Don't get annoyedbecauseI didn't phoned you yesterday. 2 The girls askedthe actressto posing for a picture with them. 3 I has to buy two AA batteriesfor my torch today. 4 \Nhat did you saw when you walked up our driveway? 5 We can givesyou a refund or you can chooseanother jacket. informs the members that our chairman has resigned. 6 Please
,7 a

We should remember that both cars needsnew tYres.

B The tourists didn't expectthe island to being so beautiful. I Doesn'tAnnie know it is time go to work? t 0 Made sure no one tries to enter or leavethis building.

@J-]Fi1lintheblankswiththecorrectVerbsinthebrackets.
I

\Nhich items did vou (write / writes)

? (want / wanted)

2 Vicky,

a reply acceptingthe invitation to take part in the inter-school debate. in town to seehis parents.(be / to be) punish thosewho have fires in their gardens. to visitors.

3 He might 4 The environment council (hopes/ must)

J

Almost everyfamily in that arearuns a cafe or rents rooms (cater/ to cater) too near the car in front of you. (go / going)

6 Don't 7 Please B This liquid may 9 \&4rydidn't Ken 10

the cookiesin a tightly sealedcontainer.(store / to store) the stainson your sofa. (remove/ removes) (audition / auditioned) for the role of Iulius Caesar?

a little seasoningto bring out the flavour of the meat. (Sprinkle/ Could sprinkle)

@l]riuintheblankswiththeCorrectwordsinthebox.
can call to call must see see check to check perform to perform didn't read to read repeat to repeat know to know say to say let to let tell to tell listen to listen

Fiona

Hi, Steve.Fiona here. I called (1) (2) here next month.

you Darren Clipton'sgoing

Steve Fiona Steve Fiona Steve Fiona Steve Fiona Steve Fiona

How do you (3) \Mhat? It's in today'spaper. Really? Oh, I (4) all the time. Doesthe paper (6) I don't know.I (7) (B) Please Okay . . . Here it is.You (9) (10) Please 108-344-5678.
.-l-

his performance. I (5) to his songs who is sellingthe tickets for his show? the whole article, Steve. for me, Fiona.I'll wait. the reservations hotline at 108- 344- 5678. the number,Fiona.

I've got it. Thanks for letting me know. You'rewelcome.

r-a a

YoUR sCoRE I
,/ lfla

ar"

- el

with mistakesin the use of verbs and rewrite them Underline the sentences correctly.
One day,just after my exams,My sistersaid,"Henry stoppedwatching TV all day.Don't you has anlthing elseto do? I think you and your friends should do something useful while waiting for your exam results.\AIhydon't you put your talents to work? Look around our neighbourhood.Offer sorne You could earns some money for yourselves." sort of service. Well, I took her advice and rounded up five friends.After three hours of brainstorming,we 'Youth atWork'.The next morning, we sent out flyers listing the things we could do, decidedto setsup mowing the lawn, babysitting,washing cars,painting houses,etc. such as getting groceries, 'Youth atWork' has That afternoon, our phones didn't stopped ringing. Today,six months later, 100members.We servesnot just our neighbourhood but other areasaswell. I Henry, stop watching W all day. 2 3 4
5

T=2VERBS UN]TT
with's' and'ing' endings

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

t/"-"^POINTS

's' We use the baseform of a verb with the ending for the presenttensein theseways: (a) with singularnoun subjectsand the pronoun subjectshe, she and it He/She scrutinises everydocument that is to be given to a client. EXAMPLES: The painting/It enhancesthe beauty of the room. (b) with uncountable or collectivenoun subiects
EXAMPLES: uncountablenoun collecti'e noun

Music soothesme when I am stressed.

The jury needs more time to reach a verdict.

REMEMBER! I An uncountable noun refersto things that cannot be counted. It alwaystakes a singular verb fbrm, 's'. evenif it ends in ExAMeLE: News travels quickly in the IT age. r A collective noun refers to a group of people or things. It can take both a singular or plural verb. A singularverb is usedto referto the group as a unit. A plural verb is usedto show that the focus is on the membersthat make up the group. The community expectsbetter facilitiesfor the handicapped. (community as a unit) EXAMpLES: (community as members The community meet once a month at the schoolhall to ofthe group) discuss issues. r \rVhen the subjectis a noun phrase,we decidewhether to use a singularor a plural verb by looking at the head word. (A head word is usually the noun that is the most important part of a noun phrase.)
D(AMPLE: noun phrasesubject

The soldiers' loyaltv towards their officers amazes me.

We use the baseform with the'ing' endingtogetherwith the verb 'to be' in continuoustenses. (a) presentcontinuoustense: verb'to be' (am / is / are) + baseform with'ing' ending An insect is creeping up my arm. EXAMPLE: (b) past continuous tense : verb 'to be' (was / were) + baseform with'ing' ending EXAMPLE: They were dyeing the fabric an hour ago. (c) future continuous tense: verb 'to be' (will be) + baseform with'ing' ending EXAMPLE: The airplanewill be making a brief stop at Dubai in 20 minutes. 'ing' ending is also called the presentparticiple. (It is non-finite verb.) The baseform with the a We use it after a noun to describeor identifu the noun. This tlpe of ing' clausefunctions like
a relative clause.
'ing'clause

The men standing in the doorway look suspicious. EXAMPLES:

Qrr
relatrve clause

The men who are standing in the doorway look suspicious.

ing'clause

The boy addressingthe group of visitors is one of our friends.

'ing'clause

Gqsr"ftJ

We know the boy addressingthe group of visitors .

@;lCrossouttheincorrectVeIbformStocompletetheSentenceS'
with iust a few strokesof his pen. I That cartoonist create I creates wonderful characters 2 Sandra correctI corrects her children wheneverthey make a mistake. 3 The lawyer handles I handli
m y c a s ei s o u I o f t o w n .

4 The ship'ssail is slackenI is slackenin now that the wind has dropped. 5 Mary and Lily I want I wants I to go for a drive in my new car.
6 She ordered food from a caterer
.7 a

specialises I specialisingin Chinese food.

MrWearnes lavish I lavishes his wife with gifts on their wedding anniversary. to himself when I walked in. a laundrette.

B Peter mutter I was mutterin I Mr Kim and his wife l 0 This cream

ratins I are ooeratin

rotect I Drotects your skin from the harsh rays of the sun.

@4FillintheblankswiththecorrectWordSintheboxes.
t (a) Bob (b) Don't her permission. h i so p p o n e n d t u r i n gd e b a t e s . your sisterby taking her things without antagonise
allt

2 (a) The girls the hall. (b) They station.

(a) The lady (b) My sister (a) He (b) The editor

paper flowers are going to decorate

are making
making

arrangementsto fetch you from the bus

her son's letterlooks sad. poetry whenever she feelssad. daily in searchof a job. the newspaper
the report noticed it had a number

reads reading scrutinises scrutinisi

of errors. 5 (a) The band Philippines. (b) She at the hotel loungeis from the
h e r g u e s t sw i t h s t o r i e so l h e r t r a v e l s .

entertaining is entertainin

The verb in the box shouldbe at one of the two placesmarked ( Circlethe correct( .
I Kathy (voluntary work at the hospital( once a fortnight. 2 The player( with the refereeis ( Alan. 3 Larry ( the overheadbridge( to get to his office. 4 The athletes (impatiently( for the gamesto begin. 5 The expedition team ( out earlier than the otherswants to reachthe village before( nightfall. 6 George(what you have done (for his family. 7 The government(a greatdeal of importance(on self-reliance. 8 The inhabitants ( against(the logging activitiesin their area. the praise. 9 She( that Liz is the one who ( deserves 10 The woman (to Samuelis ( a TV reporter.
does

arguing
USES

are waiting setting appreclares places areprotesting insists speaking

.rrr-l!=

The mistakesin the use of verbs have been underlined. Write the correct verb forms in the boxes.
Ellen Hunter running her own business.She manageeventssuch as annual dinners, talks and birthdays.Thoseuse her servicesinclude banks,fashion housesand governmentagencies. At the moment, Ellen is managethe promotion of a new product for a cosmetichouse. I 2 3

T-l |
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YOUR SCORE I
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having many Sheand her team of five assistants For instance, thingsto do beforethe specialoccasion. have send out invitation cardsand her assistants packages door gifts for the guests.Ellen need to finalise the programme and plan what shehasto sayas the Masterof Ceremonies. Ellendemandthe best not onlv from but also from herself.Shesetsthe her assistants her standardand they have to follow it. Because work is highly professional,Ellen'sclients often her to their friendsand associates. recommends

@-']UnderlinethesentenceswithmistakesandrewritethemcorrectlyuSing verbswith the's' or'ing' ending,or the'ing' clause.

Tina David Tina David Tina David Tina Martin David,looksat that signlTheroad leadsto Dolphin'sBayis under repair. That'sall right. We can use the other road to Dolphin's Bay. That road have a lot of potholes.I think we should go somewhereelsetoday. Okay.Takemy mobile phone from the glovecompartment and phone Martin. He lives about 20 minutes away.We'll visit him if he'sfree today. His phone is ring. . . I don'tthink he'sin. he goesriding or he play a game of tennis at his club. Oh, I forgot. On Saturdays Let'scheckwhere he is. I'll call him on his handphone . . . Hi, Martin. Tina here. \;\trere are you? Hi, I wasjust about to call you. I'm in front of your house.I wanted surprisethe two ofvou.
I 2 Dauid,look at that sigrt!

UNTTT"5VERBS
with'ed' ending

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

,9@

'&-

rr -

POINTS

'ed' ending for the past tense. We use the baseform of a verb with the Mary encouragedher daughterto study music. EXAMPLES: The devicemeasured her blood pressureaccurately. Tom'sillnesscausedus a lot of anxiety. The associationcalled for a pressconferenceon Saturday.
REMEMBER! r The following are some ways of forming the past tenseof regularverbs: baseform of verb endingin'e' +'d' baseform of verb +'ed'
EXAMPLES: CATN+ CATNCd EXAMPLES: ATgUE + ATgUCd

reign - reigned endingin2f i' +'ed' baseformofverb EXAMPLES: bury - buried worry+worried

refuse- refused

baseformofverbendinginaconsonant + the same consonant+'ed' EXAMPLE : m+m+ed-crammed cS ra refer+r+ed-referred 'x' doesnot applyto'w', and'y'. Note that the doublingof consonants 'ed' ending. r The past tenseof an irregularverb doesnot consistof the baseform of the verb with + go went catch caught EXAMpLES: bend - bent weave+ wove tise - rose set - set

with We use the past participle in perfect tenseswith the verb'to have' and passivesentences 'to the verb be. (present perfecttense) They have decided to do the job. EXAMpLES: (pastperfect tense) Ian had called for an ambulance. (passive sentence) are accepted. Your suggestions (passive sentence) The widowwas comforted bv her friends.

10

REMEMBER! r Thepastparticiple is thebase form of theverbwith the'ed'endingfor a regular verb.It is formedin otherwaysfor irregular verbs.
Baseform Regularverbs finish wlpe Irreguiarverbs (TWoforms the same) lrregularverbs (Threeforms different) Irregularverbs (Threeforms the same) hear
leave eat

Past form finished wiped heard left

ate

Past participle form finished

wiped heard

left
eaten taken cost

take cost put

took cost put

put

The past participle on its own is a non-finite verb.We use it after a noun to describewhat happenedto the noun. This type of 'ed' clausefunctions like a relativeclause.
EXAMPLES: ,ed.clause

The skier trapped in the snowstorm is an American.

._r. tlerl, Qgrgru

relative clause

The skier who is trapped in the snowstorm is an American.

'cd'clause

The car abandoned by the robbers had a falsenumber plate.

'ed'clause

The policeexaminedthe car abandoned by the robbers

I

Ugg::'bj

Q9!U Qerysleq!,

REMEMBER! participles r Present areactive in meaning whilepastparticiples arepassive in meaning.

FXAIIPI F: ing clarrse

The pedestrian suing the motorist is very upset.

(Thepedestrian is doing the action.)

'ed'clause

The pedestrian sued by the motorist is verv upset.

(Thepedestrian is receivingthe action.)

ll

@ aC r o s s o u t t h e i n co rre ctve rb fo rmstocompletethesentences.

I The policeman issuedI was issued the motorist a ticket for speeding. of the two countries. 2 Gifts exchanged I were exchanged between the representatives 3 He suffered I was suffered a lot of bruiseswhen he fell from a tree. 4 The building designed I wasdesigned by Mr Shawis remarkable.
c

His tenant

h a s d e c i d e d I w a s d e c i d e d to move out of the apartment in September.

6 The tired old man accepted the seat offered I was offered by Mrs Evans.
n
I

Tours arranged I have a

by that travel agencyare hectic.

I The information I The naly t0

rovided I was orovided bv the media was inaccurate.

havenoticedlwerenoticed some strangeactivitiesalong the coastline.

pudding by our hostess. served I were served chocolate

@r]riuintheb1ankswitheitherthepresentorpaStparticipleformofthe verbsin the brackets.

I This is the first stadium 2 The buses 3 The contingent 4 The people rain. 5 The spectators stadium.
6 The athlete
I

(design)by local architects. (provide)sports fans with transport were very comfortable. (march) into the stadium right now is from Canada. (seat)in the open standswere drenched during the healry

(behave)in a rowdy manner were orderedto leavethe

(sprint) far aheadof the rest is from Ghana. (donate)by the sports media was a silver figure on a golden

The trophy globe.

B A doctor attended to the player

(injure) during the match between Italy and Korea.

I The player _ (honour) by the media for his skill and sense of fairplay wasVincent Mandela. l0 Policetried to control the large group of fans Vincent Mandela.

(surround)
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YOUR SCORE I

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@gFillintheblankswiththecorreCtwordsinthebox.
arrived was arrived have invested were invested covered was covered made were made has cleared was cleared recovered has recovered

huddled were huddled rushed was rushed

loaded have loaded suggested was suggested

I The girls 2 The food from the caterers 3 The little boy 4 Mrs Booth suffereda stroke and
J

around the fireplaceare Emily'sfriends. just before the first guestdid. in mud from head to foot. to hospital. for planting. from a gunshot wound.
a lot of time and money in that project.

The land belongingto FarmerHudson

6 That soldier
n
a

They

B We decidedto take the route 9 The pancakes l 0 The boxes medicalsupplies.

by Sam. by your mother are very light. onto the four lorries contained

@4Tenoftheunder1inedverbsareincorrect.WIitethecorrectVerbSintheboxes provided.
A newTVprogrammeproduceby East-West Network has capturethe attention of millions of viewersthroughout the world. The programme called Cornerstones.Itis about people and values.The network crew travelled all over the world to interviewed individuals and Theywerefilmed 10episodes communities. this year and hope to do another l0 next year. The first episodescreenedlast night in both Germany and Holland. It was featureda tribe in Asia that has retain its old way of life despitean awareness The people was interviewed in the of modern science. episodelead simplelivesand illnessis uncommon amongthem. "Your modern world has brought into existence more problems than solutions,"remarkedKoru Nokos, KarenLing. "I was agree the tribal chief, to Cornerstones' to this interview so that the outsideworld can learnt from us."
+

line I 2

produced

line 5 6 7 B 9 line t 0 1l t2 13 I4 line 15 16 a

.-J!r! YOUR SCORE I

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AGREEMENT UNTT 2"T SUBIECT.VERB

the number of, a lot ol indefinite pronouns

below. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Points section. Grammar

GRAMMAR POINTS

1/

@@ //

The number of distinguishedguestsat the party were impressive. The number of distinguishedguestsat the party was impressive. A lot of money have been spent on the new highway project. A lot of money has been spent on the new highway project. Everybody in my office hope to get a bonus at the end of the month. Everybody in my office hopes to get a bonus at the end of the month.

r\r
Q"*r*PorNrs
We use a singular verb with the phrase the number of. We use a plural verb with the phrase a number of. EXAMPLES: E number oTstudents w.ereabsent today. Thenumberof club members hasincreased this year.
REMEMBER! r The phrasesa number of and the number of can only go with plural countablenouns.

We use singular verbs with the words a lot of, all, all of, most of, some and some of when they go with uncountable nouns.We use plural verbswith thesewords when they go with plural countable nouns. EXAMpLES: lltost ofltne stuff at the back of the storeroom is useless.

lMost of lour friends are coming to watch us perform tonight.

T4

lA lot of lsympathy needs to be extendedtowardsearthquakevictims.

I

(gIg$IIg:, Ft"t "fl

Glggl3ryU

d_nv91s ne-edextra practice before their driving test.

@@
I E pronouns. Weusesingular verbswith indefinite
EXAMPLES:

is invited to the wedding celebrationsnext week.

\ll"ou!,

Nothing has been done to improve the drainagein our housing estate.

REMEMBER!
r Indefinite pronouns referto people or things without pointing out exactlywho or what they are.The following are indefinite pronouns: anybody nobody anyone noone anything nothing everybody somebodv everyone someone everything something

@4J

Underlinethe correct verbsin the brackets.

I A lot of concrete ( was used / were used ) to build this thick retaining wall. 2 Somegeese( was splashing/ were splashing) in the water. 3 The number of books written on the protection of wildlife ( are / is ) enormous. 4 Everythingin the examination hall ( look / looks ) neat and orderly. 5 Anyone in that family( are i is ) capableof cooking a good meal. 6 A number of tourists ( was filming / were filming ) the colourful pageant. 7 A lot of glue ( has been used / have been used ) to put up this giant poster. I No one ( was able to see / were able to see) the signpostsin the dark. 9 Most of the clotheson sale ( don't / doesnt ) appealto me. l0 Something( are / is ) wrong with my car. It just refusesto start.

ttj?rfirtf
I Everyone
2 Nobody

Fill in the blankswith the correctforms of the verbsin the brackets.

(be) surprisedwhen they heard the sounds of fireworks. (like) to be reminded of the mistakeshe or she has made before. (have)doubled this

3 We are pleasedbecausethe number of floats at the pageant year.

l5

4 All the company'sproperty 5 A number of members _ 6 Something -

(be) sold last week to pay off its debts. (participate)in the club'snew activitieseveryday.

(need)to be done about the litter in the shoppingcentre. (be) causedby cars and factories. (annoy)me. (have)alreadyreported the accident. (have)changedthe way of life of this unique

7 Most of the pollution in this city B An1'thingthat disturbs me while I'm reading g You don't have to call the police. Someone l0 For hundreds of years,nothing community.

-5 YOUR SCORE I

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Each item may only be usedonce.
a lot of everything a number of nothing anyone somebody anything something everybody the number of

l.'4il

I 2

was busy at the hotel'sreception counter, so we had to wait. rain has fallen and our driveway is completelyflooded.
in it has been rearranged.

3 This room looks quite different from before. 4

J

apartment blocks here have their own swimming pools. dented my car and just drove away. vehicleson the road todav is relativelvsmall becauseof the holiday. taken my notebook?I can't find it anyrarhere. about this placeremindsme of my childhoodhome. exceptthe wind disturbs the animals living in this arid desert you offer is readily acceptedby charity salecommittees. rYOUR SCORE I

6 7 Has B I l0

@.'glRewritethesentencesusingcorrectverbforms.
I A number of customerswas queuing to pay for their purchases.

L,'

17,

2 I can't contact Sarah.Someonehave damagedthe public phone in this booth'

l6

3 A lot of freshly grated cheeseare used for this pizza topping.

4 The number of studentsin the literature classhave increaseddramatically.

5 Everyhing been done to prevent the river from bursting its banks.

Underline the sentences that are incorrect and rewrite them using correct verb forms.
Betty shriekedwith horror when she enteredher bedroom. Everlthing was in a messlNothing were in its usual place anymore.Someonehad ransackedher cupboards.A number of her clotheswas strewn on the floor. Someof her shoesand handbagswere on her bed. Her trinket box was wide open. All her jewellerywere missing.Shefelt miserablebecausesome of the pieceshad been given to her by relativesand friends. Everyonein the housewas startledto hear Betty'scries.They rushed upstairsto find out what was wrong. The number of things stolen were not the only problem. Somethinginside Betty were deeply a total stranger, had looked through all her personalthings. Betty felt very wounded. Somebody, upset. I

t7

AGREEMENT UNIT 2"2 SUBIECT.VERB

nouns,there + verb'to be' abstract

below. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
His wealth have not caused him to forget the needsofothers. His wealth has not caused him to forget the needsofothers. 2A 28 There were severefamine in some parts of Africa last year. Therewas severefamine in some parts of Africa last vear.

GRAMMAR POINTS

-r i\ A"t
,

JGRAMIVIAR PoINTS

nouns. with abstract Weusesingularverbs Integrity is an important quality in leadership. EXAMPLE:

REMEMBER! r An abstractnoun refers to a feeling, an idea or a quality. It may be something that cannot be seenor touched. joy, wisdom, youth excitement,freedom,intelligence, EXAMPLES: r Abstractnouns can be used: (a) as subjectsby themselves (b) as head words in noun phrases
EXAMPLES: noun phrase- subject

is required for a gymnast to gain international status. "" "'f'--'-

@
noun phrase- subjecl

ffi
- l

haswon her several awards.

$]rtC!'al:ga -/

( head word )

We can use the words there + verb'to be' when we want to statethat something existsor 'to be' is singular or uncountable,we use happens.lVhen the subjectthat comes after the verb 'to be'.lVhen the subject is plural, we use the plural form. form of the singular

18

present tense form of 'to be' E){AMPLES: Thereis I new grocertsto,relnear the junction. |----------------

ele$ls!,

Gle!l:l'"!rg,

past tenseform of 'to be' There was

@@
presentperfect tenseform of 'to be' There havrc.bgen -

Qlsr"s!'

Glrryll""t

@4J

wordsin the brackets. Underline the correct

I The truth about the situation in those two rival companies ( is / are ) going to be exposed. 2 His gentle manner of speaking( make / makes) everyonefeel at ease. 3 There ( was / were ) public anger againstthe changein the tax laws. 4 There has been great ( improvement / improvements) in that child'sreading ability. 5 Bitternessbetweentwo departmentsoften ( cause/ causes) problems in an organisation. 6 Gratitude ( has / have ) been conveyedto all thosewho donated to the charity. 7 The country's security ( is / are ) greatlythreatenedby foreign armies on the border. B There have been significant ( change/ changes) in the education systemrecently. 9 The tranquil surroundingsof the 200-year-oldpalace ( give / gives) us a glimpse into the past. l0 There ( was / were ) genuine loyalty among the troops who fought to protect the president.

@jJ Cros s o u t t h e i n co rre ctV e rb fo rmS to c ompletethesentences'

I TheretrasFer
nation. 2 The speedat which the cheetahchasesits prey [a*l-i! remarkable. by a popular uprising.

to honourall thosewho had giventheirlivesfor the I a momentof silence

3 The power of the ruling party was challengedlwere challe

4 Iohn'sability to read other people'sminds f"* [ii_l truly amazing. c There has been I have been great concern over the rise in the number of traffic accidents. 6 Badweather on public holidays discourageI discourages people from going out.

19

7 Approval for the playground project hasbeen I havebeen granted by the city council. B There ["*It large numbers of pigeonsnesting in this area.

9 The scent of roses I fill I fills I the air as the morning breezedrifts into the room. wish to become a test pilot tra.l*"*l l0 Dave's eyetest. squashedwhen he failed his

Tickthe correctsentences.

I His generousdonations to the charitieshas helped them greatly. 2 Iack'smanagementof the financial crisishas savedthe company from ruin. 3 Kelly'scalm and sensibleattitude makesher easyto work with. 4 Therewere a crowd of spectatorswaiting for the motor car rally to begin. 5 The new waiter'sefficiencywas quickly noted by the manager. 6 The beautiful beachesof that island attract many visitors eachyear. 7 Therewere greatrelief among us when MrWellington arrived. peaksare unforgettable. B The majesty of the snow-covered I Temporaryshelterwas provided for all thosewho had lost their homes in the fire. l0 The stressfulwork environment have causedmany people to leavethe firm. --i
a/l

YOUR SCORE I

=r

@DlCircletlrecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
There is some kitchen. That awful noise that I bought for tonight's barbecuein the all of us in the office. a lot of sense. chicken distract make
has

l,/ -

l7a

chickens distracts makes

3 Brian'stheoriesof management4 Low self-esteem _been articles.

in many magazine discussed

have

waiting in the departure hundreds of passengers ThereIounge becauseof the sudden cancellationof flights. 6 Fatiguesometimessyslem. 7 There report. to a breakdownin the body'simmune Iead are
COSI

leads
IS

a number of detailsthat have been deletedfrom this more than in

of the discounteditems here actuallySeveral the other outlets.

COSTS

peoplein interestamonghealth-conscious There oils. aromatherapy l 0 The renewal of one'syouth -what the advertisementoffers.

hasbeen

havebeen -..SCORE I -YOUR

l,/' D4

20

@4JFillintheblankswiththecorreCtformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
I For many decadesalready,illiteracy of many countries. development 2 Plenty of exercise 3 There morning. 4 Carelessness
c

(be) an obstacle in the

(contribute) to a person'shealth and vitality. (be) extensivedamageto the roof becauseof high winds this.
(lead) to accidents on the road.

There choice.

(be) so many qpes of fruits at the stall that it was difficult to make a (go)a long way towards (prevent)them from

6 The good attitude of this hotel staff always making their guestsfeel welcome.
n
I

Rivalry among the villagersstill persists.It for mutual benefit. cooperating that he comes from Cyprus.

B in life 9 Challenges 1 0 Anxiety

(be) a greatdeal of curiosity about Lisa'sfiance.We only know (help) to build character. (grip) people beforejob interviews.
l}!!!t

f7l | , , ' r f-t )l

l//

voun sconr I
l

@FlRewritethesentencesusingcorrectverbforms.
I Thereare somethingon the table.Doesit belongto you?

2 The weather have been so hot in the last few daysthat many people have sufferedsunburn.

3 Toleranceplay an important role in making a happy community.

with house prices are often hard for his friends to bear. 4 His obsession

5 The talents of the young musician was recognisedby the music school.

2l

AGREEMENT UNIT 2"8 SUBIECT-VERB

adjectivesas nouns, gerunds,units of measurement

below.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
The elderly requires volunteers who can provide them with transport. The elderly require volunteers who can provide them with transport. Smoke severalcigarettes daily can damage a person'slungs. Smoking severalcigarettesdaily can damagea person'slungs. Three hundred dollars are a lot of monev to spend on a pair ofshoes. Three hundred dollars is a lot of money to spend on a pair of shoes.

GRAMMAR POINTS

E/"."*
E

We use plural verbs with some adjectivesthat behaveas nouns. The young are vulnerable to certain illnesses. EXAMPLES:

@@
The homeless were helped by the Welfare Department.

----r. (:!!".,
Theseadjectivescome with the in front of them and are used to refer to groups of people. the old, the poor, the rich, the unemployed EXAMPLES: The's' or'es'plural ending is not added to thesewords even though they alwaysrefer to more than one person. EXAMPLE: The injured have been taken to the hospital.

n
E

The injureds have been taken to the hospital.

We use singularverbswith'ing' verb forms that behaveas nouns. Suchverb forms are also known as gerunds. Cycling up this slope needs a lot of stamina. EXAMPLES:

Gry9,
tl

trelg:glj G$$ryl,
22

Labelling of the tins takes place before they are packedfor export.

Gry!,

REMEMBER! r A gerund is thebase form of a verbwith 'ing' ending. It behaves asa noun.
EXAMPLES:Walking is a good form of exercise.

We use singularverbs with expressions of distance,money,time, weight, etc, if they refer to a singlesum or quantiry. Thir.{millio-n dgllars ha9 been spent on the new train terminal. EXAMPLES:

L$fg,

(.'ryrg"*q,

Eight hours of good sleep enables us to be alert all day.

@4J

wordsin the brackets. Underlinethe correct

1 The handicapped ( don't often receive/ doesn'toften receive) enough considerationfrom the community. a mountain givesa senseof total freedom. 2 ( Ski / Skiing) do",rm 3 More than a million dollars ( was donated / were donated ) to help the earthquakevictims in SouthAmerica. for baking the muffins. 4 Forty minutes ( was / were ) the time suggested 5 (Worked / Working ) during the school holidayshas provided me with extra money. 6 During the French Revolution,the ( oppressed/ oppression) rose up againstthe government. 7 Ten miles ( are / is ) a long way to go to buy milk and eggs. I The ( educated / education ) have an important role to play in a nation'sdevelopment. 9 Cooking ( occupies/ occupy ) a greatdeal of my mother's time. sufficient money to support her family. t0 ( Tailor / Tailoring) has earnedTeresa

@4

Tickthe correctsentences.

I Crossingthis dangerousriver require plenty of courage. 2 Five hundred thousand dollars was stolen from the bank vault this afternoon. ambush. 3 The guilty was detainedby the police after yesterday's 4 Solvingcrosswordpuzzlestakesup much of myfree time. 5 More than two hours is neededto complete this assignment. 6 The wealthy has become richer becauseof the new tax cuts. 7 Bullying younger workers is a deplorableform of behaviour. 23

B The sick in the refugeecamps were attended to by a voluntary group of doctors. 9 Lessthan four hundred kilometresseparatethe city from the main port. l0 Polishinghis model vintage cars keep my brother busy during weekends.

@ClcirclethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS'
I Climbingup steepmountain slopes and stamina. both endurance requlre relax demand
are

requrres relaxes demands

IS

After using the computer for a long time, looking into the the eyes. distancefor about five minutes 3 The disabled 4 The French5

access to public buildings. easier noted for their food and fashion. to ensureyour wonders for

Buying a life insurancepolicy _ children have some security.

help
do

helps
does

a dav At leasthalf an hour of exercise one'shealth. A thousanddollars summer vacation.

a lot of money to spendon a a helping hand to those both excellentways eyestrain.

CAUSC

IS

always The compassionate in trouble. Painting and listening to music to relax. l 0 Readingin poorly lit places

extend

extends

IS

CAUSCS

r--t:

E@4

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.

ffi
(make)her a

I Kim'sability to sing both pop songsaswell asjazz numbers sought-afterentertainerthesedays. 2 The elderly tomorrow

(have)specialseatsset asidefor them at the concert

3 Our guide will take you to a section of the city where the rich and famous (live).
4 Walkingbriskly up the slope daily
5

(help) me to keep slim. (be) a long time to wait for a taxi or a bus. (be)handedoverin compensation (show)he has a senseof humour.

TWohours

6 Almost fifteen thousand dollars yesterday. talk on orocrastination Mr Lee's

24

B Diving into the seafrom this high cliff adventurous. 8 The poor in everycountry l0 Five kilometres to school.

(be) only for the daring and

(deserve) to have an education.

---_YOUR SCORE I a / att a

(be) quite a distancefor her to walk everyday

a,/

)71

@rl

Some of the sentencescontain mistakes"Underline the mistakes and write the correct\^rords in the boxes.

I Harvestingtakesplace in late summer when the wheat grains are ripe. 2 Payingtwo million dollars for that grand old mansion are reasonable. 3 Discussingthis problem is a u/asteof valuabletime. the lamb takesat leasttwo-and-a-half hours. 4 Roasted was takenon a specialconductedtour of the historicfort. 5 The disabled 6 Weedingthis large gardenis an exhaustingjob. 7 Four hundred dollars is a large sum of money to pay for a minor repair. B The soldierswere awardedmedalsfor their courageduring the war. 9 Honest is an important virtue. l0 Famoushave their photos printed in the societycolumns of the papers.
.---L-

voun scone I
,/l
/ atta

@lJRewritethesentenceSuSingcorrectverbforms'
t The selfishseldom notices the pain and sufferingof others.

|
a

a,/

D/l

2 Teachchildren requirescreativity and versatility.

3 More than a million dollars were spent by the governmenton improving the facilitiesin schools.

48 hourswithoutstopping havemadehim ill. 4 Working

5 The underprivilegedwas treatedto a specialdinner last night.

25

ANDPRESEN PRESENT U"T SIMPTE UN]TT TENSES CONTINUOUS

below. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Points section. Grammar
My father is reading the newspapers every morning before leaving for the office. My father reads the newspaperseverymorning beforeleavingfor the office. in businessstudiesfor eight Gracetakes night classes months and hopes to obtain a diploma later. in businessstudiesfor Graceis taking night classes eight months and hopes to obtain a diploma later. The conducted tour of the museum is beginning in half an hour. The conducted tour of the museum begins in half an hour. 4A In the play, Pete is portraying a young man who loses his heart to a beautiful but cold woman. 48 In the play,Peteportrays a young man who loseshis heart to a beautiful but cold woman.

GRAMMAR POINTS

u\l fJ"*ot**

lPoINrs

Simple present tense We can use this to refer to regular actions (habits),current situations or factsin general.
EXAMPLEI

Present continuous tense We can use this to refer to new habits (or repeatedactions)which happen around the time of speaking or r,t'rititg
EXAMPLE:

David complains a lot about everything becausehe'san impatient person.

Andy is complaining a lot about his work lately.He used to be a happier person.

Simple present tense We can use this to refer to more long-lasting or permanent situations.
EXAMPLE:

Present continuous tense We can use this to refer to situationswhich are temporary (lastingfor a short time around the present).
EXAMPLE:

Penny works in her father's construction company. 26

Terenceis running his aunt'sshop until she recoversfrom her illness.

Simplepresent tense We can use this to refer to actionswhich are going to happen very soon, or future actions which happen regularlyaccordingto a timetable or schedule,
EXAMPLE:

Present continuous tense We can use this to refer to planned future actions.

EXAMPLE:

The show starts in 15 minutes.

Some old friends are visiting us next week.

Simple present tense We can use this to refer to short actions happening at the time of speaking(e.g. during sports commentaries).Wealso use this in reviewsof plays,films or bookr:
EXAMPLE:

Present continuous tense We can use this to refer to actions (especially longer actions)happening at the time of speakingor writing.
EXAMPLE:

The ball goesinto the net and it's another point for the Redsin this excitingbasketball final!

The lecturersare holding a meeting now to discussthe students'progress.

@3Un d e r l i n e t h e c orre ctve rb fo rmsi n th ebr ackets.

I Our neighbour ( comes / is coming ) over now for a game of chesswith my father. 2 Eduardo ( kick / kicks ) the ball into the net. It's another goal for the Italians! 3 Adam ( lectures/ is lecturing ) part-time in the collegewhile he is pursuing his doctorate. 4 Tim ( accuses/ is accusing) us of causinghis computer problem. 5 The gamewardens ( are patrolling / patrol ) the reserveat intervals to ensurethe animals are safe from poachers. 6 To appeasethe workerswho are on strike,the management ( is promising / promises) to improve conditions in the factory. 7 She ( is seeing/ sees) more of her family nowadays.Sheused to visit them only once a month. B Iason often ( is keeping / keeps) very late hours. I am worried about his health. 9 Mr Hogan ( is producing / produces) Shakespeare's Rorneo and Julietfor the drama festivalwhich opensin two months'time. l0 Mrs Lee ( is resting / rests) at home after the surgerylast week. Shewill be back at work by the end of the month.

27

@Fi[intheblankswiththecorrecttenSeoftheverbsinthebox.
deny set off design stay object train permeate vanish play worry

I Water 2 The city 3 Paramedics answercallsfor help. 4 My aunt always

D

the top layersof the soil and is takenin by the roots of plants. thousandsof fireworks to celebratethis vear'sArts Festival.
for long hours at the hospital before they are sent out to

about her health and insiststhat sheis very ill. ofthe thesedaysbecause

The art of making handcraftedfurniture competition from low-cost factory products.

6 Tim Hawke and injustice in this movie.

the role of a small-town lawyer who fights againstcorruption at a friend'splace for a few months until our house is completed. work. that he hasbeen doing careless the interior of both homes and offices. to the inheritance laws in this country. l,/ )7'l '-!!!=

7 We B He I
She

YOUR SCORE I

l 0 He

tt fiItT'{e

the sentences. to complete formsin theboxes out the incorrectverb Cross

I The contractors areguaranteeing I guarantee that thev will be able to refurbish the office to our satisfaction. The team is making I makes some striking costumesfor the international competition next month. 3 My father does I is doi the cookingwhile my mother is in hospital to review its parking fee guidelinesat the next

4 The managementcouncil intend I is intendi meeting.

In this film, Iulian Russell is acting I acts as a young nobleman who falls in love with a farmer's daughter. 6 Joan is takins I takes part in tomorrow's debate.Sheand her team membersare debatingthe propositionthat'Capitalpunishmentshould be abolished'.
1 I

History always

1S

ti

ats itself.This has been shown manv times.

B At the moment, the Rotarians are mapplng lmap the route for the treasurehunt. 9 Alice is spending I spends the next few days at my house before flying back to Melbourne.
l0

brings I is bringing home a lot of work from the office and this alwavs upsetshis wife.
Howard

28

@4Circlethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I The government on all able-bodied young men to _ sign up for the armed services. 2 Suecan't come to the phone right now. She_ for her houseke1,s, which sheseemsto havemisplaced. 3 Tom and Julie a cybercafein their neighbourhood. are calling is looking are openmg
arrlve

calls look open

is calling looks opens

is arriving

4 \\4ren my father _ home from work, it is usually well past 6.30in the evening. 5 The boys and I frequently_ use the car. \44ren the high-techbubble globewill suffer.
-, I

arrives

about whose turn it is to are fighting all overthe , economies burst enrol create hire bursts enrols creates hires
come

fight

fights

is bursting is enroll is creatin is hiring

comes

Kate_

for courses in business and financenext term.

beautiful window displavsfor this lessie_ departmentstore. The supermarket part-time assistants to help out _ during the holidayseason next month.

t 0 Youngpeople from all over the war-torn country _

togetherto make a public appealfor peace.
are coming

ffiF;=.*"
@SomeoftheSentenceSbelowareincorrect.ReWritethemCorreCtly.m
I We think of going to the flea market in the park this Sunday.

2 You alwayssaythat you need a holiday but you have not taken a day off for months.

3 For the whole of next week,the collegeorganises careertalks to give studentsan in-depth knowledge of the variousprofessions.

4 Carolis lecturingin psychology at an instituteof management. Shehasbeen therefor five vears.

5 Robin and his family move to an apartment in my areanext month.

29

TENSE PAST UNTT 8=2 SIMPTE

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences section' Points Grammar

.RAMMAR
POINTS

@m

lnl974, my uncle and his family are leaving to Australia. settlein Sydney, ln 1974,my uncle and his family left to settlein Sydney,Australia. ThroughoutWorldWar II, planescontinually bomb enemy positions and installations. ThroughoutWorld War II, planescontinually bombed enem)'positionsand installations. Many yearsago,the band used to performed at lunchtime in the square. Many yearsago,the band used to perform at lunchtime in the square.

U"-

TMARP'I
We use the simple past tensefor an action or an event that occurred in the past and is finished To indicate the past,we use adverbsor phrasesof time such as the at the time of speaking. followins: in 1990 manyyearsago at one time
last month
EXAMPLE:

later

for children at her ranch to help pay Sometimelast year,Anne decided to begin riding classes making the decisionis a past action which is ouer.) for the cost of running the stables. (Anne's

A r

We use the simple past tenseto refer to an action which took place over a period of time in the magazinesor past and is fini;hea, or to report certain past eventsor situationsin newspapers, journals. Andrew served as a test pilot with the air force for six yearsbefore he joined a EXAMpLES: commercial airline. A)astaction lastingfor a period of time) Hundreds of schoolchildren,cheeringand waving flags,greeted the visiting heads of state. (rePorton a Pasteuent) We use used to + baseform of verb to refer to an action or an event which took place regularly in the past but which doesnot happen anymore' EXAMPLE: We used to swim and play tennis every Sunday at the club when we were college students. 30

f,f,[!fffi| e I rictthecorrectsentences.
I We passby the office just now but we didn't seeAngie. 2 The ministry deliberatedfor someyearsbefore introducing computers into schools. 3 Last night, I have a shockwhen I went to my car and found its tyres missing. 4 The yearsfrom 1975to l9B5 saw a boom in that country'sconstruction industry. 5 We use to mix the cakebatter with a wooden spoon beforewe bought a blender. 6 The chairman launch the new insuranceschemefor the workers last year. 7 Later,the mayor congratulatedthe teams for putting on a splendid show. B As a boy of 16,I used to walk up this hill very often to find a quiet place to read. 9 The thick acrid smoke sting my eyesand I could not seewhere I was going. l0 Uncle Bill's talesof adventurethrilled us and we believedeveryword he said.
.-_jlFt YOUR SCORE I
/ atla )74

tr@4

underlinethe correct wordsin thebrackets.

-a ,,/

I In the olden days,workers (treat / treated ) their employerswith greatformality.

2 Not long ago,Brazil ( set up / setsup ) a conservationschemeto savethe giant turtles of the Amazon from extinction. 3 In the 20th century advancesin medical scienceand communications ( outstrips / outstripped ) anything that man had imagined. 4 Sandra( is trying / tried ) to persuademe to go on the expedition to the National Forestbecause she didn't want to go alone. presentjob as a televisionreporter occasionally( placed / places) him in life-threatening 5 Peter's situations. 6 Marriage counsellorsnormally ( settle / settled) disputesby bringing both parties together to talk things over. 7 Pauls heroic act of rescuingthe baby trapped inside the burning house ( made / make ) the headlinesin the eveningpaper. B My aunt sometimes( overwhelms/ overwhelmed) the family with her kindness. 9 Lucy and I ( are living / live ) in Perth where we run a successful cateringbusiness. l0 My brothers ( use to sail / used to sail ) togetheron this lake when we lived here yearsago.

Fill in the blanks with the coffect presenttenseor past tenseforms of the verbs in the brackets.
I The news of the military uprising (shake)the stabilitv of the nation. 3l

2 The stiff formal fashionsfor women in the Victorian age and uncomfortable. cumbersome 3 The policedepartment collision on the highway this morning. 4 The rain
5

(be)

(still investigate)the causeof the massive (beat)againstthe window and kept us awakeall night. (be)so low that

the pricesof most commodities In the 1950's, people today find them unbelievable.

6He and poor sales.

(now think) of selling the shoe store because of high overheads fscoff) at the idea that women

7 A half-century ago,many PeoPle would riseto positionsof importance. B Thesedays,Jeff I My father a birthday party for his sister.

(begin)to be more awareof his responsibilities. (surprise)everyonein the family last week by organising (stunl the audience
-Et YOUR SCORE I
a/a

l0 Her beautiful, traditional dress who gaspedin admiration.

l,/ -

.v,

@D]CircIethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
young man I Last Sundaynight, a car driven by a reckless and fell into a canal near mv house. the hospital managementto give The nurses-with for the exams. revise them free time to Aunt Zelda people. the times when the old house was full of overturn overrurneo plead usedto recall

arepleading useto recall carried car

out their duties The boys of the seventhcavalryto war. diligently when they were sent Women in the tribe -their work in the fields for hours. babiesto their backsand

A renewedinterestin ethnic languagesand customs among many communities now. over all aspectsof the problem last night and We -havecome to a decision. the president's All morning, the senatevigorously-proposalto give medical benefitsto the poor. Doctors alwaysregularly. us to eat in moderation and exercise

is spreading think debate

advise

spreads

thought debated
advised

us when we were very young so that we 1 0 Our parentswould grow up to be respectfuland well-mannered'

useto discipline

usedto discipline -YOUR SCORE I

32

l -r "

-H

fff!fif|

E I Rewrite the sentences and correctthem.

I Samthreatening to quit his job threedavsagobecause he was bored.

2 In the spring,we usually planted rosebushesall along the gardenwall so we can eniovthe blooms in the summer.

teams dig tirelesslylast night to pull out the trapped miners from the pit. 3 Rescue

4 Last year we frequently meet at weekendsand discusscommon problems we faced.

5 Glen alwaystake chargeof the office while Miss Richardsis away and he ensuresthat everfhing runs smoothly.

-!a,/

YOUR SCORE I

)71

@RewritethereportbelowinthesimplepaSttenSe.
As I watch, the club members take out card tablesand set them up. Tuesdayis their games eveningand most of them like to play bridge or whist. One rvoman plays a game of solitaire.Shesometimesget up to walk around and observethe gamesat the other tables. Halfway through the eveningthere is a break for refreshments. A waiter servestea and coffeeand everybodyenjoysconversationwith their friends. Somepeople go home after this, but the enthusiasticplayersstay until quite late. As I watched,

F_ Ft YOUR SCORE I

T7l | ./to
.,/ t4

FA

33

TENSE CONTINUOUS UNTT 5=5 PAST

below. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

,@le""r*

y-":19 iqi{ !l g!ry1{ | 9y'9l q"lllt 11 _ _ _ - a" 11

lB

1A Lucy struggle to changeher punctured car tyre for Lucywas struggling to changeher punctured car tyre for more than an hour on the highwayyesterday.

Gloria was doing her laps at the pool, her coach 2A VVtrile timed her. 28 \MhileGloria was doing her laps at the pool, her coach was timing her. 3A The elderly couple were crossingthe road this morning

y!"-13Toto-"y:l':l-yr99:qql!93-{9Y"-' --3B The elderly couple were crossingthe road this morning when a motorcvclistknocked them down. Whenever we visited grandfather last year, he always reminding us to work hard. we visited grandfatherlast year,he was V,/henever always reminding us to work hard.

\\.)

TI

. /cnevuen porNrs
We use the past continuous tenseto show that an action was going on at a definite time in the past, or that an action or situation continued for a period of time in the past. At 4.30yesterdayafternoon, I was giving a solo recital at the music academy. EXAMpLES: (definite time in the past) Paul and his little son were painting with crayonsand watercoloursfor hours before dinnertime. (continuousaction in the past) We use the past continuous tense or the simple past tense for two actionsthat were going on at the sametime in the past. Alex was checking the accounts while Cynthia was reading her report. EXAMPLES:

E -

Alex checked the accountswhile Cynthia read her report.

34

To show that somethinghappenedwhile a longer action was going on in the past,we use the past continuous tensefor the longer action and the simple past tensefor the shorter action.
EXAMPLE:

Ted and I were trying to find our French dictionary when a friend came and lent us his.
pastconunuoustense

We use the past continuous tenseto refer to repeatedactions in the past with adverbsof frequencysuch as always or forever, or for future action that was planned in the past but did not takeplacefor somereason. Aunt Florawas forever telling me to registeringfor driving lessons. EXAMPLES: (repeated action) Zack was going to accept the job offer in London but changedhis mind later. (future action planned in the past but which did not happen)

|'Tfft??t|. 4 f Circlethe numbersof the correctsentences.

I found some old photographs. I \MhileI rearrangethe bookshelves, we going to visit our grandparents. 2 At this time yesterday, 3 Shewas sufferingfrom a toothachethe whole afternoon. 4 \Alhilethe presidentwas speaking,his secretary lackie was making short notes for reference. 5 As the carswere speedingaround the racing circuit, we hear a loud explosion. 6 Amy was keeping scoreas the teams battled for first place in the sciencequiz. 7 Cathywiping the tearsfrom her eyesas Mr O'Neil was playing the beautiful music. B The supervisorsat the factory were alwayspressingfor better working conditions. 9 We were so exhaustedthat we slept the whole morning. l0 The plane was flying at such a low altitude that we were having a clear view of the ColoradoRiver. _i'._ f*ry | ,,4o1 r>tl
a/'

@a

Cross out theincorectverbformsin theboxes.

I Helen testify ] testified for more than 20 minutes this afternoon at the hearing in the High Court. 2 \tVhileBob polishedI waspolishing his car,his sonswere cleaningthe wheels. 3 Les c o m o l a i n I c o m n l a i n e d of eyestrainfor some weeksbefore he changedhis glasses. 4 W e weregoingto face I are lacing a surging crowd of demonstratorsin the squareso we turned back. 5 Throughout the night, the rescueboats are looking for I were looking for survivorsof the plane crash.

35

6 People fought were fighti

to savetheir homes as the fire spreadquickly through the village. broughtj werebringing in bowlsof

-, \\ihile we sat chatting at the dining table, the waitress hot soup. steaming B Iohn navigated wasnavigating

the speedboat when it crashed into the ramp.

bread l-fi]CT fitl"al the air when the baker opened the oven door. 9 The aroma of freshly-baked l0 \\4rile we dig I were digging for artifactsat the site,DrWilliams suddenlygavean excitedshout.
4'

@JJFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
(1) \.VhileTom was taking
(take) a sharp bend in the road, I shouted

He (2) out to him to reducethe speed.

He (3)

(ignore) me completely. (blare)over the

(enjoy)the music that (4)

Angrily I (5) speakers. behaviourwhen I (7)

(reach)for the knob and switched off the radio. (quarrel) about his reckless

Tom glaredat me and turned it on again.We (6)

(see) a huge truck on the other side.It (B)

(puff) up the slope and occupied more than half the road. Tom (9) (cut) to the left to avoid the truck. The car (10)
r o a d a n d l a n d e d a g a i n s ta t r e e .A s w e ( 1I )

(fly) off the (crawl)out of the

r-t rYOUR SCORE I

window numb with shock,the music was still playing.

@SomeoftheverbsintheSentenceSareincorrect.UnderlinethemandwTitethe correctverbs in the boxes.

We clearedthe undergrowth in the gardenwhen we heard a hissing sound and saw the snake. Katy holding on tightly to the ladder while Timmy climbed up to the roof to get the tennis balls. Terry coughing so badly last night that she couldn't sleep. I was going to visit my aunt last Friday but I didn't have the time. The movie this afternoon is very entertaining. I didn't feel bored at all.

36

At about I I last night, Tony was counting the money and putting it away in bagsto be taken to the bank. Sarawas mentioning the times when we all slept in my tree house and we laughed at the memory. At the showroom this afternoon,while the salesman was pointing out all the exciting featuresof a new car,we were admiring another model. Joanwas goingto takeup medicinebut she decidedto do pharmacyinstead. l 0 I was feeling ill so I excusedmyself from the meeting.

ff[!l[l|

E I Rewrite the sentences and correctthem.

I We were knowing that everlthing in the report was grosslyexaggerated.

2 Alice is thinking of leavingthe company when someoneapproachedher with an attractivejob offer.

3 Iameswaiting for property prices to rise last month and he finally sold his house last week.

4 Peterand Lisagoingto get married in Iune but the weddinghas beenpostponed.

the developers trying to evict the squattersfrom the areabut the people 5 Yesterday, refusedto move.

37

PERFECT TENSE UNTT T=4PRESENT

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

We have reported the robbery to the police vesterdav. We have reported the robbery to the police. / We reported the robbery to the police yesterday. Mrs Kelly managed the accountssection for more than 12years.Sheis due to retire soon. Mrs Kelly has managed the accountssectionfor more than 12years. Sheis due to retiresoon. to Iackieyet. Shewas I didn't give your message not at school today. to Jackieyet. She I haven't given your message was not at school today. I hadn't time for lunch today.I'll get some tea and sandwicheslater. I haven't had time for lunch today.I'll get some tea and sandwicheslater.

We use the presentperfect tense,like the simple past tense,to talk about completed actions. we do not state However,unlike the simple past tensewhich is used with definite time phrases, the exacttime of an action with the presentperfect tense. EXAMPLES: SIMPLEPASTTENSE Patrickconducted a workshop for young working adults[ast weeFl. (completed action at definite time) PRESENT PERFECTTENSE Patrickhas conducted a workshop for young working adults. (completed action with no exacttime giuen)

We use the presentperfect tensewith words like since and for to refer to an action that beganin the past and is still going on at the point of speaking. PERFECT TENSE PRESENT TENSE H{AMPLES: SIMPLEPAST I studied at this collegefor five years. (I am no longerthere.) I was in this collegein 1998. (I am no longerthere.) I have studied in this collegefor five years. (I am still there.) I havebeen in this collegesince1998. (I joined the college in 1998 and I am still there.) 3B

We use the presentperfect tenseand not the simple past tensewith adverbsof indefinite time such as already and just to show completed actions,and yet to show that an action is expectedto happen but has not taken place at the point of speaking. We use never and ever with the presentperfect tenseto refer to a time frame that began in the indefinite past and continues up to the present.We do not use thesewords with the simple past tense.
EXAMPLES:

They have already signed the agreement with our firm. (completedaction) Have you ever noticed the squirrelsin our park? (Didyou notice them in the past? Haueyou noticed them up to now?) We use the presentperfect tenseto refer to a time frame that began in the recent past and is not over yet at the point of speaking.
EXAMPLES:

I haven't seen Linda this week. Shehas been so busy. (Ihis weekis not oueryet.) I haven't had time for breakfast.I have only had a cup of coffeethis morning. (This morning is not oueryet.)

@AJcirclethenumbersofthecorrectSentenceS.
f Lily servedas a volunteer nurse since 1990.Sheis going to leavethe servicethis year. 2 We have been in this school for six years.We will be moving on to collegeafter our final exams. 3 Ann did not write to us yet. Sheis probably busy with her new job. to raise 4 The club committee hasjust had a brainwave.It is going to have a musical extravaganza funds. 5 Colin has met me at the bank this morning and we decidedto have lunch together. 6 This has been a hectic week for Joan.Shehas been swampedwith meetingsand reports. 7 Iames has receiveda scholarshipand intends to do a coursein softwareengineering. B Malcolm remained a reclusemost of his life. It is onlv now that he has decidedto come out and make friends.
I

The electricianhas alreadyrepairedthe lights so they should be working now

l 0 They have sold their house last Tuesdayand moved to a small apartment in the city centre.

@a]rict<thecorrectVerbformStocompletethesentences.
I In the last decade,there terminal illnesses. I 2 SinceI changedjobs, found have found more time to relax and eniov mv hobbies. has been a significant breakthroughin the treatment of some was

3 Sue

has inherited

a house from her uncle who died last Mav.

inherited 39

Paul may lose his car becausehe threemonths. Povertytoday in order to wor 6We were hanging
have hung

didn't par hasn'tpaid

the instalmentson his loan for the past

forced has forced

someparents to leave their families

out the carpetsto dry becausethey are damp from the rain.

Bobby'swriting was before.

became
has become

neater and more legible nowadays,compared to what it

In the last hundred years,man technology.

achieved

great advancesin the fields of scienceand

has achieved in breathing difficulties

High levelsof air pollution in some major cities and lung problemsamong someresidents.

are resulting have resulted

r0 I

observed have observed

many changesin socialcustomswhen I last visited

your country.

@9FillintheblankswiththecoIIectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets'
Recently, there (1) (be) severalmeetingsat our local community (use)the hall (want)lo organise regular

hall and I expectto attend severalmore. Until now we (2) for occasionaleventsbut now we (3) meetingsfor different groups in our community. \Mhenwe asked,some doctors and teachers(4) preschoolplaygroup.They said that children who (5) playgroup often settlemore easilyin regular school.Already severalparents (6) This week, r (7) (ask)us to keep placesfor their children.

(recommend)a (experience) a

(talk) to my grandparentsand some of their friends (neverthink) about

about a group for retiredpeople.They saidthey (B) meeting at the hall,but I hooe thev will considerthe idea. My friends and I (9) (10) pracuseour muslc.

(discuss) holding a regularyouth evening. We (alwayswant) a placewhere we could play table tennis and

40

@.DrRearrangethewordstoformcorrectsentences.
I a - across- and - beauty - has - health - in - interest- of - surge- swept- the world.

2 cause- failure - found - haven't- of - of - security- svstem- the - the - the - we - yet.

3 Alice - everything- for - getting - has - meeting - ready- spent - the - the - week - whole.

4 cinema -

gone - have- last - month - only - out - since- the - they - to - twice.

Sincelastmonth, 5 already- figures- for - for - has - he - last - poor - reprimanded - sales- the - u s - year.

Jh YouR sconE I
for last year,

fff'l??tH, E I Rewrite the sentences belowand correctthem.

I Five yearsago,the two countrieshave promised to work togetherto establishpeacein the region.

2 Tliretwo motorcyclistshavejust broke traffic regulationsby going againstthe lights.

3 I haven'tmake up my mind yet about which coursesto do in college.

4 Didn't you ever gone bungeejumping before?

are working now. 5 We never learn where our former colleagues

4l

TENSE PERFECT 5"5 PAST UN]TT

below.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

.GD@

Sheforgot her appointment with me and had gone out for lunch when I arrived at her office. Shehad forgotten her appointment with me and had gone out for lunch when I arrived at her office. to Tom when we He alreadypassedthe message calledhim last night. to Tom when He had alreadypassedthe message we called him last night. The strandedtravellersnever felt so relievedin their entire lives aswhen thev saw the rescue vehicle. The strandedtravellers had never felt so relieved in their entire lives as when thev saw the rescue vehicle.

,"\,) II ,

lrr

JGRAMMAR POINTS

we refer to completed actionsin the past,we can use different past tenseforms to \.Mhen indicate what we mean. TENSE TENSE + SIMPLEPAST EXAMPLES: SIMPLEPAST As the U.S.stocksrose, the Asian market rebounded. We use the past perfect tensefor an action or situation that happened earlier,and the simple past tensefor the action or situation that took place later. TENSE + SIMPLEPAST PASTPERFECTTENSE EXAMPLES: The secretaryhad prepared all the reports The situation had alreadv deteriorated A beforethe directorsarrived for the meeting. when the two leadersagreedto peacetalks.

We use the past perfect tensewith words like already and iust to refer to actionswhich were completed before a specifictime in the past. Ann had alreadywalked a hundred metres down the road when she remembered EXAMpLES: action beforea specffictime) that she hadn't locked her front door. (completed just We had had our coffeebreak when we met some old friends outside the cafe. 42

We u;e the past perfect tensewith time words and phrasessuch as always and more than once to refer to repeatedactions in the past, never to refer to an action that had not taken place up to the point of speaking,and yet for an action that we expectedto happen in the past but which had not taken place up to the point of speaking. when we were young. EXAMpLES: Our parentshad always coaxedus to eat our vegetables The old janitor had told us more than once that the lifts were not functioning well but we had not paid attention. The group had never heard of the famous scientistswho Peterspokeabout. We hadn't chosen the venue for our weekendtrip yet when a neighbour the National Park. suggested

@aTickthecorrectverbformstocompletetheSentenceS.
I At 8.00p.m. Iast night, the residentsin our housing estate speak. parliamentary representative 2 Ioe and I
had sworn

to hear our assembled had assembled

to keep this matter a secretfrom the rest of the group.

have sworn 3 The suspects the files before the detectivesarrived. alreadvdestroved had alreadydestroyed a glimpse of the distinguishedvisitor when the crowd

4 Paul

had just caught has just caught

pushedhim aside. 5We

have never said

that the story you heard is untrue.

never sav 6 Angie the organisationfor months before she saw any real change. criticised had criticised
didn't hear haven't heard a n y d e t a i l so f t h e t r i p y e t .

7 My brother is still on holiday.We

B The televisioncrew decided to hold a blood donation drive after thev the number of injured at the hospital. helicopters 9 Rescue

have seen had seen

had searched the whole areafor the missing hikers for five hours havesearched

beforethev finallv found them huddled on the clifftop. l0 The children asked
have asked

questionsabout the animals sincetheir visit to the

wildlife conservationcentre.

t--!-:YOUR SCORE I

a,/

43

F"l

@4Fiilintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
I Everyonethought that Iames the sunsetin his painting. 2 She for her. 3 Beforethe jury retired, the judge their duties. (capture) the gloriouscoloursof (not check)her e-mailyet to seeif thereare any messages (ask)them if they understood

(grow)tired and restless after waiting all morning to 4 The crowd seethe mayor who appearedto be too busy to entertain them.
D

Eversince shewas in high school,Betty the Antarctic.

(alwayscrave)to visit

(force) many companies in the past few 6 The slolv economy months to cut back on the numbers in their workforce.

-,

Sarah assistance. she neededeverybody's

(neverbeg) for help from anyone before but last summer (tWe) his report when there was a sudden power failure.
(not see) the damage illegal loggers have caused

B He I The authorities to the environment yet.

(justpersuade) Dad to takeus out for a meal 1 0 We when my mother announced that she preferredto eat at home.

YOUR s.oRE I
a/r a |,'' / aal a l7l

are incorrect.Underline them and write the Someof the verbs in the sentences correctverbsin the boxes.
Alice just finished drawing cartoonson the blackboardwhen the teacherwalked into the class. Michael took my referencebook by mistake this morning but he returned it to me just now. The crowd outside the court protestedloudly when the judge and the counselswalked out. The little saplingsthat I had planted grew into tall treesby the time I came back to the old house many yearslater. Mr Lim sufferedfrom a seriousillnessfor manv yearsand was nursed by his daughter.

44

Politicalupheavalsrecently give rise to thousandsof people fleeingto the safetyof nations nearby. I lose interest in readingthis novel becauseit lacked depth so I returned it to the library. Ann has alwaysenjoyedtravelling abroad sincethe time shewas a little girl, but now she finds it stressful. For yearsshe had trusted Mr Caneto handle her that he had swindled her. estateuntil she discovered 1 0 Propertyvalueshave fallen in this country because of a lack of investment capital. _ -

rv
E@]?J
IA B C 2A B

YOUR SCORE I

Circlethe lettersof the sentences which arecorrect.

| ,/to - lt z t L"

I hadn't seenIack for more than a month until I met him recentlv. I didn't seeJackfor more than a month until I met him recentlv. I haven'tseenJackfor more than a month. \.Vhen Tedwalked in, he looked different. He had grown a beard. Tedlooks different. He has grown a beard. lVhen Tedwalked in, he looked different.He grew a beard. The boys never grumble about the long hours of practice before. The boys have never grumbled about the long hours of practice before. The boys had never grumbled about the long hours of practicebefore but now they want to seethe coach. Shazwas just having her lunch when her friends came by for a visit. Shazhad just had her lunch when her friends came by for a visit. Shazhasjust had her lunch when her friends came by for a visit. Iohn had alreadydriven to the intersectionwhen he suddenlyrememberedthat his briefcasewas at home. Iohn alreadydrove to the intersectionwhen he suddenlyrememberedthat his briefcasewas at home. Iohn was alreadydriving to the intersectionwhen he suddenlyrememberedthat his briefcasewas at home.

c
3A B C

4A B C 5A B C

45

PERFECT ANDPAST U'N]T 5=6 PRESENT TENSES CONTINUOUS

below Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences section. Grammar Points
We are thoroughly exhausted.We are driving all day and we need to rest. We have been driving We are thoroughly exhausted. all dav and we need to rest. Kelly had been coughing badly thesepast few days. Sheshould go to the doctor'sfor a checkup. Kelly has been coughing badly thesepast few days. Sheshould go to the doctor'sfor a checkup. The department had studied the problem of flooding in the city for two months and has made its recommendations. T'hedepartment has been studying the problem of flooding in the city for two months and has made its recommendations. 4A 48
LI

GRAMMAR POINTS

Laura has been preparing for her audition for weeks beforethey askedher to go for a screentest. Laura had been preparing for her audition for weeks test. beforethev askedher to go fbr a screen

tt

)
/GRAMMARPOTNTS

We usethe presentperfectcontinuoustensefor an action or situationwhich beganin the past The action may not be finishedat this point. and continuesup to the point of speaking. We usethe presentperfecttenseto referto an actionwhich beganin the past and continuesto The action is finishedat the point of speaking. the present. EXAMpLE: I have been trying to solvethis physicsproblem for the past couple of hours. (action is not finished) I have tried to solvethis physicsproblem but I don't know how to do it. (action of trying is ouer) actionsor situations of repeated We use the presentperfectcontinuoustenseto referto a series that beganin the past and has continuedto the present. EXAMpLE: For the past three weeks,Sylviaand I have been discussingthe final arrangements and action may for the graduation dinner. (certaintimes in the past threeweeks, or may not befinished) the final arrangementsfor the graduation discussed Sylviaand I have already (action is finished) dinner. 46

We usethe presentperfectcontinuoustenseto referto an action that is temporaryin nature and that lastsfor a short duration of time. We use the presentperfect tenseto refer to an action that is more permanentin natureand that lastsfor a longerduration of time EXAMPLE:I have been practising tennis everyeveningsince the school holidaysbegan. (temporaryaction - shorterperiod of time) I have practised tennis twice a week for the past two years. (permanentaction - longerdttration of time) E We u.se the pastperfectcontinuoustenseto referto an actionwhich had been goingon continuously up to that time in the past that we are talking about. EXAMPLE:Mr Lee had been managing his factory for 25 yearsbefore he retired last year.
continuous carlier action

REMEMBER!
r The presentperfectcontinuoustenseis formed in this way: has / have + been + baseform ofverb +'ing' has beengir ing EXA\4PLES: havebeencriticising I The pastperfectcontinuoustenseis fbrmed in this way: had + been + baseform ofverb +'ing' LXAMPLES: had been debating had been creating

@4-jUnderlinethecorrectVerbformSinthebrackets.
Our clients ( have been showing / have shown ) greatinterest in the new product which we introducedjust now. The factoryworkers( had been requesting / had requested since ) a changein the work schedule last year but the managerhasn'tagreedto it. 3 My clotheslook dirty and grimy.I ( havebeenpolishing/ havepolished) the car all afternoon. was surprised to seeher parents-in-law. 4 Sandra She( hadn'texpected / hasn'texpected ) them to visit. The chairman'scasualmention of reorganisation( had angered/ have angered) the entire club the membershad already because rejected the idea. All the members (have been going / have gone ) to a greatdeal of trouble to make the campaign a and therehasbeen a tremendous success response from the public. The landlord evictedtwo of the tenants last week.They ( had been flouting / have been flouting ) the house regulationsfor severalmonths. NI motorists who ( had violated / have violated ) the traffic laws have to settletheir fines as soon aspossible. Emma hasjust been informed about her new postingto Singapore. She( had been asking/ has beenasking)foratransferforseveralmonthsbuttherehadbeennoreplyuntilyesterday. in our housingarea( had been appealing/ havebeen appealing 10 The residents ) for betterlighting alongour roadsbut the authorities haven'tresponded yet.

47

@B|CirclethenumbersofthecorrectSentenceS.
I The child has been crying for such a long time. The mother doesn'tknow what to do. some video arcadesbecausethey found that the ownershad been 2 Tihegovernmentcloseddor.tm breakingregulations. 3 We have been signing up for the basic computer coursetoday. 4 Clairehasn'tbeen sleepingwell theselast few weeks.Shehas been worried about the future. 5 He had been coming to seeme about the house before I left for the office. 6 The report of the prince'smarriagehas been publishing in all the newspapers. 7 Mr Kim has been blaming himself for the accidentwhich wreckedhis car. B Flood waters inundated the coastalvillagesbecauseit had been raining continuously for two oays. We are free to go now. 9 The customsofficialshave been inspecting our baggage. l0 We had been expectingMary to come but she had insisted on stayingat home.

@JJFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets'
I Lucy has misplacedher mobile phone. She evening. (look) for it all

(dive)underwater for the last two daysin search teams 2 Rescue of the car which was blown off the cliff on Monday morning. We take this opportunity to thank everyonewho much effort to make this excursiona success. The kitchen was in a mess.The girls recipesto a large group of friends. Chris arrived in Osakafor our meeting. (put) in so (demonstrate) their new (alreadyconfirm) our hotel reservations long beforewe

(affect)all the flight schedules throughout this 6 Bad weather to be stranded. week and causedmany passengers (spend)long hours with children in the cancerunit of 7 lennifer the hospital before she decidedto take up medicine. B Ourbags way to the immigration counter. parents Concerned youth clubs in the area. (not arriveyet) when we disembarkedand made our (hold) meetingsthis month to discuss

t 0 Keith
didn't have the time.

(plan)to comeand seeus before he left for his ,.ff

YOUR SCORE I

| /'

l7l

4B

@SomeoftheverbsinthepaSSageareincorrect.Underlinethemandwritethe correctverbsin the spaces.

No one knew exactlywhat (l) happened.There had been a deafeningroar and the entire apartment block (2) had totter like a drunken sailor before it collapsed. Rescueoperations (3) have been underway since last night. Army engineers(4) have been using to clear the rubble. Police (5) have bring in trained dogs to sniff out and locate people excavators Officials (7) trapped under the debris.Paramedics(6) have been carrying survivorsout on stretchers. had questionedwitnessesthe whole day to uncover the reasonsbehind the sudden collapseof the building. The government (B)has announced that an official enquirywill be set up immediately to investigatethe disaster. Meanwhile,family members and friends (9) have been gatheringaround the areaand waiting anxiously.Someleft after they (10)have receivedgood or bad news.

r-l

F-jYOUR SCORE I

| ,"tPl v--4

@lJ Rear r a n g e t h e w o rd sto fo rmco rre ctsentences'

I been - David - has - heavily - past - smoking - these- two - weeks.
David

2 bazaar- been - charity - for - for - has - months - preparing - the - the - committee. The committee 3 been - both - counsels- had - issuing- judge - strict - the - the - to - throughout - trial - warnings. Thejudge 4 all - been - but - couldn't - crowd - find - for - had - her - in - looking - morning - Sheila- the - we.

couldn't find her in the crowd. - been - for - had - I - morning - Mariko - pies - sale5 all - and - baking - because the-tired-we-were. Mariko and I

49

ANDFUTURE UNTT T=TSIMPTEFUTURE TENSES CONTINUOUS

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section. .RAMMAR
POINTS

At dawn tomorrow the hurricane will struck the coastwith winds of 100miles per hour. At dawn tomorrow the hurricane will strike the coastwith winds of i00 miles per hour. Maxwas going to organised the dinner for this week but he couldn't get the venue he wanted. Max was going to organise the dinner for this week but he couldn't get the venue he wanted. Aaron will be give a speechbefore he proposesthe toast at the wedding tonight. Aaron will be giving a speechbefore he proposes the toastat the weddingtonight. Janetbe joining us for lunch as usual at the club this Friday. Ianet will be joining us for lunch as usual at the club this Friday. PorNrs

-) !"*r*AR E -

We use the future tensefor actions or eventsthat will happen in the future.We use the future tensewith will to make predictions,to talk about actionswhich we cannot control or to refer to somethingwhich we decide to do at the time of speaking. EXAMpLES: Iohn will retire as a senior engineerwith the firm at the end of the year. (furureaction) Ashawill certainlywin the beauty contestthis year.Sheis not only beautiful but has a dynamic personalityaswell. (prediction) I will explain it to you, loan. (intention to do somethingat the time of spealcing) 'to be' + going to + baseform of verb for actionswhich we have already We use the verb nlanned to do in the future and for eventsin the future. For actionswhich we had planned to do in the past but which did not occur,we use was / were + going to + base form of verb .

50

The prime minister is going to open the Asia PacificWomen Entrepreneur's EXAMPLES: conferencethis Thursday. (euentplannedfor thefuture) Many industrial workers are going to lose their jobs unlessthe economic situation improves. (euentwhich is likely to happen) Hilda was going to come shopping with me this morning but she felt ill and decided to stay at home. (plannedaction which did not happen) E We use the future continuous tenseto refer to actions or situationswhich will be going on at a certaintime in lhe future. EXAMPLE:They will be announcing the resultsof the electionsjust after 6 a.m. tomorrow. We use the future continuous tenseto refer to actions or situationsin the future which have alreadybeen planned or which take place regularly. EXAMPLES: The models will be displaying the summer collection at the international show in Paristhis week. (plannedactionJbr thefuture) My whole family will be participating in the cross-countryrlln aswe do everyyear. (regular action)
REMEMBER! I The future continuous tenseis formed in this rvav: will be + baseform of verb + 'ing' The Andersonswill be leaving for the United Kingdom this Saturday. EXAMpLE: r The future and future continuous tensecan be formed using shall for I and we although it is more common to r.rse will for both nouns and pronouns. EXAMpLE: I shall / will be waiting for you outsidethe caf6so don't be late.

l--''fffi?f,@

underline the correctverb fbrms in the brackets.

I This birthday card ( is assuring/ will assure) Mary that I haven'tforgotten about her. 2 We have to make our flight reservations early as hundreds of people ( going to be leaving / will be leaving) for their holidays during the festiveperiod. position ( is goingto be / will being) a pleasant 3 The newsof his promotion to a managerial surprisefor Bill. 4 This story set in the daysof World War II ( has captured / will capture ) the imagination of all those who have read it. 5 Christine ( is participated / will be participating ) in the national judo championshipsas the youngestcompetitor. 6 Ann (had realised/ realised) that she had made a mistake in going to the town centrewhen she sawthatthe shopswereveryexpensive. 7 The committee ( is going to choose/ will be chosen) the team which will climb Mount Kinabalu next May. / will awaiting ) news of what really happened at the nuclear plant. B The people ( are ar'vaiting 9 Time ( had passed/ will pass) so quickly that beforeyou know it, we will seeyou again. l0 Tom ( is goingto coming / will be coming ) to the sportscomplexthis eveningfor a gane of tennis with me.

5l

@ eC i r c l e t h e n umb e rso fth e S e n te n ceswhichar ecor r ect.

I The managerhas reorganisedthe marketing department in an effort to cut losses. 2 The fighter jets are going to using a different route to fly into enemy territory. 3 I will be joining Steventonight as I often do, to work on our term paperstogether. 4 Suewill excelin the businessworld. Sheis focusedand determined to achieveher ambition.
5

Mrs Sim be so pleasedto know that her proposalsto improve the library facilitieshave been by the council. accepted

6 Laila is going to taking up a beauty coursewhile waiting for her final exam results. -, I've told |oe many times to tidy up his room but he tells me everytime that he will do it after he has completedhis reports. B Motorists will lined up to fill their tanks before the rise in petrol prices next week. 9 Angie and Tony are going to bought an old-fashionedfarmhousein the countryside. t0 Propertyvaluesin the city will spiral upwards as land becomesmore scarce.

@ ! J F i l l i n t h e b l an ksw i th su i ta b l e w o rdsinthebox.
had loved was going to take up will be reaching hadn't realised will give won't be facing havent yet decided will have will be studying will leave

r(1)

a major milestone in my life soon. I (2)

school to move on to the next phase- higher education. With so manv choicesofferedto school leavers,I (3) that I go on to college.I think I (4) really like to do. My parentssuggested it some seriousthought. Earlier,when I was in the lower class,I (5) designing.I believedthat I (6) architectureor graphic design.Howeve5 since then, my interestshave been drawn towardsbusinessand e-commerce.I (7) how difficult it is to make a decision.Fortunately,I (B) the necessityof selectinga careerright now. I (9) when I enter college.In two years'time, I (10) picture of the courseof study I need to pursue the careerI want. a range of subjects
a clearer r=l-!

what I would

YOUnSCOIE I

@4

belowcorrectly. Rewrite the sentences

I A few yearsback, my uncle is going to set up his own businessbut he didn't have sufficient caoital.

52

developingcountries be hit the hardestbecauseof falling In a worldwide recession, demand for their exports.

3 I return the money I owe you as soon as I receivemy salaryat the end of the month.

4 Iasmine be expectingus to help her run the gamesstall at the funfair this Saturday.

5 I know it going to rain this afternoon.The sky is overcastand gloomy.

@lJRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceS.
- expressway- far- more - new- of - than I b e - c o s t - council- expected -will. -thethe the The cost

- is - methods- modern by- company- going- implementing- increase - productivity - the - to - training.

modern training methods. at - but - dinner - fell - going- ill - last - Maria - night - perform - she - suddenly- the - to - was. Maria

are - as- children - don't- have - I - make - safe- sure- the - to -will - worry - you. You

be - charge-during - games- hockey- in - in-Manila - Ranjit - team the-the-of-will. Ranjit

53

PERFECT ANDFUTURE UNTT 5=8 FUTURE PERFECT TENSES CONTINUOUS

below Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

By the end of August,the estateownerswill be settled their labour problems. By the end of August,the estateownerswill have settledtheir labour problems. The new batch of traineeswill have just join the coursein two weeks'time. The new batch of traineeswill have just joined the coursein two weeks'time. Mrs O' Brien has been working here for five vearsbv the end of this month. Mrs O' Brien will have been working here for five vearsby the end of this month. PorNrs

:) Q"*rrAR

We use the future perfect tenseto refer to actions or situationsr,r.hich will be completed by a definite time in the future. EXAMPLE:The mechanic will have serviced mv car bvWednesdav. We use the words already and just with the future perfect tenseto refer to actions or situationswhich will be finished by an approximatetime in the future.
EXAMPLES:

REMEMBER! r The future perfect tenseis formed in this way: will have + past participle of verb
EXAMpLES: 'uvill have gone will have calculated

By next week,Carl will have alreadynegotiated the price of the housewith the estateagent. I will have just entered the university next April when my sistergraduates. g We use the future perfect continuous tense when we want to refer to the duration of an action or an event at a definite time in the future.We usually use adverbsof duration and time to statehow long the action will last and when it will take place.
EXAMPLE: She will have been studying in Glasgor,ri for

REMEMBER! r The future perfect continuous tenseis formed in this way: will have + treen + past participie of verb +'ing' E)LAMPLES: will have been raining will have been driving

three years by next September.

:rdverb ofduration

(id"s!ryTt

54

@A]underlinethecorrectVerbformsinthebrackets.
I They (have broken / will have broken ) the hostel rules by not informing the managerabout the damageto the windows just now. 2 By three o'clock,we ( were waiting / will have been waiting ) for more than an hour for our school bus. 3 The young men whose names are on the memorial stone ( sacrificed/ will have sacrificed) their IivesinWorldWar II. 4 Sally( had alreadyreceived/ will have alreadyreceived) the note we sent her by this afternoon. Tim ( has been staying / will have been staying) with us for four months. 5 By next Monda1., 6 Dad ( was shocked/ will havebeen shocked) to hear about the train crashand rushedhome to find out whether we were safe. 7 By December,our grandparents( are managing / will have been managing ) their grocerystore lbr 25 years. B Vicki is not at home. She( had just gone / hasjust gone) to the salonto havea manicure. 9 Kay ( has been helping / rvill have been helping ) Dr Srnithin the clinic for five yearsby next March. regarding the l0 We (have submitted/ will be submitting) our recommendations public transport systemto the authorities this Friday.

thatarecorrect. EEEEEEj Tickthesentences

The price of eggswill have risen sharply by next week becauseof a supplyproblem. The managementcommittee has review the tenant'ssuggestions concerning securityin the apartment building. After a two-year delay,the governmentwill have finally reorganizedthe public library systemby September. Samuelwill representthe country as part of the junior bowling team at the AsianGames. Helen will have been running the kindergartenfor more than 10years by the time she retiresin January. Everyonein the audiencehave been expectingthe play to end on a dramaticnote but they were disappointed. Ioe will have taken up his new appointment in Frankfurt by the end of the month. Ierry and I will been working asjournalists with the National Daily for five yearsby the end of next week. for our stay in Bangalore We had alreadymake the hotel reservations postponed. our trip was we learnt that when l 0 Aunt Lily will have bake an apple pie for tea so let'snot be late. --_YOUR SCORE I a ./'aala

1,,'

.>l

55

@ J J F i l l i n t h e b l an ksw i th su i ta b l e w o rdsinthebox.
will have agreed will have been lecturing will have played have alreadyvisited had not heard will have reached have been constructing will have occupied will have spoken

ordered

1I
called me today. 2 The convoy of military vehicles

from Debra for more than a year when suddenlv she

the border crossing

by this afternoon so we have to move quickly to avoid them. 3 At the end of this term, Shane under two years. 4 We won't get a good vantagepoint to watch the parade.The early birds the best seatsby now. 5 Hundredsofpeople this morning. 6 The airlinesprobably the striking pilots by tomorrow. 7 The mayor just now closestto the activevolcano. 8 By the end of the competition tonight, the teams the topic of equality of the sexesfor the third time. 9 They three years. l0 At the end of this season,our university host to the inter-varsitygamesfor the secondtime in four years. the suspensionbridge over the delta for the last the computer fair at the TradeCentre at our collegefor just

to an amicable settlementwith

the mass evacuationof the villages

ru
.*g-t

E@4

Rearrange thewordsto form correctsentences.

school- she- teaching- this

I been- for- have- in- November- our- twentv - will - vears.

She

2 aheady- Angela- bank - become- by - have - June- manager- of - senior - the - the - will. Angela

56

and - brought - flooding - have - Indian - monsoons- rain - subcontinent -the-theto - torrential. The monsoons

by- cabin - cold - faces- frozen - have - in - our - reach- the - this -time-we-will. Our faces

- get - gone- have- home- movie- the 5 after- already- bed - everyone - to -we - will -when. we get home \A4ren

ff[![l|

belowcorrectly. E I Rewtite the sentences

I Miss Cole been working as the executivesecretaryto the director for five yearsby this March.

2 The salariescommission will meet next week.We will be gather more information about the expectedpay rise by then.

3 The accountsdepartment will alreadycheck the figuresbefore submitting the reports next Monday.

4 The defencelawyershave requestfor a postponement of the trial until they get an expert medical opinion.

5 The anti-vice squad had waiting all night for their man to give the signalbefore arrestingthe drugs syndicate.

m
-----l

YoUR scoRE I

57

UN]T 5"9 CONDITIONATS - THEPRESENT TENSE

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Points section. Grammar
GRAMMAR POINTS

If there will be a sudden downpour which lastsfor hours, it causesflash floods in low-lying areas. If there is a sudden dolvnpour which lastsfor hours, it causesflash floods in low-lying areas. Linda is often taking her children swimming in the afternoon if she has free time. Linda often takes her children swimming in the afternoon if she has free time. If you insist on breakinghostel regulations,I send vou to the warden. If you insist on breakinghostel regulations,I will send you to the warden. Unlessthey don't meet the managementto talk things over,they will not solvethe dispute. Unlessthey meet the managementto talk things over,they will not solvethe dispute. )
/GRAMMARPOTNTS

FI

tt

\Vhen we refer to generaltruths or facts,we can use the simple presenttenseboth in the
if clause and in the main clause. PRESENTTENSE EXAMPI,ES:

PRESENT TENSE + + it turns blue. (generaltruth) if we heat it to a temperatureof 100"C. (fact)

If we dip a piece of litmus paperin acid, Water boils

We can use,thesimple presenttensein the if clauseand also in the main clausewhen we refer regularly. t h a t t a k ep l a c e toactions + PRESENTTENSE EXAMPLE: PRESENT TENSE Dad alwaysreads the papers before leavingfor the office + if he wakes up early.

we refe.r to an action or an eventwhich will probably happen in the future, make a \A4ren promise,or givea warning,we can use the simplepresenttensein the if clauseand the simple future tensein the main clause.

PRESENTTENSE EXAMPLES:

+ + + +

FUTURETENSE shewill get a promotion soon. (possible action) I will join you for dinner. (promise) I will complain to the manager. (to giuea warning)

If Clairemaintains her efficient performance, If I finish my classes before five this evening, If you don't give me a good reasonfor not doing the work,

Note that it is the simplepresenttenseand not the future tensethat is most often usedin the if clause. We usethe word unless (meaning'ifnot') with a positivepresenttenseverb,and the simple future tensewith will in the main clausewhen we issuea warning or state a condition before an action can takeplace. UNICSS + POSITIVE PRESENT TENSE EXAMPI,ES: Unlessyou agreeto theseterms, Unlesswe leave now
REMEMBER! r Even if is used in conditional sentencesto mean 'it doesn'tmatter if'. I will go on a tour of Europe next year EXAMPLE: evenif none of vou want to come with me.

+ + +

SIMPLEFUTURETENSE we will not let you go. (threator warning) we will miss our train. (statinga condition before an action can happen)

@a
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C

Circle the letters of the correct sentences.

If I will not catch the seveno'clock bus everymorning, I will be late for school. If I don't catch the seveno'clock bus everymorning, I will be late for school. If I catch the seveno'clockbus everymorning, I won't be late for school. I'll come for your birthday party if Dad givesme a lift. I come for your birthday party if Dad givesme a lift. I will coming for your birthday party if Dad givesme a lift. If you will continue to practise,I think you will become a good pianist. I think you will becomea good pianist. If you continueto practise, I think you will becomea good pianistif you are continueto practise. More people went for walks in the eveningsif the rveatheris good. More people will go for walks in the eveningsif the weather is good. If the weather is good, more people will go for walks in the evenings. it leadsto serious health problems. If our water supplyis contaminated, it will be leadingto serioushealthproblems. If our water supplyis contaminated, If our water supply will be contaminated,it will lead to serioushealth problems.

59

6 A B C 7 A B C

We won't vote in this election unlessour candidatelistens to what we say. We not vote in this election unlessthe candidatelistensto what we say. We will vote in this election if the candidatelistensto what we say. If my father is free,he will usually takesus out for dinner on Sundays. If my father is free,he will usually take us out for dinner on Sundays. If my father is free,he take us out for dinner on Sundays.

@jJUnderlinethecorrectverbformsinthebrackets'
the limestone to form I If rainwater ( seeps/ will seep) through limestone cliffs, it dissolves stalactitesand stalagmites. 2 Our visitor ( laughs / will laugh ) if she seesthe funny postersat the station. 3 If a ferry is overloaded,it ( capsize/ will capsize) on rough seas. city dwellers ( experience/ 4 Unlessthe town council implements water conservationmeasures, water shortage. will experience) a severe will go there with her father if he ( takes / will take ) a day'sholiday. 5 Jessie feelings. 6 You should be more tactful. Otherwise,you ( hurt / will hurt ) someone's 7 Kelly has to slow down and relax.If she ( persist / persists) in working all the time, it will affect her health. B If Dave ( don't / won't ) drive more carefully,he will probably causean accident. 9 The presidentwill declarea stateof emergencyin the country unlessthe rioting and bloodshed ( ends / will end ) . l0 There is a huge crowd of people watching the grand prix. If there ( is / will be ) any kind of accident,many spectatorswill be injured.

@!JCompletethesentenceSwithSuitablewordsinthebox.
if she comeshome beforeher mother if there is any sign of an enemy attack if the dog is disobedient if you lislen attentively it will usually stalk a weak and helpless member of the herd

,h;;;;d"' *il uf r".ious

unlesswe improve the entertainment facilities in the town unlessthey give us some money you know that winter ir upptouilring you will exposethem to danger

I Unlessyou keep matchesand lighters out of reach of children,

60

2 lf a lionessis out on a hunt,

3 Sandraoften cooksdinner for the familv

4 The armywill be on full alert

5 Peoplewill stay at home

6 he will be sentto his kennel.

if you interrupt the meeting at this point. B At dawn, you will hear the singing of birds and the hum of cicadas

I If the treesstart to lose their leavesand it is cold in the mornings,

l0

, we won'tbe ableto buy anyof the itemson sale. ffiffi -

@a

Rewrite the sentences belowcorrectly.

l,4r) 14 r"'

I That tree is leaning precariouslyto one side.If there is a strong wind, it is falling on our rooftop.

of the charity game afternoon are wondering what happenedto us unlesswe 2 The organisers phone them to explain.

3 If you will wish to continue with this discussion,you have to listen to our point of view

4 If deforestationproceedsat the presentrate, it have an adverseeffect on the environment.

5 If we listen to the village elders,we are inherit a wealth of knowledgefrom them.

4=:H

YOUR SCORE I
rv a )71

| a /'

6l

- SIMPTE PAST UNTT 5"TOCONDITIONALS PERFECT ANDPAST TENSES

below Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

lA 1B

If I had enough money, I travel to placesI have alwaysdreamed of seeing. If I had enough money, I would travel to placesI have alwaysdreamedof seeing. If they giving you the chanceto work in Geneva, vou should acceptit. If they gaveyou the chanceto work in Geneva, you shouldacceptit. Tom would never get into such trouble with the directorsif vou had explainedthe situation. Tom would never have got into such trouble with the directorsif you had explainedthe situation. Mrs Heng wishes she can afford a new car to replacethe old model she drives. Mrs Heng wishesshe could afford a new car to replacethe old model shedrives.

"tl
'

--

l-

/GRAMMAR POINTS

We use the simple past tenseor the past continuous tensein the if clause,and would with the baseform of the verb in the main clauseto refer to actions or situationswhich are imaginary which areimpossible. or for situations + would + baseform of verb EXAMPLES: Simple PastTense If I owned this beautiful mansion, If I were the president, + I would have a large pool on the top floor to relax in and enjoy the view. (imaginary) r I would allocate more money to help the poor and needy. (impossible situation)

Note: We can also use other modal verbslike could, might and should in place of would. We use the simple past tensein the if clauseand would with the baseform of the verb in the main clausewhen we give or askfor advice. + would (or other modal) + baseform of verb DGMPLES: SimplePastTense Ifthe buyersoffered you a good price for the house, If you were in my position, + you should sell it. (offer aduice) + what would you do? (askfor aduice) 62

We use the past perfect tensein the if clauseand the perfect conditional would have with the past participle of the verb in the main clauseto refer to actionswhich never took place or resultswhich rvould have been achievedif the actionshad taken place. + would have + past participle of verb PastPerfectTense Er<IMPLES: If we hadn't been so busy at the office, If our businesspartners had been honest, + we would have come to seeyou in hospital. (action neuertook place) + our company would not have lost so much money. (what the resultmight hauebeen if the action had taken place)

We use wish + simple past tense to refer to an imaginary situation or event which we would Iike to happen now. EXAMPLE:I wish I was tall and slim so I could wear those elegantsuits.
wish + sinlplepast tense

\\4ren we want to refer to an event in the past which we think should have turned out differently,we use wish + past perfect tense . EXAMpLE:We wish we had remembered to buy a birthdav gift for Anne last week. (we didn't buy a gift because weforgot) wish + past perfect tense

@A]circlethenumbersoftheSentenceSwhicharecorrect.
I If he had sufficient funds, he would set up a home for abusedchildren. from his illness. 2 If I am you, I would postponethe weddinguntil Dad recovers 3 The secondteam could havewon the match if they had had more stamina. 4 Developingcountrieswill progressrapidly if they had effectiveeconomic planning. 5 I wish we reportedto the personnelmanagerabout the problemslastweek. had sent him. if he had seenthe letter the income tax authorities 6 Iasonwould havebeen surprised 7 We would have gladly helped with you if you had askedfor our support. B The logs would have fell from the lorry if an alert motorist hadn't informed the driver of the danger. 9 If ioan were more thrifty, shewill put asideenough money to buy a car. l0 If Jameshad spent more time with his famill', his children might have heard more about about their family'shistory. -l ryl lr" ttlntGlt Underline the correctverb forms in the brackets. =': 'H

I If there had been a jam on the highway,we ( would be / would have been ) late for the reception. 2 If people of different backgrounds( had learned / learned) to live in harmony, we would have a happier society. 3 Mark ( would tell / would have told ) Sarahof his admiration for her tennis skills if he had not been so shy. in my newspapercolumn. 4 If I were JanetI ( fought / would fight ) for freedom of expression

and meticulousin mywork. 5 I wish I (am / were ) more organised 6 Iulie ( would come / would have come ) to the party if she had the free time. 7 He ( will become / would become ) the first athlete to win all the track and field eventsif he won hurdles. the 200-metre B If you ( woke / had woken ) me up earlier,we would not have missedthe train. 9 The doctors(would not postpone/ would not havepostponed) the operationif therehad been threecompatibleblood donors. l0 The crowd would have been terribly disappointedif their favourite stars ( hadn't appeared/ wouldn't appear ) for the concert.

@!JFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
they I If the workmen had waited for instructions from the supervisor, (do) a betterjob. would protest if she 2 Tessa to representour group at a public debate. The world would talked. If the mechanic been ready by now (know) that shewas almost chosen (be) a much more interestingplace if animals (work) on my car all day yesterday, it would have

(be) the education minister, I would propose that schools 5 IfI at nine in the morning. commencewith lessons 6 If man respectedthe environment, we effectsof pollution. (not suffer)the

(buy) more food for our trip last night. Somehowthe I wish we quantity doesn'tseemenough for our four-day stay.
(reach) the island resort by now if we had taken the coastal BWe road instead of the busv expresswav.

(grant)her the scholarship,Barbarawould do her I If the board best to achieveall that was expectedof her. l0 Katewishes she spirit like her sisterMegan. (have.) a more adventurous

below contain incorrectverb forms. Underline them and Someof the sentences write the correctverbs in the boxesprovided.
by now Thosepeoplewould win their independence if they had taken a united stand againsttheir rulers.

64

I wish I had the patience my mother has to sew beautiful quilts. time would The women of our great-grandmothers' be utterly amazedif they seethe fashionsof today. I would have forgot this unfortunate incident if I were you. If that heavy crane fell , it would do a greatdeal of damage. If Sallybought this rare antique vase,she would have made a wise investment. Householdchoreswould be so much lighter if we had robots to do the work. We wish we notice that the lady in the stationary car had required medical attention. The air control tower should have advisedthe pilot to delay take-off if the weather had been so bad. 1 0 Iane would be pleasantlysurprisedif we took her out for dinner on her birthday.
-r::

YOUR SCORE I

a/l

a./

Fl

Rewrite the sentencesbelow without changing the meaning. Use the given words and make changesto the tense of the verbs where necessary.
I If Tom were here,he would know what was wrong with the car. IfTom had been here 2 The distinguishedvisitors would have been delighted if they had watched the tribal dances. The distinguishedvisitors would be delighted

3 I wish I had understoodthis problem. Then I would havebeen able to help you.

. Then I would be able to help you. 4 Suemight remember the passwordif you reminded her earlier. Suemight have remembered 5 If the prosecution lawyersagreed,we would call the children to be witnesses. had agreed If the prosecutionla\.eyers

65

ANDPASSIVE VOICE 4"T ACTIVE UN]TT

verbswith two objects,the use of it tenseand agreement,

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

lA Active voic" , Simon teaches some of the club members watercolour painting. passive voice , Some of the club members is taught watercolour painting by Simon. 1B r\ctivc nric" , Simon teaches some of the club members watercolour painting. passi'e voice , Some of the club members are taught watercolour painting by Simon.

voice, The company gaveus a variety of books Acrive for the library. passive voice , We were giving a variety of books for the library by the company. A variety of books were given to us for the library by the company. Acrive voice, The company gaveus a variety of books for the library. passivenricc' We were given a variety of books for the library by the company. A variety of books was given to us for the Iibrary by the company.
3A Active voic" ' People say that James is a brilliant lawyer. passive voice , It is say that lames is a brilliant lawyer. That James is a brilliant lawTrersayby PeoPle. 38 Acti'e voic" , People say that ]ames is a brilliant lawyer. passive voice ' It is said that Iames is a brilliant lawryer.

x x

\A4ren we changea sentencefrom the activevoice to the passivevoice,the tenseof the verb has to remain the sameand the verb has to agreewith the subiectin number. EXAMpLE: The coach alwaysencouragesthe children to practisedifferent swimming strokes.
I

Glrst@
are encouragedto practisedifferent swimming strokesby the coach.

66

a verb in the active voice takes a direct and an indirect object, we can have two sentences \.44:r.en w i t h t w o d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t si n t h e p a s s i v ev o i c e . EXAMpLE: My parents sent me food parcels regularly when I was studying overseas.
actiYe voice, past tense verb

I was sent food parcelsregularlyby *y parentswhen I was studying overseas.

p a s s ie r r oice, p a \ t t c n s ev e r b

Food parcelswere sent to me regularlyby my parentswhen I was studying overseas.

passive voice, past tcnse Verb

It is more common to begin with the person rather than the thing in the voice. oassive E
It

We use it + the passiveverb when we refer to what people in generalbelieve,feel or think

aDout someone or somernlng. EXAMpLE: Everyone predicts that there will be a downturn in the economic situation.
a c t i r e r o i c e ,p r e \ e n l t e n \ e \ ( r l )

It is predicted that there will be a downturn in the economic situation.

passive voice, present tense verb

@eFillintheblankswiththeactiVeorpaSSiVeformoftheVeIbSinthebrackets.
lIt

(believe) that the pricesof preciousmetalswill fall soon. (showl how to make batik orints with the materialswe were (select)as the new chairman by the committee. (think) that the presentsystemof education
(welcome) by close friends and relatives at the airport.

2We grven. 3 Brian 4 Many people needsto be modified. 5 Tasha 6 Paul to hurt. 7 In my country, Iandslidesoften homesand crops.

(diagnose) as suff'ering from arthritis after his knee began (cause) the destructionof

(suggest) last week that a specialfund be set up to give BIt financial help to the needy in this city 9We assignmentnext Friday. overseas l0 A children'shome (provide)with accommodationwhen we go on our (setup; in our arealastmonth.

SCORE I -YOUR
| ,/ l;71

4-

67

Theremay be more than one answer Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences. for eachquestion.
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C 6 A B C The housesin the low-lying areasaffectedby the flood. The flood affectedthe housesin the low-lying areas. The housesin the low-lying areaswere affectedby the flood. Most of our old furniture will be sold at the garagesaleon Sunday. Most of our old furniture will be selling at the garagesaleon Sunday. We will sell most of our old furniture at the garagesaleon Sunday. The landlord warned the tenants about their noisy behaviour. The tenants was warned about their noisy behaviour by the landlord. The tenants were warned about their noisy behaviour by the landlord. We will seea lower rate of growth in the next fewyears sayby people. Peoplesaythat we will seea lower rate of growth in the next few years. It was saythat we will seea lower rate of growth in the next few years. Mike offered the top post in the personneldepartment. They offeredMike the top post in the personneldepartment. Mike was offered the top post in the personneldepartment. The telephone company sent us a reminder that we had not paid the bill. We sent a reminder by the telephonecompany that we had not paid the bill. We were send a reminder by the telephone company that we had not paid the bill,

Some of the verb forms underlined are incorrect. Write the correct verbs in the boxes.
housesshakenwhen tremors hit the mountain resort. I Several
2

Ahigh wall was built around the compound to keep out intruders.

in China. 3 PearlS.Buckwrote booksbasedon her experiences 4 It is believethat peacebetweenthe two nations is possible.
5

All fearswere forgotten when the children saw the toys in a corner of the clinic. Theserichly beadedcostumesare worn by the dancerswhen they perform.

-,

Angelaborn in London but raisedin ]apan.

B Peoplesayingthat the company will be taken over by a foreign group. I The news of her transfershockIill very much. l 0 Farmersin this region grow a variety of grapesboth for the local wine industry aswell as for export.

6B

@"JRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceSintheactiveorpassivevoice.
lbe

- is - it - laws- new- passed - that - curb - drink-driving- expected to -will.

It as- car - didn't - have - home - I - lift - me - mv - offered- Sarah.

2 a-

Sarah

- extension- for - new3 b e - discussed Plans

next - plans - the - week - will.

- suggestions 4 accepted- by- for - hotel's- improving - manager- services - the - the - were. Suggestions 5 lawyer - murder - questioned- regarding- the - the - the - two - witnesses. .-,The lawyer
YOUR SCORE I
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@E]RewritethefollowingpaSSageinthepassivevoice.
Peoplegenerallythink that Angie is extremelygood at organisationand decision-making.She acquiredtheseskills during her six yearsas a junior executiveat the firm. Her bossesnoted her sound They promoted her to office managerin her seventhyear at the firm. She decisionsand her efficiency. precision.Shesolvesproblems quickly and firmly. The rest of the staff with clockwork runs the office respecther becauseof her fairness,warmth and honesty. It is

--+=!

YOUNSCORE I

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69

ANDPASSIVE VOICE UNTT 4=2ACTIVE

passiveinfinitive, passive+'ing' form, adverbs

below Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

Elaineis going to transferred to the Bangkok branchof the companysoon. Elaineis going to be transferred to the Bangkok branchof the companvsoon. We enjoybeen taken to visit all the popular attractionsin this city. We enjoybeing taken to visit all the popular attractionsin this city. 3A 38 That documentarv never has been shown in this part of the world. That documentaryhas never been shown in this part of the world.

(a) We.formthe infinitive in the passivevoice in this way: to be + pastparticiple EXAMPLE:actiue uerb: to offer Victor wants to offer Tom a iob in his studio. uerb: to be offered oassiue Ming hopes to be offered a scholarshipto study abroad. (b) We often use the passiveinfinitive after verbs such as are to, have to, going to, hope to, need to, want to and would like to. But we drop the to in front of the infinitive.
E)(AMPLES:

Joannedoesn'twant to}(be involved in the musical presentation. They have to{be reminded that the closing date for the loan application is 1stJune.

voiceof the'ing' form by adding rfe the passive form being+ pastparticipleaftera finiteverb.
EXAMPLE:

REMEMBER! r The following verbs are usually usedwith the passive'ing' form: dislike enjoy like love remember hate prefer

The child likes being carried and crieswhen sheis put in the pram.

70

adverbsof time, manner or frequencyin the passivevoice,we usually place them 1F"r.*15e first word in a verb made up of two or more words. after the
EXAMPLES:

to be kind and honest.

Sandraand Liz

at the gym.

The carpets

to air in the sun.

I@bymymother. -.;----

gls!,

Theremav be more than one answer Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences. question. for each
IA B C 2A B C 3A B C 4A B C 5A B C 6A B He askedme to remind him of the appointment. He askedme to be remind him of the appointment. He askedto be remindedof the appointment. Dan would like to send to different part of the world to work. Dan would like to be send to different parts of the world to work. Dan would like to be sent to different parts of the world to work. The problem easilywas solvedwhen all the parties involved cooperated. The problem was easilysolvedwhen all the partiesinvolvedcooperated. The problem was solvedwhen easilyall the parties involved cooperated. The wealthy entrepreneurprefersto be rememberedfor his support of the underprivileged. The wealthy entrepreneurprefersto remember for his support of the underprivileged They prefer to remember the wealthy entrepreneurfor his support of the underprivileged. Laura lovesbeing given small gifts of bath oils and soaps. They love to give Laura small gifts of bath oils and soaps. Laura lovesbeen given small gifts of bath oils and soaps. Shewants everyoneto recogniseBill's ability to managethe company. Shewants everyoneto be recogniseBill's ability to managethe company. Shewants Bill's ability to managethe company to be recognised.

7l

@BjCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I He dislikes

beins criticiseI beins criticised regardinghis work.

2 The entertainment for Sunday's dinner party is carefullybeing arranged

carefullyis being arranged by lason. 3 The women on the committee are gomg ro organrsln show.
4 The motorist wanted me
5

are golng ro organlse

a fashion

to be oaid I to

for the damage to his car.

The little bovs love beins treat I beinetreated to ice-creamand cookies.

6 We often haveadvised I haveoften advised our neighboursto be more carefulabout fire in the home. hazards
.7

promotion for her later in the year. fill appreciates beingtell I beingtold about a possible

B We haveto warned I haveto warn Charlesabout the dangersof bungee-jumping. I Shewould like to penaliseI to be penalised for her mistakesrather than not being told about them.

to suitable students. t0 The university hopes t o a w a r d I t o b e a w a r d e d scholarships

@?FillintheblankswitlrthecorrectformsoftheWordSinthebrackets.
I Shewould like a large bonus at the end of the year. I prefer accountant. 3 The government barriers to easetraffic congestion. 4 Lots of things poverty during the last five years.
5

(reward)her employees with (to post) to the audit department as I am an (finally has agreed)to removethe road (actuallyhave been done) to alleviate (definitelywill tell) his parents about his plans to (alreadyhas been informed) of the delay (take)to DisneyWorld by his parentswhen (beto recycle) shouldbe placedin (invite) to partiesby her friends as she likes (disappoint)by the weather forecast.

Yusof
ioin the air force.

6 Mr Brody in the shipmentof the consignment.

.1

He remembers he was a little boy.

B All items which disposal bags. separate Sueloves meenngpeople.

l0 I hate

72

@DlRewritethesentenceScoIIectlyintheactiveorpassivevoice.
I The hockey team wants to give due recognition for winning the inter-statetrophy.

2 I would like to be apologisedfor my latenesslast night.

3 Thesefine piecesof jewellery are to hand down to your children when they are older.

4 Most of us hate to humiliate in front of our friends.

5 Your parentshave to tell about your decisionto leaveschool and join a band.
t,,l!!-

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E I Rearrange the wordsto form correctsentences in the activeor passive voice.

-theseto-will.

I a- assembled-be-bookcase-form-parts

2 a-being-

- Henry- fool - like - treated. dislikes

3 car - completely- forgot- I -lock-

morning- my-

this - to.

4 a-be - firm-

going- in - is - made- partner- Patrick- senior- the - to.

5 a - being - city - guests- guided- loved- of - on - our - taken - the - tour.

73

VOICE ANDPASSIVE UNTT 4"5 ACTIVE

to have somethingdone, complement of verb, instructions

below.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

1A I am having my hair style in the salon at the moment. 1B I am having my hair styled in the salon at the moment.
/[ Activevoic" , She aSked me to clOSethe windOw because of the cold air. voice ' I aSked to clOSethe windOw because of the Passive cold air. Active voic" ' She asked me to close the window because of the cold air. Passive voice , I was asked tO close the window becauSe of the cold air. voic" , They say that at least 10 people were Active injured in the accident. Passive voice ' At least l0 people are said to be injured in the accident.

lS

J[

r)

, They say that at least l0 people were JS Activevoic" injured in the accident. r.oice ' At leaSt 10 people are Said to have been Passive injured in the accident.

tt
<JGRAMMAR

POINTS

ra)\A{renwe r,vantto saythat we askedsomeoneto do somethingfor us and the personwho

performedthe actionis not important (and doesnot need to be mentioned),we usethis structure: had + object+ pastparticiple
EXAMPLES:

We had our house redecorated recently.

(= someoneredecoratedthe house)

t999:'

--.+-----. ..------r.-.-'---,
Lry:!q{'.!s'
(= we did it ourselves) (= someoneserviced her car)

We redecorated our house recentlv. Sandrahad her car serviced last week.
I

Q!rl,

t_:r
(= she servicedthe car herself)

Sandraserviced her car last week.

74

Notice that we leaveout the preposition by and the noun after it.
EXAMPLES:

We had our houseredecorated by@ne Sandrahad her car servicedby@ne

recently. last week.

(b) \Vhen we speakof accidentsor incidents that are causedby someoneunknown to us, we may also use this structure: had + object + past participle
EXAMPLES: My mother had her handbag snatched in the market. Bill had his arm fractured in a rugby match. (= someone snatched her handbag) (= someone broke Bill's arm)

\.\4ren we changewhat someoneinstructs us to do into the passivevoice, we use this structure: subject+ passiveverb + infinitive
EXAMPLE:

Actiueuoice : They told the nursesto take the childen back to the ward. Passiue uoice : The nurses were told to take the childen back to the ward.

REMEMBER! r The following verbsare often used in giving instructions: ask command order say tell

If we want to identifu the personwho gavethe instruction, we insert the preposition by and the instruction giver after the passiveverb. subject+ passiveverb + by + noun (instruction giver) + infinitive
EXAMPLE:

Actiueuoice : The matron told the nursesto take the childen back to the ward. Passiue uoice : The nurseswere told bv the matron to take the childen back to the ward.

\Mhenwe changean activevoice verb which comes before a complement into the passivevoice, we use this structure: subject + passiveverb + infinitive
E)(AMPLES:

They say that Thomasis a millionairebecause of his sharpbusiness sense.

conrplement of the verb say

Thomas is said to be a millionaire becauseof his sharo businesssense.

They believe that the company failed becauseof ineffectivemanagement.

Gqrerg!,
The company is believed to have failed because of ineffective management. Q4il"".:J

-______L_

cornplcment of the verb believe

A'/ofe: We use the perfect infinitive to have + past participle to refer to an earlier action (the companyfailed).

75

Theremav be more than one answer Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences. for eachquestion.
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C b A B C We had an indoor swimming pool built in the basementlast week. We have an indoor swimming pool built in the basementlast week. We are having an indoor swimming pool built in the basementlast week. The suspectsaskedto line up againstthe wall for an identification exercise. were askedto line up againstthe wall for an identification exercise. The suspects to line up againstthe wall for an identification exercise. The detectivesaskedthe suspects We have had a new antenna fixed to improved our televisionreception. We have had a new antenna fixed to improve our televisionreception. The technician has fixed a new antenna to improve our televisionreception Many people saythat Mr Morris is stern and lacksa senseof humour. It is said that Mr Morris is stern and lacksa senseof humour. Mr Morris is sayby many people to be stern and lacksa senseof humour. They believethat the indigenous people have been treated unfairly by the civil authorities. The indigenous people are believedto have been treated unfairly by the civil authorities. The civil authorities are believedto have treated the indigenouspeople unfairly. Jr-

#e!Rsce!9
tt {f? Underlinethecorrectwordsinthebrackets. I r(^l lr"tgl

f My sister ( has the velvet cushion coversdry cleaned/ have the velvet cushion coversdry cleaned) to maintain their colour and sheen. Z The newly-openedcaf6 askedcustomers( to be written down/ to write down ) their comments regardingits food and service. 3 It ( is reported / is to be reported ) that top fashion models keep to a carefully-controlleddiet. and her husband ( are said to begin/are said to have begun ) a new line of hair-care 4 Vanessa products. b The cashiertold everyonewaiting ( to be patient / to have been patient ) becausethe computer systemhad crashed. in my area (have to be battle / have had to battle ) sand and mud brought by flood 6 Residents waters. 7 We ( have had to send / have to sent ) our grandfatherclock to the shop for repair. B Ryan ( had his leg broken / had his leg break ) while he was playing soccer' g Jennifer( is said to be / is said to being ) the person organisingthe new help line. l0 Aunt Alice askedme ( to pierce my ears / to have my earspierced ) so that I could wear the earringsshe gaveme.

76

@Rewritetheparagraphandcorrectthemistakesinthepassiveverbforms.
We had our porch and living room being renovatedlast month. Dad'sarchitect friend, James, were invited to redesignthe area.lames is said is both innovative and bold in his ideas.He askedby Dad to createan informal setting for the living room. He did that by merging the porch and the living room using high French doors.Thesedays,Dad often has been seensitting inside the living room, enjoying the gardenright at our doorstep.

l'T'7flfitlf. D I Rewritethe sentences in the passivevoice.

I Many people think that Bernardis capableof running his father'sfactory. Bernard

2 Sueaskedthe girls to help her get all the invitations ready. The girls

3 I will have the air-conditionersin the bedrooms cleanedas thev are verv dustv. The air-conditioners

4 The airline officialstold us to wait for news of the flight from London.

We
5 The director has had a new security svsteminstalled to protect the office from break-ins. A new security system

77

SPEECH ANDINDIRECT 5"T DIRECT UN]TT

positive and negative statements

below. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section. .RAMMAR
POINTS

1A "Afterwards, the mayor will," said Miss Lee, "speakto the press." "Afterwards," said Miss Lee,"the mayor will speak to the press." "Don't make so much noise,"Judy said to us. Iudv askedus don't make so much noise. "Don't make so much noise,"Judysaidto us. Iudy askedus not to make so much noise. "I haven'tseenyou for months," said Alice to Aunt Cora. Alice told Aunt Cora that she hasn't seenher for months. "I haven'tseenyou for months," said Alice to Aunt Cora. Alice told Aunt Cora that she hadn't seenher for months.

"tr) Q"*orro*not

we can placethe reportingclausein thesepositlons: In directspeech, (a) before or after the quote EXAMPLE: Miss Kanno said,"The girls might come later."

"The girls might come later," said Miss Kanno. (b) between two parts of the quote EXAMPLES: "Her hair," said connie, "is long and lustrous."

d@@

'l':l'luul:ln":
@@@sq::ge)

''11" " uoi: lo"l'u

"Dear Papa,"she said,"I haven'theard from you in a while."

"I came immediatelv" said Dave,"when I heard about the accident."

G::gq!_,"1q9r,
In direct speech,when we make an order or a request,we use the baseform of the verb. V'/henwe changefrom direct to indirect speech,we changethe baseform of the verb to the infinitive (to + baseform) and place it after the reporting clause.
E)(AMPLES:

get me a drink." Sallysaidto me, "Please Sallyaskedme to get her a drink.

tnlin'ttu9

"Don't be late," the teacher said to the class. The teacher told the ciassnot to be late.

tf'1'!Ilt

In indirect speech,we report what someonehas said using a that-clause.We usually make to the tenseof the verb,pronouns,possessive adjectives and time expressions when we changes to indirect speech. convertfrom directspeech EXAMPLE:"I sawyou at the hotel last week," she said.
She said that she had seen me at the hotel the previous week. REMEMBER! statements, the reporting verb said /told is used with the first statement. r \Vhen a speakermakesfvr,o "There'ssomeoneoutside,"Mark said. "He has been there for some time." ExAMpLE: Mark said that there was someoneoutside.He had been there for some time. Mark said that there was someoneoutside.Mark said that he had been there for some time. A E

r If a statementis true at the time of speaking(directspeech)and reporting (indirectspeech) , there is no the tenseofthe verb. needto change EXAMILE: He said,"Thailand is part of the ASEANgroup." He said that Thailand is part of the ASEANgroup.

@-^--lCirclethesentencenumberiftheunderlinedIeportingclauSeisinthecorreCt position.
"is one of our latestmodels." I "This machine,"saidthe salesman, "been sittingin the car for such a long time." 2 "Wehave,"saidJulie, 3 Mary said to the little boys,"Don't play with the switches." get,"saidMrs Hong,"me a cold drink." 4 "Please
5

"Lately," in this neighbourhood." saidMike, "therehavebeen a number of robberies

6 "Betty,I managed,"said Rick,"to get tickets for the concert." "vou after lunch." 7 "MrWilliam will see,"said the secretarv, B "My dearNita," saidChris,"l've a surprisefor you." houselastweek." 9 "I met him," saidAnn, "at Tony's t 0 "I think sheis," saidConnie,"a charmingperson."
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@njriuintheblankswiththecorrectverbformS,pronounSorpossessiveadjectives.
I "We will do our best in the exams,"my brothers promised. Mv brothers promised that thev would do 2 The sergeantsaid to us, "Walk in a singlefile to The sergeanttold us to walk in a singleflle to our barracks. 3 Stansaid to us, "Be carefulof pickpocketsin the crowd." Stanwarned us 4 "Your shoesareverv smart," said Sallv. Sallvtold me that shoeswere verv smart.
careful of pickpockets in the crowd.

best in the exams. barracks."

wait in the car," said Roy,"while I buy parking coupons." 5 "Please Rovaskedme to wait in the car while he 6 The cook said to us, "Don't dirtv the kitchen while you The cook told us not to dirty the kitchen while we were baking. 7 "I have to tell Mandy about the incident," saidAlex. Alex said that he Mandv about the incident. parkingcoupons.

B Mr Jonessaid to Jane,"Lock up the office beforeyou Mr Iones told Iane to lock up the office before she left. bring you own pillows," said Betty,"as I don't have enough." 9 "Please Betty askedus to bring own pillorvsas she didn't have enough.
--q SCORE I -YOUR l -r " -H

10 "Don't put any sugarin my tea," said Mrs Silvato me. Mrs Silvaaskedme any sugarln her tea.

@gJInthe'followingpairSofSentenceS,oneSentenceisincorrect.Rewriteit correctlY.
Dr Simsis not in." call backlater,"saidthe nurse,"because I "Please Dr Simswas not in. call backlater because The nursetold me please

tomorrow." 2 Perersaid to ss, "[6n'1 late for rehearsals the following day. Petertold us not to be late for rehearsals

3 The captain said,"My team intends to win the challengetrophy for our school." The captain said that his team intend to win the challengetrophy for their school.

BO

"Pour the solution carefullyinto a beaker,"my sciencelecturer said to me. My sciencelecturer told me pour the solution carefullyinto a beaker.

5 "Payattention while you're drivingl" The instructor said to Louis. The instructor told Louis to pay attention while he driving.

@a

Rewrite the sentences in directspeech.

I Jennysaid that those flowerswere from Holland.

2 The officer told lill not to park in the no-parking zone.

3 Ann askedthe salesassistantto help her carry the purchasesto her car.

4 Helen promised to bring my birthday cakelater that evening.

that he didn't want any interruptions during the meeting. 5 Mr Francistold his secretary

-=Ft YOUR SCORE I

I@E-l

Rewrite the dialogue in indirectspeech.

a,/

)74

"The weather is reallv bad." Iack Wendy : "It's raining very hard." "I am very worried about Lucy.Shehas to drive home in the rain." Iack Wendy : "Give Lucy a call, Jack,and tell her to wait until the rain subsides." I lack said 2 Wendy said 3 Jacksaid

4 Wendy askedJack

4:f!YOUR SCORE I a a,/ / ttla I>l

8l

ANDINDIRECT SPEECH DIRECT UNTT ,5=2

positive and negativequestions

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Grammar Points section. 'Are you joining us for lunch?" Brian said, Brian askedif was I joining them for lunch. 'Areyou joining us for lunch?" Brian said, Brian askedif I was joining them for lunch. 'Are you Mrs Cook'sson?" The man said to Sam, The man askedSamis he Mrs Cook'sson. 'Are you Mrs Cook'sson?" The man said to Sam, The man askedSamwhether he was Mrs Cook'sson. They said to me, "\\4reredid you meet Amy?" Thev askedme where did I meetAmv. did you meet Amy?" They said to me, "\.Vhere They askedme where I had metAmy. don't you like that story?" Sheilasaid,"Vl'/hy Sheilaaskedwhv don't I like that storv. don't you like that story?" Sheilasaid,"\44-ry Sheilaaskedwhv I didn't like that storv.

GRAMMAR POINTS

In an indirect question, we place the subject of the reported clause before the verb as in a statement. We usually change the tense of the verb as well as the pronouns, possessive adjectives and time expressions in the reported clause. EXAMPLE: We said to Janet, "Are you leaving the company next month?"

We askedIanet
ll

(,.t11ltr!$,

t'"il,

(xt,

We askedJanet

REMEMBER! r In a direct question,the actual words of the speakerand the question mark arewithin quotation marks.
E)(A}IPLE:

r In an indirect question,the question mark and the quotation marks are not used. i sa r l f t h ed i r e c q t uestion wh-question,the rvh-word is used to begin the reported clause.

"Does Pennycome here often?" he said .

B2

\\4ren a direct question has a yes or no answer,we use whether or if to begin the reported clause. EXAMPLE:Mum said,"Are the twins in their room?" Mum askedme if / whether the twins were in their room. 'to do',we leave 'to do' or a wh-word with the verb When a direct question beginswith the verb 'to do' in the indirect question and changethe tenseof the main verb. out the verb Indirect question Directquestion EXAMPLES:
does ... want (present tense) (past tense) did ... end (past tense) wanted had ended (past perfect tense)

Ieff said to us, "\\hen did the match end?" Ieff askedus when the match had ended. Ieff askedus when did the match had ended.

ul
E

'to do',r,ve \.Vhen a direct question beginswith a wh-word and the negativeform of the verb 'to 'to do' which carries do' in the indirect question becauseit is the verb need to retain the verb the tense. Indirect question Direct question EXAMPLES: doesn't understand (presenttense) didn't understand (pasttense) didn't understand (pasttense) hadnt understood(pastperfecttense)

Susiesaid,"\\4ro doesn-twant milk in their tea?" Susieaskedwho didn't want milk in their tea. Tony said,"Sara,why didn't you inform me earlier?" Tony askedSararvhy she hadn't informed him earlier.

@a]rilintheblankswiththecorrectverbforms,pronounSortimeexpressions.
you I Vicki said to me, " Vicki askedme whether I wanted to join her band. to join my band?"

2 "Areyou going to leavefor Parisnext Monday?"Sybil said. Sybil askedif I

to leave for Paris Monday

you 3 Sam said to Bill, "\.Mhy Sam askedBill why he didn't wear his overcoat. 4 "Is there enoughfood for me?"Dad said. Dad askedif there enough food for

your overcoat?"

you to go out earlier for dinner?" 5 lane saidto us, " preferred go for dinner. out earlier to Janeaskedwhether we

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B3

@4CompletetheindirectquestionsintheSentenCeS.
I "Doesyour dog usually go into your neighbour'sgarden?"Ben said to me. Ben askedif 2 "\A{ho doesn'twant to go on the roller-coaster ride?"the tour guidesaid. The tour guide asked 3 Fionasaid,"Helen,areyou interested in joining our sewingclass?" FionaaskedHelen 4 "How did you removethe greasemarks from my shirt?" Jacksaid to his dry cleaner. Iack askedhis drv cleaner don't you like about our plan?" 5 Kellie said to me, "V\{hat Kellie

@?CompletethedirectqueStionSintheSentenceS.
I "\tVhy

" Sueasked.

m
YOUR SCORE I .---lYOUR SCONE I
a/a a /' )71

Sueaskedwhy they didn't want to go with us. 2 "Does Joanaskedme if my father alwayscame home late. 3 David said to his grandfatheq" David askedhis grandfatherif Grandma was going to take more golf lessons. 4" Miss Smith askedif we were taking part in the contest. 5 Tom said," Tom askedwhat subject she taught in college. " Miss Smith said. " Ioan saidto me.

@D]RewritethequestionsindirectSpeechorindirectspeech.
I Direct Speech Indirect Speech

"How far into the city does the commuter train go?"the lady said to Steve.

2 Direct Speech IndirectSpeech

"\.\4rydid you take my bag?"Timmy said to me.

3 DirectSpeech Indirect Speech

"Werethe dogswell-behavedat the show?"the kennel owner said to Mr Gopal.

B4

4 DirectSpeech

Indirect Speech 5 Direct Speech

The doctor asked whether we were waiting to see him.

IndirectSpeech

The interviewer asked me whether I had any experience of writing radio plavs.

-:F!= YouR scoRE I

Completethe dialoguein direct speech. Use the indirect questionsin the bracketsto guide you.
Officer 11 "Wereyouat afunction at the club tonight?" (The officeraskedStan whetherhe had beenat afunction at the club that night.) "Yes." (2)

Stan Officer

(The officeraskedStan whetherhe had drunk any alcohol at thefunction.) Stan Officer juice." "No, officer.I just had orange f3)

(The officer askedStan what time he had left the club.) Stan Officer "I left the club at I i p.m." (4)

(He wanted to know if Stan hadbeen speeding.) Stan Officer "No, officer." (5)

(HeaskedStan whetherhe had seenthe other car comingfrom the oppositedirection.) Stan Officer "Yes, I did." (6)

(He wanted to know why Stan hadn't sweruedto auoid the other car) Stan "If I had swerved,I would have hit that fruit stall besidethe road."

B5

tT 6=t MODATS
passivestructure positive statements,

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

W.e use had better, ought to or should when giving someoneadvice.However,when the 9an advicegiven is about a past event or when it is a generalcomment about something,we can only use ought to or should. to his employees' complaints. The manager had better / ought to / should listen EXAMPLES:
nrodals /---: 'ubi.D ( ttr'"lqflryIfg!, Pnsteuent: Farahought to / should have kept our appointment but she didn't.

n
E E

Farahhad better have kept our appointment but she didn't. Generalcomment: All schoolsought to / should have library periods for the students. All schoolshad better have library periods for the students.
REMEMBER! the following: r Modals are usually used in statementsto express ability - can, could advice- had better,otrghtto, should certainty or intention - shall,rvill, would - must, need to necessit_v

obligation- ought to, should - can,may permission possibility- could, ma1', might willingness shall,will, would

B6

We use a presentparticiple with a modal to indicate something is possibly (could, may) or very likely to be (must, should) happening at the time of speaking,or will probably (could, may) or 'to be' with very likely (shall,will) be happening in the future.We use the baseform of the verb the presentparticiple in this way: Subjectr modal + be + presentparticiple EXAMPLES: The committ"" lio,lldl be questioningthe suspendedplayer now.
modal -_-l . (possible euent now)

tb"jt"Iu

Qry

The committeemust be questioningthe suspendedplayer now. (uerylikely euentnow) The committee could be questioningthe suspendedplayer tomorrow. (probableeuentin thefuture) The committeewill be questioningthe suspendedplayer tomorrow. (uerylikely euentin thefuture) We use a past participle with a modal to indicate the speakerthinks it is possible (could, might) or very likely (must, would) that somethinghappened in the past. It could also indicate that the speakerknows that something should have taken place in the past but didn't (ought to, should). We use it in this way: Subiect+ modal + have +pastparticiple EXAMPLES: One of the witnessestri-T,l have noted down the number of the robbers' car. (possibleeuentinthepast) ^*t.n*k'.@ 6 prisoners evening. by yesterday all the escaped The policeEula]nuue arrested rrrodal (likely euentin the past) I I I

@@

(."Il:U

offer of a marketing job in his firm. Vou@gtrtTo-lhave acceptedMr Paulson's (something that did not occur) ',.*L"t t ----f.

(h,rrbr, Ll'.-ryt-,

We can use passiveverbswith modals in this way:

(a) Subject + modal + be + past participle EXAMPLE: Actiue uoice: Norman ["o,tld lorr"tsee the project. modar-h(*lli*LD

by Norman. uoice: Theproject Passiue Foutal ne overseen

(b) Subject+ modal + have been + past participle D(AMPLE:Actiueuoice: Richardf mustlhavesent that bouqueIof roses.
modal I -

Gglg'"'b, tlbj"gJ Passiue uoice: That bouquet of roses F[st

Ihave been sent by Richard.

87

@4J

rick the correctsentences.

I Lisa can teach us to make flowersout of ribbons and straw. 2 Our department will be undergoing a leadershiptraining coursethis weekend. 3 lan could singswell even as a little boy. must havebeganhalf an hour late. 4 The procession 5 Thesevoucherscan be used at our caf6 on the l0th floor. 6 That little girl'sparents should have teachingher to read. 7 The motorcyclist ought to have sloweddown when he saw the oncoming lorry. B He might calls in to seeus this evening. 9 The cavemust have been inhabited by hundreds of bats. l0 lenny and Lara may be hold a garagesalethis weekend.

with the correctwords in the box. Completethe sentences Eachword mav be usedmore than once.
attend has

attending have

be make

been made

carry send

carrying sent

cooperate compete

cooperated competing

I A copy of the agendamust be 2 You should

to everycommittee member. printed the minutes of last year'sannual generalmeeting by presentedbv the treasurerat the for the post of president. an excellentsecretarybecauseshe is very organisedand
the meeting.

now. financial statementwill The society's meeting. 4 Helen and Sam may
D

Yasminwould meticulous.

will be 6 Mrs Haines,our adviser,

1 t

Lastyear'sannual generalmeeting ought to have members.

attendedby all by a showofhands or by secretballot. out their responsibilityto the best of their with one another to do what is best for
-l 4=YOUR SCONE I

B Voting of office bearerscould 9 Committeemembersmust ability. 10 All committee members should the club.

-@

| ,/

t>'l

BB

Underlinethe correctwords in the brackets.

I You ( might / must ) submit your entry form by 30th Septemberat the latest. 2 The train ( should / should have ) arrive any time now. 3 Irene ( may leave / may have left ) her shopping bag in the washroom. 4 Theseparcels( could fall / could have fallen ) from that van. unreliable 5 The customers( need to lodge / need to be lodged ) a complaint about the store's delivery service. 6 The information ( should have passedon / should have been passedon ) to the secretary yesterday. 7 One hundred athletesfrom 20local clubs (will have undergone / will be undergoing ) training at the National SportsCouncil next month. B Larry'scar ( might hit / must have hit ) the lamp post as he was backing into the parking lot. I The students ( had better start / better start ) revisingfor their final examssoon. l0 The courier company ( will be deliver / will be delivering) our packageto your managerbetween 10 a.m. and noon tomorrow.

@gRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceS.
- first-aid - for - have - in - kit - should - you - your. I a - car - emergencies Youshould hauea first-aid kit in your carfor emergencies. 2 and - be - could - front - her - in - Maggie- row - sister- sitting - the.

3 a- been- by-

- exposed - have- member- might- plotdissatisfied

the.

4 activity - join - morning - ought - team-building - the - they - to - tomorrow.

5 by - competition - have - magazine- now - of - selected- the - the - the - winners would.

6 a - at - be - examination- given - medical - Mr Adams - once - should - thorough.

B9

UN]T
passivestructure negativestatements,
below Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

")

sl

(*/"*t*

PorNrs We use not or its contraction n't to changea modal to its negativeform. We drop to when we form the negativeof need to. However,we keep to when we form the negativeof ought to. The verb that follows has to be in its baseform.
EXAMPLES:

You G!8e1,
( negallve +

wait for us.

/---------'----\
J

\sLrorecr )

We lought not to ltake everycriticism to heart. t+rl /---:------\ /-,------.------\ p\IlllM.,

l mudat

90

REMEMBER! afterall modalsexcept can.In the caseof can,the rvordnot is not appears immediately r Ther,r,ord
attachedto its ending. Negative cannot could not must not need not shall not should not will not would not Contractednegative can't couldn't mustn't needn't shan't shouldn't lvon't wouldn't Meaning not able to, not allowedto, not possible (samemeaningas cannot - usedin the pasttense) not allowedto not necessary doesnot intend to, refusesto not advisableto doesnot intend to, refusesto (samemeaning aswill not - used in the past tense)

NorE:May not, might not and ought not to do not have contractedforms.

\Vhen we use a presentparticiple with the negativeform of a modal, we have to include the baseform of the verb'to be' in this way: Subject+ modal + not / n't + be + presentparticiple
EXAMPLE:
.___l_
negati\.e modai

You]shouldn-t lbe doing all the work by yourself.

tlUet

present participle

\.Vhen we use a past participle with the negativeform of a modal, we have to include the baseform of the verb'to have' in this way: Subject+ modal + not / n-t + have + past participle
EXAMPLE:

REMEMBER! r Mustnot andshall

not cannot go with have + past participle

Sheloughtnot to lhave blamed me for our defeatin the finals.(Wehad lost in the finals.)

C:

---L-negatir-c

'*

modal

$""^*t'i'

We use passiveverbs with the negativeform of modals in this way: (a) Subject+ modal + not / n't + be + past participle
EXAMPLE:
negative nroclal

Actiueuoice: fn"y [-rtEt't-lmove the hea'"yartillery.

negative modal

Passiue uoice: The hear,yartilleryliouldnCbe moved.

Qa_r9'"iU
(b) Subject+ modal + not / n't + have been + past participle
EXAMPLE:
negative modal

Actiueuoice: A rainstorm Futdn'tlhave shattered the window.

G4".,
negailve lllooal

(:grggU

Passiue uoice: The window Eo,tldttilhurr" been shattered bv a rainstorm.

(ert""rg!,

9l

@AlCrossouttheincorrectmodalsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I You can't I can not miss her. She's alwaysthe best-dressed among them.

expected be expected to sell all the tickets within a fortnight. 2 They shouldn't I shouldn't 3 Bill mieht havenot heard I mieht not haveheard the wonderful news concerningEmma. 4 They wouldn'tbe workineI wouldn'tworki
c 6
1

for you if they didn't respectyou.

That lorry o u g h t n o t t o p a r k i n g i o u g h t n o t t o h a v e b e e n p a r k e d so closeto our drivewav. tell I shan't tellin I shan't This suitcase you the ending. Readthe book and find out what happened.

look I mav not look small but it can actuallyhold a lot of things.

B His complaints mustn'tbe taken I mustn'thavetaken lightly. because he 9 lvan couldn't understood I couldn't have understood your message only speaksRussian. leaveI needn't to leave now for the airport becausethere'snot much l0 We needn't traffic on the roads.

@eFillintheb1ankswiththecorrectmoda]sintheboxes'
havetaken place. I The accident wasn't there a signboard near the cliff to warn \AIhy motorists of the danger?
listen to our advice and 2 Clare now she'slost a lot of money on the stock market,

should

shouldn't

would can
need to

I I
I

wouldn't can't
needn't

3 The roof yesterdayl 4We what to do next. 5 You UVrays.

be leaking!I had it repaired get all the factsbeforewe decide protect your skin from the sun's

must oughtto shall could

mustn't

havespoken so harshly to 6 iack the team when thev were defeated. 7I wasteany more time trying to persuade Tom to changehis mind.

I oughtnotto I I shan't couldn't

B That excellentspeechby the chairman have been written by Paige.Shehas a way with words. 9 We changedour minds about going to the beach.We be spendingthe weekend in a cabin up on the mountain. l0 The child who was sent to the hospital by ambulance
have been accompanied by a teacher.

will

won't

should

shouldn't
r-:I -YOURSCONE
a /' )71

92

@JJ

Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.

I They shouldn't have misplacedMr Brown'sfolder. Mr Brown'sfolder shouldn'thauebeenmisplaced. 2 We cannot removethesereferencebooks from the librarv.

3 The tourist guide ought not to have taken the tourists to that factory.

4 Our football club may not include David in the lineup againstThe Trojans.

5 The prosecutionmight not produce sufficient evidenceagainstthe murder suspect.

6 My workmen couldn't have damagedyour staircase.

Underlinethe mistakes in verb forms in the conversation. Write the correctverbs in the blanks.
Sarinah Mrs Tan Sarinah Mrs'fan Sarinah Mrs Tan Sarinah Kate must take not four teaspoonsof sugarin her tea. Shehas a diabetic condition. I wouldn't surprisedif her blood sugarlevel is high. I've told her to take lessbut shewon't listen to me. Shebeganwith two teaspoonsof sugar,then shewent on to three and now it's four! You shouldn'thad let her increaseher sugarintake.You need to take her to a doctor and have him test her blood sugarlevel. It's not just Kate.It's Jerryas well. I can't understandhow both of them can eat chocolate, ice-cream,cakeand biscuits all in the spaceof a day. Your fridge needn'tto be stockedwith so many sweetsnacks. I let the children choosetheir own snackswhen we go shopping for groceries. You shouldn't have cateringto their whims all the time. You could teach them to satisfy their hunger with fruit. It's got vitamins and fibre.You might not succeeded at first in getting them to enjoy fruit as a snack.They may grumble and complain but they will come to like fruit eventually. I 2 3 mustn't takeI must not take 4 c 6

-:;!!-

YOUR SCORE I -4

lr"

93

6"5 MODATS UN]TT

positive and negativequestions,passivestructure

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences section. Points Grammar

GRAMMAR POINTS

.GD,g3@

"t/"-*'*
POINTS

E f

We can begin a question which has yes or no as the answerusing a modal.

EXAMpLES: modal

(Statement)

We Eadwake Grandpanow.

GlEeq, Gqggtil'"t
modal

(Question)

@
modal

we wake Grandpa now?

(Negatiuequestion)

faadt-l we wake Grandpa now?

6@

\Mhenwe form a questionwith the modal, we do not normally make use of the verb the modal need to can be usedwith the verb'to do'.
EXAMPLES:

'to do'.Only

(Questionwithottt modal)

Do we wake Grandpanow?
rr-r-

(lrltiU

tl9f-J'(
modal

jg'" r'rlItg!,

welcanlwake Grandpanow? Gqjgq,

modal

Do we EeA to-l wake Grandpa now?

@@
94

REMEMBER! r Modais are used in questionsfor various purposes,such as the follon'ing: to find out about a person's ability- cani can't,could/couldn't (for the past) ought to/ought not to or advice- shali,should/shouldn't, to get suggestions - must/mustn't, should/shouldn't, to find out if somethingis the right thing to do or is necessary ought to/ought not to to offer help - can/can't,couldi couldn't,may, shall,willi won't, rvoulcmay/might (moretentative) or help - can/can't, could/couldn't, to askfor permission to get an opinion will/n ould,won't/wouldn't uncertainty - could, might, would to express to requestfor help or information - can/can't,could/couldn't, may,will/won't, would obligation- must, should, ought to, shall to express possibility- could/couldn't,might (more formal) to express NolE: May is normally usedwith the subjectsI and we in questions. r The modal shan't is not used in questions.

'to be' when we use a present participle with a modal We have to use the baseform of the verb quesuon. rn a EMMPLE: Shouldn't you be payrng attention to what the speakeris saying?

n
E

Shouldn't you paying attention to what the speakeris saying?

When we use the baseform of the verb usea past participle after it.

'to have' in a question beginning with a modal, we must

Would Doreen have sold her apartment by now? EXAMPLES:

G-**-r)
would oor""niu*-r"il. her apartment by now?

Would Doreen have selling her apartment by now?

|X I

@
We have to use the baseform of the verb'to be' + past participle with a modal when the form. questionis in the passive
EXAMPLES: Can these savouries be eaten with chilli sauce?

a
E E E E

Can thesesavourieseaten with chilli sauce? Can thesesavourieseat with chilli sauce? Can thesesavourieseating with chilli sauce? Can thesesavouriesate with chilli sauce?

95

EEEEilEl3

sentences. Tickthecorrect

climbing thesesteepsteps? I Can Mr Stevens 2 Did Ioanna could catch the train after all? 3 Must you reject everysuggestionI make? 4 Won't I be reimbursed for the goodsdamagedduring transportation? 5 Shouldn'tthe park authoritiesbe making sure no visitor feedsthe animals? 6 Did the police stop the scuffleat the football stadium? 7 Might they teachingtheir parrot to talk? 8 Wouldn't she felt surprisedif they had phoned from Brazil? 9 Couldn't he have told us earlier that he didn't like playing chess? 10 Should the club restrictsmembers from bringing in too many guests?

Theremay be more than one answer Circlethe lettersof the correctquestions. for eachquestion.
to ask for something please? A May I borrow your setsquare, B Might I have a little more of your deliciouspie? C Can Janestayingat my house this weekend?

to make a suggestion A Will this braceletmatchesyour pearl earrings? B C Could Paul take chargeof the studentsvisiting the batik factory? Shallwe removethe curry stain with some bleachingpowder?

to inquire about possibilities A Could Suehave taken Ariel'spurse instead by mistake? B Wouldn't it better to add honeY? C Might they have hidden the money below the floorboards? to askif somethingis necessary A Must Henry and I raking the leavesin the gardennow? B Must you be blowing your trumpet so early in the morning? C Doesn'the need to make amendsfor his bad behaviour yesterday? to offer Would you like to read amagazinewhile waiting for the doctor? B ShallI call for the bellboy to take Donna'sluggage? C Couldn'tyou have got our assistantmanagerto settlethe customer'sproblem?

96

@9

Underline thecorrect wordsin thebrackets.

I May I ( refer / to refer ) to the letter you wrote on 17th September? 2 Could Maisie ( download / downloaded) the environmental article you recommended? 3 Won't Lisa'splans to buy that house ( delayed/ be delayed) becauseshe has so many expenses? 4 Shouldn'tyou ( setting / be setting ) a good exampleto the new staffl 5 Couldn't the others ( assisted/ have assisted ) Mrs loseph while I was away? 6 Would the manager ( supporting / have supported ) you if he had not been pleasedwith your work? 7 Might this ( be / is ) the answerto all your financial problems? 8 Can'tthe test (be postponed / postpone ) since a number of the studentsare down with flu? 9 Shouldwe ( have bought / have buy ) Lorna a bottle of perfume rather than this piece of silk? in your new firm? l0 Will you be ( enjoy/ enjoying ) morefringebenefits

@-4SomeofthequeStionSareincorrect.Rewritethemcorrectly.
I ShallI giving your sistersome coachingin Maths? Shall I giueyour sistersomecoachingin Maths? 2 Could Suebe photocopying the minutes of the meeting now?

3 Shouldn'tthe rally participants have drove slowly on the wet road?

4 Won't Sheiladismayedby the lack of responseto her survey?

5 Couldn't Harry replacedJim in the secondhalf of the game?

6 Might I making a simple suggestionat this point?

97

UNIl T"I PREPOSITIONS

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

blue suit for her with a na'"ry Kim was dressed office lunch. Kim was dressedin a naw blue suit for her office lunch. The committee report comprises of 20 pages. The committeereport comprises20 pages. The committee report consistsof 20 pages.
GRAMMARPOINTS

\Mhenwe use prepositions,we must know which ones go with certain verbs,adjectivesor the the word beforea prepositioncontrolsour choice.Sometimes, nouns.Sometimes, preposition must go togetherwith the word that comes after it' (a) verb + preposition EXAMPLES: I stopped at a bakeryto buy somebreadand cakes.
-L.

tl:t

t-:!e:teU
pers0n

(b) adjective+ preposition

thing

Mary is good withlchildren l.

Mary is good atllrlaths].

Gq sr9 Q'.rg{9,
(c) noun + preposltlon

@@

The reason for the flight cancellationis still not known.

Lq."!_ryI,
(d) verb + preposition + noun / pronoun rtgr:gli Raymond agreed with lme lthat the meeting should be postponed.

thing

Raymondagreed to lmy suggestion lto postponethe meeting'

9B

REMEMBER! r Prepositionsare used to show how people or things relateto one another.The best way to remember pronouns,adjectives or verbsis to checktheir which prepositionsgo with certain nouns,noun phrases, use in a dictionarl'. r Prepositionsare used to help conveyideaslike the following: level- above,below accompanyingor in the sameplace- with position- around,at, behind,in of, for causeor purpose- because showingsupport or opposition - against,for, with condition or stateof something- in, out of similarity in manner - as,Iike content - about, in, oi with - from source g o a lo r t a r g e l a t .t o time - after,during, since having something- ol with, without way of doing something- by,with movement - into, over,through, towards

must but other wordswhich sharet h e s a m em e a n i n g Somewords do not requireprepositions havethem. (a) synonyms I arrived at the town hall iust before the show began. EXAMPLES: I reached at the town hall just before the show began. I reached the town hall iust before the show began. admit - Iet in exceed- go beyond (b) nouns derived from verbs
EXAMPLES:
t erb

Z E

accompany- go with hit - strike at

contain- consistof comprise, request- askfbr

the company'sannual report just now. I X I Mr Morgan and his secretaryldiscrrssed-labout Mr Morgan and his secretarydiscussedthe company'sannual report just now.
noul.I

The ldiscussionlabout the company'sannual report took an hour.

@
@ Tick the correctsentences.

a a

I Iackie is fluent in Mandarin. 2 My bossintends to transfer me head office in September. while she was running. 3 Emily tripped to her shoelaces 4 I had an enjoyableouting with my cousinsyesterday. 5 The millionaire knew he had to escapehis kidnappers. 6 I think you should not boastyour achievements. 7 We looked through the files but couldn't find the document I needed. B This sculptureis made of steel,rope and glass. 9 The ticketswill be availablethe box office from l0 a.m. tomorrow l0 Won'tthesechairsbe idealfor our dining room? 99 --I -YoUR-EoRE
l -r " -H

@Fillintheblankswiththecorrectprepositionsintheboxes'
I The man The man a limp is a war hero. shorts and a Hawaiian shirt seems lost.

[T-_]
[*ith--l

Billie'ssister? Sheentereda contest and won a trip for 2 Did you hear two around the world. that restaurantbefore.Isn't it the one with Frenchwindows I've heard and a lovely courtyard? 3 The bicyclesat the hotel are availableThe expresscounter serviceat the bank is available yearsof age. 4 The evacuation boats. Their evacuationhad burst. 5 Ianet'smother was afraid alone in the dark. Marie is not afraid growth. hire at five dollars an hour. those above55

Fb""t I

["r I I r"f
[ffi]

[-t"-_-l

the flood victims was hampered by the shortageof the areawas of the greatesturgencybecausea dam

r"fl t--r-l ["r I

her becauseIanet often had to walk home failure. Sheseesit as a stepping-stoneto further

Theremay be more Circlethe lettersof the correctanswers. than one answerfor eachquestion.
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C The booming sound came from that room. Shewalked towardsthe booming sound. Thereis a booming sound at that room. lohn spokeagainstbeautification projectsthat ate into the budget. Johnwas not in favour becauseof beautification projectsthat ate into the budget. lohn did not agreeto beautification projectsthat ate into the budget. I can't remember exactlywhere but there'san interestingcaf6 around here. That caf6is the ground floor of the Millennium Tower. I think the caf6 is next to a shop sellingsports goods. I walked as Grandma when she wanted to visit her old neighbour. I accompaniedGrandmawhen shewanted to visit her old neighbour. I walked with Grandmawhen she wanted to visit her old neighbour.

.-'YouR scoRE I

100

@Crossouttheredundantprepositionsinthedialogue.
Anna Rashid Anna Lee,what are you doing{here? The samereasonfor why you're here,I think. Are you attending to the briefing for the youth expedition to Chile? Yes.Oh, isn't it greatbecauseof that we'reboth on the sameexpedition!It'll be an adventure,don't you think? It'll be about fun to work with young people from different parts of the world who will be part of the expedition too. It's a challengeI wouldn't want to miss out. We'dbe working on with communities in the interior of Chile. This weekendtraining will be very useful for us, I think. are supposedto familiarise us with everlthing for we need to know about The organisers the expedition. It saysin the programme here that we'll be told on the rules we have to abide by during the whole expedition. Oh! This should interest to all of us.According to the programme,the ChileanAmbassador is going to talk on the customsand traditions of his people. .-. ,=l-l Wow! I hope he wearshis national costume or he singswith the national YOUR SCORE I anthem of his country. You do saythe funniest things,Anna. a,/ ).71 -

Rashid Anna Rashid Anna Rashid Anna Rashid

prepositions. withsuitable EEEEEE|JJ Fillin theblanks

was it! That was the cause(l) BoredomlThat two weeks.That was why I had been snapping (2) my chair (3) was bored made me arxious (4) quietly (5) resignation. I walked purposefully (6) Mr Brown'soffice,my letter in my hand. Outsidehis mv irrational behaviour thesepast the staff all the time. I slumped into

despair.I had worked for 15yearswith the company.The realisationthat I how I was going to work efficiently from now on. I sat

a while and then I switched on the computer and swiftlywrote my letter of

room, I stopped at the watercooler for a sip of water. My throat was parched. Beads of perspiration had begun to form on my forehead. It wasn't going to be easy, I knew but I had to tell him. My life was

such a drudgery.I didn't want to be (7) to ensurethe office ran like clockwork everyday.

administration anymore.I didn't want to have

Iust then, Mr Brown opened his door and askedme to step (B) "Lena,we'recreatinga new department that will deal solely (9)

his room. He said, partners. our overseas

I want you to head that. It will mean doing quite a bit of travelling.Are you interested?" My jaw dropped. My fingerstrembled. Quietly,I crumpled my letter. "\&rhat's that?" askedMr Brown, pointing to the crushedpaper in my hand. "Oh, iust one of mv mistakes,"I said.He must have known, for I heard him sigh (10) relief. l0t

TT7=2PREPOSITIONS

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section. .RAMMAR
POINTS

-l

.r)

(;/"*t*R

PorNrs

\Vhen we use a preposition after a verb,we cannot have a that-clauseafter it. We can havea noun or a noun phraseafterthe preposition.
D(AMPLES:

ol en ce.l Iam es b eli eves in E on -vtl-i

Iames believes in

Jamesbelievesin

Iames believesin that everyoneshould be non-violent. Jamesbelievesin that education is important. Jamesbelievesin that he should maintain good relationswith everyone.

E E E

r02

we place the object between the verb and the preposition that goeswith it. In some sentences,
EXAMPLES:

(a) verb + object + preposition + noun / noun phrase Mrs Parry thanked + Yusof+ for + his helpfulness. The media informed + the public + about + the total eclipseof the sun. (b) verb + object+ preposition+'ing' form Mrs Parry thanked + Yusof + for + helping her complete the office accounts. A We can use a preposition before a clausebeginning with a wh-word. We can sometimesmove too. the prepositionto the end of the clause
EXAMPLES:

in which cupboard they had hidden our Christmaspresents' (formal) I',vondered I wondered which cupboard they had hidden our Christmaspresents in. (informal) The customs officer askedme from where I had boughtthe carpet. (formal) The customsofficer askedme where I had bought the carpet from. (informal) We were astoundedat how the blind man had escapedfrom the burning buildi We were astounded how the blind man had escapedfrom the burning buildin We can use the
EXAMPLES:

n V) n a n
E

at.

'ing' form of a verb with a preposition in certain combinations'

(a) verb + object+ preposition+'ing' form Liza a c c u s e d+ h e r b r o t h e r + o f + p e e k i n g into the presentcupboard. + preposition+'ing' form (b) verb'to be' + adjective jimmy was + furious + at + being woken
tcl

at 6 a.m. to go for a morning walk.

pronoun +'ing' form + preposition+ possessive verb'to be'+ adjective + at + his + beingmistaken for his son. MrWoods was+ amazed

@;-l
A B C A B C A B C

Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.

He is afraid that he will offend his friends. He is afraid of offending his friends. He is afraid of that he will offend his friends. Our managerinsiststhat our work must be neat. Our managerinsistson our work be neat. Our managerinsistson our work beingneat. I found out from where the parcel was sent from' I found out from where the parcelwas sent. I found out where the parcelwas sent from.

103

A B C A B C

Fionaaskedme anotherchocolate cakerecipe. Fiona askedme for another chocolatecakerecipe. Fiona askedfor another chocolatecakerecipe from me. Mike was satisfiedwith coming out secondin the competition. Mike was satisfiedthat he had come out secondin the competition. Mike was satisfiedabout come out secondin the comoetition.

Etrq4

Match the expressions in A with those in B. Then join them using the prepositions in thebox.
at

by

from

of

with

A
I 2 3 4 c 6 He managed to get to the airport

B
their neighbours' lack of civic-consciousness.

Thev are horrified The ambassador expressed deepsorrow We disagreed I don't know The landlordis tired

who this written message is. reminding us to clear up the messin the garage. hitchinga ride from a friend. the failure of the negotiations. the proposal to increaseour club'ssubscription fees.

I 2 3 4
5

Theyare horrified at their neighbours' lack of ciuic-consciousness.

,-l:-f YOUR SCORE I

a /r^a l7l

a /'

Rewrite each sentence.Leaveout the that-clause and use the words in the brackets.
I reminded Iohn that the meeting would take place as scheduledon 28th May. I remindedJohn of the meetingon 2\th May. ,o, My sistergrumbled that I receivedmore pocket money than her. more pocketmoney than her. (about- my) My sistergrumbled about my receiuing I am annoyedthat you take your good health for granted. (at - your.) 4 Charleswas upset that we had not eniovedthe film he recommended. (about - our)

104

The staff assuredtheir new managerthat they would give him their support and loyalty. (of - their) The familywas pleasedthat I had made attempts to find a job. (with - my) The woman complained that her next-door neighbour had a difficult personality. (of - neighbour's)

Insert { wherethey should aremissingin the conversation. Someprepositions prepositions given boxes. in the correct be and write the
Interviewer: I d like to congratulateyou {Vo.t. winning the competition. Yourswas a wonderful composition. |ohn Doe : Thanks.I never thought that I would win becauseI faced stiff competition the others. Interviewer : Well, all the judges felt your song had that extra somethinglacking in the others. JohnDoe : I took part in somecompetitionsbefore,but didn't even make it to the semi-finals. Interviewer : Did you do something different this time? JohnDoe : Well, when I think back what I wrote earlier, they were rather sentimentalnumbers. I wrote about missinga lovedone,brokenhearts. . . that sort of thing. This latest song is never giving up hope.
Interviewer: John Doe

line I 2 3 4 line 5 6 7 B I line 10 1l 12 13 14 line 15 16 17 18 19 line 20 2l 22

on

Wasit basedon a personalstory?

I was on drugs once. I was consciouswhat : Yes. I was doing but I didn't care.I ended up with no money,no hope. One day,a friend spotted me in the alleywhich had becomemy home. He took me to see a counsellorand stayedby my side till I recovered from my addiction. He never gaveup on me. That was why when I held up my trophy, I said,"Francis, I know you'rewatching this. This is you."

r{!-

YoUR scORE I
a,/l

lr/
105

'31

ANDPREDICATE 8 SUBIECT UN]TT

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Points section. Grammar

GRAMMAR POINTS

I ..H .)

(*/"*t*

PorNrs A sentenceis usually made up of a subject and a predicate.The predicatemust contain at least one verb.It can alsohavean object,a complementor an adverbial.
EXAMPLES:

Predicate Subject A group ofvolunteers Subject Thesepeople Verb cleanedup Verb are Object the school field Adverbial after SportsDay.

Complement members of the chessclub.

A sentence can containtwo objects- a directobjectand an indirect object.A directobjectis somethingwhich receivesthe action from the subject.An indirect object is usually someone who benefitsfrom the action on the directobject. gave the children bagsof sweets. EXAMpLE:At the parry they

The indirect object often comes before the direct object.We can put the indirect object after the direct object if it is in a prepositionalphrase. prepositional phrase parry gave bags of sweets tt-.httd-;l At the they EXAMpLE:

f" #

Grqig:.t, 106

@L@

6 r

We usually use a sentencewithout a subjectwhen we want to or give a warning. give an order,make an offer or suggestion, We use the base are known as imperatives. Suchsentences form of verbswith imperativesand we form negative by adding'do not'. imperativesentences
EXAMPLES:

REMEMBER! r A noun or pronoun can be used with the imperative to show precisely who you are speakingto.
EXAMPLES: noun

Be quiet! (order) Have a piece of pie. (offeD Write neatly so people can read your work. (suggestion) Do not leavethe gateof the house unlocked. (warning) Don't smoke in here. brder)

James, show Mr Cole to my office,please. (request)

pronoun

You , stop bullying that child. (order)

@4-]FiilintheblankswiththecoIIectwordSintheboxes.
too closeto the main road.You might be knocked down by a car Don't be playing I Don't can't seewhat all the fuss is about. After all, we think that going on a world tour is a

commonthing nowadays. @{fWel

to the managing director,Sam.He wants to know how you feel about your new posting. Must speak I Speak
He helped the stack of files to the car.

me

ng I me to carry

up that ladder,Bobby.You could fall and hurt yourself. Don'tclimbed I Don'tclimb 6 Alex has bought for us somefood I some food for us Suehanded keys. while she searchedfor the car to her husbandthe shopping I the shoppingto her husband on the alertlYou don't know who'swatching vou. Be I Have to be so we don't have to go out and buy lunch.

goingto be surprisedto seeall of us at the centenarycelebrations. The director I the directoris l0 Have I Want to have some dessert,Fred.We have lots to choosefrom.

@A
A B C A B C

Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.

Dont knowwhat theywant us to do. We don't knowwhat theywant us to do. \A4rat theywant us to do we don't know. Betty is a pastry chef at the institute of catering and hospitality. A pastry chef at the institute of catering and hospitality is Betty. Betty a pastry chef is at the institute of catering and hospitality. t07

3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C 6 A B C 7 A B C

Throughout the night, people heard gunfire as explosionsrocked the city. Peopleheard gunfire throughout the night as explosionsrocked the city. Peopleheard gunfire as explosionsrocked the city throughout the night. They servedto all the participants at the seminar light refreshments. To all the participants they servedlight refreshmentsat the seminar. They servedlight refreshmentsto all the participants at the seminar. At the nature reserve, the animals waiting for the summer rains to fill the waterholes. At the nature reserve, the animals waited for the summer rains to fill the waterholes. For the summer rains to fill the waterholes,the animals waited at the nature reserve. Readas much as possibleto improve your language. Readingas much as possibleto improve your language. You must read as much as possibleto improve your language. Don't being so fussylYouneed to be a little lesscritical. Don't be so fussylYou need to be a little lesscritical. Don't so fussylYou needto be a little lesscritical. --r YouR scoRE I lrr'

r7l ,91

@9CompletethesentenceSwiththeexpressionsinthebox.
that you don't upset the whole tray of cakes. me copies of the annual report. a deep breath please,so that I can checkyour lungs. becauseI can'thear what you're saying. Joannewith a beautiful cashmerejacket. late or we'll miss the opening number of the show. are members of the state's basketballteam. cleanedtheir catch for the day and dried it in the sun. we were helping out at the charity bazaar. are part of the Alpine forests. I Don't be 2 Colin presented
3 Those magnificent pine trees

4 Shepassed 5 Speaklouder 6 Make sure 7 Take B All afternoon,

r0B

The fishermen
4lYOUR SCORE I

young men 1 0 Those colourfully-dressed

a/a

a,/

)74

Mark with { where a word is missing in the sentence.Then underline in the bracketsthe type of word that is missing.
I Have to watch for pickpockets in this part of the city . 2 I left the note in your letterbox . It must be still ( direct object ( adverbial indirect object verb ) ( object subject verb ) verb )

(adverbial

complement

3 We gave the reply cards so she would know the numbers attending the wedding . The girls looked for Katy in but there was no sign of her . direct object indirect object ) All night long , Bill to hear some news of his sons and their boat but the coastguard had no news for him . ( direct object indirect object verb ) 6 Post for me Karen . I'm in a terrible rush this morning . 7 She very unreasonable.It's difficult to work with her . ( object subject verb ) direct object ) indirect object ) ( adverbial direct object object verb ) ( indirect object verb )

B Have to get our scripts ready . The drama finals are just three months away This restaurant serves excellent food. Its Caesar'ssalad is ( adverbial (complement complement l 0 Anna, go to the bank and get some cash for direct object

@gJSomeoftheSentenceSareincorrect'Rewritethemcorrectly.
t Followingthat carlWe musn't lose sight of it.

efforts Glen made to get in touch with us yesterday. 2 Several

3 Richardwas the first member of his family to join the merchant na\,y.

You know he has to deal with 4 Have got to show more understandingtowardsPeter. many problems.

5 Don't be thanking us for thesegifts.We think you deserveevery one of them.

r09

CTAUSES 9"T RELATIVE UN]TT

with who, which and that

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

-) (3/"*t*R PorNrs

We use a relativeclausebeginning with A relativeclausedescribesa noun in the main clause. who to describepeople.We use a relativeclausebeginning with which to describeall nouns people. except who / wlKh won the prize. He is the playrnrright EXAMpLES: This is the play}(o / whichwon the prize.
REMEMBER! begin with a relativepronoun (that, which, who or whom). The relativepronoun I Most relativeclauses clause. is usuallythesubjector objectofthe verb in the relative r Traditionally,who is used as the subject while whom is used as the object of the relative clause.But it is more common to usewho as both the subjectand object. nowadays,
EXAMPLE: rnain clause relativeclause

( nourr dc.r'rib.d ) |

tfralllg]|9

.object.of )

u1t!ls!al:j.i

otf ,'rrbjec

( finlre v e r b)

the subiectof the relativeclausecomesafter it. r \Vhen who or which is the obiect of the relativeclause,

we who or which is the obiect of the finite verb in the relativeclause.In thesecases, Sometimes,
can drop who or which.
EXAMPLES: main clause
relative clause

n hich = the lbrt - object of rhe verb buih

built. This is the fort r,[i(tr the Portuguese

ll0

We cannot drop who or which when it is the subiectof the relativeclause. EXAMPLE:
main clause Irelative clause

This is the fort

lLnhich

kept the town r".":,1

l.!_l

@@@
which = the fort = objectof the r,erbkept

Thisis the fort r'D<h keptthe town secure.

A relative clause can be defining or non-defining. A defining relative clause with who or which identifies the people or things, or tells others what sort of people or things we are referring to.
EXAMPLE: main clause
defining _ \ relative clause +-: who speakfranklv. tidentilics what sort of doctors she likes: the frank sortl

A non-defining relativeclausewith who or which doesnot identiff the people or things we are referring to but givesmore information only.We put a comma before a non-defining relative clause.
EXAMPLE: main clause
non-deflning relati\re clause ?--=\

We visited Paris

which both of us loved.

(gir.cs more information a b o u tI ) a r i s )

comma beforenon-delinir.rg clause

We cannot drop who or which from a non-defining relativeclause. EXAMPLE:We visited Paris,w):(h both of us loved. REMEMBER! r A relative clause beginning with that candescribe all noul ts includingpeople.
EXAMpLES: She is the designer thati who I admire.

Y)

This is the oendant that/which I want.

r A non-defining relativeclausecannot begin rvith that. I sawAnna,who/tftt seemedionesome. EXAMPLES: He borrowed my tape,which/ftt he never returned.

@-AJCrossouttheincorrectitemsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I He is kind towards the youngsters were I who were placedin his care.

2 T h a t w a s t h e d e c i s i o n which | , which

I regretto this day.

onecourse of antibiotim FfrutTJfrut I did not helpher. 3 Lauracompleted

d 4 T h ea u t h o r i t i ed se m o l i s h e t h eh u t s had I thathad been built on stateland. 5 The inspector questionedthe man Fh"a[-ht.h-l Iulie had identified.

6 This is the most pnzzlingincident FT, th"ii-l have ever come across.

lll

to seehis father trh" I , *h"l wasworkingin Beijing. 7 Jakewent

B Iane is studying genetics which | , which she finds fascinating.
need to know.

9 Theserecordswill tell us the things we | , whichwe l 0 He is the most innovative teacher

we have come across.

@Circlethelettersoftheitemsintheboxesthatgointheplacesmarkedwith('
I

her. He senthis mother a bouquet,( cheered

2 I know ofcockatoos ( ca.t conversefluently.

work too hard. 3 You are one of those people ( alwaVs 4 John is looking for a contractor ( he can trust. The children miss their grandmothet,{ dot"d on them. ( 6 It was a speech -, He distrusts people( Sheoften getssplendid marks(
I

Mr Menon was the most effectivechairman

l 0 I was the boy(

A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

that which which who

which who

that that
that

who inspiredus. that inspired us. who flatter him. , who flatter him. , which she never flaunts. which she never flaunts.
that we ever had.

we ever had. which vour sonsbefriended. who vour sonsbefriended. -.-YouisCoRE I

a

@J_J
A B C A B C A B C

Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.

The Internet is an invention which must not misuse. The Internet is an invention that we must not misuse. The Internet is an invention which we must not misuse. Felixrevisitedthe islands of the Hebrides,which had captivatedhim. Felixrevisitedthe islandsof the Hebrideswhich had captivatedhim Felix revisitedthe islandsof the Hebridesthat had captivatedhim. He no longer believesthe storieswhich she tells him. He no longer believesthe storiesthat she tells him. He no longer believesthe storiesshe tells him.

l./'il

/a

Lt2

4 A B C 5 A B C

Sheworries about the people,who took a risk to saveher. Sheworries about the people who took a risk to saveher. Sheworries about the people that took a risk to saveher. This is the marketing executivewho securedthe most dealsthis month. This is the marketing executivesecuredthe most dealsthis month. This is the marketing executivethat securedthe most dealsthis month.

@D|underlinethecorrectitemsinthebrackets.
Eachyear,universitiesin theWest take in quite a number of students I ( which / who ) come from Asian countries.Sucha student may initially feel lost in an environment 2 (which / , which ) is a reaction 3 ( that / who ) sociologists unfamiliar. He experiences call'culture shock'. The culture, or way of life, around him is vastly different from the one 4 ( that / , that ) he knew back home. He sees types of behaviour 5 (ptzzlel which puzzle ) him. He longs to be back in his homeland with his own people 6 ( who / , who ) seemto him so much friendlier than those around him. After some time, the Asian student may undergo experiences7 ( that / , that ) changehis outlook. He may even lose the beliefs B ( he / , which he ) once valued.However,this does not happen to a student 9 (which / who ) is sure of his own cultural identity. He takesthe best l0 ( the / , which the ) Westcan offer; but he doesnot lose his Asian roots. YouR seoRE I
a / aaa a

a,/

)71

Rewrite the sentencescorrectly using relative clausesbeginning with who, which or that.
This is the waterfall,which we visited last year. This is the waterfall which we uisited last year. 2 The sports committee congratulatedthe athleteswhich had won gold and silver medals.

3 The doctor prescribeda new tranquiliser,that did not agreewith me.

4 We must find a guide,who has been there many times.

5 Mr Thomas is a teachercan hold us spellbound with his stories.

6 Shepoured tea into little cups,were made of fine porcelain.

113

CTAUSES UN]T 9"2 RETATIVE

with whose

't

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

GDM

) (-/"*t*R

PorNrs

We use a relativeclausebeginning with whose to show that the noun after whose is connected to or belongsto the noun before it.
EXAMPLES:
main clause relative clause

I greetedthe accountant !J whose office was opposite mine.

n o r r n d e s r ' r i b e d) | l t t ' 1 o n g l. r ) t l ) e A c c { r u n l a n l

mainclause

relative clause

Shejoined u

"o-futy

\\ whose -utig"ts

rvereincompetent

norrrr desr'rilrt'd )

( t o n n e c t e d t r rt h e t , r t n p a n r

A relative clause with whose can be defining or non-defining. A defining relative clause with whose identifies the people or things, or tells others what sort of people or things we are

referring to.
EXAMPLE: mainclause
relative clause ( ains which cave rve er

We exploredthe cave

whose limestone formations are a rvell-knowntourist attraction.

A non-defining relativeclausewith whose does not identiff the people or things we are referring to but givesmore information only.
EXAMPLE:
main clause non-deii

(doesnot exolainwhich friend or me ) relativeclause lvhat sort ofiiiend embarrassed

I w a s e m b a r r a s s e db y m y f r i e n d

114

REMEMBER! r A relative clause beginning with whose adds information about the person or thing just before it. (Whoseusually showsownershipor connection.It takesthe place of his, her, its or their.) They liked the guide.Her commentarywas witty. EXAMpLES: They liked the guide whose commentary was witty. This is the hotel.We like its service. This is the hotel whose servicewe like. r Whose at the beginning of a relativeclausecannot be dropped and must alwaysbe followed by a noun. EXAMPLE: He handed the kitten to the girl whose pet it was. Z He handed the kitten to the girl pet it was. He handed the kitten to the girl whose it was. E | ,n

l@?

Tickthe correct sentences.

I I know many women whose careersand family lives combine well. 2 Sheavoids colognestheir fragranceis too strong. 3 They found ]ake whose life they savedthrough first aid. whosepolicieswe like. 4 We'llsupportthe candidates 5 Kay beckonedto the child whose broken toy she had repaired. 6 He is defending a woman whose he knows her family. whosesoccerteam needshim. 7 Kenwill join the college B The librarian found many books that the pageswere torn. 9 Dan is teaching at his old schoolwhose pupils are as naughty as he was. pet monkey,whose antics we enjoyed. t0 We looked after Sally's
-_ --l YOUR SCORE I
l/a

lt"

-H

@4
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C

Circle the letters of the correct sentences.

That is the old lady,whose memoirs amazedthe nation. That is the old lady whose memoirs amazedthe nation. That is the old lady whose daughter amazedthe nation. We'veseenher antiques,whose value she doesn'tknow We'veseenher antiques,whose value is enormous. We'veseenher antiqueswhose value she doesn'tknow. They areproud of the countrywhoseindependence they helpedto establish. They are proud of the country independencethey helped to establish. They are proud of the country whose independencewas established through their efforts. I staredat the man whose music had delighted my father. I staredat the man whose name I was trying to recall. I staredat the man whose twin was a famous footballer.

ll5

5 A B C

The tourists visited the Grand Canyon,whose magnificenceawed them. The tourists visited the Grand Canyonwhose magnificenceawed them. The tourists visited the Grand Canyon,magnificenceawed them.

-.l-

r-l | .,'tn l ->l

l//

YouR scoRE I

tt ffi?I@

Rewrite the the words in the boxes to form relative clauses. Rearrange at the end. clauses usingthe relative sentences
- could - I - match - not - whose achievements - to - vital -whose future - is - our - success - crowded- lobbv- was - whose-with cameramen
face - recognised - she - whose

I I envied my brother Alan.

I could not match. I enuiedmy brotherAlan, whoseachieuements 2 We have bungled the experiment.

3 Lisa enteredthe Horizon Hotel.

4 Shetalked to a reporter.

5 He thanked the lawryer.

brilliance - had - his - case- saved- whose historv - knew - so - thev - well - whose

6 They stoodby the RedSea.

.--t-t YOUR SCORE I

/a t7l a ,/

Tick the box if the A and B sentenceshave the same meaning.

A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B The clerk apologisedto the woman whose file he had lost. The clerk apologisedto the woman. He had lost her file. Theywelcomed Miss Simpson,whose credentialswere excellent. They welcomed Miss Simpson.Her credentialswere excellent. Dr Chan bumped into Dr Fong,whosestudenthe had been. Dr Chan bumped into Dr Fong.Dr Fong had been Dr Chan'sstudent. he could copewith. He had a job whosepressures of the job. He had a job. He could copewith the pressures Shechosejewellerywhose beauty would enhancehers. Shechosejewellery.Her beauty would enhanceits beauty. My father was born in a coastaltown whose alleyssmelt of fish. My father was born in a coastaltown. His alleyssmelt of fish. I have good friends,whose moral support I value. I have good friends. I value their moral support. My bosssits behind a table whose sizeproclaims his status. Mv bosssitsbehind a table.His sizeproclaimshis status. It6

E
[]

n n n
E E

I A B f0 A B

Our museum has a new curator whose energyis boundless. Our museum has a new curator.The curator'senergyis boundless. The children had a plan whose ingenuity stunned us. The children had a plan. They were stunned by our ingenuiry.

correctly using relative clauseswith in the passage Rewritethe sentences whose.

(1)I am lucky to be a studentparentshavea realisticoutlook on success at school.(2)They are (3) people their expectationsI can meet without stress. I am also fortunate to be in my school whose pace. (4) Freefrom tension, I find myself policy is to help everystudent progressat his or her ora,n (5) discoveringabilities their existenceI never realised. I hope to become a person,whose developmentis balanced.(6)This will enableme to face a world its challengesget harder each day. at school. 1 I am lucky to be a student whoseparentshauea realisticoutlook on success

@3

Underline the correct items in the brackets.

We had a delightful holiday in Bali I ( whose / , whose ) attractionswe had long wanted to

sample,We choselodgings 2 ( whose / , whose ) simplicity appealedto us.We are people 3 ( who / whose ) need to escapeoccasionallyfrom urban life.We also decidedto avoid places 4 ( that / whose ) cultural showswere meant for tourists. Through persistentenquiries,we found a group of Balinesedance students 5 ( whose / who's) repertoirefew tourists had seen.In our searchfor paintings,we came upon a ramshacklebuilding 6(that/whose)housedafinegallery.ItdisplayedworksT(range/whoserange)andpowerwere incredible.We also discoveredone of those beachesB (which / whose ) purity is pristine. Most importantly, we got to know the Balinesepeople 9 (whose / , whose ) warmth and hospitality touched our hearts.It was a visit l0 (which / whose ) we will never forget.
a.

I17

CTAUSES UNTT 9"5 RELATIVE

after subjectsof main clauses

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

hl

-)
,f GRAMMARPOINTS

II ,

we use a relativeclauseto describethe subject of the main clause,we insert the relative Vy'hen clauseafter the subjectand before the finite verb of the main clause.
EXAMPLE: lsr narr of main clause relativeclause

that rocks the cradle

We can drop who, which or that when it is the object of the finite verb.

= objectol the Verbtrust that - the executive

The executivethe workers trust has resigned. The rules which we petitioned againstwill be modified. will be modified. The ruleswe petitionedagainst

Z V

,a

118

We cannot drop who, which or that when it is the subiectof a relativeclause.

EXAMPLE: r \r n,rr nf main clause
relative clause

2nd part of mdn clause

is still popular.

The songmade Bing Crosbyfamousis still popular. A relativeclausedescribingthe subjectof the main clausecan be defining or non-defining. A defining relativeclauseidentifies the people or things or tells otherswhat sort of people to. or thingswe arereferring
EXAMPLE: lst part of main clause
(identifie\ thr sort 0f relative clause

rsonrvho is unkindl

2nd part of main clause

A.non-defining relativeclausedoes not identify the people or things we are referringto but givesmore information only.We alwaysput a comma before and after such a non- defining relativeclause.
EXAMPLE: tst parr of main clause more infirrmation non-defining (gives relativeclause about BernardShalv) Znd part of main clause

was a vegetarian.

REMEMBER! relative clause cannotbeginwith that. r A non-defining manyatrocities. Hitler, committed EXAMpLE: txt /who wasa dictator,

E@4_l

Put brackets containwordswhich can be dropped. Someof the sentences words. aroundthese

I Thecandidates(that) I inuigilated behaueduerywell. 2 The vacation which I took made me feel better. 3 The peoplewho camethis morning upsetour schedule. 4 The fire drill which occurred at midnight surprisedeveryone. 5 The reporterswho the principal briefed want more information. 6 The mosquitoesthat torment me are also a health hazard. 7 The traderswho lost their shopsin the fire have put up temporary stallsby the roadside. BTheprincipleswhichweholdhelpusmakesensibledecisions punishesthe monks 9 The discipline master,who can also be compassionate, ffirffi l0 Friendsthat you can trust fully are valuable. fzl l9) 1." ll The clown who the children love will perform again tonight.

@a

wordsin the brackets. the correct Underline

I The man ( beat / that beat ) you at chesshas won the championship. 2 Tlnemeadows ( look parched now which were once green / which were once greenlook parchednow ). l19

3 This city, which looks enchanting at night ( is / , is ) ugly in the daytime. 4 The people ( who / , who ) we are expectinghave not called. 5 The plot ( that they hatched / , that they hatched,) has been discovered. 6 The girl (who wanted / wanted ) to be a doctor is now a cardiologist. 7 The bunch of keys ( which / , which ) I usually put here has vanished. B Venice,( that / which ) I yearn to visit, is next on my itinerary. 9 The team ( that / , that ) we have been supporting is almost certain to win. 10 Children (who / who are ) very bright need specialhandling.
--i YOUR SCORE I

r-l | , , ' r-o > ll

L"

ff,[!fifi|

C I rict thecorrect sentences.

I Mrs Cook lives next door who is a manicurist. 2 Our boat, which we'vegiven a fresh coat of paint, looks almost new. 3 The window that your son broke has to be paid for. 4 My father,who used to be very stern, has mellowed. 5 The stocksthey bought have proved to be sound. 6 Your visit, that surprisedeveryone,was superbly timed. 7 One of the things annoyedhim was my absence. B The voice whose purity I love belongsto a young soprano. 9 The chair belongsto our neighbour which is broken. coursethis yearhavealready l0 The beststudentsof the engineering been offeredjobs.

ff[!fi!|

D I Rewrite thesentences correctly.

I The argument convinced them was put forward by a child. Theargument that / which conuincedthem wasput forward by a child. that is a five-starhotel, offers specialratesfor senior citizens. 2 The Statuesque,

3 One of the partieshas been arrestedthat signed the contract.

4 Their leader,that thev all revere,is seriouslvill.

who feel neglected,are likely to get into trouble. 5 Youngsters

6 Your departurewhich nobody expectedsaddenedus all.

r20

under A to thoseunder B. Changethe sentences under B Jointhe sentences with who, into relativeclausesbeginning which or whose.
A The permit is for two years. The article is about my grandmother. Youaremerelytalkingabouttolerance. The baby looks increasinglylike me. Africa draws me irresistibly Countriesneed this programme. B They will issueit to us. Shespokeup for women'srights. You should practiseit
Mv cousins have adonted him. I long to explore its mysteries.

I 2 3 4
5

Their populationsare multi-ethnic.

y Thepermit which they will issueto us isfor two years.

2

3 4
c 6
| /' l7l
]!-

SCORE I -YOUR

t"lrffi"f{4

Underline the incorrect sentencesand rewrite them correctly.

A habit nearly ruined my school careerwas studying at the last minute. My mother put me on a which study schedulefrom the first day of eachyear,who was a strict disciplinarian.The schedule, was quite realistic,would have brought me painlesslythrough examinations.However,the promises, which I made to my mother, were undermined by my passionfor fantasynovels.My favourite stories whose authorswove wonderful dreamsenticed me away from my textbooks. 'studying' in my My mother, who was trusting though strict, did not suspectthe true nature of the just was get cramming which I did before examinations somehow sufficient to me room. The crazy The disaster curedme of 11th-hourmarathonscameat upper school. throughlower secondary level. secondary 1 A habit that/which nearly ruined my schoolcareerwasstudyingat the last minute.

t2l

ADVERBIAT CTAUSES UNTT TO=T

with because,as, since

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

*l

tt

)
/GRAMMAR POINTS

We use an adverbialclausebeginning with becauseto give the reasonfor what is happening or what is statedin the main clause.
EXAMPLES:

Shefelt miserable

with because Wecan placean adverbial clause beginning afteror belorethe main clause.
EXAMPLES:

I missedwork yesterday.

we place the adverbialclausebefore the main clause,we must put a comma after the \A4ren We must not add so betweenthe two clauses. adverbialclause. EXAMPLE:BecauseI had a fever , so I missedwork yesterday.

t22

REMEMBER! r The adverbialclauseis a kind of subordinateclause. r An adverbialclausebeginning with becauseanswersthe question"\&hy?". Mrs Wong went shoppingbecauseshe neededa new printer ribbon. EXAMPLE: Speaker A: \\hy did MrsWong go shopping? B: Becauseshe neededa new printer ribbon. Speaker r Adverbial clausesbeginning r'vithas and since have the same function as adverbial clausesbeginning with because. main clause adverbialclause
EXAMPLE:

The police gavehim an award fJ because/ as / since he helped to catch the thief. beginning with as and since as well as those beginning with because. r Rule2 appliesto adverbialclauses
EVA\TDIF' I Because/ As / Sincehe helped to catch the thief , 11the police gavehim an awarc. L___l_. t (S9'nrn3-' @'ui"*t-) @

r Don't add it's beforean adverbialclausebeginningwith because. Betty got a promotion it's becauseshe has performed well. E D(AMpLE: r Don't add of after becausewhen it is the beginning of an adverbialclause. He is palebecause of he hasanaemia. LXAMpLE: F-l

@4JUnderlinetheadverbialclausesintheSentenCeS.
I Shelooks confident as her clothessuit her personality. he helped us once,we must support him nolr'. 2 Because you should join the debating society. 3 Sinceyou are a good speaker, it helpsus to relax. because 4 Laughteris therapeutic 5 As the instructions are clear,you shouldn't make a mistake. 6 They decidedto sell their car since they neededthe money. the harvestwas splendid, they held a specialthanksgivingfeast. 7 Because she doesnot have much money saved. B As Sallyis rather extravagant, 9 The captain was annoyedbecausea boy had stowedaway on the ship. promotes health, everyoneshould do it regularly. l0 Sinceexercise I I I can'tjoin you as I've promised to babysit tonight. i-our+roq I a4"l '"' )>l

@-4CrossouttheincorrectWordSintheboxestocompletethesentences' I sentthe parcel by courier,Fo )roul-you I Since I shouldgetit tomorrow.

of the pace of the training was punishing. I because 2 He couldn't keep up because exposureto sunlight is beneficial I dangerous as it can lead to skin cancer. 3 Excessive

r23

there very often. the gymnasium is closeby, I t I so t I exercise 4 Because

c

We love standing on that hilltop

becauseI it's because the view is breathtaking. attend the classes.

6 Your name will be struck off the reglsterslnceyou alwavs I rare

7 Ashe wantedto learnChinese, tr-"Tt- he-l founda tutor.

shewas sickmost of the time. B She did not enjoy I enjoyed the cruisebecause 9 Sincethe trains are fully booked,*" [ *ittJ*o.ti-l have to go by plane. 'As you aistiteTtite-l adventure,I've organiseda hiking trip to t0 He said to me, I the high mountains."
-{Jr''ra YOUR SCORE I

a /'

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Fill in the blanks with the correctwords in the boxes.

a storm was brewing. because tender leavenow he was strong. forget a promise. lost I',ll because always he common as it was well cut. they areimaginative. us because him sincehe spoke convincingly. dowdy bore opposed
because of

I We hurried back 2 Shedidn't eat the meat as it was 3 SinceI'm not needed, 4 He could lift heavyweights 5 You are respectedsinceyou his investment strategyfailed, 6 Because a lot of money. 7 As they are short-staffed,delaysare B The dresslooked I Her gifts

tough so I'll it'sbecause never

so he

uncommon smart delight supported

t 0 They

Rewrite the sentencescorrectly using the words in the brackets. Placethe adverbial clausesafter the main clauses.
I

I forgotthe sugar.(because) it'sbecause The dessert wasa disaster

2 Sinceshe has a gruff manner of speaking,so she is often misunderstood. (since) 3 As they praisedme too highly, so I felt embarrassed. (because) 4 You must act fast becauseof time is running out. (as)
-1=lYOUR SCORE I -l a/' l7l

5 As the night is very cold, you will need your cardigan. (because)

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@'ElRewritethesentenceswithoutchangingthemeaning.Usethewordsprovided.
IA B 2A B 3A B 4A B 5A B 6A B As the music was nostalgic,I wept on hearing it. , wept on hearing the music because it was nostalgic.

They receiveda complaint. Their kitchen was dirty. Since

I daren't even touch those ornaments since they are fragile.

As thoseornaments Smokingis harmful. It should be avoided. Smoking

since

Shewas protective of her father.He had delicatehealth. her father Because Because the room was comfortable,she spent a lot of time in it.
AS

@FJ]ointhesentencesinthebracketsusingsince,as,becauSe,as and since in that order.

You sayyou'd love to live in my country.Youd be rid of chilly winters. (Youhaven'tbeen to my 'sunny paradise'. You have no idea how boring it can be.) (The climate depresses me. The only change (I prefer your hot and dry to hot and wet.) temperate give variety to climate.The four seasons is from life.) (I've lived in both countries.I can make a fair comparison.)(I even enjoyedyour worst winters. They made the prospectof spring doubly delightful.) you'd be rid of chilly winters. Yousayyou'd loueto liue in my country because

4:F=

SCORE I -YOUR
)74

a /'

125

CTAUSES 2 ADVERBIAT
with although, though, even though, while

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

The playerslost the football match becausethey tried their best. The playerslost the football match although they tried their best. Although this computer is expensive but it breaks down easilv. Although this computer is expensive, it breaks down easily. PorNrs

.-'

-l

(3/"*or*oR

We use an adverbialclausebeginning with although to show that what is happening or stated by what is happeningor statedin the in the main clausecannotbe changedor prevented
adverbial clause. @ -|EXAMPLES:

@@ -___i--____l. .h*irilF.t of,",-r donur", I Rulpn orrgh h" i, ,-,o, u,i.h -u,, ni-."tf.l

We can place an adverbialclausebeginning with although after or before the main clause. EXAMPLES: @

-r=-*_-_r-

-l A

the streets arebusy althoughit is pastmidnight. \\

the streetsare busy.

\Alhenwe place the adverbialclausebefore the main clause,we must put a We must not add but betweenthe two clauses. comma after the adverbialclause.
EXAMpLE: Although it is past midnight , but the streets are busy.

REMEMBER! with eventhough,thoughandwhilehave functionasadverbial clauses beginning thesame clauses r Adverbial with although. beginning

r Rule 2 applies to adverbial clausesbeginning rvith even though, though and while. But adverbial clauses beginning with while are more commonly used beforethe main clause.
EXAMPI-E:

r An adverbialclausewith although, though, even though or while has a subject and a finite verb. The finite verb must agreewith the subject. -l Although / Thoush i s h e i s m y c l a s s m a t e , I have never sooken to her before. Even though / While )
adverbial clause

I have never spoken to them before.

E@4J

in the sentences the adverbial clauses below. Underline

I Although Adam is only two, he enjoysspicy curries. 2 Sheenjoyedthe movie though I found it boring. 3 He is still planting rubber even though other treesare more lucrative. he is still formidable at chess. 4 Though he turned B0yesterday, 5 Eventhough our new car has power steering,I still have problems parking it. 6 I considermyself lucky although I've had a few setbacksduring my life. 7 lVhile this satin dressis too shiny for dayime, it is perfect for evenings. B Although ginsengcan boost energy,too much of it has the opposite effect. 9 A firm bed is good for your back although a soft one feelsmore luxurious. in trying to improve he is a good manager,he is sometimesoverzealous l0 \A4rile the quality of work.

m
fudoi?l

@aCrossouttheincorrectwordSintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I Eventhough Kay likes sweetthing., Frt rGTttte] doesnot eat too many.

2 You can't stop the ageingprocessalthough Fa"Ty{-u ca"-l slow down the signsof ageing. 3 Although she has retired as a teacher,she often I seldom goesback to her old schoolto do some voluntary work. 127

4 The birds are now eating from my hand though they shv I were sh
5

at first.

Though some tourists know of this beach, tiJFtff

still unspoilt. utt-.1 is well now.

6 V/hile we did have some problems in the beginnl.tg, fittfnrt

J

She managed to escape eventhoush I since the securitywas tight.

I don't speakSpanishalthough I have known I known many Argentinians.

most of them are realistic I unrealistic 9 Though his books are all bestsellers, l0 Sheadjustsquickly to new wayswhile her sister t irleSSTC* I flexible.

@CJRearrangethewordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS'
I The bride lookedradiant her - light - make-up - though - very - was. Thebride lookedradiant though her make-up was uerylight. a - arts - expert- he - is - martial - while, he has a scholarlvair.

a c t s-

even-

she-

though -

she preferswriting scripts.

4 The necklaceis exquisite a - although - designed- hurry-

in - it - was.

although - glamourous- hair - Iong - looks, thisshortcut is morepractical.

6 Many of us don't drink enoughwater essential- even - for - health - is - it - th

@4
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C

of the correct sentences. Circle theletters

Shelikes pastel shadesthough bright colours suit her better. Though bright colours suit her better,but she like pastel shades. Though bright colours suit her better, she likes pastel shades. V\hile the children'smenu has variety,the dishesfor adults are dull. Although the children'smenu has variety,the dishesfor adults are dull. Although the dishesfor adults are dull but the children'smenu has variety. A large park is closeby though we living in the city centre. Eventhough we live in the city centre,a large park is closeby. A large park is closeby though we live in the city centre.

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4 A B C 5 A B C

Although the forgery was skilful, the handwriting specialistcould detect it. The handwriting specialistcould detect the forgery even though it was skilful. \.Vhilethe forgery was skilful, but the handwriting specialistcould detect it. qualification, he has valuableexperience. Though he doesnot have the necessary qualification. He has valuableexperiencethough he has the necessary qualification, he has valuableexperience. Vthile he doesnot have the necessary
FlYOUR SCORE I

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Ioin the sentencesusing the words in the boxes to form adverbial clauses. beforethe main clauses. Placethe adverbialclauses I Hewenton driving.He felt dizry. lGGn thou#i-l
Euenthough hefelt dizzy,he went on driuing. 2 It is a double room. It isn't biggerthan the singlerooms in other hotels. triirt" l walking steadily.She's wearing high-heeledshoes. Fiiho-uTl 3 She's

Thesunwasscorching. unprotected. 4 Wewent outdoors FEoCii-l Youarethe president's son. F eni[outrl 5 Youmustobeythe rules.
6 I was very late.They acceptedmy apology. Eitho"gfr-]

@F|Rewritethepassageandcorrecttheadverbialclauses'
\.Vhile Many women managewell, though they have to juggle careerand family responsibilities. juvenile problems to working mothers is have this allegation attributed some newspaperarticles can be troubled even though their mothers are alwaysat unfair.According to surveys,teenagers maintained between a mother and her teenagechildren although relationship can be home. A close she at work for part of the day.Though she can't be with them for hours on end, but she can give them quality time every day.

129

CLAUSES UN]TTil0"5 ADVERBIAL

with as, since, when, while

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

.GD,@tr!

GRAMMAR POINTS

) (3/"*ttAR

-l

PorNrs

We use. an adverbialclausebeginning with as or while for an action which takesplace at the sametime as anotheraction in the main clause. (a) We usuallyusethe samesimple or continuoustensefor both clauses if both actionsstart and end at about the sametime.
REMEMBER! r The simple tense is usuallyusedto signala short action, whereas ense is t h ec o n l i n u o u ls usuallyusedto signala longeraction.

oa oa

I Ie srnilecl.

NOW

I
He shook mrr hand.

TIN,lE

adverbial clause

I was making the dessert a a

while the stewwas simmering.

I was making the dessert.

'i" : rrN'TE

The stew \'vassimmering.

(b) We usually use the continuous tensefor the adverbialclauseif a longer action takesplace before and continues throughout the action in the main clause.(The simple tenseis usuallvusedfor the main clause.)
EXAMPLES:

aa
O

Ile n inketl.

NOW

H" ruorrhuking mv hand

.l
r30

l made the dessert.

NOW

The stervn'assinmeling

I rN'rE

We.us9 an adverbialclausebeginning with since for an action or an event which began at a point in the past and continuesto the presentmoment.We usuallyusethe perfecttensein the
main clause and the simple past tense in the adverbial clause.

) Gt-dG;| '___:__1-_

,bTTryIryq]*@
a
1995 I lrrrerrorkt'd' hlrt htcrr rrorkirtghere

I
I leti school.

r r ur

REMEMBER! justbefore place with whencanbeusedfol an actionthattakes another action clause beginning r An adverbial in bothclauses. Thesimple tense is usually used in themainclause. EMMPLE: MF (I pattedthebulldog's growled.) head. A momentlaterthebulldog
r An adverbialclausebeginning with as,since,when or while can be placed after or befbrethe main clause.

a4
Z

@3UnderlinetheadverbialclausesintheSentenceS'
I Sincehe installedhis new telephone,he has receivedmany crank calls. 2 The bossglaredat me when my mobile phone rang during the meeting. 3 The boy was fidgeting while his mother was gossipingwith their neighbour. 4 As she hugged her brother, she pinched hirn plafully.
c

well sincethe accidentoccurred. They havenot been sleeping

6 \.4hilethe reporter interviewed us, the photographertook some pictures of our school. -| He smiled at the little girl as she curtsied to him. B \Mhenthe singersteppedout of the limousine,his fans mobbed him. I she has been making a name for herselfas a Sinceshe arrived in Holl],r,vood, talented newcomer.

1 0 The boy chuckledwhen the pony nuzzledhim. 13l

@Circlethelettersofthecorrectwordsintheboxes.
I
2

Sinceshewas 15,she_ He turned a somersault _he

a difficult life. dived. others

has led

i B led

A as A when A deliver

B since B while . B was delivering

3 We savedup our extra income _ overspent.

The bov clearedhis throat severaltimes while he his speech. 5 They understood my difficulties_ the situation to them. 6 As I was giving her my card, my hand _ I explained a little.

Awhen,Bwhile A trembled A arrived A since

A \Alhen

. B was trembling , B were arriving B when

B $rhile

the men were 7 The customsofficers_while goodsonto the lorries. loadingthe smuggled 8 The vehiclescame to a halt _the turned red. I _ traffic lights

the boat lurched, I grabbedmy little sister.

began,I _luxuries. l0 Sincethe recession

A cut out

B have cut out

film star - they - stalked- the - while.

as- greeted- manager- new-

the - they

thevsizedhim un fast.

3 The people have been assemblingat the village square curfew - lifted - since- the - was.

she- machine

the - bought- when, her life becameeasier.

ancient - its - restored- since- splendour- was, tourists have flocked to the castle.

Tick the sentences that are comect.

I The child howled when she saw the needleand syringe. 2 \Mhile you were away,your staff was having a wonderful time. 3 Sincehe returned from Paris,he behavedstrangely. as the car turned a corner. 4 The tyres screeched
J

\Mhenthe family neededcash,shewas pawning a piece of jewellery. 132

6 Not a drop of rain has fallen sincethe year began. 7 Shebawas mewing piteouslywhile I was scoldingher. B As she claspedmy hand, shewas giving me an odd look. 9 The sound of the chimes is filling the air when the wind blows. he has enjoyedexcellenthealth. l0 Sincehe underwent surgery,

@E]newritetheSentencesusingthecorrectverbforms.
I They are closefriends since they were in kindergarten. Theyhaue beenclose friends since they were in kindergarten. 2 Anna was listening to music while she waited for her friends to arrive.

3 The two armed men were jumping off the train as it enteredthe railway station.

his financial situation improves. 4 Sincethe stock market recovered,

5 The children rushed into the house when their mother was calling them to have dinner.

6 For a moment fim was slipping as he was climbing up the ladder but he managedto steadyhimself.

@.rlRewritethepassage.Changethesentencesinbracketsintoadverbialclauses using since,while, while, as and when in that order.

I (Kategraduated.), her friends have been urging her to dressbetter.Right through university,she wore baggyT-shirtsand fadedjeans 2 (Her fellow-studentsexperimentedwith fashionableclothes.). Now, 3 (Kateis readingup for her first job interview.),her helpful friends are putting together an outfit to impressher interviewers.Kate thanks them 4 (Sheposesin the smart suit with matching Shequietly decidesto wear a simple dress5 (Shegoesfor the interview.). accessories.).

r!=

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E-

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133

ADVERBIAT CTAUSES UN]TT1O=4

with so that and so ... that

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is lvrong in the

Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

) (;/"*t*R

PorNrs

We use an adverbialclausebeginning with so that to show the purpose of the action in the main clause.In the adverbialclause,we usually use a modal which is in the same tense (presentor past) as the verb in the main clause. EXAMPLE: a-.-.) _1-',"*-) a "-,rJ-\ @ (,pasrtcil\e,, I (lorclcctirrgVr\arrr.rrril l\rpa'trerrser,/ ) $lq:9 ] They electedMr Samson so that he would voicetheir grievances. l\ I

REMEMBER!
r An adverbialclausebeginningwith so that can also show the result of an action in A comma must be addedbetweenthe clauses. the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
adverbial clause (shows the result of the horror film

so that she couldn't sleeo.

We use so ... that ( so + adjective/ adverb + that ) to show that something happensbecausethe subjectin the main clausehas an extremequality or acts in an extremeway.We do it in this way: so + adjective/ adverb in main clause+ adverbialclausebeginning with that
EXAMPLES:

(Everyone likes Lina becauseshe is extremelycharming.)

that evervonelikes her. (Everyone likes Lina becauseshe acts in an extremelycharming wa!.) 134

REMEMBER! with sothat andso... that alwavs comeafierthe mainclauses. clauses r Adverbial
EXAMPLES:

He faked illness

Z E

r In order that can be used insteadof so that to begin an adverbialclauser'vhichshowspurpose.The adverbial clausewith in order that can be placedafter or before the main clause.
EXAMPLES:

@Fz evfs-''F
\!gmgg

aZ

@AJsomeoftheSentenceScontainadverbialClauSeSthatshowpurpoSe.Underline theseadverbialclauses.
I I quickly apologisedso that shewould not be angry with me. 2 He felt so nervousthat he could not meet the interviewer'seye. we sent him a detailedmap to our house. 3 In order that Jim can find his way easily, 4 Ken was badly treated as a child, so that now he is very timid. 5 Their land is so fertile that they have never experiencedany food shortage. 6 I wish to seehim alone so that I can speakfrankly. 7 The movie starsissueda pressstatementin order that the rumours might stop. B Her car broke down on the highway,so that shewas late for the appointment. 9 In order that they could meet more often, he moved to her city. t0 His personalityis so cold that he is greatlydisliked. won't spreadfurther. I I We are taking precautionsso that the disease

@aFillintheblankswithsuitablewordsintheboxes.
We lodged a written complaint so would take action. In orderthat the weakerstudents them everyday. 3 The boy 4
5

the authorities pass, he tutored

AS

that

may
IS

might
WAS

so careless that he keepslosingthings.

her earswith cottonwool so that shewould not be affectedby the noise around her. so that we He is groaning exaggeratedly pityhim. our

plug
will

I
I

plugged
would that

6 The meetingwent so smoothly w e r ef u l l o l p r a i s e . clients t35

in orderthat I

-,

They

so outrageouslythat everybodylaughed.
not

act will so that

am

I I I
I

acted would that

was

B Sheread the fine print againin order that she make any mistake before signing the document. 9 The food was so delicious

I forgot my diet.

sitting outside so that the pest control company l0 I can fumigate my house.

@!J

rick the correctsentences'

I The firemen spranginto action, that soon the fire was under control. 2 I kept closeto the wall so that the ferociousdog wouldn't notice me. 3 The ledgewas narrow that I was terrified of falling. 4 Shewas so intrigued by the formations in the cavethat she didn't mind the bats. they reduced expenses. 5 In order that the profit margin might increase, 6 We are cleaningthe house thoroughly so that the owner was pleased. the area. 7 The tornado was so powerful that it devastated 8 The police surrounded the building, so that the robberswere trapped. 9 They attended the coursein order that they may gain confidence. they are so experienced. l0 That they can repair almost an1'thing,

@D|underlinethecorreCtwordsinthebrackets.
I We need to be tactful so that we (will / would ) not hurt other people'sfeelings. 2 I signedup for Maths tuition, ( so that / that ) I could get a better gradein my exam. 3 The tiger is ( cunning / so cunning ) that nobody can trap it. 4 Somepeople take supplements( in order that / in order to ) they won't lack nutrients. 5 His toothachewas ( so / very ) painful that he was awakeall night. 6 In order that errors ( can / could ) be eliminated, they recheckedthe programme. so that we ( can launch / launched ) the product. 7 The trial run is successful, B The facilitieswere improved so that the park ( may / might ) attract more tourists. 9 The cast of the musical acted superbly,( and so that / so that ) the audiencewas delighted. l0 We arrived ( extremely/ so ) late that the showwas nearly over. ,*-#_A ra,/ ),71

136

@eIointhesentencesusingsothat,so...thatorinorderthat.
I We accompanied him. He would not feel lonesome. We accompanied him so that he would not feel lonely.

2 The weather forecastwas alarming. I postponed the trip. that 3 You must build up her confidence.Shewon't be afraid to speakin public. so that 4 They used specialfertilisers.The plants might flourish. In order that 5 You have arrangedthe flowersexpertly.Everyoneis amazed. that 6 He is seeingto everydetail personally.Nothing may go wrong. in order that
-{JYOUR SCORE I

--

@RewritethepassageandCorrectthesentences.

l,/

)7t

Somepeople start to learn a foreign languagein order they may experiencesomethingnew Othersthought about learning another languageso they can have a more interestingtime when travellingabroad.They keep studying and listeningto CDs,that they soon can communicate simple ideas.Often they become so interestingthat they join a club where they can practicethe languagein a to be with native speakers but all practiceis useful. socialsetting.Order to becomefluent, it is necessary somethingnew. Somepeoplestart to learn aforeign languagein order that they may experience

137

CTAUSES TO"5ADVERBIAT UTTTT

with if and should

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

(a) We use an adverbialclausebeginning with if to show the condition for the action or event \A4ren the condition is fairly likely,we use the simple presenttense in the main clause. or the presentperfect tensein the adverbialclausebeginning with if. We often use a modal + the baseform of the verb in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:

(b) !\ihen the condition is unlikely or impossible,we use the simple past tensein the adverbial clausebeginning with if. We use would, should, could or might + the baseform of the verb in the main clause.
EXAMPI,E:

Co.r.l-*","-"il,)

you gaveher a promotion. Sharonmight work harder I llif ] ___________t__ .1 , . the .onaitioi) marn f adverbialclause(states
I

\!'allt

138

\\4ren the condition could have happened but did not happen, we use the past perfect tensein the adverbialclausebeginning with if. We use would have, should have, could have or might have + the past participle in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:

Hewouldhave warnedthem iftheyhad consultedhim. I l\ I

REMEMBER! r To show a condition which is unlikely or impossible,were is used instead of was in an adverbial clause beginning with if n hen the subjectis I. I would go on a trip around the world if I were a millionaire. EXAMPLE: r An adverbialclausebeginning with if can be placed after or before the main clause.
FXAMPLES:

you may llorrow my sportscar.

a a

Should can be used instead of if to begin an adverbial clausewhich showscondition. The adverbialclause beginning with should is usualiy placed before the main clause.Should is followed by the subject and the baseform ofthe verb.
EXAMPLE:

pleasefeel free to call me. *--1 atnl \J4!!t-l

@a

Tickthe correct sentences.

I will resignfrom the company. I If I am James, 2 Faywould have fainted if she had seenyou in this costume. 3 He'll be overjoyedif he'll get a chanceto travel. 4 ShouldI boredyou, I d like you to tell me. 5 We'll take you round the campus if you like. 6 He would have swam farther if he had dared. 7 Shouldwe lose in the finals,we must try to practiseharder. B If I becamewealthy overnight,I might decide to retire early. 9 They can take a break if they felt tired. l0 If she had flown in earlier,we could have met.
-rrl YOUR SCORE I

r-l a

./__a | ','lUl >'l 1,,'

r39

Fill in the blankswith the correctwords in the boxes.

I Maria join the army, I would join too. ring. if
doesn't

I
I

should
won't

2 I'll wake you up if your alarm 3 If she 4 We hurried.

5

about her garden,shewouldn't neglectit. have been in time for the show if vou had got a pass. lonely,she could alwayscall me. grandchildren,he would have doted on them. be fair to you if our positions were reversed.

cared may you feel had will

gave

cares
ml

You can enter if

u've felt I I hadhad would

have siven

6 Shouldshe
1 I

If he

B I

to him, he would 9 If you had explainedevery'thing you a loan. l 0 You mav cite me asvour referee you like.

if

should

E q q jC r o s s o u t t he i n co rre ctWo rd S i n theboxestocompletethe

sentences.
r I If this dog I is I were I mine, I'd train him properly. . ------l

2 Theymustbe moreenterprisittg ETstrouta I theywishto prosper.

3 You too might be I have been selectedto representthe city if you had come for regularhockey practice. 4 He will be arrestedif he continuesI will continue disturbing the peace.

for the party. remindher to bringthe dessert you,please contact 5 FTShfild I 1ennifer
6 If you had IgiveTgive4 me a clue, I could have decodedthe message. 7 Shecouldn't finish it in two weeksif she worked I works non-stop. B Should it FairlTraining-l , we could move the party into the house.

to buythegroceries. wouldtruu"Eot l"-ot.d I dinnerif I hadremembered 9 My roommate

l0 If the packagesI"C]-*Jre-] here,we'll start inspecting their contents.

@D]Rewritecorrectlytheadverbialclauseswhichshowcondition.
the matter. I Everlthing will be explainedshould she investigates matter' Everl'thingwill be explained if sl19lryy9stigate;1!e 2 If you are committed to the idea,you would not behavein this way. you would not behavein this way.

r40

3 We could have imported more cars if we anticipated the demand. We could have imported more cars 4 Should she has any problem, I'd be happy to help. I d be happy to help. 5 If he is put in charge,the venture would have failed.
the venture would have failed.

6 You'll find the beach desertedif you'll go there tomorrow. You'll find the beach deserted

@-'-]Underlinethecorrectworclsinthebracketstocomplete the passage.

Some If I I (can / could) returnto a certaintimein mylife,lwould choosetobe ateenageragain. teenagersmaylaughbitterlyifl2(tell/told)themthis.3(If/Should)theybeaskedtheirpreferred age,they might 4 ( said / say) 21 or one but not any of the teen years. One teenagersaysthat life would be bearableif she 5 ( had / has ) more freedom.Another claims Yet another confides that he will be happier if he 6 ( is / were ) entrustedwith more responsibilities. that he 7 ( will / would ) give up anything he owned if he could exchangeit for peaceof mind. IfIB(hadbeen/were)askedthesamequestionasateenager,Imighthaveexpressedsimilar feelings.Indeed, should my wish to turn back the clock 9 ( are / be ) granted,I would probably feel wretched.The turbulent teens can only retain their wonderful glow for me if they l0 ( remain / remained ) safelyin the past.

m
you wish. been approved,they can go ahead.

i-oc--tfi"?

@r']rirrintheblankswithsuitablewordstocompletethesentences.
I If they ) 3 You may leaveright now 4 IfI
5

listened.thevwouldn't have made that mistake. she changeher mind, we would welcome her back.

his boss,I d make him work hard. got himself into trouble if he had spokenup.

He might

6 If their application
n I

Should there

a flood, we'd have to be evacuated. contact the airline staff if you have any difficulties. remained friends if I had not left the area. but I can't. l4l
-j-r

8 You I l0

We could I would help you if I

r7l | ,/lol
t-

YOUR SCORE I

ADVERBIAT CTAUSES UN]]T 0=,6

with as, as if and as though

below Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section. .RAMMAR
POINTS

GRAMMARPOINTS

We use an adverbialclausebeginning with as to describehow the subjectin the main clause actsor feels. (a) We do not add how after as in the adverbialclause.
EXAMPLE:

Ling doesn'tcare about fashion. as how she pleases. Ling doesn'tcare about fashion.

in the way that she pleases. Shedresses Meaning: How doesLing dress?

(b) We do not add what after as at the beginning of an adverbialclauseshowingmanner.

EXAMPLE:

The villagersplant rice as what their forefathersdid. as their forefathersdid.

Meaning: How do the villagersplant rice? Ihey plant rice in the way that their forefathersdid.

t42

REMEMBER! like or theway canbe usedinstead of asto beginan adverbial r Sometimes, clause.
It is happening the way I planned it Z EXAMpLES: It is happeningas I plannedit. Z Sheenjoyspainting like her father did. Z] paintingas her fatherclid. Z Sheenjol,s

r Traditionallyas is used beforea clauseand like before a noun. Nowadaysit is cornmon to begin an adverbialchuse nith like. 'to 'to r The verb do', be' or'to have'is often used in the adverbialclauseto avoid repeatingtl'reverb in t h e m a i nc l a u s e . I'11 EXAMpLES: stay up tonight as I stayedup last night. L{_] I'll stay up tonight as I did iast night. Y)

They n ere deceivedby appearances like most of us are deceived.F-l 'fhey like most of us are. n ere deceivedby appearances V) He has succeeded the rvayhis brothershave succeeded. He has succeecled the way his brothershave. E V

We use an adverbialclausebeginning with as if or as though to statehow we think or imagine the subiectin the main clauseactsor feels. An adverbialclausebeginning with as (in Rule 1) refersto a real situation, whereasan adverbial clausebeginning with as if or as though refersto an imagined situation. To show that the situation we imagine is possible,we use the presenttensesin the adverbial clause.
EXAMPLE:

as ifvou knew each other.

adverbial clause

as ifyou know each other.

To show that the situation we imagine is unlikelv or we usethe past tenses in the adverbialclause. impossible,
EXAMPLE:

REMEMBER! r Wereis usedinstead

I marn l \ crilusc/

._R
--L*

as if she has seena ghost.

as ifshe had seen a ghost.
pastperl'ect tense

of was in an adverbial clausebeginningrvith as if or as though.

EX{MPLE:

a
break. you please.

He ordersme about as though I were his slave.

@a|rinintheblanksWiththecorIeCtwordSintheboxes.
I Sheis crying as if her heart 2 You and your friends can do 3 I'll fry the fish you like it. will as the way can
we used to be. it had

I I I I I I

would aswhat as how could like what ashow

to her plants as though they 4 Shespeaks understandher.

5

We'llbe together

like as

6 The bomb explodedat midnight been timed to do. 143

.7

Iulie felt

the world had ended.

AS

as thoush I I I theway were like

8 I could not travel I He treatshis car as if it

I had dreamtof doing. a baby. pop singers do.

likehow is aswhat

l 0 Someof mv friendsdress

l.@-l

wordsin the brackets. the correct Underline

I This morning I went jogging ( as / as what ) I do everyday. 2 Iimis sailing the boat as if he ( had / has ) done it since birth. ( Iike how / the way ) we knew it would be. 3 His play is a huge success 4 The warden hunts down latecomersas though lateness( is / were ) a crime. 5 We shouldnot hang around malls (like / like what ) somepeopledo. 6 Cynthia likes experimentingwith hairstylesas many in her group ( do / like ). 7 After that grooming course,it seems( as / as if ) he were a new person. B He is active againthe way he ( did / was ) before his illness. 9 Sincereceivingthat award,I feel as though I ( can / could ) conquer the world. l0 Eventoday,thesesongsdelight my parentslike they ( did / do ) long ago.
-r=Ft YOUR SCORE I

a,/

l>a

E@9

Tickthe conectsentences.

I He looks as though he has never had a moment's anxiety. 2 Throughout her childhood, she did as she liked. 3 The interview was a disasterlike I had expectedit to do. 4 After the war our soldierswill never again be the way they were. 5 Shedancesas if her body were light as air. 6 I am taking things easylike what you advisedme to do. 7 You don't understandbecauseyou haven'tread the report as I have. 8 That man is staring at me as though he could seeright through me. 9 Miss Tan doesn'tteach us the way how Miss Lim did. t0 I maintain that I am right but they treat me as if I am quite mistaken.

fffl!fifi|

correctly. clauses D I Rewrite theadverbial

t I will be frank with you as how I have alwaysbeen. I will be frank with you as I like / the way I hauealwaysbeen. They are living thou ghtlesslyas if there is no tomorrow. They are living thou ghtlessly Sheplays the violin Iike what her grandmother did. Sheplays the violin t44

It is raining like it would never stop. It is raining

5

We'll make this old b uilding look splendidthe way it usedto be. We'll make this old b uilding look splendid

6 Dad treats strangersas though he has known them for year. Dad treatsstrangers

@JJCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethepaSSage.
The first day of my part-time job at a restaurantwent smoothly as I had 2lld bte o ldo l. t l d o n e l h o p e dl . I j o t t e d d o w n o r d e r s a n d t a b l e n u m b e r s l i k e l h a d b e e n t o I did not spill anyhing on anybody 3 the wav I the wav how I had seen new waiters do in movies. a'natural' asthoughl 4l hadThaueI beenawaiterforyears.Iwas customers I servedthe

5 ET;;h"tl

admittedadmiringly. my fellowwaiters

The next day,I strutted around as if the restaurant 6 [ET*e.e-l mine. I did not write down the orders and table numbers 7 like I like how the other waiters did. Somehow mV memorY let me
dora,'n B Iike what I the w

for to two bald customers does.I apologised memory sometimes

having got them mixed up and they glaredat me 9 as though I the way I had insultedthem. Back in the kitchen, the other waiters startedlaughing as they had never l0 lE"tstTd;al before.

@e

correctly. Rewrite the sentences

I He is unmoved by the tragedyas if he is made of stone. He is unmoued by the tragedyas if he weremade of stone. 2 The machine is not functioning as how it should be.

3 Our top sprinter runs as though his feet havewings.

4 They want to go on protecting her as they have alwaysprotected.

5 I've learnt not to be thoughtlessthe way I did in myyouth.

6 You act as if you know the answersto all thesepolitical problems.

a
a-,'
145

YouR seoRE I

F4

CLAUSES UNJT Til"I REPORTED

with that, whether, if

Look at the A and B sentences below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Grammar Points section.

GD,ro

GRAMMAR POINTS

GRAMMAR POINTS

We usea clause beginningwith that to report a statementor someone's opinion.We often use the past tensefor the main clauseand the reported clause.But we can also use other tensesin the reported clausedepending on the meaning we want to convey.
EXAMPLES:
leported clause

The doctor'sresearchrevealedfth.t t"" -"ch exercise was harmfuf

-----r(rlt.l9

Q.'I!'*t

repurted clause

The surveyshowed that most children are familiar with the Internet thesedavs. (The simple presenttensein the reportedclauseernphasises that the statementis still true at the time of reporting.) My friendsfelt (The presentperlbcttensein the reportedclauseemphasises that the euenthappenedin the recent aast.)
reportedclause

My friends felt ('fhe past perJbct tensein the reportedclauseemphasises that the euenthappened fttrther back in the past.) 146

REMEMBER! infbrmation to present in writing.It is oftenused isveryuseful, especially clause r Thereported

that rvehave read or heard about somewhereelse. beginning u'ith that: r Theseare someverbs that are commonly usedwith reported clauses explain,feel,hope, learn, mention, reveal,say,think announce,claim, discover, r The word that can often be omitted from its reported clause. I knew you would come. | / | LXAMpLE:I knen,that you would .o-.. [Z

A I

\Mhena reported clausebeginning with that is used with a verb like advise,demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest,etc, we use the baseform of the verb or modal + verb in the reportedclause.
EXAMPLES: reporled c clattst lausr rePorled

The committeesuggested \!1I19t."' The committeesuggested tlglt"_:, query or a question that has We use a clausebeginning with if or whether to report someone's ves or no as its answer.But rve use the word order for a statement,not a question,in the reportedclause. EXAMPLE: REMEMBER! He wants to know r Theseare some
verbs that are commonlyused with reported beginning clauses with if / whether:
reported clause

He wants to know

the word whether can be followed by or not. In such cases,

EXAMPLE:

He wants to know

ask enquire wonder

We use a reported clausebeginning with whether when the question offers a choice of two or more Dossibilities as the answer.
EXAMPLE: He wondered

H e w o n o e r e o l r rn * * ,

'

'-ePortedclause

Z E

Circlethe correctsentences.
A B C A B C They askedwhether or not she intended to emigrate. They askedif sheintendedto emigrate. They askedthat she inform them of her decision about emigrating. We knew that the Earth was not at the centre of the universe. We knew that the Earth is not at the centre of the universe. We know the Earth is not at the centre of the universe. t47

3A B

c
4A B C
5 A B C

The lawyer advisedthat he should be open with his partners. The lawyer advisedthat he was open with his partners. The lawyer advisedthat he be open with his partners. I haven'theard if I have to go or stay. I've just heard that I have to go. I've yet to hear whether I can stay.
The football coach insisted that the players follow a strict diet. The football coach insisted that the players followed a strict diet. The football coach insisted that the nlavers must on a strict diet.

@-"-l

Underline thecorrectwords in the brackets.

I He demandedthat the board of directors( resign/ resigned ). 2 The zoo-keepertold her that not all snakes( are / were ) deadly. 3 Let Racheldecidefor herself ( if / that ) shewants to stand for the post of president. 4 We'rewondering if ( may we / we may ) seeyour new baby. 5 The members of the team ( feel / feelsthat ) they lack practice. 6 The old man claimed that he ( had / has ) once fought a bear single-handedly. 7 I suggestthat the documents ( are / be ) shredded. B Shehas to decide ( if / whether ) she'staking arts or sciencecourses. 9 In 1994,he said ( he would / that he will ) complete his thesisin a year. l0 They'retrying to guesswhether ( are those diamonds / those diamonds are ) real. a,/ )71

.}!!t YOUR SCORE I

ll-'fGr!!'t@

Rearrange the underlined words to complete the sentences.

- had - always- that - he. I I told our neighbour been - considerate I told our neighbour 2 I haven'tdecidedany - has- if - merit - proposal- the. I haven'tdecided 3 The speakerpointed out being - every- has - human - that - weaknesses. pointed ou The speaker 4 He vowed family's- he - his - fortune - restore- would. He vowed - whether. happy- is - not - or - someone 5 Shecan sense
She can sense

r48

lf,tfi?f{,

D I Rerrurite the sentences correctly.

I They'respeculatingwhether will the market recoversoon. soon. speculatingwhetherthe market will recouer They're 2 All his friends reminded him that the future was unpredictable.

that your sistertakesa long holiday. 3 I suggest

4 You must find out if have vou been immunised.

5 The millionaire agreethat riches didn't guaranteehappiness.

6 We enquired if could we fly direct to Atlanta.

@E]underlinetheincorrectSentenceSandIeWdtethemcorrectly.
I can't recall or not I've told you this story.You'veoften said that I'm the world's most absentthat I carried photos to help me remember my friends!Well, a minded person.You'veeven suggested monthagolthoughtldcaughtaglimpseofafriendatasupermarket.Iranafterhim,complaining me, loudly that he hasbeen neglecting A smiling strangerturned round and askedI would forgivehim. Still apologeticabout not contacting me all theseyears,he insisted that I joined him for coffeeso that we could catch up on old times.To my delight I realisedthat I am finding someoneeven more absent-mindedthan me. I can't recall whetheror not I'ue told you this story.

149

CTAUSES UN]TTTT"2 REPORTED

with wh-words

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

"tl
,

tsl

-t

/GRAI\IXIARPOTNTS

We use a clausebeginning with a wh-word to report a wh-question. But we use the word order for a statement, not a question,in the reportedclause.
EXAMPLES:

The resultsof the viewers'surveyrevealed

The resultsof the viewers'surveyrevealed

rcportctl clau:e

The manageraskedJason

We must use the appropriate wh-word to begin the reported ciause, depending on whether we are ref'erringto a person, thing, place, time, reason, etc.

150

EXAMPLES:

reportedclause

rknow@
referring to a pcrsor.l

rr.,.' o*[*n tfto [ *" nJd#ffi

referring to a thing

REMEMBER! r Theseare some common wh-r,vords: wh-word who what where when why how refersto aperson a thing a place a time a reason a manner EXAMPLES: They'veestablished where the crime was comrnitted. when the crime was committed. They'veestablished why the crime was committed. They'veestablished how the crime was committed. They'veestablished

We use a clausebeginning with whose + noun to refer to a relationship such as ownership or a connectionbetweenthe noun and the subjectof the reportedclause.
EXAMPLE:
reported clause

just learnt whosesignature that is. He's

ref'crring to ormership

We must not confusewhose with who's.Who's is the short form of who is or who has.
EXAMPLES:

He'sjust learnt who's (who is) signing the pay cheques. He'sjust learnt who's (who has) been signing the pay cheques. He'sjust learnt who's pay is the highest.

Y) E

We use a clausebeginning with which + noun to refer to a person or thing to be chosenfrom a group or list.
EXAMPLE: She was asked
reportedclause

which instrument she plaved,the violin or the cello.

REMEMBER! r To avoid repetition, the noun after which or whose at the beginning of a reported clauseis dropped. I like best. Of your three novels,you can guesswhich M E)(AMpLES: He noticed a bicycle and wonderedwhose bffie it was. r One can be used to replacethe noun afterwhich but not the noun afterwhose. Of 1,ourthree novels,you can guesswhich one I like best. A EXAMpLES: He noticed a bicvcleand rvonderedwhose one it was. fal

@A]unaer1inethereportedclausesintheSentenceSandwriteinthebracketswhat they referto: person,thing, time, placerreasonor manner.

I The editors can't alwayspublish 2 The engineerhas estimatedwhen the dam will be completed. 3 I want to learn how a computer programme is written. ( ( ( thing ) ) )

l5l

4 We are planning where we should spend the next holidays. 5 He'swondering who he can approach for help to solvehis problem. 6 I can't understandwhy you want to seethat movie again.

( ( (

@_'CrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I The personnel officer will show you which cubicle havevou vouhave been allocated.

2 Richard doesn'tt no* @"rlT*ftut--l

his companywill be sendinghim to France.

3 Youwon't believe who's lwhose car is parked next to ours.

a Eo*T*hy 4 I understat
5

shuncompany. I you sometimes

we can tell you w h i c h l w h i c h s t r a t e g yis better. Of the two strategies,

did he see I he saw as vividly as possible to the police officer.

6 He described what -,

Shefound a slipperand realised whose I whoseone it must be. route he will take,the inland or the coastalone. -[ -ftE been financing her plays. all theseyears.

8 Ian hasn'tdecided trhatfd.ichl 9 Her memoirs will reveal @"lr

l0 We can't imagine how t h e o l d m a n c o o e d I d i d t h e o l d m a n c o

@-Cl

Tickthe correctsentences.

I Kelvin has alwaysdone what seemsright and fair to him. not mine. I wonder whose one it is. 2 This cardigan's 3 The reporter wouldn't disclosewho had given him the story. 4 Their expressions don't indicate which of the three accountsthey believe. 5 I enquiredwhen would the managerbe ableto seeme. 6 He needsto recommend who'sbanking privilegesshould be increased. 7 They demandedto know why had their petition been ignored. B We cannot understand how you came to that conclusion. I can't saywhich one is more attractive. 9 Of the two scenarios, t0 Now I recallwhere did I first seethat tattoo.
-j

YouR seoRE I

=!t

a,/

)74

@a
I I'll explain

with thewordsin the boxes. Fill in the blanks

kind of assistance I need. they thought supportwon her that seat. what I how

2 The consultantsexplained the plan wouldn't work. never forgotten She's

how
who's

I
I

*hy
whose

t52

4 We'rewondering when
5

face the truth. shefeelsabout this. of the two men is more comDetent. gomg.

he will how which are we which souvenir I

lhe hamper was

I I

will he which

Lisa has confided

6 I can sense
1 a

I which one I we are

where Nobody suspects

B Of all your souvenirs,I know treasuremosr.

I

you
from.

which one

Mr Long askedwho

I was the hamper

t 0 Shegrabbedthe bouquet without checking

it was.

whose

whoseone
4=-= YOUR SCORE I

/a

lr"

-H

E@

E ] unoerline the correctwordsin the brackets.

I don't remember I ( how / where ) I came to be so busy.I don't knowwhen 2 ( will I / I will ) have decide3 (which / whichtask) of mymanytasks4 ( shouldl / I Everymoment,Ihaveto someleisure. should ) tackle.The people in my life clamour to have their needsmet and it's hard to tell 5 ( whose / whoseis)themosturgent.Sometimeslwonderhazily6(what/why)Iamdoingthis.Iaskmyself 7(how/where)Iamheading.Then,oneday,IsuddenlyseeS(what/which)ishappeningtome.I need a break to find out 9 (what / n'hich ) I want to do in the coming months and how l0 ( can I / I can ) achievea better balancein life.
4: r==l YOUR SCORE I

a,/

t7l

tlrrE rT

correctly. Rewrite the sentences

I Thesetestsshow which talent of your many talents is the most developed. show which of your many talentsis the most deueloped. Thesetests He likes to mention who doeshe know in high places. He likes to mention Shetried to explain how she meant by thosewords. Shetried to explain They can predict whose going to win the championship at this stage. They can predict why did you feel sad. I understand I understand We can demonstrateto you what method is the better of the two. We can demonstrateto you

153

CTAUSES UN]TTIIT"5 REPORTED

with subjunctives that- clauses

below Find out why B is coffect and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

'GD,E@

GRAMMAR POINTS

Mrs Ingram insistedthat the company apologisesto her. Mrs Ingram insistedthat the company apologiseto her. 2A
28

It is important that Fiona will seea doctor as soon

It is important that Fiona see a doctor as soon as oossible.

---- --11q9ll'-b-l-": -The lecturer said it was necessary that all studentsattended the workshops.

't/"*'**
POINTS

The lecturer said it was necessary that all studentsattend the workshoos.

A subiunctive is a specialverb that is the sameas the baseform of a verb.We can use it in a that-clausewhen we want to statewhat should be done.We use it when the that-clausecomes after reporting verbs like the following: agree order ask propose command recommend demand request insist suggest

EXAMPLES:Direct Speech:

|, Adam said,"Mary should lead the way.

that-clause

Reported Speech: Adam suggested that Mary should lead the way.

@@
that-clause

Adam suggested that Marylead the way.

(."rqlerg!,

('.trsq,
that- clause

Adam suggested that Maryleads the way.

$eerTqrq9,

z_J_\

3 r d p e r s o ns i n g u l a r fornr

l{ote: The subjunctive can take the place of should + baseform in sentences with the abovereporting verbs.We usually use the subjunctivein a more formal context. t54

REMEMBER! instructions, etc,andto ref'er to actions I Thesubjunctive is oftenusedto stateadvice, suggestions, that
m a ) o r m a y n o t t a k ep l a c e . Mr Lar'vson recommendedthat Eileensit for her GradeB music exam this year. EXAMeLE: Did Mr Lar,vson recommend something?Yes.(His recommenclation is a past action.) Will Eileensit for her GradeB music exam this year?Wedo not know. Shemay sit for the exam. (possible ftrtttre action) the r A subjunctivehas only the baseform. The rules for subject-verbagreementare not observedr,r'hen subjunctiveis used. 'to E)GMpLES: Subjunctiveform of the verb be' Subjunctiveform of a main verb be close Singularnouns Iohn be, the office Iohn leave,the of1ice the boys leave,the officesclose Plural nouns the boys be, the officesbe I be,we be I stay, we stay lst person you be you stay 2nd person he/she/it be, they be he/she/it stay, they stay 3rd person reports and letters. r The subjunctiveis usually used in formal situationssuch as when r,r'riting or a letter to a friend) ExAMILE: I askedthe shop to give me a refund immediately. (in a conuersation I requestthat the shop give me a refund immediately. (in a letterof compktint) r A few reporting verbs like ask, command and order can be immediately followed by a that-clause containing a subjunctiveor an object + infinitive . EXAMpLES: Dauid to Elaine: Could we get Mary to selectthe venue for the company dinner? David asked that Mary selectthe venue for the companl, dinner.
that-clause

Dauid to Mary: Couldyou selectthe venue for the company dinner? David asked Mar-v to selectthe venue for the company dinner.

@@G@
containing advice,suggestions, etc, we use the expressionit is + adjective in sentences lfr"1 must contain a subiunctive. the that-clausewhich follows the expression
il(AMPLES:
that-clause

It rs necessarv that he inform the oolice immediatel

t"dry:_sj

G{4ry,

It is necessarythat he informs the police immediately.

that-clause

We think it is important that you be on time.

(:9_19

(:!ry9

We think it is important that you are on time.

\&4ren the verb in the main clauseis in the Dasttense,the verb in the that-clauseremains in the that clause subjunctiveform. u(AMPLE: The presidentordered that his private jet be on standby.
,t.

G9:qI,
The presidentordered that his private iet was on standbv.

r55

ff[!fi!|

e I rict thecorrect sentences.

I It is imperative that the soldierscrossthe bridge before dawn. 2 Henry'sfather demandedthat the principal saw him immediately. 3 The committee proposedthat their club organiseda regional quiz in April. 4 The judge askedthat the defenceattorney rephrasehis question to the witness. 5 It was essentialthat all the exhibits displayedprice tags. 6 The director announced that everyoneshould attend the latest training session. 7 It is vital that the blood bank have sufficient blood to cope with emergencies. B Sueprefersthat we holds the meeting in her house after dinner. 9 The counselloradvisedthat I take up engineeringin university. that every student plays at leasttwo 10 The SportsCouncil saysit is advantageous gamesper week.

tr@Underlinethecorrectverbformsinthebrackets.
that we ( subscribe/ subscribed I Our lecturerrecommended ) to the magazine'Voices'. 2 The architect advisedMr Chambers( extend / to extend ) his back terrace. 3 Maisie prayed that her garden ( survived / would survive) the harsh winter. 4 It is important that you ( do / did ) extensiveresearchbeforeyou write your historical novel. 5 The villagersurged the authorities ( stop / to stop ) the indiscriminate logging in their area. 6 Dad intends that we ( spend / spent ) a weekend on a farm during our vacation in Australia. 7 The prime minister said it is vital that we ( respect/ will respect) all our fellow citizens. ( return / to return ) to his seatimmediately. ordered the unruly passenger B The stewardess I Sheproposedthat the kindergartenchildren ( be /are ) in their classroomsuntil their parents arrive to take them home.

t0 The managerstipulated that every employee( abides / should abide ) by the rules or face disciplinary action.

Theremav be more than one answer Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences. for eachquestion.
IA B The manageraskedour group to take the initiative in keeping our city clean. that everyonemust participatesin keeping the environment clean. It is necessary The Environment Societyaskedthat every group attend its workshop on keepingthe environment clean. My mother said it is important that Iohn has confidencein himself. important that I have confidencein myself. My mother said it r,vas My mother suggested that Fiona read a book on how to gain self-confidence.

c
2A B C

r56

3 A B C A B C A B C

My sisterthinks it is important that we follow the latest fashions. My sisterrecommendsthat I should colour my hair burgundy red. I think it is necessary that my sisterstop following fashionsblindly. The company directed all its employeesto submit the completed questionnaireby Friday. The company directed that its employeessubmitted the completed questionnaireby Friday. will submit the completed questionnaireby Friday. The company directed that its employees The police orderedthe motorists move to the side of the road. The police orderedthat the motorists move to the side of the road. The police orderedthe motorists to move to the side of the road.

Rewrite the sentencesusing subjunctives,that-clauses and the words in the brackets.

act more responsibly. Our captain : Please (asked- we) Our captain askedthat we act more responsibly. 2 Matthew : \A/hydoesn'tKaty apply for a scholarshipsinceher exam resultsare outstanding? (recommended- Katy)

3 PoliceCommissioner: Arrestall thosebreakingthe curfew! - his policemen) (commanded

Speaker: It is vital for you to understandwhat drug addiction can lead to. (vital-we)

Larry: I askedStevento assistme in the project. - Steven) (asked

6 Katy : Let s hold the weddingreceptionby the poolside. - they) (suggested

t57

AND CTAUSES NTT TT"4 REPORTED CLAUSES CONDITIONAT

that-clauseswith subjunctivesand if-clauses

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

@**tntt

Mrs Lee requestedthat the decorationswill be taken down by tomorrow. Mrs Lee requestedthat the decorationsbe taken down by tomorrow. Stanleyordereddon't include his name in the letter of complaint. / Stanleyordered that his name be not included in the letter of complaint. Stanleyorderedthat his name not be included in the letter of comolaint. If I am the prime minister, I would make further education compulsory for all. If I were the prime minister, I would make further education compulsorv for all.

We use the subjunctivebe + the past participle in the that-clausewhen the clauseis in the
passrvevolce. E)(AMPLES: ActiueVoice:

that-clause

The hijackers demanded that the governmentprovide a car for their getaway.

Gqellqr_U
Voice: Passiue
rl

that-clause

The hijackersdemanded that a car be provided by the governmentfor their getaway.

GrylErt-) @@@
ActiueVoice: It is imperative that the militarv commandos
that-claLlse

the hiiackersbefore dawn.

PassiueVoice:

that-clause

lt is imperative that the hijackersbe overpoweredby the military commandos before dawn.

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This type of usagenormally occurswhen the that-clausecomes after certain reporting verbs future action. and it points to a possible and adjectives,
EXAMPLES:

Reportingverbs beg demand direct agree ask plead order insist intend prefer propose request suggest

Adjectives (Itis / was... ) appropriate critical crucial essential necessary imperative important vital

\\hen we want to show that we are not in favour of a likely future action, we can use a subiunctive and the word not in this way: Subject+ reporting verb / adjective+ that-clause Actiueuoice: subiectof that-clause + not + subiunctive Passiueuoice:
subiect of that-clause + not + be +
EXAMPLES:
that clause

rticiple

It is vital that vou not lose interest in vour work.

G-ry@
(Meaning: You may lose interest in your work. It is vital that this does not happen.)
that-clause

The criminal pleaded that he not be sent to orison.

(Meaning: The criminal may be sent to a prison. He hopesthat this doesnot happen.) We use the subjunctivewere in if-clauseswhen talking about future eventswhich are not likely whether nouns or pronouns. to take place.We use it for all subjects, If I >< / were a millionaire, I would buy myself an island. EXAMPLES: If Adamffi / were here,he would help me with this problem.

REMEMBER! If I were you is used to give advice,should and not would is usually used in the r \Vhen the expression secondpart ofthe sentence. 'You EXAMeLE: If I were you, I should pay more attention to my health. (samemeaning as should pay more attention to your health.') hope, regretor desire, I wish is usedto express both the subjunctivewere and the r \Vhen the expression singularverb was can be used for singularsubjectsand singularthird person pronouns. I wish Larawere / was my elder sister. EXAMpLES: I wish it were / was my turn to plan an outing. I wish they were / Ds{ more considerate towardsothers.

159

inthebrackets. correctwords EEElEEI-4 I Underlinethe

It is recommendedthat a well-receivedarticle on child abuse I ( be read out / not be read out ) in the following parts: community groups.This article stresses . It is necessary about the problem. that there 2 ( be / not be ) greaterpublic awareness . It is imperative that parents 3 ( neglect / not neglect) their duties towardstheir children. . It is vital that children 4 ( be protected / not be protected ) from violence. . It is critical that an abusedchild 5 ( be separated/ not be separated) from his or her abusiveparent. . It is necessary that the government 6 ( delay / not delay ) the enforcementof legislationdealing with children'srights. . It is crucial that schools 7 ( consider / not consider) child abuseto be solely a family matter. o It is important that teachersB ( ignore / not ignore ) remarksor complaints by studentsabout beatingsthey receiveat home. . It is appropriate that child abusers9 ( be treated / not be treated ) Iike criminals . It is essentialthat convicted abusers f 0 ( be let off / not be let off ) with a light sentencebv the courts.

@Circlethecorrectwordstocompletethesentences.
that passengers I The captainsaidit was necessary warned about the delay. a politician, shewould create If Emma job more opportunities for senior citizens. Janicerequestedthat her interviewTuesday. for was were

were

be not scheduled

not be scheduled

ask the receptionistfor a If I were you, I room with better lighting. The elderly man requestedthat he seaton the plane. The bus driver askedthat we the back of the bus. I wish I _ an aisle such a noise at

should be given make not

would give

not make

a brilliant surgeonlike my uncle. their chemical

am don't dump be highlighted

were not dump is highlighted

It is imoortant that factories wastesinto streamsand rivers.

9 The editor intends that evervcaseof racism in his newspaper. 10 If I were an architect,I overlookingthe sea. build myself a house

should

would

160

Someof the underlined words contain mistakes. Write the correctwords in the provided. boxes
I The contractor proposed that our family built a pond to beautiff the garden. 2 Husseinprefersthat we stay closeto him during our trek into the jungle. 3 The king intends that the law obeyedby one and all. 4 If I were you, I should replant those rosebushesaway from the entrance.
D

It is imperative that racial prejudice not be prevailedin our society.

woman pleadedthat she be allowed to use our telephone. 6 The distressed - I wish Richardwere more thoughtful in his behaviour towards others. B It is appropriate that they be informed of your intended visit aheadof time. she would only want to work with the AcademyAward 9 If Anne was an actress, winning directorJoeStenson. l 0 The chairpersoninsistedthat the meeting not adjourned until all matters arising had been dealt with.
=_!!F. YOUR SCORE I

@4

Rewrite the sentences correctly.

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I t"

rPJ

I If I the mayor, I would encouragethe city to have a Speakers' Corner. If I werethe mayor,I would encourage the city to hauea Speakers'Corner. 2 John requestedthat we don't tell Betty about the presenthe had bought for her.

that we paid half the cost of the wall betweenour houses. 3 Our neighbourssuggested

4 It is important that the fine print in legal documents read carefully.

he is so understanding. 5 I wish Mr Leeis our neighbourbecause

6 Iessiebeggedthat she not required to give a speechbefore the large audience.

16r

PHRASES UN]]TT2"TADIECTIVAT
with prepositions

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

An adjectivalclausehas a finite verb.An adjectivalphrasedoes not have a finite verb.

EXAMPLES:

He dreadedthe task

adjectival phrase

He dreaded the task

F"f-ffil
adjectival phrase

An adjectivalphrasedoesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with a preposition.
EXAMPLE:

ttr" tast F"fote tti-l He dreaded

He dreadedthe task that before him.

Z E
in front of me over the mountains within our capacity

Theseare some examplesof adjectivalphrasesbeginning with prepositions: againstthe law next to the station under surveillance down the lane opposite the gallery up the streel

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\\hen an adjectivalphrasedescribesthe subject of the sentence, it comesbetween the subject and the finite verb.We must take specialcarethat the finite verb agrees with the subject.
EXAMPLES:
subject-verb agreement

v The child Gtrgll"glElj

trrt'"i'."'"l
trdjectival phrase

Ury1s4ry4U

is vervhappv. -L__________

subject-verb agreement

The children

REMEMBER! phrase r An adjectival beginning with a preposition is usedaftera nounto givemoreinformation

about the noun. D(AMPLE: The man rvith the untidv beard plays the guitarbeautifully.
I rloun I described ) I-----ladjeciival phrase de,t ribinethe mm " adjectival Phrase describing the man

Yl

Themanplays the guitarbeautit"tty rvith the tfr" untidy untiOy t"*a.-l beard. Fltfr

phrase Take notethatthe adjectival mustcomeimmediately afterthenounit describes.

@a

phrases. Underlinethe adjectival

I Sheis staringat the photo on her table again. 2 We finally saw the light at the end of the tunnel. 3 He was honoured for his contribution towardspeace. 4 Her dispute with the company is still unresolved. 5 The fingerprints on the glassbelong to the murder suspect. 6 Her house is full of junk from various sales. 7 The closebond betweenthe twins is something I wish I had with my sister. B Our new employeeis the man with the cheerful grin. hard work behind the scenes helpeda lot. 9 Hazel's l0 I like the senseof satisfactionafter finishing a task.

@aRearrangethewordstoformSentenCeSwithadjectivalphrases.
I a - along - beach- relax- stroll - the - will - you. 2 a- he - is - of - rights- supporter- women's. 3 above- hundred- is - metres- resort- sealevel- the - two.

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4 do - his - in - mind - nobody - right - that - would. -=5 behind-masknow-personsee-the-the -we.

YOUR SCORE I

a ,/

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Tickthe correctsentences.

I The ground beneath his feet shook violently. 2 We noticed the ladder which againstthe wall. ours. 3 The boat belongsto a pirate alongside 4 Designinga web pageis a task beyond my capability. 5 Walter frequentsthe mall opposite the cinema. within earshotof strangersshould be guarded. 6 Conversations 7 The demonstratorsare on a rampagewere rounded up by the police. B Any sum over ten thousand dollars have to be declared. on those shelvesis made by our craftsmen. I Everyrthing l0 Everyonefor the motion were askedto say'aye'.
d=YOUR SCORE I

@D]circlethelettersoftheSuitableitemsintheboxesandmarkwith(wherethey shouldbe addedto the sentences.

I The debate(was very heated

@
B A

on the proposednew tax. that on the proposed new tax. are beyond belief. beyond belief. has matured her. have matured her. during a fit of insanity. which during a fit of insanity. not to be given consideration. are not to be given consideration. all over the world. who all over the world.

This famous magician has performed feats 3 The difficulties before her final triumph

B
A

B
4 Killing is not murder A B Letters of complaint without the writers' names or addresses 6 Viewers enjoyed the programme A B A B

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@lJ

wordsin the brackets. Underlinethe correct

A recent article on'Unidentified Flying Objects'or'UFOs' I ( are / is ) refreshinglysceptical. The author saysthat creatures 2 ( from / that from ) other planets are being unfairly suspectedof wanting to invade Earth. Reports 3 ( are without / without ) sound evidenceare eagerlybelieved. jargon 5 ( in Our faith is reinforcedby sciencefiction 4 (in I on ) television.The pseudo-scientific / which in ) theseseriescan be very convincing. So can the scenes 6 ( for / with ) their specialeffects. Thesefactorsblur the line 7 ( between / is between) fact and fiction. Indeed, modern-day 9 (for / to ) highenthusiasm8 (after / for) anythingremotelyscientifichasmadeusr,ulnerable This article l0 (by / of ) an educationalpsychologistgivessome interestingnew tech hoaxes. information ilo* r.*-rl a,/ )71

@3RewritethesentenceScorrectlyusingadjectiva1phrasesbeginningwith prepositions.
I Travellingis with the wrong companion can be a miserableexperience. Trauellingwith the wrong companion can be a miserableexperience. 2 If the ambassadorand his wife come, there must be perfect behaviour around their presence.

3 Hit songsare becoming popular again from old musicals.

4 This movie is not recommendedfor viewerswho below 18.

5 The enormous ladv is in front of me blocked my view.

6 Sherealisedbehind his gruff manner the kindness.

.---:YOUR SCORE I t-

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)71

165

PHRASES UNTT I2=2 ADIECTIVAT

with presentand past participles

Look at the A and B sentences below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Points section. Grammar
GRAMMAR POINTS

u. l

{"**AR

PorNrs

Unlike an adjectivalclause,an adjectivalphrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a nonfinite verb, for instancea presentparticiple or a past participie.
EXAMPLES: ^i;^^+:. - .clarrse ^ , ,^..-^ adjectir al

I know the person

adjectival phrase

I know the person

adjectival clause

Weheardthe soundof drums

We heard the sound of drums

An adectival phrasedoesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with a present participleor a past participle.
EXAMpLES: phrase phrase adjectival adjectival

I know the person headingthe delegation. I know the personwho heading the delegation.

a
E

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adjccti\ al phrase

We heard the sound of drums beatenjoyously. We heard the sound of drums which beatenjoyously.

n
E
, v

it comes betweenthe subject \.4trenan adjectivalphrasedescribesthe subject of the sentence, with the subject. and the finite verb.We must take specialcarethat the finite verb agrees
EXAMPLES: verbagreement subject

Gs!:qss!ry,
-----q

* computergames of stealing The boy accused tadjectir,al phrase

subject-r,erb agreement

games computer ofstealing The boys a c c u s e d (!'b4lq!Tl,

adjectival phrase

REMEMBER! or things participle is usedafterpeople or pastparticiple phrase with a present beginning r An adiectival happens to them. doing or what what they are by saying or identifythem to describe
EXAMPLE:
tival clause dcscribitre the

The girl

can also swim well.

adjectival phrase describing the girl

The girl can also t*i-

*.ttFu*itu

ot'ttlt. ttug".]

E Z E
@

Takenote that the adlectivalphrasemust come immediately after the noun it describes. r An adjectivalphrasebeginning with a presentparticiple has an active meanlnS.
EXAMPLE: we marvelled at tne cnrlo

painting the picture.

We marvelledat the child painted the picture.

r An adlectivalphrasebeginning with a past participle has a passivemeaning.

EXAMPLE:

We marvelled at the picture painted by the child. We marvelledat the picture painting by the child.

underline the adjectivalphrases.

I The workers evacuatingthe flood victims are volunteersfrom the community. 2 The visitors taken to seethe sightswere unimpressed. 3 I felt grief mixed with exhaustion. 4 He beckonedto the boy hesitatingin the doorway. 5 The bells chiming so clearlybrought back her childhood. 6 A chair flung out of a window hit a passer-by. 7 You have a son blessedwith a happy nature. 8 I love to hear thesevoicesharmonising so well. the witness is formidable. 9 The lawyer cross-examining lO He strikesme as a man disillusionedwith his profession. 167
4l-t YOUR SCORE I

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Ef'nfitl'{a

Tickthecorrect senrences.

I Marks can pull your percentagedown deducted for spelling. 2 Shewas lulled by the breezefanning her face. at once. 3 The man spokenratherbrusquelyapologised 4 They'reshowing signsof nervesare frayed by anxiety. 5 The equipment arriving today is of top quality. 6 The portrait is of his grandfatherhanging on the wall. 7 The quilt woven by our group won first prize. B The girl masqueradingas a fairy had paper wings. 9 Peoplewho hurrying by are not likely to notice us. l0 Theseare some figuresqueried by the auditor. :
YOUR SCORE I

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@eRearrangethewordstoformSentenceSwithadjectivalphrases.
I children - detest- forced- it - may - music - study - to. 2 grilled - he - loves- perfection- steaks- to. -wearing.

3 a- a- girl- greeted-kimono-me

4 aside- for - insufficient - is - France- monev-

our - set - the - trip - to.

5 a - as - backvard- child - climbins - her - I - in - our - remember- trees. -SCORE I -YOUR

a/l | //

)Vl

EEEEEE|g]
I The man

Fiil in the blanks with suitable wordsin theboxes.

the labourersis fussy. excellentcan be kept calm. by the to secrecy know hiring are rated has shaken sworn I who hiring I I rated have

2 Restaurants disappointing. 3 Peoplefacing worse hardship 4 We spoketo passengers cablecar accident. 5 Only members the truth.

I were shaken I that sworn

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He was unmoved by the tears in their eyes.

Strange noises in the middle of the night scare her.

glistening I
doesn't I

w h i c hg l i s t e n i n
don't

He was a boy family. The sun is now a red ball into the sea. l 0 Next, I'll introduce a lady a greatdeal for us.

by his

overprotected I wasoverprotected is sinking

done

I
I

sinking
who's done

Rewritethe sentencescorrectly using adjectivalphrases beginningwith presentparticiplesor past participles.

A candidate fared very badly expected to win the election. A candidate expected to win the election fared uery badly.

2 Shelooked disdainfully at the youth who approachingher.

studentsvearn for home need help to deal with the loneliness. 3 Overseas

chosenfor the post. 4 The personis very experienced

5 They came in carrying cameraswere slung on their shoulders.

-:=F!!= YOUR SCORE I
l,/l |,/ I7l

6 The Master of Ceremoniesgavea speechwhich filled with anecdotes.

@Flunderlinethecorrectwordsinthebracketstocompletethepassage.
innewspapersandmagazinessometimes 2 (offer/ offers) ArticlesI (areappearing/appearing) tips on learning.According to one writer, a nose 3 ( buried / is buried ) in a book will not sniff out much knowledge.Hours 4 ( have been spent / spent ) studying non-stop are so many hours wasted. A tactic 5 ( becoming / which becoming ) popular with studentsis to stop studying everyhour and jump about for five minutes. If jumping about is not acceptablein your family, think of something 6 ( deem / deemed) Iessinappropriate.You may have read a piece 7 ( recommending / was recommending ) that you glanceat a book of jokes or cartoons.Humour is an element B ( known / that known ) to help learning. However,the risk 9 ( are / is ) that you'll scareeveryonewith a sudden cackleof laughter.Perhapsslow wordlessmusic l0 ( keep / keeping ) you company is a saferaid.

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PHRASES T2=5ADIECTIVAT UN]TT

with adjectives

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

iGDru

GRAMMAR POINTS

't1
II '

l'
/TCRAMMAR POINTS

Unlike an adjectivalclause,an adjectivalphrasedoes not have a finite verb.

EXAMPLE:
adjectival clause

Thisis a country ffi

tl -

Glr:g9j
adjectir al phrase

This is a country rich in traditions.

An adjectivalphrase doesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with an adjective. (The adjectiveis followed by a preposition.)
EXAMPLE:
adjectival phrase

This is a country

This is a country which rich in traditions.

phrasedescribes it comesbetweenthe subject the subjectof the sentence, m."? an.adjectival with the subiect. verb. We must care that the finite verb agrees take special and the finite
EXAMPLES:
subject-verb agreement

Gqrqlsslq,

* Abook popular with teenagers has attractedthe attention of the media. tadjectival phrase
subject-verb agreement

v * Books popular with teenagers have attracted the attention of the media.

GsEeqlqq!,

-,___1_

adjectival phrase

170

REMEMBER! phrase r An adjectival beginning with an adjective describes a noun and comes immediately afterthe
noun it describes.
EXAMPLES:
adjectival phrase describing a person

A person

is an easytargetfor confidencetricksters.
adjectivalphrasedescribinga person

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A person is an easytargetfor confidencetrickstersI eagerto earn money easily.

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phrases. underlinethe adjectival

I The boys found themselvesstaring at a farmer'sface red with anger. 2 A child forlorn in a corner caught my eye. 3 Rice fields golden in the sun make me think of home. 4 Shehas skin allergicto nylon. 5 We were a group of studentsreadyfor adventure. 6 A policy brilliant in conception will fail if poorly implemented. with anxiety. 7 Her smile hid a heart hear,1, B A guestreluctant to depart was straining our patience. 9 The racing car was watched by boys greenwith enr,y. l0 Children eagerto learn are a delight to teach.

f-'FGl?t'@

Rearrange the wordsto form sentences.

I a -bright - future - have- promise- they-with. - interest - sa\v - we - with. 2 alive- faces
3 adept are at -

managers -

motivating -

needed -

people.

4 a-

choose- close- place- to - we'll - you.

- students - to - tomorrow. 5 by - expedition- join - jungle- keen- must - our - register

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Ef'r,tl?t?'{?
IA B

Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.

c
2A B

He spokein tones firm with conviction. He spokein tones that firm with conviction. He spokein tones that were firm with conviction. Placesfree from pollution are getting fewer. There are fewer and fewer placesfree from pollution. Placesfree from pollution is getting fewer. The man has a fleet of them crazy about cars. The man crazy about cars has a fleet of them. The man who is crazyabout cars has a fleet of them. We gazedat the meadowsserenein the moonlight. We gazedat meadowsthat lay serenein the moonlight. Meadowsserenein the moonlight lay before us. A child wise beyond his yearshave helped us. A child has helped us wise beyond his years. A child wise beyond his yearshas helped us.

c
3A B C 4A B

c
5A B

@n]Eittintheblankswithsuitablewordsinthebox.
are sickness

beautiful
need

eyes painful

easy proud

ls

requires

I We are a nation 2 The shop famous for its noodles 3 Children shy in adult company 4 Sheis a lady
J

of our heritage. over there. carefulhandling. beyondcompare. to like. waiting to be educated. full of wonder. little help. to cure. to witness.

Thevwere a familv

6 Peoplehungry for knowledge -, The toddler looked at us with I A student able to motivate himself I His is a difficult l0 It was a scene

172

underA to thoseunder B. Changethe sentences Ioin the sentences under B into adjectivalphrasesbeginning with adjectives.
A I
2

B They are consciousof their weight. ltwas clammvwith cold sweat. They were bare of furniture. He is thoughtlessduring childhood. It is sureof its master's love. He was busy at work.

Peopletend to avoid cakesand pastries. Shetouched a forehead. We enteredrooms, A bov mav become a fine man. A pet is full of energy. I watched the tailor.

3 4
c

I Peopleconsciottsof their weight tend to auoid cakesand pastries. 2

E=:ET YOUR SCORE I

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underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.

I once askedmy grandfatherwhat it had been like for him to be a teenager I ( eager/ that eager ) to grow up and be acceptedas an adult 2 ( is responsible/ responsible) for his own life. He smiled and gavean answer 3 ( different / was different ) from anlthing I had expected.He said that as atime a (filled / full) of conflict 5 (was / were )aconceptforeignto his generation. adolescence "Infact,achildhood 6 (free / whichfree)of serious responsibilities 7 (are / is )amodernnotion," he said. At the age of six, he was alreadya'big boy' with three younger siblings 8 ( depend / dependent) on him for safetyand early education.At 14,he was a young man g ( certain / who certain ) of his place in society. The valuesdominant in that society l0 ( was / were ) a part of him and rebel]9..r.r-

was outof thequestion.

t*9
1,,' rl

173

PHRASES UNTTT5"il ADVERBIAT

with becauseof

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

Unlike an adverbialclause,an adverbialphrasedoes not have a finite verb.The adverhialphrase containseithera noun aloneor a noun phrase.
D(AMPLES:
aclverbial clause

The children are irritable

@ -

Gqsrs!,
adverbial phrase

The children are irritable

@
@

An adverbialphrasebeginning with becauseof often contains: noun (a) a noun

EXAMPLE: He got into mischief because of boredom (b) adlective + noun EXAMPLE: He got into mischief . noun boredom . adiective intolerable of because

arllcle noun (c) article+ noun D(AMpLE: Our flight is delayedbecauseof the fog.

( d ) a r l i c l e + a d j e c t i v e+ n o u n

article adjective noun

EXAMpLE:Our flight is delayedbecauseof the dense fog .

pronoun noun (e) possesslve pronoun + noun The villagersprevailedbecauseof their solidarity . EXAMPLE: possesslve

noun (f) possessive pronoun + adjective+ noun !l;;"";*il' adjective solidarity. of their tremendous prevailed because villagers EXAMpLE:The + noun with'ing' (g) article/ possessive pronoun + adjective
EXAMPLE:
possesslve pronoun adjectir.e nounrvith'ing'

. Their house deterioratedbecauseof their regular absences 174

REMEMBER! "\\hy?". phrase beginning."vith because of answers the question r An adverbial

EXAMPLE: adverbial phrnse

Heisdistrustedffi
\i\hy is he distrusted? Because of his deviousness. r For can sometimesbe used insteadof becauseof to begin an adverbialphrase. We receiveda reprimand becauseof our irresponsibility. EXAMpLES: We receiveda reprimand for our irresponsibility. r An adverbialphrasewith becauseof or for can sometimescome at the beginning of a sentence. A comma is usually added after the adverbialphrase.
EXAMPLE:

r v er e c e i v e d a replimand.
adverbialphrase

we receiveda reprimand.

@_A_J

phrases. underlinethe adverbial

I Our report was commended for its accuracy. 2 For their persistencein upholding justice, they will alwaysbe remembered. of the elegance of its furnishings, this hotel is our first choice. 3 Because of a momentarycarelessness. 4 He almostruined his fishingrod because 5 For your generositywhen we were in serioustrouble, you've earned our gratitude. of the riots. 6 A curfewhas been imposedbecause in childhood,he is very compassionate. of his sadexperiences 7 Because 8 Children love her for her affectionatenature. Professor Leeis much admired. 9 For the incisivehumour of his lectures, because of its historicalvalue. and preserved l0 That building hasbeen restored

tt fi?t?'{a

Tickthecorrecr senrences.

of prolongedexposure of the skin can developbecause to I Somecancers the sun. 2 For his repeatedfailure to comply with the club rules,he was suspended for two months. 3 They are being criticisedbecauseof they are narrow-mindec. of he'sa judge,he must be carefulin socialsituations. 4 Because that men want to marry her for her money. 5 Shesuspects of their vigilance,three liveswere saved. 6 Because we cannothaveyou on our team. 7 For your lack of cooperate, 8 We won our casebecauseof you were persuasive. 9 I admire them for resilient. 1O For her remarkableability to deal with people, Suewas promoted to the position of Human Resource Manager. 175
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in thebrackets. thecorrectwords Underline

I They were late for work ( because/ becauseof ) the heavy snowing. 2 For ( his compassion/ his compassionate ) towardsthe poor, he was warmly received. he did not obtain respect. of ( his / the ) obviousinexperience, 3 Because 4 We chosethis machine for ( its / it's ) versatility. of ( a poor / poor ) maintenance. 5 Thosebuildingsare in bad shapebecause 6 For ( good / the good ) of mankind, some scientistsdevotetheir lives to research. 7 Shewon a prize for exemplary ( behaviour / she behaved). of his ( fails / failure ) to conform to club rules,he was askedto resign. B Because I For ( their / they ) help on that occasion,they were given the day off' of sheer( terror / terror-stricken because ). t0 He found himselfspeechless

E@4

to complete the sentences. Rearrange the wordsin the boxes

because- her - of - responsibilitv- shirk - tendency- to , we daren'ttrust her yet. of her tendencyto shirk responsibility,we daren't trust her yet. Because 2 He is disliked by some conform - for - his - refusal- to

3 The universeis beyond our grasp awesome- because- its - of - vastness

beauw - for - its - lyrics - of - the , the song stayedat the top of the charts for 10weeks.

- of - s - misunderstanding a - because

. we lost contact for vears.

- to 6 The entire platoon was punished for - its - obev - orders- slowness .-

@ElcirclethelettersofthecorrectSentenceS.
I A B C 2 A B C dedication,they'vewon a place in our history. For their selfless dedication. place in our history becauseof their selfless They'vewon a dedicated. They'vewon a place in our history becauseof their selfless of his good nature, he was taken advantageof by some people. Because He was taken advantageof by some people becauseof good-natured. He was taken advantageof by some people of his good nature.

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| ,/

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3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C

They were enchantedwith her becauseof their beautiful voice. They were enchantedwith her becauseof her beautiful voice. They were enchantedwith her becauseshe had a beautiful voice. We value this work for its artistic excellence. We value this work becauseof its artistic excellence. We value this work becauseof artisticallyexcellent. Because his love of money,he sacrificedhis free time. For his love of money, he sacrificedhis free time. He sacrificedhis free time becauseof his love of money. -=-=
YOUNSCORE I

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E@

F I some of the adverbialphrasesin the passage are incoffect. Underline them and rewrite the adverbialphrasesbeginning with becauseof or for correctly.

It was the junior collegeprize-givingceremonyand Lisa felt happy becauseof the college's From Lisa'sgroup, Iulia receivedthe prize for the best overall recogniseof its students'achievements. of her performed outstandinglyin sports,Ashawon the title 'CollegeSportsStar'. The result. Because 'BestSpeaker' title went to Farafor a brilliance of her debating.Sally,the new student,was the winner of the art prize becauseof the striking originality of her work. For their excellentin the science Andy and Sheilashared aprize. subjects, Lastlya new prize was announced.It was awardedto Lisa for her kind to other students.This unexpectedappreciatealmost made Lisa cry.

prize-giutngceremony It was the iunior college and Lisa felt happy because of the college's achieuements. recognitionof its students'

177

PHRASES UNTT1T"2ADVERBIAL
with in order to, so as to and to

below Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

iGD,ro

GRAMMAR POINTS

RAMMAR POINTS

In an adverbialphrase,in order to, so as to or to must be followed by the baseform of a verb.

EXAMPLE:
adverbiai rase

The governmentis developingthe beach resort

The governmentis developingthe beach resort

We cannot add not immediately after in order to or so as to. For a negativephrase,we must use in order not to or so as not to. EXAMpLE: They checkedhis credentialsin order not to / so as not to be cheated. They checkedhis credentialsin order to not / so as to not be cheated. We do not normally begin a negativephrasewith not to. EXAMPLES: Shemade up a story not to do the night shift. Shemade up a story in order not to / so as not to do the night shift.

Z E

E Z

a1

We can begin a negativephrasewith not to when it is accompaniedby a positive ph rase.

EXAMPLE:

I joinedthe socierynot to iostle for leadershi but lto contribute.I

n e g a t i v ep h r a s e positive phrase

I joined the societyF contriiute land not to lost

positivephrase

r leaclersnrp.

negative phrasc

t7B

REMEMBER! phrase with in order to, so as to, to, in order not to, so as not to or not to shows beginning I An adverbial
purpose. m. They'rewatching their diet so as to keep in t EXAMPLE: rP thePu ose Ghows :il:i,?'i],,t'-tTn A commais usualll,added phrase showingpurposecan be placedat the beginningof a sentence. r An adverbial after the adverbialphrase.
EXAMPLE:

In order not to shockthe audience, parts of the film were censored.

aclverbial phrase

@;-lUnderlinetheadverbialphrasesthatshowpurpoSe.
launching a publicity campaign. the minister suggested I To heighten environmental awareness, 2 My uncle is savingas much money as he can in order to retire in comfort. 3 Shechoseher words carefullyso as not to offend her client. your chances of a promotion,you shouldwork extrahard. 4 In order to increase so as to becomea good violinist. 5 I'm practisingconscientiously 6 We'll work extra hours to make sure the goodsare ready on time. 7 In order to earn the respectof your team members,you must be a firm and fair leader. B Shelets her children sharein the houseworkso as to teach them useful skills. 9 They quickly settledthe issueout of court in order not to attract media attention. l0 The computer systemwill be improved so as to protect it againsthackers. ilou*]5i,l f7 'A lr"

@Rearrangethewordsintheboxestocompletethesentences'
bankrupt- go - in - not - order- to, they're cutting costsdrastically.

2 He'll try to persuadeeverybody l- vote.I

ntest -

for -

him -

in -'Most

Popular Resident'-

the -

to

3 Wed better tell the truth

- as- ffre- not - prolong - so - to. suspense

a-

child's -

develop -

to -

self-esteem,

parentsshould not be afraid to provide challenges.

5 He keepsquiet most of the time arguing- avoid - in - his - order - to - roommate - with.

179

ff[!![lf

c J rict thecorrect sentences.

I The doctor prescribedan antibiotic to control the infection. in late. he sauntered 2 In order not to seemedtoo eager, strength so as to boost his morale. 3 The managerpointed out the new employee's 4 To arousemy curiosity,the children deliberatelyspokein whispers.
J

mistakes, adviceon legalmatters. Soasto not make expensive Iulie takesprofessional

6 We'reinterviewing the victims of the fire not to meddle but to find out their needs. -, In order get a promotion,most peoplehaveto work hard. B The prisonersconforming to the ways of his group so as not to be ostracise. I To equip studentsfor the IT age,our schoolshave included computer lessonsin the curriculum. l 0 We'vebeen learning the latest dancesin order not to felt awkward at the next ball.

ff[![l|

D I underline thecorrectwords inbrackets.

I The dentist made small talk with Sallyso as to ( put / puts ) her at ease. 2 To ( galvanise/ galvanised ) his soldiersinto action, the captain said the high command might make an unscheduledinspection. 3 In order not ( seem / to seem) inexperienced,he told us that he had been in the industry for many years. 4 They studied the map carefullyso as ( not / not to ) take a wrong turn along the way. 5 Janewandered around the new house in order to ( get / got ) the feel of the place. the cabinet correctly,he studied the diagramsin the 6 So as to ( ensure / ensured) he assembled -it-yourself manual. do 7 He has come not to complain but to ( help / helping ) us learn from our mistakes. B He kept his problemsto himselfso as ( not to / to not ) upsetus. his backpack. 9 In order to ( ran / run ) unencumberedup the steepslope,he threw dornm ( not / so as not ) to be blamed. 10 Shetold us ever),'thing

@eJointheSentenceS.Changetheunderlinedonesintoadverbial phrasesbeginning with the words in brackets.

I He wants to hone his debating skills (in order to). He often practisesspeakingbefore a mirror. In order to hone his debating skills,he often practisesspeaking beforea mirror. 2 You are sayingthesethings.Youwant to humour me (to).

180

attempting the highestpeak when we 3 Shedoesn'twant to be outdone (in order). She's go mountain-climbing.

4 I wanted to let Susanknow when I'll be back (to). I left a note on the refrigeratordoor.

5 Ben stood still, hardly daring to breathe.He didn't want to awakenthe sleepingtiger (in order).

6 Nancy does not want to forget important dates (so as).Nancy alwayscarriesa notebookwith her,

@.'3]RewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingadverbialphrasesshowingpurpoSe.
Diana tried various techniquesfrom magazine In order to overcameher paralysingshyness, articles.One involved imagining the people shewas shy of in their pyjamasso as to lost her awe of them. Unfortunately,this made her even more nervous and she hastily reclothedthem in proper In order to not be clothesto restoringher composure.Another technique was rather more successful. their families,schoolsor jobs,hobbies, she askedpeoplequestions about themselves, tongue-tied, favourite colours and so on. The people respondedhappily but she had to keep on askingthem questionsso as not to gavethem a chanceto question her back.To copeswith this need, Diana compiled a list of questionslong enough to qualiff for the GuinnessBook of World Records. Diana tried uarious techniques In order to ouercomeher paralysing shyness, from magazine articles.

m
lBl

-=:J-t YOUR SCORE I

PHRASES i]5"5 ADVERBIAL UN]TT

with presentparticiples

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

We can use an adverbialphrasebeginning with the'ing' (presentparticiple) form when describingan action done by or an event causedby the samesubjectin the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
p h r a s er h o r r i n g r e s u l L adrerlrial

The tornado swept through the town,

We put the adverbialphraseafter the main clauseif the action or event is the result of the action in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:

creatinga pleasantatmosphere.

We can place the adverbialphrasebefore the main clauseif the action or event takesplace before the action in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:

I quickly changedthe subject.

REMEMBER!
r A comma is usually placedbetweenthe main clauseand the adverbialphrasebeginningwith an'ing' form.
E)GMPLE:

He often makestactlessremarks, hurting other people'sfeelingsas a result.

they r Hence,therefore or thus can be addedimmediatelybeforean adverbiaiphraseshowingresult.However, should not be added before words like causing or resulting in, which alreadyindicate very clearly that the ohraseshowsresult.

T82

Thev introduced certain rules,complicating things. EXAMPLES: They introduced certain rules,hence /therefore /thus complicating things. They introduced certain rules,causing compiications. They introduced certain rules,hence /therefore /thus causing complications.

n a a
E

@AlunderlinetheadverbialphraSeSofresult.
leavingthe policeno choicebut to arrestthem. refusedto disperse, I The demonstrators drawing a large crowd. 2 The lecture had been well-advertised, 3 A fresh breezeblew tempering the heat of noon. 4 Two friends joined us, making up a foursome for a game. 5 The speakerkept contradicting himself, bewildering the audience. yawned,causingthe restof us to do the same. 6 Someone 7 He acted swiftly and wisely,preventing a crisis. B We left the building unlocked last night, exposingit to vandals 9FinallytherainsCame,enablingthefarmerstoploughtheirlands.a l0 Her grandchildrenarrived,making her much more cheerful. a"' 14 -ounfu

@B]circlethelettersoftheCorrectSentenceS.
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C We celebratedfrom dusk to dawn, turning night into day. We celebratedfrom dusk to dawn, thus turning night into day. We celebratedfrom dusk to dawn, turned night into day. He had excellentscoresin the game,thus qualified for inclusion in the next round. He had excellentscoresin the game,hence qualiffing for inclusion in the next round. He had excellentscoresin the game,thereforequalifuing for inclusion in the next round. Cyclingfuriously,Joeand I arrived well before the others. Arriving well before the others,Ioe and I cycledfuriously. Ioe and I cycledfuriously,hence arriving well beforethe others. Showingno signsof a thaw the ice forced us to stay at home. The ice showedno signsof thawing, thus forcing us to stay at home. The ice showedno signsof thawing, hence forced us to stay at home.

l83

5 A B C

The play was deeply moving, thus making some of the audiencecry. The play was deeply moving, was making some of the audiencecry. The playwas deeply moving, making some of the audiencecry.

ff[!fifif

sentences. c I rictthe correct

he had fallen asleep. I Feelinghimself exhausted, thus losing their heritage. 2 They clearedthe rainforestsrecklessly, 3 The river overflowedits banks,flooding the plain. 4 Shehung up two paintings,brighten the room. 5 His effortswere fuelled by pride, thereforeresulting in failure. 6 Your proposalis highly original, hence meriting seriousconsideration. 7 Dar,tnbroke, awakenedbirds and babies. B Causinga lot of debate,she set one idea againstanother. 9 We had been slackening,thereforegetting poor results. our party, creatingreal confusion. l0 A group of revellersgatecrashed

f@4

in theboxes words to complete thesentences. Cross out theincorrect

I Brownie jumped onto the table, toppled ltoppling a statuette. 2 He promotedhis friends, causing I hence causing much resentment. 3 The humidity is high, make I ma us feel lethargic.

4 Her outlook on life is positive and dynamic, resulting I thereforeresulting in success. 5 Our action proved wise, break I breaking the deadlock. 6 Their strategy failed I worked , filling them with despair. 7 Ted'sbusinessgrew,bringing him affluence

kept changingthe rules, upsets I upsetting the participants. B The organisers 9 I overspent, eaten I eatln into mypension fund. -I
a

YOUR SCONE I re

10 Sheworks steadilv meeting I meets all deadlines.

/-

t"a
^

a /'

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t84

@1.

g I Rewritethe sentencescorrectly using adverbialphrasesshowing result.

t Her articleswere witty and concise,thus attractedmore discerningreaders. Her articles were witty and concise,thus attracting more discerning readers. thereforeresulting in ugly paintwork. 2 Their attempts at coveringup were useless,

3 Thoseopal earringssuit her, enhanceher delicatebeauty.

the idea of the trip was suggested last night. 4 Delighting the youngsters,

5 He kept losing at cards,ends up rvith nothing.

6 This morning's exertion was too much for him, trigger a bad headache.
-E:r YoURsCoRE I Y_
a rla a a,/ /

atla )71

Rewritethe paragraph.Changeeach of the sentencesin the bracketsinto an adverbialphraseshowingresultand join it to the sentence beforeit.
you to Driving a car can changea person. (It makesa monster out of a man or woman.) It exposes spicy language.(It widens your vocabularygreatly.)Soonyou are an expert at exchanginginsults. (You shockfamily and friends travellingwith you.) You cannot bear to be overtaken.(Youoften break the speedlimit to even the score.)After some time, you may realisethe lunacy of it all. (Yourevert to your saneself.)You start to drive sensibly.(Youlearn to return rudenesswith courtesy.) Driuing a car can changea person,making a monsterout of a man or woman.

-|-t YOUR SCORE I

t./

t7,

l85

PHRASES UN]]TT5"4ADVERBIAT
with after, before, when, while

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

u.\,)

II

POINTS _T|GRAMMAR

We can begin an adverbialphrasewith after, before, when or while followed by a present participle but not a finite verb.
adverbial phlase

Hehadadrink@ EXAMPLE: -----:

wa:ryiasD

Hehadadrinkffi

[N
( tinite verb )

We can begin an adverbialphrasewith when followed by a past participle.After, before or while cannot be followed by a past participle. Most people try to give compliments EXAMPLES: when shown around friends' new homes.

a
E V E E Z

Theywere bored while shown around the house. Theywere bored while being shown around the house. They were tired after shown around the house. They were tired after being shown around the house. They were curious before shown around the house. They were curious before being shown around the house.

r86

REMEMBER!
r An adverbialphrasebeginning with after, before,when or while usuallyindicatestime.
EXAMPLE:He sometimes looks sad a f t e r / b e f o r e / w h e n / w h i l e t a l k i n s t o h e r .
adverbial phrase

\Vhen doeshe look sad? After / Before/ \&hen / While talking to her. r When at the beginning of an adverbialphrasecan be followed by a past participle only in a passivestructure. E)GMPLES: Plantsthrive when grown by loving hands. Z (= they,rre grown - passive) I went awaywhen grown tired of waiting. (= I had grown - active) tt

r An adverbialphrasebeginningwith after, before,when orwhile can be placedat the beginning of a sentence. EXAMPLE: After / Before/ When / \{4rile deliverinshis lectures, ProfLim likesto sharejokes.
a d re r b i a lp h r a s e

@A]underlinetheadverbialphIaSeSindicatingtime.
I \Mhiletravelling in Africa, we took some splendid pictures. 2 Shelet me down badly after promising to help me. 3 He showedno fear when threatenedby the robber. 4 Beforeacceptingthe offer,you should considerit carefully. bargaining al abazaar,some people are very successful. 5 \A4ren 6 We had a brief problem beforelanding safelyin Madrid. 7 After graduatingfrom college,he set up a business. B I was daydreamingwhile watching the documentary. 9 \l/hen given a free hand, you did a good job. l0 Ada looks chic after having her hair styled.
a/' )71 .-t YOUR SCORE I

@e

wordsin thebrackets. thecorrect Underline

I The matador never regainedhis strengthafter ( being gored / gored ) by a bull. 2 \Mhile ( Ioitered / loitering ) in the street,he was scrutinising everypasser-by. ( complimented / complimenting ) for being elegant,shejust laughed. 3 \.A/hen 4 I sat by the river for hours before ( catch / catching ) one tiny fish. 5 After ( mastering / was mastering) the technique of roller-blading,she bought a pair of skates. 6 Youneed patienceand perceptionwhen (handled / handling) people. 7 Laura added two points while ( keyed / keying ) in her report. B Before( commit / committing ) ourselvesto any investment,we must evaluatethe risks. 9 Shegetsflusteredwhen ( hurried / hurry ) into giving an answer. 10 After ( sending / sent ) my family an e-mail, I gaveway to jet lag.

I87

fff!fif|

sentences. c I rict thecorrect

I Shefell asleepwhile tried to study the new book. practisedfaithfully, good valuesbecome a part of us. 2 \Arhen 3 He learnt to be tough while sailing alone. 4 We are going to try everlthing before given up hope. we solvedthe puzzle. 5 After looking through an encyclopaedia, were cruising down the river, they saw a crocodile. 6 \tVhile 7 The bull chasedthe boys when madden by their teasing. I Beforefleeingthe country he said'goodbye'to only one person. 9 He broke down in court when found guilty. of my mistake,I apologised. l0 After realisethe seriousness

Complete the sentences by rearranging the words in the boxes to form adverbialphrasesindicating time.
I You should have consultedus an - before- decision- important - making - such Youshould haueconsultedus beforemaking suchan important decision. an - as - excuse- used - when, a headachesometimesbecomesreal.

after - all - analysing- errors- our - tactical, we made a new plan.

4 He worked sevendavs a week being - for - prepared- job - the - top - while

5 We are giving him a last chance action - before- leeal-

- investigating- millionaire - of - the - the - while, the inspector isappearance himself vanished.

188

phrasebeginningwith into an adverbial Change eachof the underlinedsentences the word in brackets.Join the phraseto the sentencebefore or after it.
I You are born with certain talents (when).You should developthem. 2 The princesswas smiling and waving. Shewas passingby in her chauffeuredlimousine (while). 3 He pursued his dream for years(after).He suddenly lost interest. 4 Shewanted to seeher son. Shewas going on a long journey (before).
J

They were exploring the cave (while).They found a strangeobject.

6 I plan to hitchhike around the world. I'll graduatefrom college(after). you should deuelopthem. 1 \\4ten born with certain talents,

@FJRewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingadverbialphrasesshowingtime.
A Holly,vood star once gavea strangereplywhen askingthe secretbehind her unlined face.She 'V\4rile am acting,I portray emotions through my eyesand not my facial muscles.'Sheadded this said: 'In piece of advice: everydaylife too, you must think beforeyou allow yourselfto smile.The loveliest V\hen smiled into the cameraor at over the years. woman will look a wreck after smiled recklessly read this, are you preparedto give up anyone,I never let my eyescrinkle up at the corners.'After 'smiling recklessly' to avoid wrinkles? A Hollywood star oncegauea strange reply when asked the secretbehind her unlined face.

r89

i]4"I NOUN PHRASES UNITT

with infinitive (with and without to) and present participle

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

A noun phrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a non-finite verb, for instance,an infinitive (the'to' form) or a presentparticiple(the'ing' form).
EXAMPLE:

REMEMBER! "\\4rat?". \\hen it is usedasthe answers the question r A noun phrase aftertheverbin the mainclause. it occurs obiectof themain clause,
EXAMPLE: He mentioned

her at the conference. seeing

obiect [noun phrase)

@@

\Vtrat did he mention? Seeing her at the conference. The noun phrase is said to be the object of the verb mentioned.

Someverbscan haveas objects (a) noun phrasesbeginning with infinitives and present participles, for instance: begin continue hate like love prefer
nounphrase

remember

start

try

EXAMPLE: They began

(b) noun phrasesbeginning with infinitives but not present pafiiciples, for instance:
choose decide

plan

promise

demand refuse

hope seek

manage want

need wish

offer

EXAMPLE: He hoped

to work for his uncle after graduation.

noun phlase

190

(c) noun phrasesbeginning with present participles but not infinitives, for instance: admit finish resent avoid imagine resume consider mention stop deny miss suggest detest postpone take endure practise enjoy recall

EXAMPLE: We can no longerendure @

phrase nour.r

Sometimes another object is placed between the verb in the main clause and the noun phrase in these ways: (a) verb + other object + noun phrase beginning with infinitive (with to) ask help allow like beg need encourage persuade expect prefer force request

require

teach

tell

want
noun phrase

warn

EXAMPLE: I encouraged her to speak her mind.

(b) verb + other object + noun phrasebeginning with infinitive (without to) feel notice have observe help overhear let see
noun phrase

make watch

EXAMPLE: She made the bovs wash their own clothes.

(c) verb + other object + noun phrasebeginning with presentparticiple have

overhear

hear
see

notice
sense

observe
watch @
rtoun phrase

EXAMPLE: Heoverheardhismanager

@-A-l

in thesentences. Underline thenounphrases

I We were laughing happilywhen shewalked in. 2 They forgot to tell me about it. 3 This doesn'tentitle you to speakat meetings. 4 Sheno longeravoidssingingin public. 5 He expectsto be servedimmediately. climbedto the summit. 6 The mountaineers 7 Lily sometimeshearsthem chatting amicably. B I don't intend to get myself poisoned by this food. 9 He is going abroad for a few weeks. l0 SuddenlyI saw her fall to the ground.

191

Complete the sentencesby rearrangingthe words in the boxes to form noun phrases.
I Sorelleand I have arra after - seminar- Thailand - the - to - tour

and I hauearrangedto tour Thailand after the seminar. Sorelle 2 Shedid not fancv a - beach- crowded- on - such - sunbathi

3 I b e g y o u a - chance - give - plan - second - this - to

4 He must not let this abilitv-

confidence- in - shatter- his - his

5 We saw the barrels dav- downhill - rollins - that

6 The boywants tutored - be - bv-

teacher- particular - that - to

@eFillintheblankswithsuitablewordsintheboxes.
I Youhave allowedyour garden 2 Shewatched me 3 The inspectorcame to observeIudy 4 Shanehas learnt 5 They have stopped him to 6 Nobody can persuade
,1

to seed. a fool of myself. the class. his temper. about sillythings. lessserious. me.
certain hard facts. herself to her house's flaws.

going make teaching control worry be followed face blinding dressing

to go to make to teach to control worrying being following faced to blind is dressing

.---:J-l YOUR SCORE I a| /a

I could sensefriendly eyes

8 He made us I

Larachooses

1 0 My father detests

up for formal functions.

tr@

sentences. Tickthecorrect

t/r a a /.

tlla 171

I They startedimporting our goodslong ago. 2 The irate customer demanded seeingthe manager. 3 After a short break,we resumedour reading. 4 The police warned the public to bewareof pickpockets. 5 She'llsoon have all of them to do as she saY.

r92

6 It's so noisy I can'thear myself to think. 7 We overheardthem wondering about the holiday plans. 8 I regretto inform you that your application has not been approved. 9 He has requestedus keepingthis confidential. l0 You should not delay to have some car repairs.

f@4

Rewriteeach sentenceexpressing the samemeaning in a slightly different way.

I Shehelpedme to come to termswith my problem. Shehelpedme cometo terms with my rtroblem. 2 We saw him flinch at the sight of the letter.

3 Somepeople won't even try understandinghow to use the Internet.

4 The neighboursoften hear her talking to her plants.

5 At his birth, his parents startedto savefor his education.

6 I don't want you sacrificingyour free time for this project.

@aRewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingnounphrases.
Laura wanted to work with animals so her friends persuadedher phoning the famous animal Sheaskedspoketo the chief administrator and began explain she was hospital in the next tor.,rrn. He listened for a while and then told her the hospital willing to work as a volunteer to gain experience. had a vacancyfor a trainee and she only neededapplying. Shefelt herselfto skipping with delight as she ran to tell her friends and she startedwrote her application letter that afternoon.

her to phone thefamous Laura wanted to work with animals so herfriends persuaded animal hospital in the next town.

r93

PHRASES UNTTI4=2 NOUN

as complementsand objectsof prepositions

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

iGD@N

GRAMMAR POINTS

o)

Q"***R
E

PorNrs

can be the complement of the verb before it. Verbsthat take complementsare A loll.pl.ase called link verbs.They include the verbs appear, be, came, groq prove, seem and turn out.
EXAMPLE:

They seem to thrive on hard work.

noun phrase (complementof seem)

A noun phrasebeginning with a present participle can be the complement of the verb but not of other link verbs.
EXAMPLES:

'to be

Our objectivewas

noun phrase

a1

Gsltrgls!9
noun phrase

Intime,wecarne@

@@
A noun phrasebeginning with an infinitive can be the complement of the verb link verbs.
H(AMPLES: noun Phrase

'to be' and other

ourobjectiv"*ut@

@G@
Intime,wecameffi tl V

@@

194

A noun phrasebeginningwith a presentparticiplecan be the objectof the prepositionbeforeit.

EXAMPLE:

We'll work towards having a just society.

n o u np h r a s e (objectof the prepositiontowards)

A noun phrasebeginningwith an infinitive cannotbe the objectof a preposition.

EMMPLE: h ^,rn n hr..d phrase noun

(object of the preposition by)

He made us more comfortablebv

He made us more comfortable bv

@tt
@

noun phrase [obiectofthe prepositionby) t-

REMEMBER! "\i\hat?". Whenit is usedasa complement, r A noun phrase answers the question it occurs aftera link
verb.\Vhen it is used as the object of a preposition,it occursafter the preposition.
EXAMPLES: HCT AiM was

to learn the trumpet.

p l r r a s e. ( o i l r p l c m c n l l norrrr

u'"Ilgl9

to p:

\\rhat was her aim? To learn the trumDet.

appliances. fohn is good at repairingelectrical

,-----.--{(!.e!9 ll'

( o b j e co t f preposition) nounphrase

\\4rat is John good at?Repairingelectricalappliances. r A noun phrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a non-finite verb, for instance,an infinitive or a presentparticiple. phrase noun noun plrrirse EXAMpLES: t'vegrownlio like tlle ilimate trere.l This must be done withoutlEurting anyonel

il
underline thenounphrases.

Ql:lLry9

I Your candidatehas proved to be a dedicatedparty member. 2 He disappointedus after raising our hopes. 3 We congratulatedher on her being electedpresident of the Nature Society. 4 The mysteriousvisitor turned out to be an old friend. seemed to prosperdespitethe recession. 5 Their business 6 Sheis committed to improving the servicesin this city. 7 They will not succeedin intimidating that girl. B I alwaysdo a sketchbefore painting a landscape. 9 The children came to love the trips to the city. joy will be to seethe gardenflourishing. l0 Our greatest
.-f " F-r

scoRE I -YoUR
a | / / l^a rv

lr"

r?',

r95

@B]completetheSentencesbyrearrangingthewordsintheboxestoformnoun phrases.
- collectins- of - pictures- promising- youn I One of my interestsis athletes is collectingpicturesof promisingyoung athletes. Oneof my interests 2 Graduallvthev came countrvculture - of - the - the - to - understand

3 She charmed them into

a - interestins- number-

of - revealing- secrets

4 You don't appear about - care- club's- to - future - vour

5 He is not above his - on - usins - partv - a - savings- all

6 We soon gaveup fantasiesof armour-

being - in - knights -

shini

.--:l!!=

r-l
@C]Crossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I Everyonein this firm seems nursrng I to nurse a hope of promotion. 2 Sallyreproachedme for forgetting I forgotten to send the application. 3 The bane of my life is I narreTtiauittfl to hve in this suburb. 4 The pizzaproved lto beT;;l the best we had ever tasted.

YOUR SCORE I

| ,,'ro l | ,/ ),71 -

5 Shedoesthe mostdaringthingslnCIl,^,ithoui-l turninga hair. 6 I'vegrownto Fo*Tlo""t-l the whirl of activityhere.

7 You are very good I at I in I making people feel successful. 8 The sight ofyou
a dI

rS to encourage nlm.

E{-l-

9 He'lljoin the familybusiness fffit""-]

college' completing

t0 Theywould never agreeto I being I have I questionedby journalists.

r-l | ./rnl
l/'

YouR sCoRE I

'F-l

@g

Tickthe correctanswers.

I The black sheepof my family turned out being a fine person. 2 In our desperatesituation, we were past bothering about appearances. 3 I was entrustedwith took them home safely. 4 In due course,they came to realisetheir good fortune. 5 Our nation'saspiration is to be a model for racial harmony.

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6 They'll soon resort to threaten that country with sanctions. 7 We had the humbling experienceof playing againsta superb team. B He seemedregardedeveryoneas a potential rival. 9 Losing is far lessunpleasantthan winning through trickery. l0 Their choice of a leaderhas proved is a mistake.

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A. to complete E I changeB into noun phrases

A B We rely on your guidance. He treated them as adults. Shehad a very bad memory. I saw her in such a predicament. It irritates the audience. They maintain their old sports car. Over the yearswe have come . by. He won the boys'confidence The root of her troubles was . I can't get over Everymannerism of his seems. with . Thev are obsessed

I 2 3 4
J

I Ouertheyearswe hauecometo rely onyour guidance. 2 3 4

c

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correctly usingnoun phrases. Rewrite the paragraph

As a teenagegirl, I often receivedodd looks from a neighbour for came home after dark. She alwaysseemedbeing worried evenwhen my friends insisted on seeingme safelyhome after extra One night, when my family was away at a wedding, the lady next door sawwhat must scienceclasses. was thieveshiding in my backyard.Shehurried over to check.Shelooked rather appeared have disappointedwhen the burglary turned out being three schoolgirlsorganising'OperationCatch Toads'for the next day'sbiology class.

girl, I often receiued odd looksfrom a neighbourfor coming home after dark. As a teenage

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PHRASES ili]"U NOUN UNTTJ

assubjects

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

can be usedasthe subjectof the verb afterit. The verb must not be dropped.The A noun.phrase noun phrasecan begin with an infinitive or a presentparticiple.
EXAMPLE:
ofwas) noun phrase(subject

was a privilege. L"qlj

noun phrase(subject)

h i m a privilege. T o m e e th i m / M e e t i n s

The verb after a noun phrasesubjectmust be finite

EXAMPLE:

Workinswith
noun phrase (subjectoihasbeen)

has been a greatpleasure.

GqCfS!,

yo"l beena greatpleasure. FM"rkfit'r,,,tth

noun phrase(subiect)

A noun phrasesubjectis consideredsingular.Therefore,the verb after it must be singulartoo.

EXAMPLE:

my mind. Z Listening to my favourite songs relaxes

noun phraselsubject)

relaxmymind.
-______j__

Glqlr"'U

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REMEMBER! "\\4rat?". \Vtren it is usedasthesubject, answers thequestion r A nounphrase

it occurs before the verb in the main clause. i Returning Thailand h a i l a n d I i s h e r d e a r e s tw i s h . To o return return / R e t u r n i n sto to T D(AMpLEI :T
"r*, ph** *,hje* a-!--,

ull9,

\Vhat is her dearestwish? To return / Returningto Thailand.

usedas subjects. containnoun phrases Someof thesesentences Underlinethesenoun Dhrases.

I Rushingaround makesme feel drzzy. 2 To organiseall thesebooks won't be easy. 3 To keepthem amused,shetold them stories. 4 Talkingabout the past can be fascinating. 5 Feelingmiserable,I went away quietly. 6 To avoid bankruptcy seemedimpossible. he will be happy living alone. 7 Being self-sufficient, I To pre-empt rumours, we made everythingpublic. 9 Confrontinghim would probablybe best. we'l1discussit thoroughly. 10 To satisfyeveryone,

@RearrangethewordstoformSentenceSwhoseSubjectSaIenounphrases.
I can - cancer- cause- protection- skin - sun-tanning- without. Su.n-tanningwithout protectioncan causeskin cancer. 2 global- is - mission - peace- promote - their - to. 3 fight - him - lose- this - to - upset - would. 4 needs - rehabilitating - skills - special - stroke- victims. 5 country- decision-his - leave- own - the - to -was. indulging-jealousies - our-petty-time-wasted.

6 in-

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@?
I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C

Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.

to be his role. Smoothingoverproblemsappears To smooth over problems appearsto be his role. Smoothingover problems appearto be his role. To find a cure for cancerthe aim of much painstakingresearch. To find a cure for canceris the aim of much painstakingresearch. Finding a cure for canceris the aim of much painstakingresearch. To be chargedwith speedingwould mean a fine. Being chargedwith speedingto mean a fine. Being chargedwith speedingwould mean a fine. To hitchhike around the world must be very exciting. Hitchhiking around the world must be very exciting. To hitchhike around the world very exciting. Winning that prize was his fondest hope. To win that prize being his fondest hope. To win that prize was his fondest hope.

I,Ttfi?tff3

in thebrackets. Underline the correctwords

regularly ( help / helps ) build strong muscles. I Exercising 2 To live in luxury ( is not / not ) the top priority for me. 3 Bringing up six children alone ( has / having ) made her strong. 4 Meeting new people ( will / will be ) good for you. 5 To seeeverynew film ( remain / remains ) his obsession. 6 To find her in a bad mood ( a / was a ) rare event. 7 Meddling in other people'saffairs ( seeming/ seems) a huge wasteof time. B To make him a supervisor( may be / maybe ) a good idea. 9 Attending cocktail parties ( bores / to bore ) me greatly. graduation ceremonies( was / were ) l0 To attend all his grandchildren's Mr Lee'sdearestwish.

200

@;]RewritethesentenceScoffectlyusingnounphrasesassubjects.
I Mixing with people from all walks of life have made him broadminded. Mixing with peoplefrom all walks of life has made him broadminded. 2 CollectingAsianproverbsmy late uncle'spastime.

3 To make money being once his reasonfor living.

4 Facetheir disapprovaldoesn'tfrighten her in the least.

5 To help the community developbeen our concern all theseyears.

6 To go on doing this a sheerwasteof time.

@r]riuintheblankswithsuitablewordsfromtheboxtocompletethepassage.
been bring growlng had hugging kissing prepared see turned was

From the time my grandfatherwas a little boy, to study abroad had (l) dream. However,adjusting to a new way of life in a foreign country (2) a nightmare. (3) up in an isolatedvillage in the Middle East (4)

his out to be

made him a strangerto Westernways.Watching the occasionalromantic scenein a cowboy film had not (5) him for similar scenesin everydaylife. To (6) real

live couplesembracein public was a greatshockto him. Backhome in his village,even for engaged couplesto be seenjust holding handswould (7) shameon both families.He was

alwaysawarethat to walk alone with a girl was to start gossip.On the other hand, in the university, Grandpasoon learnt that to hug another boy in gratitude for his help (B) the thing to do. Grandpaexplainedthat in his country, (9) perfectly proper. He did not add that (10) greetingbetween men, most of whom had full beards. not quite betweenmen was on the cheekwas the traditional

201

STRUCTURE UN]TTil5"T SENTENCE

joining two simple sentences with either . . . or and neither. .. flor

below.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

,g3@

1A 1B

You either can come with us or staYhere. You can either come with us or stav here. Someoneeither borrowed my dictionary or I droppedit on the bus. Either someoneborrowed my dictionary or I droppedit on the bus.

3A,

I didn't order the steakand neither she didn't ask for the lamb chop. I didn't order the steakand neither she did askfor the lamb chop. I didn't order the steakand neither did she askfor the lamb chop.

38

\t

II

JGRAMMAR POTNTS

that havethe same We can useeither .., or I neither... nor to join two simple sentences modals but different main verbs.We usually put the modal before either/neither. He would keep quiet. Dan would speaksensibly. il(AMPLES: Dan would either speaksensiblyor keep quiet.

Mary is a strict vegetarian.Shewill not eat meat. Shewill not order fish, Mary is a strict vegetarian.Shewill neither eat meat nor order fish.
REMEMBER! I Join trvo simple sentences '"r'itheither. . . or to indicate that one out of the two or eventsis possible. choices

should have subiectsreferring to the The two simple sentences sameperson or thing, and they should have the sametense.

that We can alsouseeither... or to ioin two simple sentences have subjectsreferring to different people or things, and r Join two simple sentences different verbs. with neither... nor to or We place either before the first subjectand put or before the indicate t h a tb o t h c h o i c e s eventsare not possible. secondsubject. Strongwinds wrecked the ship. It ran into a rock. EXAMPLES: Either strongwinds wreckedthe ship or it ran into a rock.

In commands (suchas Come here / Help me / Take this), the hidden subjectis you. EXAMPLE:Keepquiet. I won't tell you the story. Either you keep quiet or I won't tell you the story. (l,bj".,
z___l_

t:!::!,

Note that we do not usually apply this rule for negativesentences. EXAMPLE:He didn't contact us.We didn't callhim. Either he didn't contact us or we didn't call him. We can use either/neither to join two negativesentences that have subjectsreferring to different people or things in theseways: (a) lst sentence+ and + 2nd sentence+ either. EXAMPLE: He didn't contact us.We didn't call him. He didn't contact us and we didn't call him either. (b) lst sentence+ and neither + 2nd sentencewith inversionx. EXAMPLE: He didn't contact us.We didn't call him. He didn't contact us and neither did we* call him. (*Afterinversion,the auxiliaryverb comesbefore the subject,just like in a question.) REMEMBER! areioinedwith either.. . or / neither... nor / either/ neither,repeated r \\rhentwo sentences Darts are
left out in the secondsentence. sometimes
EXAMPLES:

You can have tea. You can have coffee. You can either have coffeeor (have)tea.

Jondidn't contact us.Audrey didn't contact us. Ion didn't contact us and Audrey didn't (contactus) either.
I

Completethe sentences with the words in the boxesby writing their numbers in the correctcircles. I Rosemary register andneither r. @ @
2 Thegrassdidn't wither Q tn" flowers didnt O .
I did and

2
L

didn't
either either
IS

protest ot O O. the motoristor the cyclist 4 at fautt. O O 5 Themangoes O ripenedana Q havethe papayas. either or cry on hearing this. o ue Q O 3 We.u"

'|
1 I

disobey either haven't will

2
a

I I

2
z

neither laugh
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@jJRearrangethewordsintheboxesandcompletetheSentenCeS.
I The sunrisedidn't interest them and - did - neither- sunset- the

-l |

,/.^l 1 ." 'A 4

203

2 You either stop wasting time

or - straight- go -home

3 The dressmay neither fit her

her-nor-suit

4 That grandfatherclock either stops

fast-goes-or-really

Our parent company has not made any profit this year

and-have-neither - our subsidiaries

@9jSomeoftheSentenceScontainwordsthatcanbedroppedwithoutchangingthe meaning. Bracketthe words.

I This piece of news will either make you pleasedor make you angry. 2 I wouldn't deceiveanyone and neither would you deceiveanyone. 3 Either he givesthem what theywant or theywill pesterhim. 4 The roseshaven'tbloomed and the chrysanthemumshaven'tbloomed either.
5

Either his hearing is poor or he is pretending not to hear you.

6 I could neither restorehis trust in us nor revivehis faith in our organisation. -| splendour. splendour and neither has neglectdimmed the castle's Age has not dimmed the castle's I UsuallyTedeither looks excitedor speaksexcitedly. I They don't resentus and neither do we bear them a grudge. l 0 We can either go to the book fair with our friends or go to the book fair with our parents.

@g|IointheSentenceSusingthewordsintheboxes.
1 I can't rememberwhen we first met. I can't rememberwhere we first met. I can neither rememberwhen we first met nor wherewefirst met. hours. His health suffers. I either,or I 2 He works reasonable Eeither;otl

prepared. I'm not prepared. EdEtherl 3 Theyaren't be difficult. EA;ith;l be difficult.Theyshouldn't 4 Weshouldn't
5 My parentsdon't like my music. I don't enjoy their old tunes. tr"d"

"

204

0 Tlq ttgt"Lqanager didn't understand my instructions.The receptionistis forgetful.

Fill in the blanks with suitablewords in the box. Eachword may be used more than once.
bother joined chides neither did nor do or either plunge have plunging join would

On leaving secondaryschool,I will either go on to further education or (1) into the job market. My father did not have the opportunity of a collegeeducation and neither (2) university or (3) (4) studying and I am not (5) On the other hand, the thought of joining the work force so soon (6) attractsnor excitesme. Moreover,with just my presentcertificateI wouldn't get a high salaryand neither (7) the working conditions be very good.Above all, (B) me. No, I must hurt myfamily. myparents or my own conscience would (9) neitherdisappoint( I 0) my mother. They are thereforeanxiousthat I should either go to a polytechnic.Unfortunately,neither my marks my application has been impressive.My friends are not interestedin

l'7'71l'l77f{.F I Completethe B sentences to givethe samemeaning as the A sentences.

IA B 2A B A B 4 A B 5A B 6 A B Your friends shouldn't wastetime and neither should vou. Your friends shouldn'twastetime either. Your son will do well or he will perhapsperform brilliant ly. The pilot couldn't stop the dive and the co-pilot couldn't either. The pilot couldn't stop the dive and neither could the co-pilot Either a fireman rescuedthe baby or a neighbour did. Either a fireman or Neither the dialoguenor the acting is convincing. and neither is the acting.

do well or perhaps performbrilliantly.

Neither the soldiersnor the officersknew anlthing about the terrain. and the officersdidn't either.

STRUCTURE UN]TTil5=2 SENTENCE

sentenceadverbials (as a result, besides,moreover)

below.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

(3/cnananmn
|| l'

POI

We use sentence adverbials to link ideas between two sentences. Sentence adverbials usually come at the beginning of a sentence, and we usually place a comma after the sentence adverbial. EXAMPLE:

I Sentence I admire him for his couraqe.

2 Sentence

We use as a result as a link to show that what follows is causedby the idea in the previous sentence. D(AMPLE: Fred was caught bullying. As a result, he was punished. We use besidesas a link to show that we are adding an idea to the idea in the previous sentence. We must not confusebesidesas a sentenceadverbialwith the word beside.Besideis used only as a preposition. Televisionis entertaining.Besides,it is educational. EXAMPLES: We stayedin a chalet beside a lake. We use moreover, like besides,as a link to show that we are adding an idea to the idea in the previoussentence. nxeuprE, I believethat our secretaryis efficient.Moreover, she is alwayscheerful.

206

@CirclethelettersoftheCorIectitemstocompletethesentences.Theremaybe more than one answerfor eachquestion.

I He sprainedhis ankle.As a result, A he cannottakepart in the soccermatch tomorrow. B it happenedwhile he was playingsoccer. C D it is requireda lot of rest. practicefor two weeks. he has to miss soccer

2 I'lrr too tired to go for a walk. Besides, A I didn't walk this morning. B it's going to rain. C D a horrible movie on television. there's mywalking shoesareworn out.

3 I d like to buy this kite becauseit's colourful. Moreover, high. A it can't fly ver-v B it isn't expensive. C D it has an attractiveshape. it's a presentfrom my Dad.

4 Lastyear,our ScienceSocietywas very active.As a result, A we were praisedby the mayor. B we attractedmore members to our club this vear. C D we were warned by the authorities. we are lessactivethis year.

salesman because he soeaks well. Besides. 5 He is a successful A he forcespeople to buy his goods. B he is dishonestand unreliable. C D he is always friendly. he is veryknowledgeable abourhis products

_..)il"* #iil l-7 tp) l."

@,a]rictthesentenceswherethesentenceadverbialsareusedcorrectly.
I The little girl cried becauseshewas tired. Beside,shewas thirsty. 2 He walked fast on the slippery floor. As a result,he fell. she is amusing. 3 I like Lynn for her honesty.Besides, 4 Derek seldom to draw.Moreoverhe isn't good at it. 5 Tedplayed in the rain. As the result, he caught a cold. 6 Fried food makesme fat. Somemore, it spoils my skin. 7 A tree fell acrossthe road. As a result, there was a traffic jam. B This house is comfortable.Moreover,the rent is reasonable. the books are dull. 9 Our library is too small. Besides, Somemore,somepassengers werehurt. l0 The bus overturned.
SCORE I -YOUR
a / atl a

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CEO

wordsin the brackets. Underlinethe correct

DannyWinters has accepteda job with another company. I ( As a result, /Moreover,) we need to appoint a new branch managerto replacehim. would you recommend? \A4ro Accountant I think Bill would make a good branch manager.He has shown leadership qualitieswhen left in chargeof a project. 2 ( Beside,/ Besides, ) he'spopular with everybody. Company Secretary That'strue but he is rather exuberant. 3 ( As a result, / As the result, ) the atmospherein the office is too light-heartedwhen he is in charge. Accountant He has become much quieter lately. 4 (As the result, / Moreover,) he is encouragingthe other staff to work quietly. a promotion. He has alwaysbehavedappropriatelyin Company Secretary I think Eugenedeserves the office. 5 (As a result, / Besides, ) he reports are alwaysexcellent. ( As a result, / Moreover,) he doesnot have hard. 6 works a bit too Accountant Eugene enough time for sociallife or sports. 7 ( Beside,/ Moreover,) he doesn'talways get on well with the rest of the staff. CEO \Mhatabout Harry?He'sa reliableworker. 8 ( As a result, / Besides, ) he is generallypopular. 9 ( Moreover,/ Somemore, ) he did well on the management course. some changesin the I know that after the courseHarry suggested Accountant generaloffice. l0 ( As a result, / Besides, ) the staff there seem much happier.

\.Mhich words in the boxeswould you use at the placesmarked ( ? Write their numbers in the circlesabovethe sentences.
sel I Thatvegetable

a part in a film. uootutrr.Q he wasoffered well in tirenfaVQ he won tremendous Francis acted
I As a result | 2 As the result I 3 Moreover Pat drove into a ditch. Patwas sleenV.f,, the streethad no liShts. f,, t 2 B e s i d e ls I Asaresul| 3 Somemore

oo

ur,tr" .uf"? I sawnothingattractive

fo*Q werenot r"uffV the prices

I did not buy anlthing.

I Asaresult I 2 Moreover | 3 Somemore The man walked very fast.f, I could not catch up with him.{, 1 As a resulti 2 As the result| 3 Besides 6 The weatherwas fine

oo

I was not well that day.

we enjoyed ourselves we had good seatsat the stadium (' {' I Asaresult | 2 Beside| 3 Moreover

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tt 'E??T'{e Rewrite the sentences usingsentence adverbials correcrly.

t The room was crowded.Beside,the air-conditioning was not working. As a result,we were very uncomfortable.

As a result,the beachesare dirW and unattractive. 2 Somepicnickerslitter the beaches. Somemore, our country getsa bad name.

This airline has a good safetyrecord. Besides, it offers excellentservice. As the result, it is very popular.

The neighbourhood is very noisy.As a result,the residents'hearing may be affected. Thev become nervous and irritable, moreovet.

I had readthe book. Somemore,the 5 I did not join them for the moviesbesides. reviewswere no good.
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@UnderlinethesentenceSwhichuSeSentenceadverbialsincorrectlyand rewrite them correctly.

Nita felt awkward becauseshewas a new student in the college.Somemore shewas from another country and shewas a shy girl. As the result, shewas very unhappy. Fortunately,a popular girl called Kate sat next to Nita in lectures.Katewas intrigued by Nita's quiet manner. Beside,she liked Nita although she hardly talked. Kate told the other studentsthat she found Nita to be very pleasant.Then they too made friends with Nita. Beside,Nita was really a nice girl. Moreover,after losing her shynessshe begantelling her friends interestingstoriesabout her country.As the result, she becamequite popular. Sheevenwon aprize in that year'sstory-telling contest. I 2 3 4
5

209

STRUCTURE UN]]T I5=5 SENTENCE

sentenceadverbials (first I firstlv, after that / next / then, finally / lastly)

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Points section. Grammar

GRAMMAR POINTS

'e/"-'*POINTS

adverbialsfirst / firstly to show that We use.the.sentence comesat the beginningof a in the sentence the action or senrences. serles EXAMPLE:First, / Firstly, he learnt to float. Next, he learnt to swim. Lastlv,he learnt to dive.

We use the sentenceadverbialsafter that / next / then to show that the action in the sentencecomesimmediately after the action in the previous sentence. EXAMpLE: Samuelgreetedme in the hallway.After that, / Next, / Then, he chatted with me.

REMEMBER! r Some sentence adverbials like first, next, finally, areusedto iink and show a seriesof sentences the sequenceof the actions.They are often used when describinga string of events or when giving to others. instructions

We use the sentenceadverbialsfinally / lastly to show that the action in the sentencecomes at the end ofa series ofsentences. First, I locked the doors.After that, I shut the windows. Finally, / Lastly, I switched EXAMpLES: on the alarm system. First, she soapedthe dishes.After that, she rinsed them. Finally, / Lastly, she dried them.
REMEMBER! I First / Firstly must not be confusedwith at first. At first shows that something is true only at the beginning. Later,I learnt to like it. At first I hated Science. F-XAMPLE: r Lastly must not be confusedwith at last. At last showsthat sornethingtook a long time to happen. I waited fbr hours.At last I got a taxi. LXAMpLE: which are often usedwith first / firstly. r Second/ secondlyand third / thirdly are sentenceadverbials Firstly, I'll find a piace to stay.Secondly,I'll look for a job. Thirdly, I'll buy a car. EXAMPLE:

2to

@;_]Crossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I First, wash the carrots. At last, i Next, slice them. 2 At first I First
thev disliked the cold weather. Then, thev began to have fun in the snow.

sprinklesomedetergent on them. 3 First,load the clothesinto the washingmachine.Second, lntt;, tThird" I closethe lid.
4 The voice teacher taught us scalesat the beginning. Then, she made us practise them. After that, I Thirdly, she moved on to simple songs.

in. At first, I First, fertilisethe soil.Next,dig a hole in the soil.Then,put the seeds

6 Firstly,my flight was delayed.Then, I had a problem going through the Customs. At last I Lastl I'm here. Next, pat some skin toner on your face. 7 First,wash your facewith the foaming cleanser. Next, I Then, I apply moisturiser. B At first, I Firstly, I choseone of the hairstylesin her book. Next, she studied mv face.After that, changingthe hairstylea little to suit my face. she suggested

9 First, the planesflew in formation. After, I After that, they did rolls and loops in the air. video.Then, she exercised alone with the video. l 0 Firstlv.she watched the exercise on her own. At last, I Lastly, she did the exercises

Theremav be more than one answer Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences. for eachquestion.
A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C Then,usherthem to their seats. First,greetthe guests. Then, usher them to their seats. Firstly,greetthe guests. Then,usherthem to their seats. At first greetthe guests. First, they tuned their instruments.After, they practisedthe difficult parts of the musical piece. First, they tuned their instruments.Next, they practisedthe difficult parts of the musical piece. Then,they practised the difficult parts of the musicalpiece. First,they tuned their instruments. Firstly,the doctor askedabout my symptoms.Then, he examinedme. Lastly,he prescribed somemedicinefor me. Then,he examinedme. At lasthe prescribed Firstly, the doctor askedabout my symptoms. somemedicinefor me. Firstly,the doctor askedabout my symptoms.Then, he examined me. Finally,he prescribed somemedicinefor me. do your chores. First,do your homework.Second, First,do your homework.Lastdo your chores. do your chores. Firstly,do your homework. Secondly, First, I enjoyedvideo games.Next, I found them boring. Then, I found them boring. At first I enjoyedvideo games. Then, I found them boring. Firstly,I enjoyedvideo games.

2tL

A B C

First, he wanted to go by taxi. Then, he decidedto wait for the bus.At last he agreedto get a lift from me. At first, he wanted to go by taxi. Then, he decidedto wait for the bus. Finally,he agreedto get a lift from me. Firstly,he wanted to go by taxi. Secondly, he decidedto wait for the bus.Thirdly, he agreedto get a lift from me.

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box.You may use each item more than once.
After that, Lastly, At first Secondly, At last Then, Firstly Third,

I At first I only dared to cyclearound my garden.Then, I cycled around my neighbourhood. I cycledall over myhometown. 2 At first they were shy.Then, they exchangeda few words. together.Finally,they becamefriends. 3 Firstly,fill half the baby'straining cup with grapejuice. Thirdly, closethe cup tightly. they laughed top up with water.

we did light exercises to warm up. Next,we jogged three miles. Lastly,we restedfor a few minutes to cool down. 5 First, I spoketo them in Englishbut they did not understand me. After that, I tried three other Then, I used sign language. languages. they understoodme.

6 Firstly,the queen in the kindergartenplay dropped her crown. After that, one of the fairieslost a wing. burst out laughing. 7 _I the king'smoustachefell off. Finally,both the audienceand the actors Then, I realised didn't want to join the seacruise. it would be fun.

BFirst,heatsomebutterinapan.Second,breakanegggentlyintothepan.-turn the eggover after two minutes. Finally,scoop the eggonto a plate. 9Firstly,hebowedtotheaudience.ThenheSangaSong.-hebowedagain. l0 First, he taught me how to draw a circle without using an instrument. Then, he made me do it again and again. he was satisfied. #ry :_

@
Dear Ken,

Underlinethe correct wordsin the brackets.

4." 'Yl

I'm sorry I won't be able to come on the trip. Let me explain why. I ( Firstly,/ Secondly, ) I need to until I have clearedmydesk. workreallyhard.2 (After, / Secondly, ) I don'twant to go out of tor,tm This is becauseI got into a lot of trouble last week.You won't believewhat happened. 3 (At first / 4 (Next,/ Somemore,)Icrashedmymanager'scarintoagate. Firstly, )mysalesfigureswerebad. 5 ( Lastly,/ Then, ) they caught me swimming when I should have been at work. 6 (At last / Lastly,) a customer complained to the office that I had been rude. Sothat'swhy I have to stay here. 7 (At first / Firstly,) I hated having to sit and write. 2t2

8 (Lastly,/ Then,) I toldmyself to tryto enjoymywork. 9 (After, /Afterthat, ) I wrote the reports much more easily. f 0 (At last / Next, ) I have found an effectiveway of doing my work. How about discussingit when we can get together again? Joe

@A

Rewrite the sentences correctly.

I To make banana fritters, you need to buy some fresh bananas.Then, you peel the bananas.Next, coat them with flour. At last fry them.

2 Firstly,he ordered mushroom soup.After, he changedhis mind and said he wanted tomato soup. Finally,he settledfor chicken soup.

3 At first, shampoo your hair. Then, rinse it. After that, dry it. Lastly,comb it.

4 First,wash the towels.Then, hang them up to dry. Fold them.

5 First,Iack looks at the cartoonsin the newspaper.He readsthe sportspages.Lastly,he scansthe front page news.

4-r YOUR SCORE I a / aal a

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furange the sentencesin the correct order and use suitable words from the of actions. boxesto createa sequence
Get a form. Fill in your particulars.Postthe form to the given address. at last first lastly next

First,get a form. I,{ext, fill in your particulars. Lastly, post theform to the giuen address. 2 Use the points to write a summary of the passage. fot down the important points. Readthe passage. after that at first last firstly lastly

3 I passedit on my fourth attempt. I could drive around town. I kept failing my driving test. at first at last lastly then

4 The whole family was ill. Mum caught it from him. Dad had the flu. at first first

finally

then

5 Switch on the electricity to checkthe new bulb. Switch off the electricity.Changethe bulb. at first first lastlv then

6 I applied some ointment on it. I cleanedthe cut on my finger.I put a plaster over it. after that at last firstly lastly

2t3

WORD ORDER N]TTT6 CHANGING

with adverbs,had, should, were

below.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences section. Grammar Points .RAMMAR
POINTS

Neverwe dreamt we would become chamoions. Never didwe dream we would become champions. / We never dreamt we would becomechampions If were he on guard, he wouldn't have run away. Werehe on guard,he wouldn't have run away./ If he were on guard,he wouidn't have run away.

We move the word to We sometimeschangethe normal word order in a sentencefor emphasis. We can, for example,emphasisethe adverbs be emphasisedto the beginning of the sentence. barely, hardly, never, no sooner, rarely and seldom in theseways: (a) Normal word order; subject + adverb +verb comprising one word 'to Changedword order : adverb +verb do' + subject + baseform of verb Seldom does it fail. EXAMPLE:It seldom fails. --------(b) l,{ormal worrl order : subject + first word of verb comprising two words or more + adverb + the rest of the verb Changedword order : adverb + first word of verb comprising two words or more + subject + the rest of the verb Seldom has it failed. EXAMPLE:It has seldom failed. --------

We sometimesdrop if from a conditional clausecontaining had, should or were and changethe word order in the clausein theseways: (a) l,lormal word order : if + subject + had / were (verbsby themselves) Changedword order: had / were + subject Hadwe the time If we had the time -------EXAMPLES: --------.----------Were it true If it were tru (b) Normal word order: if + subject+ had / should / were + the rest of the verb Changedword order: had / should / were + subject + the rest of the verb Hadyoubeenchosen Ifyouhadbeenchosen EXAMPLES: Should I succeed IfI should succeed Were it done If it were done -------__-.-"".-.---.--------------

2t4

REMEMBER! r Adverbs like generally, sometimes, occasionally and usually can be placed at the beginning of but the rest of the word order is not sentences
changed. EXAMPLE: I sometimes feel restless for no reason. Sometimes I feel restless for no reason. Sometimes feel I restless for no reason.

a r Changingthe normal word order to emphasise word is sometimes unsuitable outside a literary context.
EXAMPLE:

z
E

: Literary context (Shakespeare) Sweetare the usesof adversity. NormaLcontext: Sweetare theseapples. Theseapplesare sweet.

Y) E Y)

@CirclethenumbeISoftheSentenceSwithpartsthatdonotfolIor,t,thenormal word order.

I Rarelydo we come acrosssuch talent. madepeoplecomplacent. has sometimes 2 Success 3 No soonerdid sherun out of the housethan it collapsed. 4 I had barely completed the paper when the invigilator told us to stop writing. 5 Shewould never have known about it if you hadn't told her. when shewent back to work. 6 Hardly had she recovered 7 We rarely get a chanceto relax together than shegot a job. B Lydiano soonergraduated for so long. 9 Seldomdoesa book remain a bestseller l0 Neverwill this incident be erasedfrom their minds.

@4RearrangethewordsinthebracketstocompletetheSentenceS.
I ( for-helpnot-were -your ), we might havefailed. Wereit not for your help, we might hauefailed. it-

2 ( an- accepted- author's- first - is - novel - seldom ) by this publisher.

3 ( fail- if-

should- strategy-this ), wed haveto giveup.

(a - be - decision- I - make- reluctant- so - soon- to -would ). 4 Generally, 5 ( advice- had - listened- my - to - you ), you would have done brilliantly. 6 She ( barely- breath - caught- had - her ) when she rushed off again.

2t5

l@Z.l

underlinethe correct wordsin the brackets.

I Never ( I would / would I ) sell my books. 2 ( If should / Should ) he come, pleasegive him this note. 3 Hardly ( had she / she had ) apologisedwhen she dropped another cup. 4 Rarely( doeshe open / he opens ) up to someoneso readily. 5 Sometimes( do they expect / they expect) too much from our department. 6 (Was / Were) it safe,we would certainly let you come with us. 7 Seldomcould they ( get / got ) away for a real holiday. B ( Had / Have ) you been my professor,I would have enjoyedstudying history. I If ( she were / were she ) coming this evening,I would bake a cake. l0 Should ( be he / he be ) willing, wed love to have him as our patron.

@a

Tickthe correctsentences.

I Occasionally do we go out and seea film. 2 WereI a fisherman,I would spend all my daysby the lake. 3 Usuallysheis reasonable and open-minded. 4 Had been the drivers alert, the accidentwouldn't have occurred. 5 No sooner did he appear on stagethan the audienceclapped. 6 Should Zena proved to be right, we'd regretour stubbornness. 7 Never I could have accomplishedthat without your support. B If Sallywere to join us, we'd be a formidable team. 9 Seldomis a greatartist appreciatedin his lifetime. l0 If had they used their common sense, they would have found our house.

@EJRewritethesentenceswithoutchangingthemeaning.Usethewordsprovided.
I Janehad barely finished cooking when her guestsarrived. had lane finished cooking when her guests arriued. Barely 2 If ft were just a question of courage,you d win.

Were

3 Had I controlled my temper, I would have won the match. If

216

ladder. Rarelydoes a woman reachthe top rung of the corporate Awoman

They would never be able to go sailing again. Never

6 If he should find the treasure,hed definitely tell the police. Should

@lJRewritetheunderlinedwordscorrectlyintwodifferentwayS.Youmayneed 'to to changethe word order,deletewords,or add the verbs be' or'had'.
(1) NeverI had had such a grand reception as I did when I went to spend a month with a friend of my late grandmother'sin a little village.(2) No sooner I steppedinto her house than a crowd came to welcome me. I thought happily: (3) If had I known I'd receiveso much attention, I d have come sooner. The friendly interest did not flag. ( ) SeldomI got a moment to dream by the quiet river or roam around by myself. (5)U,hil to explain my need for solitude,I would have hurt the villagers'feelings. without my longing to visit the village again. Yet,now that I'm back in the ciry (6) rarelv a dav passes

I (a) Neuerhad I had (b) I had neuerhad

(a) (b) (a) (b)

4 (a) (b) 5 (a) (b) 6 (a) (b)

2t7

UNTT IT REDUNDANCY

t n d A i s w r o n gi n t h e Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. F i n do u t w h y B i s c o r r e c a Grammar Points section.

GRAMMAR POINTS

i\

L-

u*
E
l-

rrARPorNrs
and should be deletedfrom a sentencewhen its A word or phraseis redundant (unnecessary) phrase part in sentence. word or the is of another meaning EXAMPLE:The balloon rose up into the air. tr-l = rOSe Went Up Up is part of the meaningof rose. Therefore,up is redundant and should be deleted. The balloonrose into the air. ,7

one of them can be deletedas \Alhentwo words or phrasesof similar meaning are in a sentence, it is redundant. EXAMPLE:Without saying aword, she silently showedher disapproval. without saying a word = silently Therefore one of them should be deletedas it is redundant. Without saying aword, she showedher disapproval. Shesilently showedher disapproval.

Y] Z

REMEMBER! wordor phrase whichshould be deleted or left out. mayhavemorethanoneredundant r A sentence EXAMpLE: Oneclaytigersmaybecometotally extinct andvanishfrom the faceof the earth. E
Extinct containsthe idea of totally. .'. totally shouid be deleted. become extinct = vanish from the face of the earth One of them shouldbe deleted. One day tigersmay become extinct. One dav tigers may vanish from the face of the earth.

2IB

@a]StrikeoutthewordsthatareredundantandshouldbeleftoutoftheSentenCeS.
read out the question and then I'll repeatit ain. I I'11 2 We walked all the way there on foot. 3 You are behavinglike a crazylunatic. 4 The pearl diver plunged down into the sea. 5 Shegently coaxedher little son to finish his porridge. 6 A car hurtled down the road at greatspeed. 7 Your sisterwill grow up to be a gorgeousbeauty. B SoonYoshikowill be returning back to Iapan. 9 The fire razedthe planetarium completely. l0 The pricesof goodsare soaringup. I I I've finished my assignmentbut I may have to redo it again.

@BjunderlinethecorrectWordsinthebrackets.
I They ( entered / enteredinto ) the building through the roof. 2 We ( starved/ went ) without food for five days. 3 Without wasting a moment, she ( dash / immediately dashed) in to savethe child. 4 I hope those ( silly / young ) foolswill come to their senses. of the dead). 5 The battlefieldwas litteredwith ( corpses/ corpses 6 He is rememberedas a ( man / very brave man ) of greatcourage. 7 ( Speaking/ Speakingin a rage) will only earn you their contempt for lack of self-control. B In the end, the rebels( eventuallysurrendered/ surrendered). beyond our control. 9 We were ( delayed/ unavoidably delayed) by circumstances on the troops / troops) with a lot of experience l0 The country sent ( seasoned peacekeeping mission. _-r.::_ Youn scoRE I larttil

TV

@ c lriu in t h e b 1 a n k sw i th su i ta b l e w o rd si ntheboxes.
I You and I r,r'ill In no time they'll We are fighting for a walked Furious,the delegates He was advisedto 6 Bobbyis a 7 Albert Einsteinwas definitely a there by plane.
with good manners.

about this later. of it. cause. soon tire I tire lost totallylost out out angrily

child I polite child brilliantgenius genius

2r9

B Without hesitation,thev 9 My hopes l0 I'm sureyou'll

at the news.

to join us.

agreed I readilyagreed plummeted I plummeted down certainlypass I pass

with flying colours.

r-l a,/a
,

--! .YOUR SCORE I

/ att a

@A

rick the sentences that arecorrect.

a,/

)71

I Little by little, the youngstersgraduallygained confidence. 2 We are moved by her kindnessand generosity. 3 All of you must continue on the good work. 4 I waited impatiently as they ambled leisurelyinto the hall. 5 He suspectedthat we had invented the whole story. 6 The news was receivedwith sighsof disappointment. 7 Shewas thrilled at the unexpectedsurprise. B In a moment, his wealth was gone. I The child's eyeswere shining and sparklingwith excitement. l0 Asha firmly declined the offer of a quick promotion.
4-,.l-l YOUR SCORE I
a a /. /-^ t7l a

--

|'T'flt?tlf, E I Rewrite the sentences correctly.

I He helped you sincerely, with no ulterior motive. He helpedyousincerely. / He helpedyou with no ulterior motiue. 2 The bullets could not penetratethrough thesewalls.

3 Without sheddinga tear, shewalked dry-eyedthrough the departure gate.

4 The rich old man is known to be a stingy miser.

5 Feelingmiserable,I lay staring unhappily at the ceiling.

6 Carl was extremelyoverjoyedto hear of your success.

220

@lJ Cros s o u t t h e i n co rre ctw o rd si n th e b oxestocom pletethepassage'

Sallyenjoyedhaving her face I
made I made up

for television.A 17-year-old

rl I teenager , she felt 3 fortunate I fortunate and lucky to be asked to join a television forum. Of the four 4 participants I people taking part, shewas the only one under 21. A5 secrelworrv I worry which she kept to herselfwas that her round face on the screenmight

Iook 6 childishlychubby I chubby like a little girl's. To Sally's delight, she 7 noticed I noticedjofully that the make-up artist had given her face an

oval shape.When he had finished with her, shewas B totallv transformed I transformed . The adult Alas,when the show was look 9 added I added extra credibility to the opinions she expressed. finally aired,her family and friends 10 hated I unfortunatelv hated thelookand wailed, "That wasn'tyoul"

@
a a//

,,'a r-,

@RewritetheconverSationcorrectly,leavingoutredundantwords.
Lady Friend Lady Friend Lady I Lady Don't look now but the woman in dark glasses alone at that table is a famous celebrity. Actually,I spotted her when she enteredthe restaurant,in fact. \t\hy did you keep quiet and not say anything? I alwaysfeel sorry for starstrying to escapefrom their fans. Okav we'll leaveher alone to eniov her meal undisturbed.

2 Friend

3 Lady

4 Friend

-f-.--F-

5 Lady

-a a,/l
,

voun sconr I
/z /' llla l7l

221

UNTT T8 REFERENCE

below Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the Look at the A and B sentences Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR POINTS

Sarah's igloo won first prize in a'BuildYour Own Home' competition. Sarah'sigloo was made of cardboardand cotton wool. igloo won first prize in a'BuildYour Own Sarah's Home' competition. It / The igloo / The prizewinning entry was made of cardboardand cotton wool. You may not believebut I can sing Koreansongs. You may not believeit / this but I can sing Koreansongs. ,-) (;/"**toR PorNrs

a letter, an article, etc, we have to make sure the text has unity and the When we write an essay, paragraphs are connectedin ideas.We can establishlinks in meaning between and sentences paragraphs by using words like the following: and between sentences (a) pronouns- to point backto a noun or noun phrase
EXAMPLE: subject

TigerWoods is one of the biggestnames in the world of golf. He is recognised for his brilliant achievementsand the style that he brings to his game. TigerWoods is the subjectof this article.The words He and his in the secondsentencerefer back to TigerWoods and thereforehelp to connect sentence2 to sentence1.
REMEMBER! with the r \Vhen we use a pronoun to referback to a noun or a noun phrase,we must make sureit agrees noun in person,genderand number.
EXAMPLE: ,-noun - female 3rd person, singular

refersbackto

Mrs Danson has agreedto take chargeof the concert but she will need some help.
pronoun - female 3rd person, singular

V_]

tnoun - female 3rd person,singular

doesnorrelerbackro ----------l

Mrs Danson has agreedto take chargeof the concert but he will need some help.
pronoun - male 3rd person,singular

222

(b) the article the togetherwith the samenoun or noun phraseused earlier or rvith a different noun or noun phrasewhich is linked in meaning to the original words
EXAMPLES:

Mrs Croft was in a queue at her bank when a man came and stood in front of her. She told himr politely that her should not queue-jump but the man just glaredat her. The spirited lady then marched up to a securityguard and complained to him2. The guard went up to the unpleasant person and made himr apologiseto Mrs Croft. Then he2 directedhiml to standat the back of the queue,which hel promptly did. - her, She,The spirited lady,Mrs Croft Words that refer back to Mrs Croft = hel, him1,the man, the unpleasant person Words that refer back to a security guard ' hez, him2,The guard Wordsthat referback to a man (c) demonstrativeadjectivesand pronouns (this, that, these,those) - to refer back to nouns, parts of sentences, whole sentences or paragraphs noun phrases,
EXAMPLE:

(l) (2) (3) ( ) (5)

Linda and I hurried over to Grand CentralDepartment Storeon the second Unfortunately, day of their sale,hoping to buy their coffeepercolaters. those were alreadysold out. The word those refersback to their coffeepercolaters. The word their in the phrasetheir coffeepercolatersrefersback to Grand CentralDeoartment Store.
EXAMPLE:

Sam and Helen told their father that it was not his presentsthey wanted but his presence. They said they missedhim and wanted him to spend more time with them. Mr Balafinally understood this and made sure he devotedhis weekendsto his family. The word this refersback to everl'thing said in the earlier sentences.

and paragraphsby using words that point forward to what is We can also connect sentences For this purpose,we use words like it, this, that, these and those. said in later sentences.
EXAMPLE: ,Z--\

John may not like it but he has to sell his car to pay his debts. The word it points forward to Iohn'shaving to sell his car to pay his debts.
HGMPLE: 7-\

Did you hear that? Faizalscoredall five goalsin our match againstUnited College and after that a managerof a local club who was at the game approachedhim about playing professionally. The word that points forward to the whole of the next sentence.
REMEMBER! to the speaker, and that r This and these are used to indicate closeness and those are used to indicate distance.
EXAMPLE:

A: Do you like these oil paintings on this wall? B: I don't like these.I like that painting on the other side of the room.

223

@4JCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethepassage.
DearAunt Debbie, and what I Eh"yTyil"l I've readyour advice column for teenagers sayis sensibleand helpful to

old. 2 FTtlre--I soI d like to share3 Fh[Tthese-] problemwith you eventhoughI am 21years
I have known Kay for three yearsnow. 4 |WeTTh"y-] do many things together and I truly enjoy annoying habit which is beginning to company.However,she has 6 | thisTth"*l s lfiTtheir-] spoil our friendship. Shegetsangry wheneverI go out with Ianet and Wendy,tvvoof our office becauseshe doesnot like 7 FhemTus-]. I have assuredher time and again that she colleagues, meansmore to me than they do U.rt O I tttatTttr*"] has not changedher attitude. Sheis being childish and I don't know how to deal with 9 tiiTth";]. I don't want to lose our Yourssincerely, Sue-Ann

Please help. but l0 tretlits-l sulksaredrivingme crazy. iriendship

@gl!VhatdotheWordSinboldpointbackto?UnderlineyouranSwerS.
I

We'll be holding an education fair next weekend.It will be open to the public from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. ago,I could not sleepfor severalnights. Somecity officialsvisited the site of an old disusedmining pool last week.They decidedit was an ideal place for a nature park becauseof its vegetationand abundanceof wildlife. John phoned to sayhe was not coming to work becausehis mother is seriouslyill. This means I have to give our product presentationto our clients by myself. Among the activitiesthey Members of the public enjoyedthe Environment Carnivalyesterday. 'Plant Tree' a competition. participated in were the forest canopywalks and the facial wash, a toner and a The lady sellingcosmeticssaid that women should alwaysuse a

2 An old movie, HouseofWax, is having a rerun on TV I remember after I watched that thriller years

moisturiser.I told her I did not use those but relied on soap and water instead. This should surpriseyou, Iennifer is going to marry Stevein a month's timel B \A/henthe doctors examinedmy brother just before the operation,they found that the problem It is somethingthey have not been able to explain to this day. had disappeared. neighbour could take care of our cats and dogswhile we were away said that our Mum
n a

but she could only do it for a week. l 0 I want you to realisethese things: I am studying for an exam so you need to lower the volume of your music.lVhen you don't do your choresproperly,Mum getsme to finish your work. That's not fair.

ffi | ,41 r'' r"'

@?TicktheSentenceSincolumnBthatcancomeaftertheSentenceSincolumnA.
A I John Cooper beganacting at the remarkableageof four. A [-l The talented actor saysit is his first love and he has no intention of quitting. B [--_-l The film'sandstorm'was made when Mr Cooperwas 20.

I liked the opennessof the participantson the latest 'TeenTalk'. episodeof Millions of sharksare killed yearly to satisfy man'sappetite for shark's fin soup. Tom and I got to know an amazing cab driver called Mehmet inTurkey.

A |
B |

with the audience. | They sharedtheir worst experiences

| The episode had five teens facing an audience of 50.

A | B f--l A | B | A [-l B I -

| The soup is very much in demand in restaurantsthe world over. This has causeda drasticworldwide decline in their numbers. | He was not only a cab driver but also a tour guide, a chef and a storyteller. | Tom was working in a shipping company and I was in a manufacturing firm then. You'regoing to university to get a degreeso pleasework hard. I Studyhard. Budgetwisely.Don't go out with Phonehome once a week. strangers.

5 Mum and I have written down a few things you needto do in the university.

.-=JYOUR SCORE I

1," -

-H

@Djneadthepassageandstatewhattheunderlinedwordsreferbacktoorpoint torward to.

The conference I remembervery well the first law conferenceI attended. (1) It was in the 1990s. but only one of (2) them left a lasting impressionin my mind. had many outstanding speakers (3)That speaker, a law lecturer,had just finished answeringa number of questionson the paper he had presentedwhen an elderlv gentlemanin the audienceaskedhim ( ) this: "If your father the crime to you, what would you do?" committed a murder and he confessed The speakersmiled and said,"Sir,you have askedme a very difficult question.I need time to answer (5)1bat, but I will, after the tea-break." \A/henthe sessionresumed,the speakertook his place on the stage."I would like to answerthe 'As my father'sson, I would do (6) thesefor (7) him. I question now," he said calmly. gentleman's would listen to him. I would hold his hand. I would put my arms around him. I would even cry with him. As his lawyer,I would advisehim to confessto (B)the crime and I would go with him to the
police station." His answer received what (9) it deserved thunderous applause.

I attended , i, _ theftrst law conference 2 them- the 3 That speaker4 this 5 that 6 these7 himI the crime the

I I mark [ | mark [2 marks Il mark I | 2 marks ) l l ntark l l mark

9 ir225

t 1 mark

TESTT
Units 1 - 4
Write the correctverbsin the boxes. Ten of the underlinedverbsare incorrect.
Larry Emma Larry limmy Larry ]immy Emma Larry Iimmy Larry
Do vou remembered which lift we came out ofl No, I don't. I was busywith limmy so I didn't took note of where we were.

line 1 2 3

I know each of the sectionson this floor has a lift - one in the north wing, one in the eastwing, one in . . .

4 Daddy,I can showyou the lift.We must finding the man line 5 wears a spacesuit. He was next to the lift just now Emma, I think fimmy has been watch too many cartoonslately.We needsto wean him off TV. But Daddy,there was a spacemanthere. He was . . . Iimmy, don't disturb your father. Let'stry to retracedour steps. Daddy,we can go to everylift and checkwhere the is. spaceman We can't be Iooking in everysection,Iimmy. This mall is huge. Let'scheckwith the information booth. There is near the seafood restaurant. one Iocates
ll

6 7 B
a

line 1 0

Emma

Larry,rvait a minute. I notice that pretty dressin the showcase earlier,just after we steppedout of the lift. We must have took the lift along this corridor.

t2 13 t4

Iimmy Larry

still there. Daddy!Mummy! The spaceman's Oh my goodness! Jimmy'sspacemanis on the billboard advertisementnext to the lift!

I B I Tick the correctverbsin the boxesto completethe sentences.

I Something [--f;"--_-l to be botheringAnna. Can you find out what's troubling her?

[-T*fi;-]
relatively

2 Thenumber of participantswho have signedup for this year'smarathon [-l-fi]

smal.
3 Bitternessbetween the two major factions in the country tremendouslyin this past decade.

l=-TG-l
hasbeen building up have been buildine up

226

4 Vicki's senseof responsibilityand commitment always do their best.

nspre
nsp res

her team membersto

worth it. 5 All the time we spent interviewing people for the newspaperarticle [-l-wasl lwerel I 6 Neither the chairman of the board nor its other members arewilling is willing to talk to the press.

the people t-larel 7 In many countries, Dejection was written were written

barelyableto surviveon the daily wage.

l--TG-l
all overAdam'sface when our opponents scoredpoint after

point againstthe home team. The disabled

recelve receives little oublic consideration in some communities.

l0 Most of the news aired on TV nowadays

on crime and calamities. focus focuses

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
Megan(1) had promised (promise)to join her friends for a weekendretreat at Heron's (decline)their offer of a lift as she (alreadymake up) her mind to climb the peak.\A4ren shewas (oftenuseto go) to the log cabin up thereamong (not forsee)any problems in finding the

Peakbeforegoingabroad.She(2) (3) a child, she (4) the pine treesso she (5) placeonce again. "If I swing right at the signboard,I (6) she thought, as she made her way up. But somethingwas wrong. She (7) mountain trail for more than two hours but there (B) Megan (9) the remotestsign of the cabin anp,vhere. perspiration. She(10)

( b e )a t t h e c a b i n i n n o t i m e , "

(trudge)along the steep (not be) even

(drenched) with

(squint)up at the sky.The sun (11) (slowlymove) to its highest point.

"I hopeI (12) Her muscles(13)

(parch) from the heat.

(not take) the wrong turn just now," she said to herself.
(ache) and her throat (14)

227

"If I had listenedto Iohn and accepted a ride up, I (15) in this situation," she muttered to herself. Her compass(16) (indicate) that she (I7)

(not be)

(head)north-east.Then she realisedwhy shewas lost. The compassneedle (18) (jam). (19) "VVhy (I not see)this earlier?"she cried.

The sudden crunch of tyres on gravelmade her whirl around.\Mhatshe saw made her heart jump with joy. lohn, Amy and Sue (20) there was no sign of her, they (21) because look for her. (wave)at her from their jeep.Anxious (decide)to drive down to

-._l!!= YOUR SCORE I

in either the activevoice or the passivevoice. I D I Rewrite the sentences

I One of us usually takesthe dog out in the eveningfor a walk.

2 We were thoroughly shockedby the group'srowdy behaviour.

3 The women of that community have practisedtraditional methods of weaving and dyeing for hundreds ofyears.

4 Wilson will have completed the renovationsto the housejust before Christmas.

5 A police car and a helicopter were tailing the red van all the way from the airport.
.<_---t YOURSCONE I

rv
a,/

t7l

228

TEan *J T2
Units 5 - 11
Underline the correct words in the brackets.
I Emily ( ought not to be divulging / shouldn't divulging ) confidential office matters to her friends. / sew ) onto my black eveninggoum? 2 Canthesesequins ( be ser,rm 3 He ( might resort / might resorted) to fixing an alarm systemin his house if the break-inscontinue. 4 ( Could they be waiting / Could be they waiting ) for us outside the ballroom instead of in the hotel foyer? 5 The issues( should have been raised / should have raised) earlier before the managementcame to a decisionthis morning.

B Insert n I / where prepositionsare missing.\.{/ritethe correct prepositions in the boxes. \___JI

I

Sheis a person who everyonefinds easyto confide. running the whole office wheu her bossis away. The presidentlistened to all the complaints that the club members brought regardingthe sports facilities. The nurseswere unable to tell the patient where the basket of fruit had come from.

Sheis capableof 2 Nicole is an efficient executiveassistant.

Maisie doesn'tcarethat she is alwayslate appointments.

6 Our plane arrived at Amsterdam airport on time despite encounteringtechnical problems before take-off. inform your group that they have to attend an Please orientation coursenext Monday. of the The preliminary investigationsthe disappearance well-known businessmandid not provide any leads. Mr Colewas thrilled at my being able to communicate with guestsin Spanish. his overseas l 0 Sheis filled remorsebecauseshe had seriouslymisjudged somebody.
-JjFt I -YOURSCORE
| |,/ ./l J7l

229

I C ] Completethe following sentences.

I The prime minister said,"Stand togetherin unity and strength so that no one can divide us." The prime minister advisedthe people

2 The senior manager said,"Iennifer,I'm caught in a traffic jam so I will be a little late for the meeting."
The senior manager told ]ennifer

saidSean. 3 "Don't you find the book fascinating?" Seanaskedme

4 Jeansaid to Mary, JeanaskedMary if Bill was performing at the musical concert on Saturday. 5 Mrs Reedsaidto Iean and Diana,
Mrs Reed told Iean and Diana to concentrate on their work and not on the fashion
NCWS,

f?

sentences. R.ur.ange thewordsto form correct

letremove- reports- table- the - the.

t Adam - don't- from-

2 chemical- company - engineer- in - is - Sarah- that - the - youngest.

- envoy- his - king- presented - the - the - to. 3 credentials

4 a-

- grandfather - man - my - of convictions

strong- was.

5 elderly - help - let's- in - those- wheelchairs- women.

230

[,|

Circlethe lettersof the items that go in the placesmarkedwith ( .

A B which
whose

I This is an airline ( nilots are very experienced.

2 The team ( trounced us had a good strategy.

We gave some homemade soup to the lady next

ooor A
". The handicraft ( was made of rubber bands and scraps of cloth. I

,t

A B A B A B

whose husband is unwell.

, whose husband is unwell. that intrigued everyone which everyoneintrigued

, who is a quiet residential area,

The residents of Lavender Grove ( -un appoint a committee to ensure no more condominiums are built.

, which is a quiet residentialarea,

F]

correctly. n"*rite the sentences

Spanishor Italian song. I I don't know if that is a Portuguese,

is screened before being allowed to enter the 2 It is imperative that everypassenger departurelounge.

3 I fail to seewhy is this so important to you.

4 If I am Marie, I would ask about the warranty period before buying the electric mixer.

5 His secretwish was that would he make it to the top of his profession.

231

Tr.
Units 12- LB

e)

I A I ttlark with I where the words in the boxesshould be in the sentences. \ ,/\
I Sam has charisma and he's very helpful . He is very popular in school . 2 Can we take a cab there ? The bus ride is terribly bumpy. I feel a little unwell . 3 Firstly, it's not right to tell a lie. You may be forced to tell another lie to cover up the first lie 4 I was unable to balance myself on the ice skates. Later, I found I was able to move without holding on to the side of the rink . 5 They post their entry forms to our office or hand them in oersonallv as a result, ides, secondly, at tlrst can either

Fill in the blanks with the correct words in brackets.

I The enemy'splan was unawares, 2

m
( are / is ) hard to find.

*.* voun-sconr I

( strike / to strike ) during the night and catch us (Winning / Won ) the first match gavethem confidence. ( caused/ causing) greatexcitement. ( deprived / who deprived ) of affection. ( on / with ) buying the apartment. ( being made / made ) a manager. ( Leave/ To leave) her now would be unkind.

3 Furniture fine enough to pleasethem 4 They dropped severalhints,

c He was a child 6 Shewas intent
n

Ioe becamemore anxious after

B I Rivers unspoilt countryside.

( teemed / teeming ) with fish are a common sight in this

l 0 Mr Horne'swillingness earned him a lot of respect.

\ -':-^ ( relinquish pnze frt"-"fi nrs / to relinc"'^lJr-:^ lursn

rz l"'4

Circle the letters of the correct sentences. A Because of your vigilance,lives were saved. vigilant, liveswere saved. Because Because of your vigilant, lives were saved. Peoplewho under stresstending to act irrationally. Peopleunder stresstend to act irrationally. Peopleunder stresstending to act irrationally.

c
A B C

232

3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C 6 A B C 7 A B C B A B C I A B C f0 A B C

To know her is to love her. To know her to love her. To know her is love her. We made her to blush by lavishingpraise on her. We made her blush bywe lavishedpraiseon her. We made her blush by lavishingpraise on her. I secretlyadmired his braverywhen loudly deplored his impulsiveness. I secretlyadmired his bravery. \\ihile loudly deploring his impulsiveness, I secretlyadmired his braverywhile loudly deplored his impulsiveness. He apologisedto Macy in order to end the quarrel. He apologisedto Macy to in order end the quarrel. He apologisedto Macy in order that to end the quarrel. Give feedbackneedsboth honesty and tact. Giving feedbackneedsboth honesty and tact. Giving feedbackneeding honesty and tact. Her main aim is earn enough to pay for her son'scollegeeducation. Her main aim to earn enough paying for her son'scollegeeducation. Her main aim is earning enough to pay for her son'scollegeeducation. I spokefrankly not to upset you but help you. I spokefrankly not to upsetyou but to help you. I spokefrankly not to upset you to help you. The library stayedopen till9 p.m. every day so enableworking adults to enjoy its facilities. The library stayedopen till g p.m. everyday so that enableworking adults to enjoy its facilities. rhe fbrary stayedopen till 9 p.m. everyday so as to enableworking " adults to enjoy iti facilities.

A YouR scoRE I fZ '9-l 1."

mean the sameas the Crossout the incorrectwords in the boxesso that the B sentences A sentences.
I A He often wished that he had chosena different career. Often did he wish I Olten wishedhe that he had chosena different career. If a riot had broken out, you would have been trapped in the city. A riot had I Had a riot broken out, you would have been trapped in the city. We rarely seea hand plough nowadays,even in remote villages. Rarely d o w e l w e d o seea hand plough nowadays,even in remote villages. If shewereto enterthe contest,all of us would be outclassed.
--*-E
YOUR SCORE I
la/t

2 A

3 A B 4 A

all of us wouldbe outclassed. B tr"dTwere-l sheto enterthe contest,

5 A I will never forget the useful lessonI learnt that day. N e v e r w i l lI W i l l n e v e r I forget the useful lessonI learnt that day.

l,/

)2",

Circlethe lettersof the underlinedwords which are redundant and should be dropped from the sentences.
I In my opinion, I think that this company needsyoung people with a fresh outlook A B to changeits image.

c
2 Harmony among the ethnic groups must be maintained since political stability is essential A if the economy is to continue to progress forward.

3 Certainly,you may have my permission to interview the inmates on life in this prison. ABC 4 At around 12:00midnight I was jolted awakeby the sound of a car alarm, which shatteredmy ABC hopes of a restful sleep. becausehis skin is very fair and his eyes He is a Punjabi boy who is often mistaken for a Caucasian AB are bluish greenin colour.

*"t

do the words in bold point back to? Underline your answers.

I Haveyou visited John and Ianice'snew home?I like the unusual way they furnished their living room and bedroom. 2 Not everyonehas the ability to be discerning.I think that comeswith wisdom and experience. 3 I can never understand this about you. You dislike Monica yet you spend a lot of time with her. 4 Jill was going to buy her favourite cheesetartlets at Kay'sCaf6but Stanpersuadedher to try those at Lily's Deli. of Andy Ienkins' latest novel Rlsing Roarhasled to severaloffersto buy 5 The phenomenal success the film rights to it.

234

(] TEST
Fill eachblankwith the most suitableword.
DearestMum, The first two weekshere have been hectic and I am still trying to get used to many things. The way of life here is so different (1) emphasisedthe (2) spendon. Here,collegestudentsgenerallylive on (4) They drive to (5) own, away from their parents, back home.You and Dad always

of discipline.I must also account for what (3)

, do their own shopping and laundry at weekends (6)

they usually have more free time, and generally(7) them evenwork part-time (B) \AlhenI talk to them, I (9) (10)

independent lives. Many of

supportthemselves. amazed.I have been so protected at home

I was in'culture shock' for a while.

Circlethe lettersof the correctwords to completethe dialogue.

Mr Smith Olivia Mr Smith OIivia Please take a seat. Good morning, MissVaz. Thank you, Sir. you have a degreein I (1)_ through your personalfile. | (2)_that communications from UCIA. (3) _ any working experience? in a private collegenear SanDiego after graduation.A year later Yes,I do. I (4)_ I (5)_ an excellentoffer from a televisionnetwork to work as a news editor.After I (6)_with the network for two years,I resignedand moved to Seattle. If you found the job challenging,why (7)_? Therewas only one reason.I (B)_ some problems with the hectic schedulethat I (9)_ . I (10)_ to travel extensivelymeet people and edit the news clips. My health (12)_. If I had At times,I (l l) _ to get four hours of sleep. (13) (14) with station, I in charge my unit. Instead, I continued the of _ to quit beforeI (15)_ ill. It I see.(16)_you can managethe post of a public relationsexecutive? (17)_ somedegree of stress too. there will be difficult I'm sure I (18)to do the job competently.I (19)(20) problems asyou can seefrom my curriculum vitae. I would times but I _ appreciateit if you could give me a chanceto prove my capability.

Mr Smith Olivia

Mr Smith Olivia

235

IA B

was read

llA B

c
2A B C 3A B

have been reading had read understand understood was understanding Do you have Did you have Are you having was lecturing have lectured am lecturing had received have received received am had been
WAS

c
t2A B

barely manage was barely managed barely managed were affected was being affected was affecting would be put would been put would have been put chose was choosing have chosen become had become became Are you thinking Do you think Did you think will involve will be involving will be involved be able will be able would be able am knowing willknow know am used to handling was used to handling will be used to handling
- -! .I YOUn SCORE I

c
13A B C 14A B

c
4A B

c
5A B

c
l5A B

c
6A B

c
16A B

c
7A B C 8A B

c
t7A B

did you leave do you leave were you leaving did encounter encountered have encountered am assigned was assigned were assigned was expected were expected were expectinghandling

c
18A B C r9A B

c
9A B C t0A B

c
204 B

r'-l
|

a/'I

/^^

a,/

]74

236

without changing the meaning. Use the words provided. I C I Rewritethe sentences
They attended it. I The motivation coursehas proved to be effective. which

2 He signedthe contract.His fingerstrembled.

The big question is when our project will be completed. \A/hen

4 I cant imagine from where you got that silly idea. imaginewhere

If he lost everl'thing tomorrow he would start afreshcheerfully. Should

using the correct verbs. I D J Rewritethe sentences

I Dealingwith criminals have affectedyou.

2 He is discoveringfactsforgot by the people.

they happy with our work, they still have to make us redundant. 3 \Arhile

4 His speechseemshaving galvanisedthem into action.

5 The tears glisteningin her eyesbeliesher cheerful smile.

237

l-l

[t>)[

P'dT?

--

the most suitableword. IA J Fill eachblankwith

Tour guide Mr Manas Mr Lee Mr Manas,it is essentialthat you not delay us tomorrow.
We're on holiday. I don't understand whywe have (1) at B a.m.

board the bus

We'veto leave (2) itinerary (3) the day.

in order to complete everlthing on our

Mrs Roy

Mr Manas,don't you think you (4)

were (5)

go to bed early?You said you

TVtill about 1 a.m.this morning. you, Mrs Roy,I should stop giving advice.(7) silly tour.
me!

Mr Manas

rf r (6)

wish I were back home and not on (B) Tour guide Mr Manas Tour guide My dad was right to worry (9) Huh? My dad was certainI would (10) my tour group.

driven insaneby

I B I Circtethe lettersof the correctwords to completethe passage'

interesting.At streetlevel,there I like the place I live. This apartment block (1) for their I seechildren (3)schools. and language (2)_several smallbusinesses in the by their parents.Sometimesthe families stay to (5)classand later (4) _ go there to eat and I down little restaurantat the back of the building. \.VhenI have a free evening, a park (6)_a video or buy a book from the bookshop.From my window I can (7) (B) the winner weekends and there most quite near the tennis courts.My friends and I of the through the park and we (l I) (9) -lunch.A lovelyriver (10)everybody and new fountain. fine trees take more than ten minutes to reach the city centre.I enjoy the old street It (12)_ (13) bargainerscan buy goodsvery cheaply.Our city (14)-a market where _ with my family.We also have good street theatre and concert hall and I often (15)-them (16) of music and dance. city seems the some evenings and entertainers I don't often (17)_time year.It feelsgood to (19)to travel,but I (lB) -to the mountain air and (20) -at visit the mountainsonce a my home.

238

lA

are Bis C being

ll

A B C

hasbeenproud are proud is proud havenot hadnot doesnot skilled are skilled was skilled is having has am attending attend were attending is full is filled full am have had try tried trying breathing rverebreathing breathe to look dolr,n looking down was looking down

are 2A B have Cis 3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C 6 A B C are arrived arriving will arrive picking up were picked up beingpickedup have dinner having dinner dinner have rented rented rent

12 A B C 13 A B C 14A B C l5 A B C 16 A B C 17A B C fB A B C fg A B C 20 A B C

TAsaw B see C haveseem B A B C I A B C l0 A B C play playing was playing hasbought is buying buys ran runs running

Turn the underlined ones into phrasesbeginningwith the I C I loin the pairs of sentences. Then write out the sentences as a paragraph. words in brackets.
I looked at some photographs.They were in a very old album. (in) I Yesterday, 2 I saw my parentsas collegestudents.(Seeing) It was a revelation. 3 They are seriousand staid today. (Though) They were once lively teenagers. 4 I took out the best picture. It showedthem in comical costumes.(showing)
5

They burst out laughing.They caught sight of the funny old photograph. (on)

239

I D I Underline the incorrect sentencesand rewrite them correctly.

I've belongedto severalchoirs,but my best memories are of the first one I joined. We were a small group and only performed once a year,but we were very enthusiasticand we learnt a greatdeal about music from our leader. A fewweeks ago,a friend who was in that choir askedme I was interestedin a reunion. I liked the idea very much and told her we could hold it at my house.Then I went to my storeroom to find the postersand programmesfrom our concertstogether.I also found a rather tattered group photograph. The next day,I decidedto have copiesmade of the photograph becauseof they would be good to give as presentsat the reunion. I went to the storeroom but the photograph was no longer with the postersneither it was anywherein the room. I was disappointedbut forgot about the photograph until yesterdaywhen I was preparing for the reunion party. I found the photograph on my table, restoredand enlarged.Somebodyin the family had done this that I would have a lovely centrepiecefor the party. I askedas who had done it. Nobodywould sayand so I thanked them all.

240

TEST6
Fill each blank with the most suitableword.
Arundathi RoV an Indian national, won the BookerPrizein 1997for her novel TheGod of Small
Things.A tale of love and loss, the (i) has sold more than six million copies. This

(2)

not at all surprising,for the story,set (3)

with India,mesmerises

its storyline and the power (4) (5)

its innovative prose.The readeris likely the end

find himself emotionallv drained bv the time he (6)

of the story.To his consternation,(7) story (B)

may also realisethat even though the

over and the book is closed, the compelling (9)

tragic charactersof Roy'simagination tend to linger (10)

his mind.

Fl

Ci..te the lettersof the coffectwords to completethe passage.

it (1)_ Ladiesand gentlemen, (2) -you me greatpleasure on this auspicious

occasion. allow me to thank the chairman and organisingcommittee (4) This day (5) an indelible Women Entrepreneurs'Conference. me to open this Asian-Pacific BeforeI (3)_, mark on the developmentof a new breed of businesswomenin our part of the world. The Asia-Pacific a number of developingcountries aswell asAustraliaand New Zealandwhich region (6)_ (7)-a We (B)remarkablerate of growth thesepast 10years. tremendous modern amenities improvements in the infrastructureof thesenations. Our people now (9)to take a giant leap into the hi-tech and a standardof living higher than ever before.We (10)we (1l) the goals media and communication.By the year2010, era in the fieldsof business, set before us to have a fully-developednation status,to be self-reliantand economicallystrong. To fulfil this vision, everyindividual (12)_ and prejudice(13) in. Traditionalpreconceptions long way from where they (15) highly-qualified,highly-motivated and (17) world of businessand finance.Statistics(18)-that his or her part. This is where our women come a

asideand women today (14)50 yearsago.Signiflcantnumbers of women (16)as equalswith their male counterpartsin the women have ventured into small

up the corporateladderto become in our region.Some(19)very successfully businesses and managers.If the older generationof women had been given similar chances,I believe executives they (20)_as equally determined to succeedas their daughtersand granddaughters.

241

I A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C 4 A B C 5 A B C 6 A B C 7 A B C B A B C I A B C l0 A B C

gave is giving gives to address to be addressed be addressing amproceeding proceeds proceed to be inviting for inviting to invite will leave will be leaving will have left comprises comprised comprising had experienced has experienced have experienced have seen saw are seeing enjoyed will enjoy enjoy are daring have dared had dared

II A B C 12 A B C 13 A B C 14 A B C 15 A B C 16 A B C 17 A B C lB A B C fg A B C 20 A B C

will have achieved have achieved will be achieving have to play is having to play has to play havebeen cast were casting was cast aside come havecome will come useto be usedto been usedto be are were was are ableto stand was ableto stand has been ableto stand proves prove proved had graduallyclimbed have graduailyclimbed were graduallyclimbing will have beerr would havebeen would be
YOUR SCORE I

1," -

|Z]

Use the words turning them into clauses. n"*"ite the underlined phrasesin the passage provided.
For my friend Sonia,something (1) beyond her means alwayshas a specialattraction.

(2)\.\4renforced to accompanyher to expensiveshopping centres,I watch her in amazement.She never looks uncertain about (3)being able to afford the most fabulouslyexpensivedress.Somehow (4) eagerto let her try on numerous outfits. she is invariably surroundedby shop assistants (5) Because of her charm, they readily forgive her for not buying an),thing.

242

which

2 \\4ren I

3 whether she

4 who
.!YOUR SCORE I

5 Because

IS

a/a

lr" -

'>l

turning them into phrases. in the passage Rewritethe underlinedclauses Usethe words provided.
(1)\Nhile I enjoy my first camping trip, I sometimesfelt tired of the endlesschores.(2) In order to pack the van properly,we lost the best part of the morning. (3) Beforewe cooked a meal, we had to light the stoveand fetch water from the river. (4) I was calledlazy becauseI suggeste hotel. (5) My friends who were irritated by my idea, said I should take a luxury cruisefor my next holiday.

I \Ahile

2To

3 Before

4 for
-_E

5 irritated

scoRE I -YoUR
a a a,/ /

,/-. a atla Fa

243

: ,ie w. * ANSWERS

i,, $,: * &@

t.r VERBS Practice A 747810 Practice B I didn't phone 2 to pose 3 have 4 see Practice C I want 2 write 3be 4 must Practice D I to tell 2 to perform 3 know 4 must see 5 can glve 6 inform 7 need to be to go t 0 Make
I I

5 The expeditionteam(out earlierthan the otherswants to reachthe villagebefore(nightfall. 6 George(whatyou have done(ior his family. 7 The government( a great deal of importance ( on selfreliance. 8 The inhabitants(against/ the logging activitiesin their 5 to cater 6go 7 store I remove I audition l0 Sprinkle 9 She(that [,iz is the one who (deservesthe praise. l0 The woman(to Samuelis(a TV reporter. Practice D I running - runs 2 manage+ manages 3 use - using 4 is manage- is managing 5 !uut.g- huu.

5 listen 6say 7 didn't read

I check I can call l0 repeat

Practice E 2 Don't you has an).thing else to do? - Don't you have an1'thing elseto do? You could earns some money for yourselves.- You could earn some monev for yourselves. After three hours of brainstorming,we decided to sets up 'Youthat Workl - After three hours of brainstorming, 'Youth we decidedto set up at Work'. our phones didn't stopped ringing. 5 That afternoor-r, That afternoon,our phones didn't stop ringing. 6 We servesnot just our neighbourhood but other areas as well. - We serve not just our neighbourhood but other areasas well. t.2 VERBS Practice A 1 create 2 correct 3 handles 4 is slacken Practice B I (a) antagonises 2 (a) making 3 (a) reading 4 (a) scrutinises 5 (a) entertaining PracticeC f Kathy/voluntary work at the hospital(once a fortnight. 2 The player{with the refereeis (Alan. bridge(to get to his office. 3 Larry(the overhead 4 The athletes(impatientty(for the gamesto begin.

6 7 8 9 l0

send - to send + package packages need needs demand - demands recommendsrecommend

Practice E 2 The road leads to Dolphin'sBay is under repair. - The road leadingto Doiphin'sBay is under repair. 3 That road havea lot of potholes.* That road has a lot of potholes. 4 His phone is ring. * His phone is ringing. 5 On Saturdays he goes riding or he play a game of tennis at his club. - On Saturdays he goes riding or he plays a game of tennis at his club. 6 i wanted surprisethe two of you. - I wanted to surprise the two of you. 1.5 VERBS Practice A I wasissued 2 exchanged 3 was suffered 4 was designed

5 wants 6 specialises 7 lavish

8 mutter 9 operating l0 protect

5 was decided 6 was offered

8 was provided

9 were toticed 7 have arranged l0 served

(b) (b) (b) (b) (b)

antagonise are making reads scrutinising is entertaining

Practice B I designed
2 nrnrzidino

3 marching 4 seated Practice C I huddled 2 arrived 3 was covered 4 was rushed

5 behaving 6 sprinting 7 donated

8 injured I honoured l0 surrounding

5 was cieared B suggested 6 has recovered 9 made 7 have invested l0 loaded

Practice D (line 2) has capture- has captured

244

(line 3) (line 5) (line 6) (line B) (line 9) (line 10) (line I I) (line 15) (line 16)

called- is called to interviewed- to interview / interviewing were filmed - have filmed - was screened screened was featured- featured has retain - has retained was interviewed - interviewed I was agree- I agreed can learnt - can learn

Practice B I were 2 ate 3 were challenged 4 are 5 havebeen Practice C 23569 Practice D I chicken 2 distracts 3 make 4 has Practice E I has been 2 contributes 3 was 4 leads
5 were 6 leads / ale

6 discourage 7 havebeen Bis e fill l0 were

AGREEMENT 2.I SUB'ECT.VERB Practice A 6 were lilming I was used 7 has been used 2 weresplashing B was able to see 3is 9 don't 4 looks l0 is Jl5 Practice B I was 2 likes 3 has 4 was Practice C I Everybody 2 Alotof 3 Everything 4 A number of 5 Somebody 5 participate 6 needs 7 is I annoys t has l0 has

I cost t has been l0 is

Sare 6 goes 7 prevents

Bis t help l0 grips

6 7 I 9 l0

The number of anyone Something Nothing Anything

Practice F I Thereis somethingon the table.Does it belong to you? 2 The rveatherhas been so hot in the last few days that many people have sufferedsunburn. 3 Toleranceplays an important role in making a happy communltJ,'. 4 His obsessionwith house orices is often hard for his friendsto bear. 'Ihe 5 taients of the young rnusician were recognisedby the music school.

Practice D I A number of customerswere queuing to pay for their purchases. 2 I can'tcontact Sarah.Someonehas damagedthe public phone in this booth. 3 A lot of freshly grated cheeseis used for this pizza topprng. The number of students in the literature class has increaseddramatically. Everything has been done to prevent the river from bursting its banks. Now we just have to wait and pray that all soeswell. Practice E I Nothing were in its usual place anymore. - Nothing was in its usual place an1'rnore. 2 A number of her clothes was strewn on the floor. - A number of her ciothes were / had been strerr,n on the floor. was All her jewellery were missing. - All her jer,vellery missing. The number of things stolenwere not the only problem. - The number of things stolen was not the only problem. 5 Somethinginside Betty were deeplywounded. - Something inside Betty was/had been deepll,wounded. AGREEMENT 2.2 SUB'ECT-VERB Practice A 5 causes lis 6 has 2 makes /15 3 was 4 improvement

2.3 SUB.|ECT.VERB AGREEMENT Practice A I don't often receir.e 6 oppressed 2 Skiing /ls 3 rvasdonated B educated 4 $.as 9 occupies 5 VVOIKrng l0 Tailoring Practice B 24578 PracticeC I requires 2 relaxes 3 demand Practice D I makes 2 have 3 live 4 are 5 helps 6 does 4 helps
5ts / I ts extend

9 are l0 causes

7 shows Bis

9 deserve lOis

6 was
9 Honest l0 Famous Honesty The iamous

Practice E 2 gl"*it 4 Roasted- Roasting 5 was -- were

I changes 9 give l0 was

Practice F I The selfishseldomnoticethe pain and sufferingof others. 'Ieaching 2 children requirescreativityand versatility. 3 More than a million dollarswas spentby the government on improving the facilitiesin schools. 4 Working48 hours rvithout stoppinghas made him ill. 5 The underprivileged were treatedto a specialdinner last night.

245

AND PRESENT PRESENT 5,I SIMPI-E TENSES CONTINUOUS PracticeA 8 keeps 5 parrol I is coming 9 is producing 6 promises 2 kicks l0 is resting 7 is seeing 3 is lecturing 4 accuses Practice B I permeates 2 is settingoff 3 train 4 norries 5 is vanishing 6 plal' 7 are stalring B denies 9 desigrrs l0 objects

3 Rescue teams dug tirelessly last night to pull out the trapped miners fiom the pit. 4 Last _vear lr.e frequently met at \'veekends and discussed comrnon problems lve laced. 5 Glen alwa.vs takes charge oi the office rvhile Miss Richards is a',vay and he ensures that evervthing runs smoothly. Practice F As I rvatched, the club members took out card tables and set them up. Tuesda-vwas their games evening and most of thern liked to play bridge or whist. One woman played a game of solitaire. She sometimes got up to r'r.alkaround and observe the games at the other tables. Halfrvav through the evening there rvas a break for refreshments. A r,r.aiterserved tea and coffee and everybod-v enjoyed conversation rvith their fiiends. Some people went home after this. but the enthusiastic plavers staved until quite late 5.3 PASTCONTINUOUS TENSE Practice A :1 4689 Practice B I testif.v 2 polished 3 conrplain 4 are lacing 5 are looking for Practice C 2 ignored 3 nras enjoying 4 rvas blaring 5 reached 6 rvere cluarrelling Practice D I cleared + 2 holding 3 coughing -

Practice C I are gLraranteelng 2 makes 3 does 4 intend 5 is acting Practice D I is calling 2 is looking 3 are opening 4 arrives 5 fight

6 takes 7 is repeating B map 9 spends 10 is bringing

6 7 B 9 l0

bursts is enrolling creates is hiring arecoming

Practice E I \\re are thinking of going to the flea market in the park this Sunday. 3 For tire whole of next neek, the college is organising of careertalks to give students an iu-depth knot't'ledge the various professions. at an institute of manage4 Carol lecturesin ps-vcholog1'' ment. Shehas been there tbr five years. 5 Robin and his farniiy are moving to an apartment in m-Y areanext nonth.

6 7 I 9 lo

rvere fighting r'vere bringing navigated fills dig

7 I I l0 II

saw was puffing cut flew rverecranling

TENSE 5.2 SIMPTEPAST Practice A 2478I0 Practice B I treated 2 setup 3 outstripped 4 tried
5 places 6 settle / maoe B ovenvhelms 9 live l0 used to sail

were clearing held coughed / was coughing was verY entertaining -

5 is very entertaining + 7 rvas mentioning

mentioned

PracticeC I shook 2 lr.ere 3 is still investigating 4 beat 5 n'ere Practice D I overturned 2 are pleading 3 usedto recall 4 carried
5Ue

6 is now thinking
/ scolteO

B is beginning 9 surprised l0 stunned 6 7 B I l0 is spreading thought debated advise usedto discipline

Practice E I We knelv that everl'thing in the report r,r'asgrossly exaggerated. 2 Alice rvas thinking of leaving the company when someone approached her rvith an attractive job offer. 3 James was rvaiting for property prices to rise last month and he finally sold his house last rveek. 4 Peter and I-isa were going to get narried in .[une but the wedding has been postponed. 5 Yesterday, the developers $'ere trying to evict the squatters frorn the area but the people refused to move. TENSE 5 . 4 P R E S E N TP E R F E C T Practice A 24679

Practice E I Sam threatened to quit his job three days ago because he was bored. 2 in tl-respring, \,Veusually plant rose bushes all along the garden n all so \'ve can enjo-vthe blooms in the summer.

PracticeB I has been 2 havefound 3 inherited paid 4 hasn't

5 has fbrced 6 have hung 7 has become

I has achieved t have resulted l0 observed

246

Practice C I have been 2 have used 3 want 4 recommended 5 have experienced Practice D

6 7 B 9 l0

have asked have talked have never thought discussed have ah'va1,s r'r'anted

Practice C I has been lookirrg

2 have heen dirrino

I A surgeol interestin of health and beautv / beauty and health has swept acrossthe rvorld. 2 We haven'tfbund the causeof the failure of the security systemvet. 3 Alice has spent the rvholerveekgctting everythingready for the meeting. 4 Since last month thev have only gone out twice to the cinema. 5 He has alreadyreprirnandedus fbr the poor salesfigures fbr last year. Practice E I Five years ago, the tno countries promised to work togetherto establishpeacein the region. 2 The two motorcyclistshave just broken trafTicregulations bv going againstthe lights. 3 I haven'tmade up my mind yet about which coursesto do in college. 4 Haven'tyou ever gone bungeejumping befbre? are 5 We have never learnt rvhere our former colleagues rvorking no.,v.

3 4 5 6 7 8 t l0

has pr-rt / put had been demonstrating had alreadyconfirmed has been affecting had been spending hadn't i had not arrivedyet have been holding had beenplanning had happencd

Practice D I happened 2 had totter -

had tottered 5 have bring - have brought 7 had questioned - have been questioning had

10 have -

Practice E I David has been smokingheavilythesepast two weeks. 2 The committee has been preparing lbr months for the charity bazaar. 3 The judge had been issuingstrictrvarningsto both counselsthroughout the trial. 4 We had beenlookingfbr Sheilaall rnorningbut couldn't find her in the crorvd. 5 Mariko and I rveretired because rvehad been bakingpies all nrornir-rg for the sale.

TENSE 5.5 PASTPERFECT Practice A I assembled 2 have srvorn 3 had alreadydestrol,ed 4 hadjust caught 5 havenever said Practice B
I 2 3 4 5 had captured has not / hasn't checked had asked had grorvn craved has ah,va.vs

6 7 B I l0

had criticised haven't heard had seen had searched have asked

5.7 SIMPIE FUTURE AND FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSES

Practice A I rvill assure 2 nill be lear,ing 3 is going to be 4 has captured 5 rvill be participating Practice B I 3 4 6 7 8 I l0 realised is going to choose are awaiting rvill pass n'ill be coming

6 7 B t l0

has forced had never begged r'vastyping have not / haven't seen had just persuaded

10

Practice C I just finished 4 gre\'v -

had just finished

had grolvn have given rise

6 give rise 7 lost -

Practice C I rvill be reaching 2 rvill leave 3 haven't,vet decided 4 will give 5 had loved Practice D

6 7 B 9 l0

was going to take up hadn't realised won't be facing will be studying rvill have

lost i had lost had alrvays enjolred

8 has always enjoyed -

Practice D r A,C

2 A,B

3 B,C

4 A,B

5 A,C

TENSES AND PASTPERFECT CONTINUOUS 5.6 PRESENT PracticeA 6 have gone I have shown 7 had been flouting 2 had been requesting 8 haveviolated 3 have been polishing t had been asking 4 hadn't expected lO har.ebeen appealing 5 had angered
Practice B 721

I A few yearsback, my uncle was going to set up hrs own businessbut he didn't have sufficientcapital. 2 In a worldrvide recession, developingcountries rvill be hit the hardest because of falling demand for their exports. 3 I will return the monev I owe you as soon as I receivemY salaryat the end ol the month. 4 Jasminewill be expectingus to heip her run the games stall at the funfair this Saturday 5 I know it is going to rain this afternoon.The sky is overcastand gloomy. Practice E I The cost of the ne$rexpressway u'ill be far more than the council expected. productivity bv imple2 The companl,is going to increase mentingmoderntrainingmethods.

247

3 Maria was going to perform at the dinner last night but she suddeniyfell ill. 4 You don't have to worry as I r'vill make sure the children are safe. 5 Ranjit rvill be in charge of the hockey team during the gamesin Manila.

Practice B I seeps 5 will take 2 will laugh 6 will hurt 3 will capsize 7 persists 4 will experience

B won'l 9 ends l0 is

PERFECT PERFECT AND FUTURE 5,8 FUTURE TENSES CONTINUOUS Practice A I have broken 2 will have been waiting 3 sacrificed 4 will have alreadyrecelved 5 will have been staying 6 was shocked 7 u,'illhavebeen managing 8 hasjust gone have been helping 9 r.t'ill l0 w.illbe submitting Practice B 13457 Practice C I had not heard 2 will have reached 3 will have been lecturing 4 will have occupied 5 have alreadyvisited 6 r,r'illhave agreed 7 ordered B will have spoken t havebeen constructing l0 will have played Practice D I She will have been teaching in our school for twenty yearsthis November. 2 Angelawill have alreadybecome the senior managerol the bank by iune. 3 The monsoonshavebrought torrential rain and flooding to the Indian subcontinent. 4 Our faces will have frozen in this cold by the time rve reachthe cabin. 5 \Vhen we get home after the movie, everybody will have alreadygone to bed. Practice E secreI Miss Coiewill have been working as the executive tary to the director for five yearsby this March. 2 The salariescommission will meet next week. We will have gatheredmore information about the expectedpay rise by then. 3 The accountsdepartmentwill have alreadycheckedthe figuresbeforesubmitting the reportsnext Monday. 4 The defencelawyershave requesteda postponementof the trial until they get an expertmedical opinion. 5 The anti-vice squad had been waiting all night for their man to give the signalbefore arrestingthe drugs syndicate.

Practice C I . . . you will exposethem to danger. member of the 2 . . . it will usuallystalka weak and helpless herd. 3 . . . if she comeshome beforeher mother. 4 . . . if there is any sign of an enemy attack. 5 . . . unlesswe improve the entertainmentfacilitiesin the town. 6 Ifthe dog is disobedient,. . . 7 T h e m a n a g ew r i l lb e l ' u r i o u s ... B ... ifyou listenattentively. I . . . you know that winter is approaching. l0 Unlessthey give us some monev . . . Practice D I The tree is leaning precariouslyto one side.If there is a strongwind, it will fall on our rooftop. 2 The organisersof the games afternooon will wonder what happenedto us unlesswe phone them to explain. 3 If you wish to continue with this discussion,you will have to listen to our point of view. proceedsat the presentrate, it will have 4 If deforestation on the environment. an adverseeff'ect 5 If we listen to the village elders,we will inherit a wealth of knowledgefrom them. - SIMPTEPAST AND 5.IO CONDITIONALS PASTPERFECT TENSES Practice A 136710 Practice B I would have been 2 learned 3 would have told 4 would fight 5 rvere 6 would come Practice C 1 wouid have done 2 knew 3be 4 had worked 5 were Practice D I would win 3 grt - ru*
7 would become 8 had woken 9 wouid not have postponed l0 hadn't appeared

6 7 B 9 l0

would not suffer had bought would have reached granted had

would have won

4 would have forgot - would forget 6 bought - had bought 8 notice had noticed

- THE PRESENT TENSE 5.9 CONDITIONATS

A Practice r B,C
JA

tA

3 B
ID

4 B,C

6 A,C

Practice E I IfTom had been here, he would have known what was wrong with the car. 2 The distinguished visitors would be delighted if they watched the tribal dances. 3 I wish I understoodthis problem.Then I would be ableto help vou. 4 Sue might have remembered the password if you had reminded her earlier.

248

5 If the prosecution lawyers had agreed,rve would have calledthe children to be witnesses.

4 Most of us hate to be humiliated in front of our friends. 5 Yourparentshaveto be told about your decisionto leave s c h o oa l ndjoina band. Practice E I Theseparts will be assembled to form a bookcase. 2 Henry flis]lftes being tleated like a fool. 3 I completelyforgot to lock my car this morning. 4 Patrickis going to be made a senior partner in the firm. 5 Our guestsloved being taken on a guided tour of the city. 4.5 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

VOICE AND PASSIVE 4.I ACTIVE Practice A 6 was diagnosed I is believed 7 cause 2 were shown B lvas suggested 3 was selected 9 will be provided 4 think l0 was set up 5 was welcomed Practice B I B,C 2A,C 3A,C 4B 5B,C 7 was born 6A

Practice A I A

2 B,C

3 B,C 6 7 8 9 l0

4 A,B

5 A,B,C

Practice C I rvereshaken 8 are sayng

4 is believed 9 shocked

Practice D I It is expectedthat new laws will be passedto curb drinkdrMng. 2 Sarah offered me a lift home as I didn't have my car. next week. 3 Plansfor the new extensionwill be discussed 4 Suggestionsfor improving the hotel's services r,vere acceptedbv the manager. 5 The lawyer questionedthe two witnessesregardingthe murder. Practice E It is generallythought that Angie is extremely good at Theseskillswereacquired and decision-making. organisation during her six years as a junior executiveat the firm. Her She and efficiencywerenoted by her bosses. sound decisions was promoted to office manager in her seventhyear at the firm. The officeis run rvith clockworkprecision.Problemsare solvedquickly and iirmly. Sheis respectedby the rest of the warmth and honesty'. of her fairness, staff because VOICE AND PASSIVE 4.2 ACTIVE Practice A 4 A,C 3 B I A,C 2 C Practice B I being criticise 2 3 4 5 carefullyisbeingarranged are goingto organising to be paid beingtreat

Practice B I has the velvetcushion coversdry-cleaned 2 to write down 3 is reported 4 are said to havebegun 5 to be patient

have had to battie havehad to send had his leg broker-r is said to be to have my earspierced

Practice C We had our porch and living room renovatedlast month. Dad's architect friend, James,was invited to redesign the area. Tamesis said to be both innovative and bold in his ideas.He was askedby Dad to createan informal settingfor the living room. He did that by mergingthe porch and the living room using high Frenchdoors.Thesedavs,Dad has oiten been seensitting inside the living room, enjoyingthe garden right at our doorstep. Practice D I Bernard is thought to be capableof running his father's factory. 2 The girls were askedby Sueto help her get all the invitations readv. 3 The air-conditioners in the bedrooms will have to be cleanedas they arevery dusty. 4 We rvere told by the airline officials to wait fbr news of t h e f l i g h tf r o m L o n d o n . 5 A nerv securitvsvstemhas had to be installedto protect the office from break-ins. 5.I DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Practice A 13589 Practice B I their 2 your 3 tobe 4my 5 bought 6 are baking 7 had to tell B leave 9 our l0 not to put

5 A,B

6 A,C

6 often have advised 7 beingtell I have tc warned 9 to criticize l0 tobeawarded

Practice C I to reward 2 to be posted 3 has finally agreed 4 have actuallybeendone 5 will definitelytell 6 has alreadybeen informed 7 being taken B are to be recycled I being invited / to be invited l0 being disappointed/ to be disappointed Practice D I The hockey team wants to be given due recognitionfor winning the inter-statetrophy. last night. 2 I would like to apologisefor my lateness 3 Thesefine piecesofjewetlery are to be handed down to your children when they are older.

Practice C I The nurse told me to call back later becauseDr Sim was not ln. tomorrow." 2 Petersaid to us, "Don't be late for rehearsals 3 The captain said that his team intended to win the challengetrophy for their school. 4 My science lecturer told me to pour the solution carefulll, into a beaker. 5 The instructor told Louis to pay attention while he was driving. Practice D I Ienny said,"Theseflowersare from Holland."

249

2 l'he officer said to lill, "l)o not park in the no-parking zone." "Please the help me carr"v 3 Ann said to the salesassistant, purchases to my car." 4 Helen said, "l pronriseto bring your birthday cakelater this evening. 5 N{r Francissaid to his secretarv"I don't want an}rinterruptions during the meeting."

6.r MODATS Practice A 12s79 Practice B I sent 2 have 3 be 4 compete 5 make 6 attending 7 been B be I carry l0 cooperate

PracticeE I Jacksaid that the rveatherwas reallybad. verl hard. s a i dt h a ti t w a sr a i n i n g 2 Wendv about Luq'. Shehad to 3 Jacksaidthat he rvasvery'"vorried drive home in the rain, 4 Wendv askediack to give l,ucy a call and tell her to wait subsided until the rair-r

Practice C I must 7 I 2 should I 3 mav have lefi l0 4 could have fallen 5 need to lodge 6 should havebeen passedon

will be undergoing must have hit had better start rvill be delivering

SPEECH AND INDIRECT 5-2 DIRECT Practice A I Do, rttant 2 lrrasgoing, the follorving 3 don't, wear 4 was,him 5 would, prefer Practice B I Ben asked if my dog usually went into my neighbour's garden. 2 The tour guide askedrvho didn't want to go on the rollercoasterride. interestedin joining their 3 Fiona askedHelen if she r'vas se$'ingclass. 4 Jack asked his dry cleaner hor,vhe removed the grease marks from his shirt. I didn't like about their plan. 5 Kellieaskedr,vhat Practice C don't they r'vantto go with us?"Sueasked. f "\Vh-v 2 "Doesyour father alwayscome home late?"Joansaid to me. "Is Grandma going to take 3 David said to his grandfather, more golf lessons?" Miss Smith said. 4 'Are vou taking part in the contest?" 5 Tom said,"\\'rhatsubjectdoesshe teach in college?" Practice D how far into the citv the commuter I The lady askedSteve train went. 2 Timmv askedme rvhy I had taken his bag. 3 The kennel owner askedMr Gopal ifthe dogs had been well-behavedat the show. 'Are you r'vaiting to seeme?" 4 The doctor said, experienceof 5 The intervierversaid, "Do you have an-Y writing radio plays?" Practice E 2 The officer said to / askedStan,"Did you drink any alcohoi at the function?" 3 The officer saidto / askedStan,"What time did vou leave the club?" 4 The officer said to / askedStan,"Wereyou speeding?" J The officer said to / asked Stan,"Did you see the other car coming from the oppositedirection?" said to / askedStan,"\\hy didn't you swerve The ofTicer to avoid the other car?"

Practice D 2 Maggieand her sistercould be sitting in the front rorv. 3 The plot might have been exposed by a dissatisfied member. 4 They ought to join the team-building activity tomorrow mornlng. 5 The magazinewouid have selected the r,vinners of the competition by nor'\.. 6 MrAdams shouldbe given a thorough medical examinatlon at once.

6.2 MODATS Practice A I can not 2 shor,rldn't expected 3 might havenot heard 4 r,r,.ouldn't rvorking 5 oughtnottoparking PracticeB I shouldn't 2 n'ouldn't 3 can't 4 needto

6 shan't telling 7 may not look B mustn'thave taken 9 couldn'tunderstood l0 needn'tl,) leave

5 must 6 ought not to / snant

B could 9 r,vill l0 should

Practice C 2 These reference books cannot be removed from the libraryr 3 The tourists ought not to have been taken to that factory by the tourist guide. 4 David may not be included in the lineup againstThe Trojansbv our football club. 5 Sufficient evidence against the murder suspect might h Vt h e p r o s e c u t i o n . n o t b ep r o d u c e d couldn't have been damagedby my work6 Your staircase men. Practice D 2 wouldn't surprised - rvouldn'tbe surprised 3 shouldn'thad let - shouldn'thave let 4 needn'tto be stocked needn'tbe stocked 5 shouldn'thave catering - shouldn'tbe catering 6 might not succeeded- might not succeed

6-5 MODATS Practice A 34569

250

Practice B r A,B

Practice B 2 B,C 3 A,C 4 I],C 5 A,R

B 2
t h e i r n e i e h b o u r s 'l a c k o l c i r i c - c o n s c i o u s n c s s who this lvritten message is. r e m i n d i n g u s t o c l e a ru p t h e m e 5 \ i n t l r eg a r a g e 5

Practice C I refer 2 dorvnload 3 be delayecl 4 be setting 5 have assisted

6 7 8 t l0

have supported be be postponed have bought enjoying

6 3
4

Practice D 3 Shouldn't the rally participants have driven slorvlv on the wet road? 4 Won't Sheila be dismayed by the lack of response to her survey? 5 Couldn't Harry replace lim in the second half of the dqma'1 6 Might I make a simple suggestion at this point?

hitching a ride from a friend. o f t h er r e g o t i a t i o n s t h ef a i l u r e the proposalto increase our club'ssubscriptionfees.

2 He managed to get to the airport bv hitching a ride frorn a friend. 3 T h e a m b a s s a d o r e x p r e s s e dd e e p sorrow o\rer the tailure of the negotiations. 4 We disagreed rvith the proposal to increase our club's
qtrhqerintinn fppc

7.T PREPOSITIONS Practice A 1,47810 Practice B I r,vith,in 4 of, from PracticeC I A,B 2 A,C 2 about, of 5 for, of 3 A,C
3 for, to

5 I don't knorvr,vho this r'r,ritten message is fiom. 6 The landlord is tired of reminding us to clearup the mess in the garage. PracticeC 3 I am annoyedat 1,our takingyour goodhealtl-r for granted. 4 Charles rvasupsetabout our not eniovingthe film he had recommended. 5 The stafT assured their ner,r, managerof their support and lo_valty. pleased'"vithnrv attenrptsto find a job. 6 The farnilv r'vas 7 The rvoman complainedolher neighbour's difficult personalitv. PracticeD because I facedstiffcompetition(theothers. Well,rvhenI think back(n'hat I rvroteearlier, 4 l0

4 B,C

5 B,C

PracticeD Anna : Lee,r'vhatare.voudoing at herelz Rashid: The sarnereasonfor rvhl' vou're here,I think. Are you attendingto the brieiing ibr the youtir expeditionto Chile ? of that rve'reboth Anna : Yes.Oh, isn't it greatbecause on the sameexpeditionlIt'll be an adventure, don't vorr rhink?It'll be about lun to rvorkrvith young peoplefiom difl'erentparts of the world rvho will be part of the expeditiontoo. Rashid: It's a challengeI lvouldn't want to miss out. We'd be rvorkingon with communitiesin the interior of Chile. training will be -,.ery usefulfor us, I Anna : This rveeketrd think. are supposedto familiariseus Rashid: The organisers with everything for n'e need to knorv about the expedition. in the proglamtnehere that r,r'e'll be told Anna : It salrs on the ruleslve haveto abide by during the
rnrhnlo ewnerlitinn

thing. This latestsongis(never giving up hope. l3 Yes. I'"vason drugs once.I r'r.as conscious(rvhat l5 I knorvyou'rer,r.atching this.This is(you." AND PREDICATE 8 SUB'ECT PracticeA I Don't play 7 2We 3 Speak B 4 me to carrv 9 5 Don't climb lO 6 some lbod for us Practice B I B 2A 3A,B,C 4C 22

[4 E

the shoppir.rg to her hr,rsband lle The director is Have

Rashid: Oh! This should interestto all of us.Accordingto r h ^ ^ . ^ ^ " - - m - , h eC h i l e a n Ambassado is r

b"'^'o

5B

6A,C

7R

soins to _ ' - talk on the customsand traditions oihis

people. Anna : Wolr,! I hope he rvears his national costume or he sings with the national anthem of his countrri. Rashid : You do say the funniest things, Anna.

PracticeE lof 2aI 3in 4 about

5 fbr 6 to / tor,vards 7 in

B into / inside 9 rvith l0 rvith

7.2 PREPOSITIONS Practice A 2 A,C 3 B,C r A,B

4 B,C

5 A,B

Practice C I Don't be late or we'1lmiss the opening number ol the shorr'. 2 Colin presented rvith a beautiiul cashmere Joanne iacket. 3 Those magnificent pine trees are part oi the Alpine forests. 4 Shepassed rne copiesofthe annualreport. 5 Speaklouder because I can'theal rvhatyou're saying. 6 Nlakesure that vou don't upset the r'r'hole trav of cakes. -l 7 akea deepbreathplease, so that I can checkyour lungs. B All afternoon,we were helping ollt at the charity bazaar. 9 The fishermencleanedtheir catch for the day and dried it in the sun. l0 Those colourfully-dressed voung men are members of the state's basketballteam.

251

Practice D I (Have to watch 2 . . . letter box. It must be still (. 3 We gavethe reply cards ( so she 4 The girls looked for Katy in (but there . . 5 All night long, Bill (to hear. . . 6 Post(forme... 7 She(veryunreasonable... I I (Have to get . . . saladis (. Its Caesar's

subject adverbial indirect

adverbial

4 She taiked to a reporter, whose face she recognised. 5 He thanked the lawyer r,vhose brilliance had saved his
case. 6 They stood by the Red Sea, whose history they knew so well.

verb direct object verb subject complement indirect object

Practice D 12479 Practice E I I am lucky to be a studentwhose parentshave a realistic outlook on success at school. I can meet without 2 They are peoplewhose expectations stress. 3 I am alsofortunate to be in my school,whosepolicy is to at his or her own pace. help everystudent progress 4 Free from tension, I find mvself discovering abilities I never realised. whose existence 5 I hope to become a person whose development is balanced. get 6 This will enableme to facea world whose challenges
L^-r^lldtucl ^^^L cdLtl l^,, udy.

l0 ...andcashfor(.

Practice E I Followthat carlWe mustn't lose sight of it. 2 Glen made severaleffortsto get in touch with us yesterday. 4 Youhavegot to show more understandingtowardsPeter. You know he has to dealwith many problems. every 5 Don't thank us for thesegifts.We think you deserve one of them.

CLAUSES 9.I RELATIVE Practice A 5 w;hich 1 were 6 2 ,which ,thatl 3 ,that 4 had Practice B IB 68 Practice C r B,C Practice D I who 2 which 3 that 4 that 7 ,who

Practice F I , whose 2 whose 3who 4 whose

5 whose 6 that 7 whose range

8 whose 9 , whose l0 which

8 which 9 , which we 10 which

2A 7A 2 A

38 8A

4A. 98

3lJ

r0B
5 A,C

9.5 RELATIVE CTAUSES Practice A 2 The vacation (which) i took made me feel better. 5 The reporters (who) the principal brief'ed want more information. 8 The principles (which) we hold help us make sensible decisions. l0 Friends(thao you can trust fully are valuable. ll The clown (who) the children love wili perform again tonight. Practice B I that bear 2 which wereoncegreen look parchednow 3 ,is 4 who 5 that they hatched Practice C 245810 Practice D which is a five-starhotel, offers special 2 The Statuesque, ratesfor senior citizens. 3 One of the parties that signed the contract has been arrested. is seriouslyill. 4 Their leader,who they all revere, 5 Youngsterswho feel neglected are iikely to get into trouble. 6 Your departure,which nobody expected,saddenedus all. Practice E 2 The article is about my grandmother,who spoke up for women's rights. 3 You are merely talking about toierance, which you should practise. 4 The baby who i that my cousins have adopted looks increasingiy like me. 6 7 8 I l0 who wanted which which that who are

3 A,B,C 4 B,C 5 which puzzle 6 ,who 7 that

8 he 9 who l0 the

Practice E 2 The sports committee congratulatedthe athletes rvho had won gold and silvermedals. 3 The doctor prescribed a new tranquiliser that did not agreewith me. 4 We must find a guide who has been there many times. 5 MrThomas is a teacherwho can hold us spellboundwith his stories. 6 She poured tea into the little cups which were made of fine porcelain. CTAUSES 9.2 RETATIVE Practice A 145710 Practice B r B,C 2 A,B 3 A,C

4 A,ts,C

5A

Practice C is vital 2 We have bungled the experimentwhose success to our future. 3 Lisa entered the Horizon Hotel, whose lobby was crowdedwith cameramen.

252

5 Africa, whose mysteries I long to explore, draws me irresistibly. 6 Countrieswhose populationsare multi-ethnic need this programme. Practice F 2 My mother put me on a study schedulefrom the first day of each year, who was a strict disciplinarian. - My mother, who was a strict disciplinarian, put me on a study schedule from the first day of each year. 3 However,the promises, rvhich I made to my mother, were undermined by my passionfor fantasy novels. * the promisesrvhich I made to my mother were However, undermined by my passionfor fantasynovels. wonderful 4 My favourite stories whose authors r,vove dreams enticed me away from my textbooks. - My favourite stories, whose authors wove wonderful dreams,enticedme awayfrorn my textbooks. 5 The crazy cramming which I did just before examinations was somehow sufficient to get me through lower secondaryschool. - The crazy cramming, which I did just beforeexaminations, was somehowsuificient to get me through lower secondaryschool. 6 The disaster cured me of llth-hour marathons came at upper secondarylevel. - The disasterwhich / that cured me of 1lth-hour marathons came at upper level. secondary

Practice D I The dessertwas a disasterbecause I forgot the sugar. 2 Sheis often misunderstoodsinceshe has a gruff manner of speaking. 3 I felt embarrassed becausethey praisedme too highlv. 4 You must act fast as time is running out. 5 You rvill need your cardigan becausethe night is verl' cold. Practice E 2 Since their kitchen was dirtv, thev received a complaint. 3 As thoseornamentsarefiagile,I daren'teventouch them. 4 Smokingshould be avoidedsince it is harmful. 5 Because her father had delicatehealth, she was protective of him. 6 Shespent a lot of time in the room as it was comfortable. Practice F You have no idea how boring it can be since you haven't been to my'sunny paradise'. The climate depresses me as the only changeis from hot and dry to hot and wet. I preferyour temperate climate becausethe four seasonsgive variery to life. I can make a fair comparisonas I've lived in both countries. I even enjoyedyour worst winters since they made the prospectof spring doubly deiightful.

IO.2 ADVERBIAT CTAUSES Practice A I Although Adam is only two, he enjoysspicy curries. 2 Sheenjoyedthe movie though I fbund it boring.

CTAUSES IO.I ADVERBIAT Practice A 2 Becausehe help us once, we must suppoil him now. 3 Since you are a good speaket you should join the debatingsociety. 4 l,aughteris therapeuticbecauseit helps us to relax. 5 As the instructions are clear, you shouldn't make a mlstaKe. 6 They decided to sell their car since they needed the money. Becausethe harvest was splendid, they held a special thanksgiving feast. she does not have much As Sallyis rather extravagant, money saved. 9 The captain was annoyed because a boy had stowed away on the ship. l 0 Since exercisepromotes health, everyoneshould do it regularly. l l I can'tjoin you as I've promised to babysittonight. Practice B I soyou of 2 because 3 beneficial 4 sol Practice C I because 2 . tough 3 r'll 4 because

3 He is still planting rubber even though other trees are more lucrative. 4 Though he turned B0 yesterday,he is still iormidable at chess. 5 Eventhough our ner'vcar has por,r,er steering,I still have problemsparking it. 6 I considermvself lucky although I've had a fer,rr setbacks during m)' life. 7 \\4rile this satin dress is too shiny for day.time,it is perfect for evenings. Although ginsengcan boost energy,too much of it has the oppositeeffect. A flrm bed is good for -vourback althougha soft one feels more luxurious. l 0 \Vhile he is a good manager, he is sometimesoverzealous in trying to improve the quality of work. Practice B I but she 2 cal] 3 seldom

4 shy
5ls

7 since 8 known

9 realistic l0 less

5 it's because 6 always / sone

8 enjoyed 9 wont l0 dislike

6 but all

5 never 6he 7 common

8 smart 9 delight l0 supported

Practice C 2 \.Vhile he is a martial arts expert,he has a scholarlyair. 3 Eventhough she actswell, she prefersnriting scripts. 4 The necklaceis exquisitealthough it was designedin a hurry. 5 Although long hair looks glamorous, this short cut is more practical. 6 Many of us don't drink enough water even though it is essential for health.

253

Practice D I A,C

2 A,B

3 B,C

4 A,B

5 A,C

Practice E 2 \\hile it is a double room, it isn't bigger than the single roomsin other hotels. rvalking wearing high-heeledshoes,she's 3 Although she's steadily. we went outdoorsunproscorching, 4 Thoughthe sun \\ras tected. son, you must obev 5 Eventhough,youare the president's the rules. late, they acceptedrny apology 6 Although I rvasver-y Practice F Many women manage rvell though the1,have to juggle \Vhile some newspaper career ancl family responsibilities. motharticleshave attributed juvenile problemsto r'vorking teenagers ers,this allegationis unfair. Accordingto surveYs, at can be troubled even though their mothers are ahva-Ys home. A close relationship can be maintained between a mother and her teenagechildren although she is at work for part of the da,v. Though she can't be rvith them for hours on end, she can give them quality time evervda\'. CTAUSES IO.5 ADVERBIAT PracticeA I Since he installed his nen'telephone, he has received many crank calls. The boss glared at nte nhen my mobile phone rang during the meeting. fidgetirrgrvhile his mother rvas gossiping The boy r,r'as r,r,iththeir neighbour. pinched him playfully. 4 As she huggedher brother, sl.re
5 They have not been s l e e p i n g n e l l s i n c e t h e a c c i d e n t occurred.

Practice E 2 Anna rvas listening to music nhile she rvaswaiting for her friends to arrive. / Anna listenedto music while she rvaited f o r h e r i r i e n d :t o a r r i v e . 3 The tlvo armed men jumped off the train asit enteredthe railrvay station./ The two armedmen jurnpedofTthetrain as it rvasenteringthe railwaystation. 4 Sincethe stock market recovered, his financial situation has improved. 5 The children rushed into the house nhen their mother calledthem to have dinner. 6 For a moment Jim slipped ashe was climbing up the ladder but he managedto steadyhimself. / For a moment lim slipped as he climbed up the ladder but he managed to steadyhimself. Practice F I SinceKategraduated, her friendshave been urging her to dressbetter.Right through university,she wore baggy1'shirts and faded jeans 2 rvhile her fellow-students @. Nor'r., 3 while Kate is her helPful friends are

@ putting togetheran outfit to impressher interviewers. Kate thanks them 4 as she posesin the smart suitlvith matching accessories. She quietly decides to \'veara simple dress 5 w h e ns h eg o e sl b r l h e i n t e r r ielr.

IO.4 ADVERBIAT CLAUSES Practice A 3 In order that Jim can find his wa-yeasill'in'e sent him a detailedmap to our house. 6 I wish to seehim alone so that I can speakfrankly. 7 The movie stars issuecla pressstatementin order that the rumours might stop.
9 In order that they could meet more oflen, he moved to her city.

\Vhile the reporter intenriewed us, the photographer took some picturesof our school. He smiled at the little sirl as she curtsiedto him. B \Vhen the singer stepped out of the limousine, his fans mobbed hirn. 9 Sinceshe arrived in Holl)nvood,she has been making a name for herselfas a talentednewcomer. 'fhe boy chuckledwhen the pony nuzzledhim. l0 Practice B IA 6A

I I We are taking precautions so that the disease rvon't spreadiurther. Practice B I that 2 might 3is 4 plugged Practice C 24578 PracticeD I will 2 so that 3 so cunning 4 in order that 5 so 6 could 7 can launch B might I so that l0 so

\Vltl

6 that / acteo

B would I that lO am

2A 7A

38 8B

48 9A

5A TOB

Practice C I The police tailed the film star.

f a n s r rh i l e t h e y s t a l k e d t h e

2 As they greeted the nerv rnanager, they sized him up fast 3 'l'he people have been assembling at the village square since the curferv was lifted.

4 When she bought the machine, her

life became

easier. restored,tourists have 5 Since its ancient splendour -'vas flockedto the castle. Practice D 146710

Practice E 2 The rveatherforecastrvas so alarming that I postponed the trip. 3 You must build up her confidenceso that she rvon't be in puhlic. a f r a i dt o s p e a k 4 In order that the plants might flourish, they used special fertilisers. 5 You have arranged the flowers so expefilv that everyone is amazed.

254

6 I Ie is seeing to every detail personally in order that nothing may go rvrong. Practice F Some people start to learn a foreign language in order that the]'mav experience something ne$'. Others think about learning anothcr language so they can have a more interesting time r'vhen travelling abroad. They keep studying and listening to CDs, so that they soon can communicate simple ideas. Often they become so interested that they join a club where they can practice the language in a social setting. In order to become fluent, it is necessary to be rvith native speakers but all practice is usefll. IO.5 ADVERBIAT CTAUSES Practice A 257810

Practice D 2 They are living thoughtlesslv as if there rvere no tomorro\rr She plays the violin like / as/ the rvay her grandmother di(t. 4 It is raining as if / as though it r'r,ould never stop.
3

\,Ve'llmake this old building look splendid the r'vavit used to do.

6 Dad treats strangersas though he had knorvn them for

-vears. Practice E I done 2be 3 the rvay ho'lv 4 have

5 as what 6is 7 like hor,v

I I l0

like'"vhat the way burst

PracticeB I Should 2 doesn't 3 cared 4 might PracticeC I is 2 should 3 be continue 4 r,r,ill

5 you've 6 feel
/ nao nacl

B rvould t have given r0 if

5 if 6 give 7 l'r'orks

8 raining 9 cooked l0 were

Practice F 2 The machine is not functioning as it should be. 3 Our top sprinter runs as though his feet had rvingls. 4 They want to go on protecting her as they have alr'vays done. 5 I'r.e learnt not to be thoughtless the rvay I r'r'as in my Youth. 6 You act as if vou kner,v the ans\\rers to all these political problems.

Practice D 2 If you werecommitted to the idea,you rvould not behave in this rvay. 3 We could have imported more carsif rvehad anticipated the demand. 4 Should she have any problem, I d be happy to help. 5 If he had been put in charge,the venture r'vouldhave failed. 6 You'll find the beach desertedif you go there tomorrow. Practice E I could 2 tell 3 Should 4 sa-y Practice F I had 2 Should 3if 4 were

II.I

REPORTED CTAUSES

Practice A I A,B,C PracticeB I resign 2 are 3if 4 \Are may

5 IECI

2 B,C

3 A,C

4 B,C

5 A

6 had /oe B r'r4rether 9 he r,r'ould l0 thosediamondsare

Practice C

nao

6is / \\'oulo

B had been 9be l0 remain

I I told my neighbour that he had alwaysbeen considerate. 2 I haven'tdecidedif the proposalhas any merit. 3 The speaker pointed out that every human being has rveaknesses. 4 He vor'vedhe rvould restore his famil-v'sfuture. 5 Shecan sense r'r.hether or not someoneis happy Practice D 2 All his friends reminded irim that the future is unpredictable. 3 I suggest that your sistertake i should take a long holida,v. 4 You must firrd out whether or not vou've been you'r,ebeen immunised. / You must find out if / r'r'hether immunised. 5 The millionaire agrees that richesdon't guarantee happiNESS.

nave

6 has /oe

B can / may t have l0 could

CTAUSES I0,6 ADVERBIAT Practice A 5 like I r'vould 6as 2as 7 as though 3 the way 4 could Practice B las 2 had 3 the way 4 were Practice C 24578
5 / llKe aslr

8 the wav 9 rvere l0 like

6 \Ve enquired if n'e could fly direct to Atlanta. Practice E 2 You've even suggested that I carried photos to help me remember m-v fiiends! -- You've even sLlggested that I carry photos to help me remember my friendsl 3 I ran after him, con-rplaining loudll that he has been neglecting me. - I ran after him, complaining loudly that he had been neglecting me. 4 A smiling stranger turned round and asked I rvould for givehim. 'nrnriling@ if / rvhether I nould forgive him.

6do

8 was 9 could r0 did

255

5 Still apologeticabout not contacting me all theseyears, he insistedthat I joined him for cofi'eeso that we could catch up on old times. - Still apologeticabout not contacting me all theseyears,he insistedthat I join him for coffeeso that we could catch up on old times. 6 To my delight I realisedthat I am finding someoneeven more absent-mindedthan me. - To my deiight I realised that I had found someone even more absent-minded than me. CTAUSES II.2 REPORTED Practice A 2 The engineerhas estimatedrvhenthe dam '"villbe completed. 3 I want to learn how a computer programme is written' 4 We are planning where we should spend the next holidays. 5 He'swondering who he can approachfor helo to solvehis problem. 6 I can'tunderstandwhy you want to seethat movie again. Practice B I have you 2 what 3 who's 4 how Practice C 13489 Practice D I what 2why 3 whose 4 he will
Practice E I how 2 I will 3 which

Practice D 2 Matthew recommendedthat Katy apply for a scholarship sinceher exam resultsare outstanding. 3 The police commlssionercommanded that his policernen arrestall those breakingthe curfew 4 The speakersaid it is vital that we understandwhat drug addiction can lead to. 5 Larrv askedthat Stevenassisthim in the project. 6 Katy suggested that they hold the wedding receptionby the poolside. AND CONDITIONAT CLAUSES I I.4 REPORTED CTAUSES Practice A 5 be separated I not ignore I be read out 6 not delay I be treated 2be l0 not be let off 7 not consider 3 not neglect 4 be protected Practice B Ibe 2 were 3 not be scheduled 4 should 5 be given Practice C I built build be obeyed not prevail not be adjourned 6 / 8 9 l0 not make were not dump be highlighted would

(time) (manner)
(place)

(personJ

(reason)

3 obeyed 5 which strategy B wi;at I wh:se 6 didhesee f0 did the t,1dman cope 7 whoseone

5 not be prevail 9 was - wete l0 not adjourned -

5 how 6 rvhich 7 we are

B which one I the hamper was l0 whose

4 I should 5 whose is 6 why

7 where I what

9 what l0 I can

Practice D 2 John requestedthat we not tell Betty about the present he had bought fbr her. that lve pay half the cost of 3 Our neighbours suggested the wall betweenour houses. 4 It is important that the fine print in legal documentsbe read carefully. 5 I wish Mr Lee were our neighbour becausehe is so understanding. 6 Jessie beggedthat she not be required to give a speech beforethe largeaudience. PHRASES I2.I AD'ECTIVAL Practice A I Sheis staringat the photo on her table again. 2 We finally saw the light at the end of the tunnei. 3 He was honoured for his contribution towardspeace. 4 Her disputewith the company is stiil unresolved. 5 The fingerprints on the glass belong to the mttrder suspect. 6 Her house is full of junk from varioussales. 7 The close bond between the twins is something I wish I had rvith my sister. Our new employee is the man with the cheerful grin.

Practice F 2 He likes to mention who he knorvsin high places. 3 Shetried to explainwhat she meant by those rvords. going to win the championshipat 4 They can predictr,vho's this stage. 5 I understandwhy 1,oufeel sad. to vou rvhich method is the better of 6 We can demonstrate the t!vo. CTAUSES IT.5 REPORTED Practice A 146 Practice B I subscribe 2 to extend 3 would survive 4do Practice C I A,C 2 B,C 5 to stop 6 spend 7 respect B to return 9be l0 should abide

helped a lot. Hazel's hard work behind the scenes

after finishing a task l o I like the senseof satisfaction Practice B I A stroll along the beachwill relaxyou. 2 He is a suppofier of women'srights.

3 A,B,C 4 A

D,

I-

256

3 The resortis nvo hundred metresabovesea-level 4 Nobodv in his right mind would do that. 5 Now rve seethe person behind the mask. Practice C t4s69 Practice D I This famousmagicianhas performedfeats(. 2 The difficulties(before her final triumph. The difficultiesbeforeher iinal triumnh(. 3 KillinS(is not murder. 4 Lettersof complaint without the $/riters'names or addresses (. the programme. Viewers(enjoyed 5 Practice E lis 2 from 3 without 4on

5 They came in carryingcamerasslung on their shoulders. -fhe 6 Master of Ceremoniesgave a speech filled with anecdotes. Practice F I appearing 2 offer 3 burled 4 spent 5 becoming 6 deemed 7 recommending B knowrr I is lo keeping

@ @ @ @ @

I2.5 ADIECTIVAT PHRASES Practice A I The boys found themselves staring at a farmer's face red lvith anger. 2 A child forlorn in a corner caught my eye.

3 Ricelields golden in the sun make me think of home. 4 Shehas skin allergicto nylon.

bln

6 r,r,ith 7 between

B for 9to lo by

5 We were a group of studentsreadyfor adventure. 6 A policy brilliant in conceptionwill iail if poorly implemented. 7 Her smile hid a heart heavywith anxiety. B A guestreluctantto depart was strainingour patience. 9 The racing car was watched by boys en\ry. green with

Practice F and his wif'ecome,there must be per2 If the ambassador fect behaviourin their Presence. 3 Hit songs from old musicals are becoming popular agaln. 4 This movie is not recommendedfor viewersbelow 18. 5 The enormousladv in front of me blocked my view. 6 Sherealisedthe kindnessbehnd his gruff manner. PHRASES I2.2 ADIECTIVAT I The workers evacuatingthe flood victims are vollrnteers fromthecoffi 2 The visitorstaken to seethe sightswere unimpressed. 3 I felt grief mixed with exhaustion. 4 He beckonedto the boy hesitatingin the doorrvay. 5 The bellschiming so merrily brought backher childhood. 6 A chair flung out of a window hit a passer-by. with a happy nature. 7 You have a son blessed B I love to hear thesevoicesharmonisingso rvell. the witnessis formidable. 9 The lanyer cross-examining l0 He strikesme as a man disillusionedwith his profession. Practice B 2578i0 Practice C I Childrenforced to study music may detestit. 2 He lovessteaksgrilled to perfection. 3 A girl wearing a kimono greetedme. 4 The money set asidefor our trip to Franceis insufflcient. 5 I rememberher climbing treesin our backyardasa child. Practice D I hiring 2 rated. 3 have 4 shaken 5 sworn 6 glistening / oont B overprotected 9 sinking l0 who'sdone

I0 Childrer-r eagerto learn are a delight to teach. Practice B I They havea futurebright with promise. 2 We saw faces alive with interest. 3 Managersadept at motivating people are needed. 4 We'll choosea place closeto you. 5 Studentskeento join our iungle expeditionmust register by tomorrow. Practice C I A,C Practice D 1 proud 2 is 3 need 2 A,B 3 B,C 4 A,I',U
C U

4 beautiful 5 easy 6 are

9 sickness 7 eves B requires l0 painful

Practice E 2 Shetouched a foreheadclammy with cold sweat. 3 We enteredrooms bare of furniture. 4 A boy thoughtlessduring childhood may become a fine man. love is full of energy. 5 A pet sure of its master's 6 I watched a tailor busy at work. Practice F I eager 2 responsible 3 different 4 full 5 was 6 free /ls B dependent 9 certain l0 were

PHRASES I3.I ADVERBIAT Practice A I Our report was commendedfor its accuracy. in upholding justice,they wil 2 For their persistence alwaysbe remembered. 3 Becauseof the eleganceof its furnishings,this hotel is our first choice.

Practice E 2 Shelooked disdainfullyat the youth approachingher. studentsyearning for home need help to deal 3 Overseas with the loneliness. 4 The person chosenfor the post is very experienced.

257

He almostruined his fishing rod becauseof a momentary carelessness.

For your generosity '"1'henrve rvere in serious trouble, you've earned our gratitude. 6 A curfer,vhas been imposed because of the riots.
1

She chose her words carefully so as not to offend her client. 4 ln order to increase your chances of a promotion, )rou should rvork extra hard. 5 I'm practisirrg conscientiousl-v so as to become a good violinist. 6 We'll .uvorkextra hours to make sure the goods are ready ()n ume.

Because of his sad experiences in is very compassionate.

childhood,

he

I I

Children love her for her affectionate nature. For the incisive ]rumour of his lectures, Professor Lee is much admired.

7 In order to earn the respectof your team members,vou

must be a lirm and fair leader. B She lets her children share in the housework s o a s t o teach thern useful skills

restorecl and preserved because l 0 I h a t b u i l d i n gh a s l t e e t r of its historical value.

PracticeB 5 r 2

9 fhel, quicklv settledthe issueout of court in order not to attract media attention. 6 l0 5 poor 6 thc good 7 behaviour B failure I their l0 terror
l0 The computer system will be improved so as to protect it against hackers.

Practice C I becauseof 2 his courtesy 3 his 4 its

Practice D 2 lle is dislikedbv some for his refusalto contbrm. ol its awesome 3 The universeis bevond our graspbecause
VAStNCSS, 4 For the beaut.v of its lyrics, the song stayed at the top of t h c r ' h a r t sf o r l 0 r r e e k s 5 Because of a sillv misunderstanding, rve lost contact tbr years. to obey 6 The entire platoon was punished fbr its slor,vness orders.

Practice B I In order not to go bankrupt, they're cutting costs drastically. 2 He'll try to persuade everybody to vote fbr him in the 'Most Popular Resident' contest. 3 Wed better tell the truth so as not to prolong the suspense. 4 To develop a child's self-esteem, parents should not be afraid to provide cirallenges. 5 He keeps quiet most of the time in order to avoid arguing with his roommate.

Practice C 13469
2 A,C 3 B,C

Practice E I A,B

4 A,B

5 B,C

Practice F of her performed outstandinglyin sports,Asha 2 Because - Because of her outr'r,on the title'CollegeSportsStar'. standing performance itt sports, Asha r'von the title 'College SportsStar'. 'BestSpeaker' title r'vent to Farafor a brilliance of her 3 The title went to Farafor the debating.- ]'he'Best Speaker' brilliance of her debating. 4 For their excellent in the science subjects,Andy and Sheila shared a prize. - For their excellencein the Andy and Sheilasharedaprize. sciencesubjects, 5 It $'as a\'valded to Lisa for her kind to other students.- It was arvardedto Lisa for her kindness to other students. 6 I'his unexpected appreciate almost made Lisa cry. - This unexpected appreciationalmost made Lisa cr1.

PracticeD I put 2 galvanise 3 to seem 4 not to

5 get 6 ensure / nelp

B not to 9 run l0 so as not

Practice E 2 You are sayingthesethings to humour me. 3 In order not to be outdone, she'sattempting the highest p e a kr rh e n w e g o m o u n t a i n - c l i m b i n g , . 4 To let Susanknor,r, when I'll be back, I left a note on the refrigeratordoor. 5 Ben stood still, hardly daring to breathe in order not awakenthe sleepingtiger. 6 So as not to fbrgetimportant dates,Nancy alwayscarries a notebookwith her. Practice F One involvedimagining the peopleshewas shy of in their pvjamas so as to lose her awe of them. Unfortunately,this made her evenmore nervolls and she hastily reclothedthem in proper clothes to restore her conposure. Another techIn order not to be tonguenique was rather more successful. tied, she asked people questions about themselves,their farnilies,schoolsor jobs, hobbies, favourite colours and so on. The people respondedhappily but she had to keep on asking them questions so as not to give them a cirance to questionher back.To cope r,vith this need,Diana corrrpiled a list of questions long enough to qualify fbr the Guinness Book of World Records.

PHRASES I5.2 ADVERBIAL Practice A the minister I To heighten environmental ar'vareness, launching a publicity campaign. suggested 2 M1,uncle is savingas much money as he can in order to retire in comfbrt.

258

PHRASES T5,5 ADVERBIAL Practice A I The demonstratorsrefused to disperse,leaving the police no choicebut to arrestthem. drawing a large 2 The lecture had been r,vell-advertised, cror'rd. 3 A freshbreezeblerv,tempering the heat of noon. 4 lrvo friends joined some tor a game. us, making up a four-

5 When bargaining at a bazaar, sorne people are ver\r successlul. 6 lVe had a brief problem before landing safel-vin Madrid. 7 After graduating from college, he set up a business. B I was da1,-dreaming lvhile watching 9 When given a frec hand, you did a good job. l0 A d a l o o k sc h i c a f t e rh a v i n g h e r h a i r s t l l e d .

the 5 The speakerkept contradictinghimself, bervildering audience. yar'vned, causingthe rest of us to do the same. 6 Someone preventinga crisis. 7 FIeacted srviftlyand rvisel1,, I We left the building unlocked last nigl.tt,exposingit to vandals.

Practice B I being gored 2 loiterirg 3 complimented 4 catching Practice C 23589

5 mastering 6 handling 7 keying

B committing t hurried l0 sending

9 Finally the rairrs came, enabling the farmers to plough their lands. l0 FIer grandchildren arrived, making her much more cheerful. Practice B I A,B PracticeC 236910 Practice D I toppied 2 hencecausing 3 make 4 thereforeresulting Practice E resulting in 2 Their attempts at coveringup were useless, ugly paintwork. 3 Those opal earrings suit her, enhancing irer delicate beauty. last night, delighting 4 The idea of the trlp rvassuggested the youngsters,. 5 He kept losing at cards,ending up with nothit-tg. 'Ihis morning'sexertionlvastoo much fbr him, triggering 6 a bad headache. Practice F Driving a car can changea person,making a monster out you to spicylanguage, rvidenof a man or woman. It exposes ing your vocabulary greatly. Soon you are an expert at exchangingirrsults, shocking family and friends travelling often breakingthe with you.Youcannot bear to be overtaken, speed limit to even the score. After some time, you Ina-v realisethe lunacy of it all, revertingto your saneself.You start rvith courtesy. learningto return rudeness to drive sensibl-v PHRASES I5.4 ADVERBIAL Practice A I While travelling in Africa, we took some splendid pictures. to help me. 2 Shelet me dorvnbadly after promisir-rg to f'"u, ouh". tht"ut"."d 3 He sho'"ved b 4 Befbreacceptingthe offer, l'ou should consider it carefullv. 5 break 6 rvorked 7 poverty B upsets I eaten [0 nleets

2 B,C,

3 A,C

4 A,B

5 A,C

Practice D 2 When used as an excuse, a headache sometimes becomes real. 3 Aller analysing al] our tactical errors, lve ntade a ner'r' plan. 4 FIe rvorked seven days a lveek r'rhile being prepared fbr the top job. 5 We are giving him a last chance before takino loo'l acilon . 6 \\'hile investigating the disappearance of the rnillionaire, the inspector hirnself vanished. Practice E 2 The princess n'as smiling and waving rvhile passing by in her chaufleured limousine. 3 After pursuing his dream for years, he suddenly lost interest. 4 She rvanted to see her son before going on a long journel'. 5 \\4rile exploring the cave, they found a strange object. 6 I plan to hitchhike around the rvorld after graduating from college. Practice F '\Vl-rile She said: acting, I portray emotions through nry e1.esand not my facial muscles.' She added this piece of 'ln ad',.ice: ever\.dav lile too, vou must think befbre allou,ing Yourself to smilc. The loveliest woman lvill look a wreck after sniling recklessll' over the -vears.\Vhen smiling into the carnera or at anvone, I never let m1, eyes crinkle up at the comers.' After reading this, are you prepared to give up 'smiling recklessl-v'to avoid wrinkles? I4.I NOUN PHRASES Practice A 'fhey forgot to tell me about it. 2 'fhis doe sn't entitle you to speak at meetings. 3 4 She no longer avoids singing in public. 5 He expects to be served immediatel-y. I I don't intend to get myself poisoned by this food

Practice B 2 She did not fancy sunbathing on such a crorvded beach. 3 I beg you to give this plan a second chance. 4 He must not let this shatter his confldence in his abilitlr 5 We saw the barrels rolling dorvnhill that da1'. 6 The boy n ants to be tutored by that particular teache r.

259

Practice C I togo 2 make 3 teaching 4 to control Practice D 13478

5 worrying 6be 7 following

B face 9 to blind l0 dressing

4 I can'tget over seeingher in such a predicament. 5 Everymannerism of his seemsto iritate the audience. with maintaining their old sportscar. 6 They are obsessed Practice F She alwaysseemedto be worried even when my fiiends insistedon seeingme safelyhome after extrascienceclasses. One night, when my family was away at a wedding, the lady next door sawwhat must have appearedto be thieveshiding in my backyard. She hurried over to check. She looked ratherdisappointedwhen the burglaryturned out to be three schoolgirlsorganising'OperationCatch Toads'for the next day'sbiology class. I4.5 NOUN PHRASES Practice A I Rushing around makes me feel drzzy. 2 To organiseall thesebooks won't be easy. 4 Talkingabout the past can be fascinating. 6 To avoid bankruptcy seemedimpossible. 9 Confrontinghim would probably be best. Practice B 2 To promote global peaceis their mission. 3 To losethis fight would upset him. 4 Rehabilitating strokevictims needsspecialskills. 5 To leavethe country was his own decision. 6 Indulging in petty jealousies wastedour time. Practice C I A,B Practice D I helps 2 is not 3 has 2 B,C 3 A.C 4 A,B 5 A,C

Practice E 2 We saw him flinching at the sight of the letter. how to usethe 3 Somepeoplervon'teventrv to understand Internet. 'l'he neighboursoften hear her talk to her plants. 4 5 At his birth, his parentsstartedsavingfor his education. 6 I don't \\rantyou to sacrificeyour fiee time for this project. Practice F Sheaskedto speakto the chief administrator and began to explainshervaswilling to work asa volunteerto gain experience.He listenedfor a while and then told her the hospital neededto apply.She had a vacancyfor a traineeand she onl-v with as she ran to tell her fiiends delight felt herselfskipping her letter that afternoon. application and she startedto write

I4.2 NOUN PHRASES Practice A I Your candidate has proved to be a dedicated party member. 2 He disappointedus after raisingour hopes. 3 We congratulatedher on her being electedpresidentof the Nature Societ)'. 4 The mysteriousvisitor turned out to be an old friend. the recession. seemed to prosperdespite 5 Their business in this cit-v 6 Sheis committed to improving the services 7 They r'villnot succeedin intimidating that girl. B I alwaysdo a sketchbeforepainting a landscape. 9 The children came to love the trips to the city. l0 Our greatestjoywill be to seethe gardenflourishing. Practice B 2 Gradually they came to understand the culture of the country. 3 She charmed them into revealinga number of interestrng secrets. 4 You don't appearto care about your club'sfuture. 5 He is not aboveusing all his savingson a party. 6 We soon gave up fantasiesof being knights in shining armour. Practice C I nursing 2 fbrgotten 3 have Practice D 24579 Practice E 2 He',vonthe boys' confidenceby treatingthem as adults. 3 The root of her troublesrvashaving a very bad memory. 4 was 5 not 6 loves 71n B appear 9in l0 have

4 will be 5 remains 6 lvas a

7 seems I maybe

9 bores l0 was

Practice E 2 CollectingAsian proverbswas my late uncle'spastime. 3 To make money was once his reasonfor living. 4 Facingtheir disapprovaldoesn'tfrighten her in the least. 5 To help the community develophas been / had been our concernall theseyears. of time. 6 To go on doing this is / will be sheerrr.aste PracticeF 4 had I been 2 turned 5 prepared 3 Groning 6 see 7 bring B was I hugging l0 kissing

I5.I SENTENCE STRUCTURE PracticeA 2 ( r , 2 ) 3 ( 2 ,r ) 4 (r,2)

5 (r,2) 6 (r,2)

PracticeB I lhe sunrisedidn't interestthem and neither did the sunset. 2 You either stop wastingtime or go straighthome. 3 The dressmay neither fit her nor suit her. 4 That grandfatherclock either stops or goesreally fast. 5 Our parent company has not made any profit this year and neither have our subsidiaries. Practice C I This pieceof newswill either make you pleasedor (make you) angry 2 I wouldn't deceive anyone and neither would you (deceive anyone).

260

4 The roses haven't bloomed and the chrysanthemums haven't(bloomed)either. splendour and neither 7 Age has not dimmed the castle's splendour). has neglect(dimmed the castle's 10 We can either go to the book fair with our iriends or (go to the book fair) with our parents. Practice D hours or his health suffers./ 2 Either he works reasonable hours or his health suffers. He either works reasonable 3 They aren'tpreparedand I'm not either. 4 We shouldn't be difficult and they shouldn't be either. 5 My parents don't like my music and neither do I enjoy their old tunes. 6 Either the hotel managerdidn't understandmy instructions or the receptionistis forgetful. Practice E I plunge 2 did 3 join 4 nor 5 either 6 neither 7 would B either I bother l0 nor

3 Beside, she liked Nita although she hardly talked. Besides, she liked Nita although she hardly talked. 4 Beside,Nita was really a nice girl. - Besides, Nita was reallya nice girl. 5 As the result, she became quite popular. - As a result, she becamequite popuiar. I5.5 SENTENCE STRUCTURE Practice A I At last 4 Thirdly 7 Next, 2 Firstly 5 At firsr I Firstly, 3 After 6 Lastly

I After l0 Atlast

Practice B I A,B 2 B,C Practice C I At last 2 After that, 3 Secondly, 4 Firstly, Practice D I Firstly, 2 Secondly, 3 Firstly, 4 Next,

3 A,C
5 At last 6 Then, 7 At firsl

4 A,C

5 B

6 B

Practice F 2 B : Either a fireman or a neighbourrescuedthe baby. 3 B : The dialogueis not / isn't convincing and neither is the acting. 4 B : Your son will either do well or perhapsperform brilliantly. 5 B : The soldiers did not / didn't know an1'thingabout the terrain and the officersdidn't either. 6 B : Your friends shouldn'twastetime and you shouldn't either.

8 Third, I After that, l0 At last

5 lnen 6 Lastly 7 At firsl

8 Then I After that, l0 At last

STRUCTURE I5.2 SENTENCE Practice A 3 B,C 2 B,D I A,D Practice B 23789 Practice C I As a result 2 Besides 3 As a result 4 Moreover Practice D 2 1,3 3 2,7 5 Besides 6 As a result 7 Moreover

4 A,B

5 C,D

8 Besides I Moreover l0 As a result

Practice E I To make banana fritters, you need to buy some fresh bananas.Then, you peel the bananas.Next, coat them with flour. Finall,v, fry them. 2 At first, he ordered mushroom soup. After that, he changed his mind and said he wanted tomato soup. Finally,he settledfor chickensoup. 3 First,shampooyour hair. Then, rinse it. After that, dry it. Lastly,comb it. 4 First, wash the towels. Then, hang them up to dry. Finally, fold them. Then, 5 First,Iack looks at the cartoonsin the newspaper. i After that, he reads the spofis pages.Lastly,he scans the front page news. Practice F 2 Firstly,read the passage. After that, jot dornnthe important points Lastly,use the points to write a summary of the passage. 3 At first I kept failing my driving test.Then, I passedit on my fourth attempt.At last I could drive around town. 4 First, Dad had the flu. Then, Mum caught it from him. Finally, the whole family was ill. 5 First, switch off the electricity.Then, change the bulb. Lastly,switch on the electricity to check the new bulb 6 Firstlv I cleanedthe cut on my finger.After that, I applied some ointment on it. Lastly,I put a plasterover it.

4 2,1

5 r,3

6 3,1

Practice E the air-conditioningwas I The room wascrowded.Besides, not working. As a result, we were very uncomfortable. 2 Some picknickers litter the beaches.As a result, the beachesare dirty and unattractive. Moreover,our country getsa bad name. 3 This airline has a good safety record. Besides,it offers As a result,it is very popular. excellentservice. 4 The neighbourhood is very noisy.As a result, the residents' hearing may be affected.Moreover,they become nervousand irritable. I had read the 5 I did not join them for the movie.Besides, book. Moreover,the reviewswere no good. Practice F I Somemore shewas from another country and shewas a she was fiom another country and shy girl. r Moreover, she was a shy girl. 2 As the result, she was very unhappy. - As a result, she was very unhappv.

I6 CHANGING WORDORDER Practice A 1369i0 Practice B 2 Seldom is an author'sfirst novel acceptedby this publisher. 3 If this strategyshould fail, wed haveto give up.

261

4 Ger-rerally,I r'vouid be reluctant to make a decision so soon. 5 Had you listened to my adr,.ice,you rvould have done brilliantly. 6 She had barel-v caught her breath rvhen she rushed ofl

agaln. Practice C I would i 2 Should 3 had she 4 doeshe open

Practice D

Practice F I made 2 teenager 3 fortunate and lucky 4 partlcipants 5 secretr'vorrv

6 7 B 9 l0

childishly chubby noticedjoyfully totally transformed added extra unfortunatelyhated

5 they expect 6 Were 7 ger

B Had 9 she were l0 he be

23s89
Practice E you d r'vin. 2 Wereit just a question of courage, 3 If I had controlled my temper,I would havewon the match. 4 A woman rarely reachesthe top rung of the corporate ladder. 5 Neverwould they be able to go sailingagain. he d definitelytell the police. 6 Shouldhe find the treasure, Practice F 2 (a) No soonerdid I step / No soonerhad I stepped (b) I no soonerstepped (b) If I had knor'ur 3 (a) Had I knon'n (b) I seldom got 4 (a) Seldomdid I get (b) if I were 5 (a) WereI pass (b) a day rarelypasses 6 (a) rarelvdoesa da1, 17 REDUNDANCY Practice A 2 We walked all the way there e+Jeet. 3 You are behavinglike ae++*flunatic. into the sea. 4 The pearl diver plunged de.'+r+ 5 Shege+Cycoaxedher little son to finish his porridge. 6 A car hurtled dorvn the road a|+e,{{pd. 7 Your sister r,villgrow up to be a gerlpeus beauty. 8 SoonYoshikowill be returning baek to Japan. 9 The fire razed the planetarium ffr?ltly. o f g o o d sa r es o a r i n g c p . l 0 T h ep r i c e s ll I've finished my assignmentbut I may have to redo it
ssial

Practice G I Lady : Don't look now but the woman in dark glasses alone at that table is a celebrity. 2 Friend: Actuallv I spotted her when she entered the restaurant.i I spottedher when she enteredthe restaurant, in fact. 3 Lady : \t\hy did you keep quiet? / \tVhy didn't lrou say an1'thing? 4 Friend : I always f'eel sorry fbr stars trying to escape from their fans. 5 Lady : Okay,rve'llleaveher alone to enjoy her meal. / 1,vs'11 let her enjoy her meal undisturbed. Oka1,, I8 REFERENCE Practice A I they 4 They 2 ir 5 rheir 3 these 6 those

7 us B those

I them l0 its

Practice B I it - an educationfair 2 that thriller - HouseofWax 3 it - the site of an old disr-rsed mining pool 4 This - he (John)was not coming to work 5 they - Members olthe public 6 those * a facialrvash,a toner and a moisturiser 7 This - lenniieris goingto marrySteveinamonth'stime. B It - the problem had disappeared 9 she - our neighbour l0 thesethings - I am studying fbr an exam so ,vouneed to lorver the volume of your music. \t4ren vou don't do your choresproperly, Mum getsme to finish your work. That's not lair. PracticeC IA 2A 38 4A 58 Practice D 2 1]19!q - the many outstanding speakers 3 That speaker - a law lecturer 4 this - "If your father committed a murder and he confessed the crime to you, i'vhatwould -voudo?" 5 that - the very difficult question 6 these - I r'vouldlisten to him. I would hold his hand. I',vouldput my arms around him. I would even cry with him 7 him - the lawl'er's tather 8 the crime - the murder 9 it * His answer TESTI A I 2 4 5 6 remember didn't take note must flnd wearing has been rvatching
/ l0 I2 l3 l4 neeo to retrace located noticed taken

PracticeB I entered 2 went 3 dived 4 young Practice C I talk 2 Iire 3 lost 4 out Practice D 2568I0

5 corpses 6 man 7 Speaking ln a rage 5go 6 child

, tjYlllub

8 surrendered 9 delayed l0 troops

8 agreed I plummeted l0 pass

Practice E 2 The bullets could not penetratethesewalls. 3 Without sheddinga tear,she walked through the departure gate. / She walked dry-eyedthrough the departure gare. 4 The rich old man is known to be a miser. I lay staringat the ceiling. / I lay star5 Feelingmiserable, ing unhappily at the ceiling. 6 Carlwas overjoyedto hear ofyour success.

262

B I SEEtnS 2 is has been building up 4 incnireq

J

traffic jam so he rvould be a little late for the meeting.

6 are wiiling
I B 9 l0 are was written receive focuses

3 Sean asked me whether I found the book fascinating. 4 Jean said to Mary, "Is Bill perfbrming at the musical conaPrt nn qrfrrrrir\/?"

Mrs Reed said to Iean and Diana, "Concentrateon vour '"vork and not on the fashion news." D

\,VAS

C 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 l0 II t2 D I The dog is usually taken out in the evening for a long r,valk by one of us. behaviourthoroughly shockedus. 2 The group'sror'vd,v 3 Traditional methods of weaving and dyeing have been practisedbv the women of that community for hundreds of years. 4 The renovationsto the house will have been completed to the byWilson just befbreChristmas./ The renovations houservill havebeen completedjust belore Christmasbv Wilson. 5 The red van was being tailed all the way from the airport by a police car and a helicopter. TEST2 A I 2 3 4 5 B I Sheis a personwho everyonefinds easyto confide(. 3 The presidentlistenedto all the complaints that the club membersbrought(regarding the sportsfacilities. 5 Maisiedoesn'tcarethat she is alrvays late( appointments. ( the 8 The preliminary investigations of the well-known businessman disappearance did not provide any leads. t0 Sheis filled ( remorsebecauseshehad seriouslymisjudgedsomebody. C I The prime minister advisedthe peopleto stand together in unity and strengthso that no one could divide them. The seniormanagertold Jenniferthat he was caughtin a o u g h tn o t t o b e d i v u l g i n g be sei,vn might resort Could they be waiting should have been raised had declined had alreadymade up usedto often go did not loresee ivill be had been trudging had not been was drenched squinted rvas slorvly moving haven'ttaken
l3 14 15 l6 l7 18 ached was parched wouldn't have been indicated was heading was jammed / had jammed

I 2 3 4
5

Don't let Adam removethe reportsfrom the table. Sarahis the youngestchemicalengineerin that company. The envoy presentedhis credentials to the king. My grandfatherwas a man of strong convictions. Let'shelp those elderlvlvomen in lvheelchairs.

E I F

2A

3B

4A

5B

l9 didn't I see 20 were rvaving 2l had decided

i don't know whether that is a Portuguese,Spanish or Italian song. It is imperative that every passenger be screenedbefore being allowedto enter the departurelounge. 3 I lail to seewhy this is so irnportant to vou. 4 if I ,.vereMarie, I would ask about the warranty period beforebuying the eiectricmlxer. His secretwish r,r.as that he would make it to the top of his profession.
I

TEST5 A I Sam has charisma and he'svely helpful. ( He is very popular in school. 2 Canrvetake a cab there? The bus ride is terribly bumpy. ( f feeta little un."vell. 3 Firstl-\i it's not right to tell a lie. (You may be fbrced to tell anotherlie to coverup the first lie. ( f u,'asunable to balance myself on the ice-skates. Later,I found I was able to move without holding on to the side of the rink. Ther' - l post their entn' forms to our office or hand them
in personally.

/\'

t4

B I to strike 2 Winning 3 IS 4 causing 5 deprived 6 on 7 being made 8 To leave 9 teeming l0 to relinquish

r
E
@ @

c
I A 6 A D I Often wished he 2 A riot had 3 we do E IA 2C 3B 4A 5C 4 Had 5 Will never 28 78 3 A I C 4C 9B 5B lOC

263

F I they - iohn and Janice 2 that - the ability to be discerning. 3 this -- You dislike Monica yet you spend a lot of time with her. tartlets 4 those - cheese 5 it - RisingRoar TEST4 A I from 2 importance 3I 4 their 5 college 6 when 7 live I lead / have Bto 9am l0 that B rB 2A 3A 4A 5C 6B 7A BB 9B IOA IIC I2B

tion. Though serious and staid today, they were once teenagers. I took out the best picture showingthem in comical costumes.They burst out laughing on catching sight of the funny old photograph. D A few weeks ago, g f.r.nd r,vhowas in that choir asked me I was interested in a1gqnlon. - A few weeks ago, a friend who was in that choir askedme if / whether I was interestedin a reunion. z IL" rylt !gy, t 99.t4!q to have copies made of the photograph because of they ryogld b9 gq9! to give as preslnls qt lbg Ieqqlon. - The next day, I decided to havecopiesmade of the photographbecause they would I be good to give as presentsat the reunion. 3 I went to the storeroom qg! rhe photograph ryqs19 lqlgeI w!t! the pgstqrs ryilher it was any.wherei! the room. + I went to the storeroombut the photographwas no longer with the postersneither was it anlwhere in the room. a lqqqbody r"j!9 fu4tly had done this that I would have a lovely centrepiece fSf 49 Pg1ty. - Somebody in the family had done this so that i would have a lovely centrepiece for the party. 5 I askedaswho had done it. - I askedwho had done it. TEST6 A I book/novel 2is 3in 4of B IC
'A

13c 14A l5c 16B

t7A r8B r9C 201'

c
I The motivation coursewhich they attended has proved to be effective. 2 His fingerstrembled as he signedthe contract. 3 \Aihenour projectwill be completedis the big question. 4 I can'timagine where you got that silly idea from. 5 Should he lose everl,thing tomorrow he wouid start afresh cheerfully. D I Dealingwith criminals has affectedyou. 2 He is discoveringfactsforgottenby the people. 3 \Mhile they are happy with our work, they still have to make us redundant. them into action. 4 His speechseemsto have galvanised 5 The tearsglisteningin her eyesbelie her cheerfulsmile. TEST5 A Ito 2 early 3 for 4 should B rB 2A 38 4C 5A 6C 78 8A 9C l0B tl B t2c 13A 14c 15B 16c 17B l8A 5 watching 6 were 71 I this 9 about lObe

sto 6 reaches 7he

8is 9 and l0in

5A 6A 8A

9C t0B tl A t2c

13A 14B l5c t6A

17A IBB l9B 208

3C 4B C

I is beyond her means 2 am forcedto accompanyher to expensive shoppingcentres dress 3 is able to afford the most fabulouslvexpensive 4 are eagerto let her try on numerousoutfits 5 she is charming D I 2 3 4
5

r9c
201'

c
I looked at some photographs in a very old Yesterday, album. Seeingmv parents as collegestudentswas a revela-

. . . enjoyingmy first camping trip . . . . . . packthe van properly.. . ...cookingamea . .l . . . . for suggesting one night in a hotel . . . ...bymyidea,...

264