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Roadway and Pavement Design

References:
AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures,
1993

Huang s Pavement Analysis and Design, 1993

!"#$ = !%& '&

&=!

m = number of axle load groups

F = the equivalent axle load factor (EALF) for the ith
axle load group
n = the number of passes of the ith axle load group
during the design period

Class
1

Description
Motorcycles (optional)

Passenger Cars

3
4

Other Two-Axle, Four Tire Single Unit Vehicles

Buses

Two-Axle, Six Tire, Single Unit Trucks

Three-Axle Single Unit Trucks

Four or More Axle Single Unit Trucks

Four or Less Axle Single Trailer Trucks

9
10

Five-Axle Single Trailer Trucks

Six or More Axle Single Trailer Trucks

11

Five or Less Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks

12

Six-Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks

13

Seven or More Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks

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80 kN
100 kN
18 kN
18,000 lb 22,000 lb 4,000 lb

1
ESAL

2.2
ESAL

.002
ESAL

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160 kN
36,000 lb
Tandem Axle

160 kN
36,000 lb
Single Axle

13.93 ESAL

1.38 ESAL

Little Truck
67 kN
27 kN
15,000 lb + 6,000 lb
0.48 ESAL 0.01 ESAL

= 0.49 ESAL

BIG TRUCK
151 kN
34,000 lb +
1.10

Pavement Type

54 kN
151 kN
34,000 lb + 12,000 lb = 2.39 ESAL
0.19
1.10

Single Unit

Multiple Unit

Flexible

0.600

1.300

Rigid

0.900

2.000

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We need to know:
Average daily trac (ADT)
Average daily truck trac (ADTT)
Trac mixture (number of vehicles in each
class)
Average weight of the vehicles in each class

Given: ADT = 3500 VPD, Class 9 30%, Class 5

5%
Use the ESAL data from earlier slide

ESALo = [(0.49)(0.05) + (2.39)(0.30)](3500)(365)

ESALo = 947,266

Initial trac in two directions

Must correct for one direction
Usually a factor of 0.5 is used
This can vary depending on the trac

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100% for two lane highways

Outside lane is design lane for multilane facilities
(truck or driving lane)
AASHTO, PCA, and Asphalt Institute all recommend
slightly dierent methods

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Used to project total design trac from the

estimated rst year trac
Multiply initial year trac by appropriate growth
factor
Note that growth factors can be dierent for the
dierent vehicle classes

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Should consider:
Expected trac attracted or diverted due to
new/improved facility
Normal growth due to increased activity
Number of motor vehicles and their use
Future development (land use)

Given
Four lane highway, trac measured in two
directions
Flexible pavement with pt = 2.5 and SN = 5
Trac measurements over a 24-hour period
Trac data as previously shown
Growth factor = 2%
Find
20 year design ESAL ignoring light trac (eg.
passenger cars) using AASHTO method

Assumptions:
Trac volume (all vehicle types) will increase
at 2% per year
Axle weights of various vehicle types will
remain constant over design period

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ESALD = (947,266)(0.5)(0.9)(24.30)
ESALD = 10,358,354