Anatomy Mid-Term Review Sheet This is not intended to cover the entire midterm just as a jumping off point

t for the information to look at and to add into your journals. My suggestion would be to use this review along with the notes for each chapter on Edmodo to make yourself a study guide in your journals. Chapter 1 Orientation: Anatomical Position: Body Orientation Vocab: !uperior"cranial#cephalad$: %nferior"caudal$: Anterior"ventral$: Posterior"dorsal$: Medial: &ateral: %ntermediate: Pro'imal: Plane Midsagittal: (rontal: Transverse: )now e'amples: %f the brain is cut so that anterior and posterior portions results* the section is a sections are +ranial cavity: !pinal cavity: Thoracic cavity: Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity: Pelvic cavity: and section

+ut a dissection animal along , planes so that both lungs are observable in both sections* the , Body Cavitie : be able to give e'amples of organs contained in each cavity

 Chapter ! Biochemi try: "lement : cannot be decomposed or broken down into simpler substances -hat are the . elements that make up /01 of the body: Atomic n#mber: is always e2ual to the number of protons in an atom Atomic ma $ otope : 3ave the same number of 3ave a different number of 4adioisotope: 5nstable Molec#le: Electrons shared between the same atoms 676* 383 Compo#nd : Electrons transferred )+l* 9a+l Bond : $onic: Covalent: %on-polar: Electrons are e2ually shared between atoms Polar: Electrons are une2ually shared between atoms &ydro'en: !lightly positive end of a polar molecule is weakly attracted to a negatively charged end of a different molecule Acid : Proton"3:$ donors 3ave a high number of 3ydrogens 3ave a P3 of ; : is the number of protons plus the number of neurons in an atom

Ba e : Proton"3:$ acceptors 3ave a P3 of Chemical Reaction ;

 Synthe i : Many (ecompo ition: 6ne Or'anic Compo#nd Carbohydrate !ugars and starches =uilding blocks of carbohydrates: )ipid &ong term energy storage +ontain long hydrocarbon chains !aturated and 5nsaturated > types found in the human body Protein =uilding blocks of proteins: 3ave a >? structure

are combined to form < is broken down to form many

Act as en@ymes* hormones* antibodies En@ymes 3as . structures Primary !tructure 3eld together by !tructure 3eld together by 3ydrogen bonds +ontains Alpha 3elices and =eta !heets !tructure 3eld together by 48Aroup interactions +ontains Buaternary !tructure 3eld together by +ontains interactions polypeptide chains polypeptide chain bonds rate of reactions

 *#nctional +ro#p ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 'ro#p make molecules acidic &ydro-yl 'ro#p make molecules 'ro#p make molecules nonpolar or hydrophobic

Amine 'ro#p make molecules Chapter . Cell and Ti #e Cell Pla ma Membrane/Cell Membrane: =arrier of the cell ?ouble phospholipid layer

allows
Membrane 0#nction 3old cells together

* nonpolar molecules in and out of the cell freely

contains Microvilli which are speciali@ed for ab orption

(ound between adjacent cells (used tightly 5sed to prevent cells from being pulled apart under normal conditions or wear8and8tear > Types Ti'ht 0#nction : %mpermeable junctions +ap 0#nction : Allow substances to pass directly from one cell to another (e mo ome : Anchoring junctions Cell Or'anelle

%#cle# : +ontains

which canCt leave the nucleus

Ribo ome : site of protein synthesis (ound on the 4ough Endoplasmic 4eticulum and floating freely in cytoplasm "ndopla mic Retic#l#m1"R2 Two Types: +ol'i Apparat# : Modifies and proteins 8studded with ribosomes

)y o ome : ?igest non8useable materials in cell

 Mitochondria: Provides ATP

of the cell

Cyto 3eleton: Provides cell with internal framework Vac#ole: temporarily stores nutrients and other materials Cell Comm#nication A#tocrine: cell sending out a signal which is accepted by a receptor on the same cell "ndocrine: cell communication occurring over long distances* through the use of Paracrine: cell communication occurs between cell that are nearby but not 0#-acrine: cell communication that occurs between cells that are touching Membrane Tran port: movement of substances into and out of the cell , methods

Pa ive Tran port: 9o

concentration

is re2uired concentration to

(i44# ion: (ree movement of molecules from

O mo i : A type of diffusion which involves the movement of water across membrane Active Tran port: in the form of is re2uired

B#l3 Tran port: type of active transport "-ocyto i : moving material o#t of the cell using energy "ndocyto i : moving materials into the cell using energy Cell (ivi ion Mito i : ?ivision of the cells nucleus Cyto3ine i : ?ivision of the cytoplasm occurs at the end of mitosis mR%A: a copy of ?9A which leaves the cell in order to produce new proteins tR%A: transfers the appropriate amino acids onto m49A for the building of the proteins "pithelial Ti #e Avascular"no blood supply$ Epithelial tissue is classified using Simple: layer of cells and

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,: many layers of cells

 Type o4 "pithelial Ti #e Simple S5#amo# : 6ne layer* flat cells &ines body cavities* lungs* blood vessels Simple C#bodial: 6ne layer* cube shaped cells Alands* ovaries* ducts Simple Col#mnar 6ne layer* column shaped cells lines digestive tract P e#do trati4ied S$%+)" )A6"R O* C"))S7 =ut often looks like double cell layer Strati4ied S5#amo# : Multiple layers of flat cells !kin* mouth* esophagus Strati4ied C#boidal Multiple layers of cuboidal cells Strati4ied Col#mnar Multiple layers of columnar cells Tran itional "pitheli#m +ells can tretch7 =ladder Connective Ti #e Dascular"has blood flow$ +ontains e-tracell#lar matri- which has , main parts +ro#nd S#b tance: mostly water and adhesion proteins *iber +ollagen

 Elastic 4eticular Type : Bone: hard matri' of calcium salts large number of collagen fibers &yaline cartila'e: composed of rubbery matri' collagen fibers (en e Connective Ti #e: main matri' element is collagen fibers Areolar Connective Ti #e: contains all > fibers Blood: (luid matri' Protein fibers are dissolved M# cle Ti #e > Types S3eletal: Doluntary control* one nucleus* striated Cardiac: %nvoluntary control* striated* one nucleus* intercalated di 3 Smooth: %nvoluntary* one nucleus* no striations %ervo# Ti #e: %e#ron : send electrical messages when become irritated