Digital Technology Riyasaki

hils
YS% ,xldf uq,au fudagr r: ;dCIK irdj fudagrr: kka 1995 ckjd ui isg m%ldYhg m;au wdrN jQ w;r l,dm 20 lska wjika lrk ,' fuh Wiia fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd fjka jQjls'
fudagrr: wdorY l,dm folla
Wiia fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd fudagrr: irdj ksl=;a u;a iu mdGl b,a,Su u; idudkH fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|ydo irdjla 1996 udr;= ui isg m%ldYhg m;a lrk , th k flrefka ismar: kks'
ismar: wdorY l,dm folla
ouq;= ;dCIK m%ldYk wdh;kh ,lay~ .=jka ,sh yd tlaj m%ldYhg m;al, ,lay~ hils jevigyk yd inkaOj hils hk irdj m%ldYhg m;a flreks' th l,dm 50 lg miq k;r lrkq ,enqf fuu fj wvh ilia lsu i|ydh' bfha kej;;a fuu irdj fjk;a wdfrlska fukau fjk;a kulska kej;;a wdrN jkq we;'
hils wdorY l,dm folla
fuu fj msgqj ilid we;af;a hils udisl irdf m<jQ g,a bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKh ms<sn|j jQ ,sms fm< weiqks'
RS-12
2
hils
by; l, ia;rhg wkqj wmg g,a l%uhg jvd wekf,d.a l%uh kq ,nd .ekSug jvd;a iqiq f,i fmkS .sho i;Hh k jvd;a ksj/ jkafka;a" mm: wdh ieliSu jvd;a myiq fukau ,dNhsl jkafka g,a wdldrhgh' fuys wekf,d.a wdldrhg ie<iq lsu is;d .ekSugj;a wmyiq ksrudK g,a wdldrhg myiqfjka l< yelsj ;sfnhs' tk wo ke;sju ne ksrudKhla jk m.Klh g,a ;dCIKfha ch.%yKhls' idudkH ;fha wm iEu kqulu w.h olajkafka wxl j,sks' f i|yd wms 0 isg 9 olajd jQ wxl 10 la Nd;d lrkafkuq' fuu wxl 10 weiqka wmg kEu w.hla lau fukau .Kkla iEuo l, yel' tfy;a g,a f,dalfha wm fhdod .kafka tl iy kaj ^1-0& hk wxl folla muks' f ksid g,a NdIdfjka hula ie,iq lsu fukau Nd;ho b;d myiqfjhs' tfukau ,dNodhl fjhs' tjf.au iEu ikaksfokhlau fuu wxl fol u.ska isfjhs' fuh uola mqudldr f,i fmkqko we;af;kau th jgyd .ekSu myiqh' uq,skau fuf,i wxl folla muKla fhdod .kska b,lal je .Kkl ixLHdjla ykajkafka flfiahs wjfndaO lr .ksuq' tg g,a l%uhg wxl u.ska flfrk lghq;= ish,a, fjka fjkaj ykajdug wjYH fkdf'
g,a bf,lafg%dkslaia-01
Digital Electronics
fuda g r r: ;dCIKh yef bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKh fukau g,a bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKh ms<sn|jo h wjfndaOhla ,nd ish hq;= fjhs' g,a ;dCIKh b;d mq,a jQjla neka fuys iEu fudagr ldrlfhl= ygu wjfndaO lr.; yels f,i fuu ,sms fm< ilia l, hq;=fjhs' f wkqj fudagr r:j, fhdod .efkk ldrlhska iska k.; hq;=u moaO;s wOHhkh i|yd wjYH fldgia muKla fuu ,sms fm<g f;dard f.k ;sfnhs' tjf.au fuh jvd;a ir, lsug wmf.au mirfhka fidhd .;a ksoiqka fhdod ;sfnhs' fuys uq,skau wekf,d.a iy g,a hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ulahs jgyd f.k isuq'
k k
wekf,d.a iy g,a fjki
fvisu,a iy nhsk wxl l%uh wekf,d.a gr mqjrej

wm idudkH ;fha iEu ixLHdjlau ilid .kafka 10 mdofhks' ksoiqkla f,i 108 hk ixLHdj .;fyd;a 102 tajd tlla tk 100 la (102=100) iy 100 tajd tk 1 tajd wgla (100=1) tlg tl;= lsfuka th ieliS we;' fuys kEu ixLHdjl 0 n,h 1 nj isysm;a lr.; hq;=h' f wdldrhgu g,a l%ufha 2 wxlh mdou lrf.k we;' ta wkqj g,a l%ufha 7 hkq 22 tajd tll iy 20 tajd ;=kl tl;=jls' ^22 } 4" 20 } 1& f wdldrhg 0 isg 9 olajd wm idudkH ;fha fhdod .kakd wxl 10 l .sKq l%uh Decimal wxl l%uh f,io wxl folla iys; l%uh Binary l%uh f,io yekafjhs' g,a l%ufha fhdod .kafka fuu ir, nhsk l%uhhs' g,a ;dCIKfha Logic-1 Logic-0 Nd;d jkafka wCIr tfia;a 2V-5V 0- 0.8V ke;ak wjia:d folla muKla jk nj wm ka oksuq' f fol 1 0 fjkalr ykd .ekSug ixfla; High Low folla wmg wjYH kEu On Off wdldrhlg fhdod .; yelsh' fuu igyfkka tf,i fhdod .;a + ixfla; jr. lsysmhlau olajd True False we;;a fuhska wo jvd;au Nd;d jkafka 1 iy 0 f' logic-1 iy Logic-0 hkqfjka th yekafjhs' tu.ska g,a ;dCIKfha ikaksfokh mj;ajd .kafka wvq iy je w.hkaf.ka hq;a fjda,ah;d iSud folla weiqks' fuu wvq fjda,ah;d w.h 0 f,io je fjda,ah;d w.h 1 f,io i<lkq ,ef'
g,a gr mqjrej
wekf,d.a iy g,a w;r fjki ykd .ekSug fudagr r: ldrlhska yehg fuu ksoiqk jvd;a W; jkq we;' fuys by<ska olajd we;s wekf,d.a gr u.ska mdGdxl wvq jeu olajkq ,nkafka l%u l%ufhks' tfy;a my;ska olajd we;s g,a gr u.ska fuu kq olajkq ,nkafka mshjfrka mshjrh' f wkqj jhska lsfuka ls%hdlrk Trf,daiqj wh;a jkafka wekf,d.a j._hg jk w;r wo nyq,j Nd;djk ,sfhka ls%hdlrk wxl u.ska f,dj olajk Trf,daiq j._h wh;a jkafka g,a j._hgh' fuys wekf,d.a j._fha Trf,daiqjlska ;;amr ld,la nd.hla jeks wxl folla w;r w.hla jqjo lshh yels kuq;a g,a l%ufha ;;amrhlska miq B< ;;amrhg fjkia fjhs' tfy;a thska g,a l%uhg wvq mdGdxl w.hka lshug fkdyels njla woyia fkdflfr' wjYHk f wdldrhgu ;;amrho ;j;a fldgia 100 lg fnod lshug fuys yels fjhs' tfy;a tho mshjfrka mshjrgh' fuu mshjr l%uh fuys g,a hkafkka woyia flfr'
hils wdrNl l,dmfha isg m<jq bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIK ,sms tlalr fuys olajd ;sfnhs'
hils
Decimal wxl Binary wxl njg yeru
2
3
2 4
27
128 165 246 1 1
26
64 0 1
25
32 1 1
24
16 0 1
23
8 0 0
22
4 1 1
21
2 0 1
20
1 1 1
2 2
wm idudkHfhka Nd;d lrk b,lal 10 lska hq;a (Decimal) wxl nhsk l%uh u.ska 2 mdo fhdod .kska olajk wdldrh fuys by; igyfkka laf' fuys olajd we;af;a nhsk uq,a wxl 4 la mu' igyfka by< fma<sfhka olajd we;s nhsk wxl j, w.h wm Nd;d lrk idudkH l%uh hgf;a my;ska olajd we;' f wdldrhg wxl Yd, .Kkla fhdod .kska wmg wjYH kEu w.hla lah yelsh' fuu nhsk uq,a wxl 4 hgf;a 15 olajd jQ idudkH wxl w.hka .; yel' ta flfiahs my; igyfkka olajd we;'
Decimal wxlh Binary wxl
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
165 = 10100101 246 = 11110111 nhsk l%uh ;=,ska kEu ixLHd w.hla 0 iy1 w.fhka bm;a l< yels nj by; ksoiqfkka wmg fmkS hhs' f hgf;a kEu fjda,ah;d" Odrd fyda m%;sfrdaO Decimal w.hla f wkqj nhsk l%uhg yrjd .ekqug;a th 0$1 jeks wCIr j._ follska laug;a yels fjhs' g,a ;dCIKfha th fhdod .ekqfuka mm: ksrudKh yd ikaksfokh b;d myiqfjka f,dla mm: yryd isl< yelsj ;sfnhs' wm fudagr r: ;dCIKhu ksoiqkg .; fyd;a tys tkaka WIaK;ajh" jd; WIaK;ajh" mSvkh jeks idOl tys md,k m.Kl i|yd iemhSu tu idOl j,g iudkqmd;sl jQ fjda,ah;d fyda Odrd tfia;a ke;ak m%;sfrdaO w.hka njg fikair u.ska yrjd tu w.hka nhsk l%uh u.ska 0$1 w.fhka m.Kl ;=,g ikakf s okh l< yels fjhs' flfia kuq g,a ;dCIKfha f,dla wjia:d fol 0 iy 1 f,i ie,lSu ka ka uola wvq f.dia we;s w;r ta i|yd je jYfhka fhdod .kafka 1 fjkqjg High iy 0 fjkqjg Low hk wjia:d folhs' fjda,ah;d w.fhka th ,nd .kakd wdldrh my; laf'
5.0V
Logic-1
High (Logic-1) Low(Logic-0)
V
2,0V
Not used
0.8V 0V
Logic-0
time
fjda,ah;djfhka f,dla w.h oelau

f,dla 0 iy f,dla 1 wxl ixfla;j;a lsu i|yd fjda,ah;d isud w.hka fhdod .kakd wdldrh fuys olajd ;sfnhs' fuys 0 isg 0'8 olajd jQ fjda,ah;d iSudj Logic 0 f,i .Kka .efka' 0.8V isg 2.0V olajd jq fjda,ah;d iSudj .Kka fkd.kakd w;r tys isg fjda,a 5 olajd jq iSudj Logic 1 f,i .Kka .efka' by; i|yka wdldrhg g,a ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd 1 fyda 0 f,dla w.h (Bit) tlla f,i ie<fla' fuh we;a;jYfhkau h NdIdjl tla wCIrhla nh' ta wkqj wo f,dalh .udkhla njg m;a lsug ;r n,j;a jQ g,a NdIdjg we;af;a wl=re folls' tk folls' fuu 8 la nhs tlla f,i yekaf' tk 8 Bits = 1 Byte wo wms g,a ;dCIKh ms,sn|j ,nd .kakd ,oafoa idudkH kqula mu' fuh m%dfhda.slj fhdod .kakd whqre <Z l,dmfha isg wdrN jk w;r tys fuu ;dCIKh b;d myiqfjka Tng jgyd.; yels jkq we;'
fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl j,g yeru

fuu igyk weiqka fvisu,a wxlhla nhsk wxlhla f,io nhsk wxlhla fvisu,a wxlhla f,igo yrjd .kakd whqre meye<s flfrhs' ksoiqkla f,i fuu igyk whqre 11 wxlh nhsk l%uhg wkqj laf lr we;af;a th 8+2+1=11 f,i f.k th 2 mdo j,g yrjd 0/1 hk f,dla w.hka u.ska muKla lauls' tk th 1011 f' by; wdldrhg g,a l%ufha 4 la .;ag tu.ska lah yels Wmu w.h 15 f' tfukau wms 3 la fhdod .;af;a k lah yels Wmu w.h 7 f' tfiau 15 g je jQ w.hla laug 5 la fhdod .; hq;= w;r tg tu.ska 31 olajd jQ w.hla .;yels fjhs' .Kk jemqr fhdod.;a g kEu w.hla lah yels nj jgyd .ekqug 165, 246 hk uola Yd, jQ wxl nhsk l%ufhka my; olajd we;' th jgyd .kak'
5555
RS-13
4
hils
g,a bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKh-02

;dCIKfha we;af;a wCIr folla nj;a tu.ska kEu ixLHdjla ikaksfokh l, yels nj;a .shjr ,smsfhka ia;r h' f wdldrhgu fuu f,dla wCIr fol O whqka fhdod .kska kEu ix{djla fkdj NdIdjla jqjo ksl=;a l, yels f' wE; w;S;fha fuh fhdod .;a nj fmkajd ug fuys ksoiqkg f.k we;af;a wm fydka wid we;s fudaia mjqv yqjudre l%uhhs'
g,a
fuu hka;%fha lvodis frda,la fma frfldavrhl fma tl fuka lerflk iamQ,a tll ksh; f.fhka t;Sug i,iajd we;s w;r tys lvodis mh u;g imj by; igyk whqre mekai,hla hlv kq mhl i lr we;' kq mhg my<sska oHq;a pqnlhla ilr we;s w;r tys isg fndfyda ka negh;a S iaph;a ;ekam;a lr ;sf' fuu S iaph inkaO lrk g kq mh iu. mekai, my;a lvodis mh u; brla wef|a' iaph ;o lrk ld, iSudj wkqj fuys lvodish u; ;s;la fyda brla weh yel' f wkqj ;s; (dot) iy br (dash) g,a wCIr fol f,i f.k fudaia flda tlg wkqj kEu mjqvhla fuys ,s;j ikaksfokh l, yelsh' ksoiqkla f,i fuys MY AGE IS... hk jdlHl uq,a fldgi ikaksfokh lsf th lvodis mfha igykajk whqre my; olajd we;'
fudaia flda l%uhg wkqj bx.S%is fydah iy wxl ixfla;j;a lr .ekqu

by; igyfka olajd we;s fudaia flda l%uhg wkqj bx.S%is wl=re wmg wog .e,fmk f,i 0$1 f,i g,a wCIr j,skao lah yel' ta wkqj A= 01, B=1000, C = 1010 f,i lah yelsh' ta weiqka 0$1 muKla fhdod bx.S%is fmd;la jqjo ,sh yelsh' f wdldrhgu wmg isf;k kEu wdldrhlg isxy, wl=reo g,a wCIr f,i f.k tyso fuu ymkalu l, yelsh' by; fudaia mjqv l%uh ikaksfokh lsug Yoh" y~ jeks udOHhkao .; yelsh' fmr hqo lghq;=
11 1011
fudaia flda l%uhg wkqj igyka jQ wl=re fm<la

by; igyfka ;s; iy br fhdod ,shd we;s jpk fm< g,a wdldrhg 0$1 fhdodo ,sh yels nj tys my;ska fmkajd we;' g,a ;dCIKh t;r ixlSrK fkdjk nj;a th w;S;fha mjd fhdod .;a nj;a fuys Tng fmkS hkq we;' kk fudagr r: i|yd fuu ;dCIKh fhdod .ekqkq wjia:d bfha ia;r flfr'
fudaia mjqv yqjudre l%uho ksrudKh we;af;a 0$1" high/low On/Off wdldrhgu g,a wCIr follsks' tys fuu wCIr fol 0$1 fjkqjg ;s; iy br (dot / dash) f,i f.k we;' bkamiq wm wo lrkjdla fukau bx.S%is fydafha wl=re 26 iy b,lal 10 fuu ;s; iy br u.ska ixfla;j;a lr we;' ieuqfj,a fudaia k oaj;d iska 1835 jifr ykajd ka fuu ix l%uh ykajkq ,nkafkao Tyqf.au kks' my; olajd we;af;a tu fudaia flda l%uhhs'
j, fuu l%uh ryia ix l%uhla f,igo fhdod f.k we;' tys rd;S% ld,fha k fgda tlla fowdldrhlg ,afuka fyda wdldr follg flfrk msma$mSma (pip/ peep) jeks fl k,d y~ u.skao fuh mj;ajd f.k we;' tfy;a ta wdldrhg fuh ikaksfokh l, yelafla lkaol isg wfkla lkaog jeks fl rlgh' tfy;a ,s ;dCIKh fhdod b;d ir, f,i fuh tla h ia:dkhl isg wfkla h ia:dkhg jeks b;d rlgo ikaksfokh flfrk f,i klrKh jqks' fuhg dot/dash wCIr fol fhdod f.k we;af;ao tysh' my; lafjkafka tys fudaia iska fhdod .;a ir, Wml%uh fhdod ria: mjqv ,s;j ,nd.;a wdldrhhs' mekai, kqa mh lvodis mh oHq;a pqnlh
G E
I S
00 000
01 110 0
hils
g,a wCIr fol u.ska ix iemhSu

g,a ;dCIK NdIdf ish lghq;= flfrkafka wCIr follsks' fuu wCIr fol tk f,dla fol 0/1, High/Low, On/Off jeks leue;s wjia:d lsym s hlsku a ixfla;j;a l, yel' tu wCIr fol u.ska kEu ixLHdjla fukau kEu jdlHhla ikaksfokh i|yd fhdod .; yels whqre fmr l,dm fol ;=,ska ia;r h' tfiau fuh O ix iy o;a; ikaksfokh i|ydo fhdod .; yels w;r th b;d myiq fukau ,dNodhlo fjhs' tjka wjia:djka /ila fudagr r: ;dCIKfha fhfok w;r bka b;d ir, jq mm:hla wo ksoiqkg .ksuq'
*q,a f,da iaph
f.k we;s w;r th ika u off tk 0 f,i i,ld tys f,dla igyk ol=Kq miska olajd ;sf' f wdldrhg ia follska ,nd.; yelafla o;a; 4 la kuq;a ia 3 la fhdod .;a g o;a; 8 la ,nd.; yelsfjhs' my; lafjkafka tjka tla wjia:djls'
(A)
(B)
P R N D 3 2 1
bkaysgr iaph u.ska .shr wjia:d oekq u by; A igyfka olajd we;af;a bf,lafg%dksla md,kh iys; .shr fmhla il< r:hl .shr isf,lagr ,Sjrhls' fuh u.ska tys we;s P.R.N.D.3.2.1. hk wjia:d 7 la md,k fldmshqgrhg kq h hq;= w;r by; B igyk whqre ta i|yd lkagEla 7 lska hq;a frdg iaphla bkaysgr (Inhibitor) iaph f,i fhdod .; hq;=fjhs' tfy;a kk r:j, g,a l%uh fhdod .ekqfuka th .shr ,Sjrhg inkaO lkagEla ;=kla iys; iaphlska lr.kakd w;r my; lafjkafka tu l%uhhs'
A B C
whs, iaph
whs, iy *q,a f,da ia fol ij we;s whqre fuu igyfka olajd we;af;a wm wOHhkh l, ,evd moaO;sh i|yd tkaf md,k tallhg wjYH whs," mdr f,da iy *q,a f,da wjia:d ;=k kq u i|yd fhdod we;s f;%dg,a iaphhs' fuu wjia:d ;=k kq u i|yd ia ;=kla wjYH kuq;a fuys th ia follska bgqlrf.k we;' tmuKla fkdj fuu.ska oekq fokafka wjia:d ;=kla kuq;a tu.ska wjYH k wjia:d 4 la jqj;a Nd;d l, yelsh'
A on
a
whs, iaph
B off off on on
whs,ska mdr f,daa *q,a f,da
A 1 0 0 1
B 0 0 1 1
b
*q,a f,da iaph
off off on
ia folla u.ska wjia:d 4 la oekq fok whqre fuu j igyfkka olajd we;af;a f;%dg,a ia w.% md,k tallhg inkaO jk whqrehs' ka a iaph whs, wjia:dfo b iaph *q,a f,da wjia:dfo inkaO fjhs' fuf,i ia follska ,nd.; yelafla wjia:d folla kuq;a g,a wdldrhg fuys wjia:d y;rla ,nd.ekSug yelsj ;sfnhs' by; uOHfha we;s igyfka fuu iDk w.%hg inkaOu on tk 1 f,i
fuys olajd we;s whqre kk fndfyda r:j, P 1 0 1 Tfgda .shr bkaysgr iaph R f,i fhdod .kq ,nkafka ia 1 1 0 ;=kla iy jhr ;=kla mu' N 0 1 1 tys 1 iy 0 weiqka tlsfklg D 1 0 0 fjkia jQ wdldr 8 la .; yels kuq;a fuys Nd;hg f.k 3 0 0 1 f.k we;af;a wdldr 7 la 2 0 1 0 mu tu wdldr mdrlk s "a jia" 1 ks h g q , % a f,i ykd .ekqug 1 1 1 yels f,i md,k fldmshqgrh 0 0 0 ie,iq lr ;sfnhs' fuf;la ia;r l, wdldrhg ia tk folla we;ak wmg ,nd.; yelafla wdldr 4 ls' ^22& tfiau ia tk 3 la we;ak wdldr 8 ls' ^23& f wdldrhg f.k ne g ia .Kk 2 n,h f,i .;ag bka ,nd.; yels wdldr .Kk fidhd .; yelsfjhs' ksoiqkla f,i .Kk n f,i .;fyd;a bka ,nd.; yels wjia:d .Kk 2N f' fndfyda Tfgda .shr r:j, isf,lagr ,Sjr msys wjia:d gr mqjrefjka n,d.; yels w;r tu mm:h ilid we;af;a .shr isf,lagr ia j,g fjka fjkaj inkaO ,s nqnq u.sks' tfy;a fmr fhdod .;a frdg wdldrfha iaph fjkqjg g,a ia ;=kla fhdod .ekqfuka th fhdod .ekSu wmyiqh' ta i|yd fhdod .;a g,a ie,iqu <Z l,dmfhka ia;r flfrkq we;'
RS-15
6
hils
l<yelsh' bkamiq 16 w.%hg neg Ok w.%h;a 6"7"8" w.% ;=ku tla lr neg iDk w.%hg;a inkaO l, hq;=f'
+
16 15 (3 to 15V ) 14 1 0 7 4 5 6 13 12 11 10 9
g,a bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKh-04

fukau g,a ;dCIKfhao mm: w;ajehdjg wu;rj mm: ksrudKhgo yqreh hq;=h' fYaIfhkau g,a ;dCIKfha tjka ksrudK i|yd fj<| fmdf,ka ,nd.; yels IC jr. iy tajdfha we;=,; mm:o k.; hq;=fjhs' wm .shjr ,smsfhka W.;a Tfgda .shr isf,lagr iaph iu ijk bkaysgr iapfha isg fldmshqgrhg ix heug jhr 8 la iy ia 8 la fhdod .;a kuq;a g,a l%ufha th jhr ;=klska iy ia ;=klska lr.; yels h' tu mm:fhau we;s jQ .egjla ksrdlrKh lsug .kakd W;aidyhla ;=,ska fj<|Z fmdf,a we;s tla IC ma tlla ykd .ksuq'
A B C
bf,lafg%dksla
2 3
B
Decorder
4051
4 5 6 7 8
Common
(A)
P R N D 3
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
2 1
(B)
(C) .shr isf,lagr bkaflagrh g,a wdldrhg ielisu fuys olajd we;af;a bf,lafg%dksla md,k Tfgda .shr iys; r:hl .shr isf,lagrh (A) iy .shr md,k fldmshqgrh (B) w;r inkaOhhs' isf,lagr ,Sjrh yd we;s ia ;=klska f,dla wdldrhg fuys isf,lagr wjia:d kq fohs' fuh .shjr l,dmfhka fukau ,lay~ hils jevigyklskao wms wOHhkh lf,uq' fuys gr mqjref n,a 7 lska hq;a .shr bkaflagr mqjrejla (C) we;s w;r tys n,a ,afuka wod, .shr wjia:d hreg kq foa' ABC f,dla ia ;=fkka ,ndfok f,dla msys wkqj fuu bkaflagr n,a y;la fjka fjkaj o,ajkafka flfiao@ by; .egjg ms<s;=r iemhSug b;d myiq IC ma tlla fj<| fmdf,a b;d wvq ,g ,nd.; yelsh' th ykajkq ,nkafka 8 input Analogue multiplexer hkqfjks' my;ska lafjk < igyfkka tys lsh % dld;ajh olajd we;' IC ma tl igykg k.d we;af;a tys we;=,; ls%hdld;ajh jgyd.; yels whqks' fuu ma tfla we;af;ao ir, lsh % dld;ajhls' uq,k s u a fuys w.% ykd.kakd wdldrh jgyd .kak' ma tfla u;= mska iajk wv rjq lggh j mig isk f,i .;a g tys my; fma<sfha m<uq w.%h wxl 1 f,i;a by< fma,sfha ol=Kq fl<jr w.%h wxl 9 f,i;a .;ag igyk whqre w.% k
4051 IC tll we;=,; mm:h fuu IC ma tl frdg iaphl ls%hdld;ajhg iudk nj ne ne,augu jgyd.; yelsh' wxl 3 w.%h tys flduka w.%hhs' frdg iaphla f,i fuh ls%hdlru ma tl ;=, we;s fldavr fldgiska isf' g,a wdldrhg 1$0 fhdod .kska idudkHfhka wm Nd;d lrk wxl ,shk iy lshjk wdldrh wms fuhg fmr wOHhkh lf,uq' fuu fldavr fldgig ;=kla fhdod f.k we;s neka tu.ska 0 isg 7 olajd wxl 8 la ikaksfokh l, yelsfjhs' tf,i imhk wxlh wkqj flduka w.%h tu wxlhg wod, w.%hgu we;=,;ska inkaO u fuu ma tfla ls%hdld;ajhhs' tk fuys A,B.C. fldavrfha w.% yryd wxl 3 g,a nhsk wxl wdldrhg 1 1 0 f,iska iemhqj fyd;a flduka w.%h ma tl;=, jQ wxl 3 w.%hg inkaO f' tu wxl 3 we;=,; w.%h ma tfla wxl 12 ndysr w.%hhs' tg flduka w.%h iy tu wxl 12 w.%h w;r mm:h inkaO f' fuh jvd;a meye, lr .ksuq' fuu igyk by< fldgqfjka olajd we;af;a g,a wdldrhg uq,a nhsk wxl ;=khs' tu wxl ;=k A B C Com fvisu,a tk wm Nd;d 0 0 0 0 lrk idudkH wxl njg 0 1 1 yrjd tys my; fma<sfhka 0 olajd we;' fuu wxl .e,mSu 2 0 1 0 wms hils 12 irdfjka 1 0 1 3 b;d fydka meye,s lr.;a 0 1 4 0 ksid fuu my;ska olajd we;s 1 1 0 5 by; IC ma tfla ls%hdld j.=j myiqfjka jgyd.; 0 1 1 6 yelsfjhs' ksoiqkla f,i 1 1 1 7 fldavrhg wxl 3 wxlh g,a wdldrhg ABC hk w.% ;=k yryd 1 1 0 hkqfjka ,nd ka g flduka w.%h wxl 3 w.%hg inkaO f' f wdldrhgu wfkl=;a wxlo Tn iskau fhdod fuu j.=j uq,skau jgyd .kak' ka fuu IC ma tl wmf.a .egj ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug fhdod .ksuq'
20 1
21 2
22 4
RS-15
hils
2
B C
+
16 15 2
3
14 1 13
N
12 11
(A)
P R N D 3
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
10
A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Com
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4
0 7 6
A B C Decorder
(B)
.shr fldmshqgrh
Tfgda .shr bkaflagr mqjrej g,a wdldrhg oe,au fuu igyfka A iy B u.ska olajd we;af;a wm .shjr l,dmfhka wOHhkh l, isf,lagr iaph g,a wdldrhg ksrudKh l, whqrehs' frdg iaphla f,i ls%hdl, isf,lagr ,Sjrh iu. jQ bkaysgr iaph u.ska fmr wdldrhg jhr 8 la inkaO jk g fuu bkaflagr 7 ,au b;d myiq h' tfy;a th by; wdldrhg sg,a l%uh hgf;a ia ;=klska inkaO l, miq fmr wdldrhg bkaflagr ,dmq ,au wmyiq jqjo by; olajd we;s 4051 IC ma tl u.ska th myiqfjka l, yels h' fuh Analogue multiplexer mm:hla we;=,;a l, IC tlls' ta i|yd isf,lagr iaph u.ska ksl=;ajk w.% ;=k ta wdldrhgu fuu IC ma tfla fldavrhgo ,nd ;sfnhs' tu fldavrhg ,ndfok wxlhg wkql+, f,i we;=,; w.% inkaO jk wdldrh fmr igyfkka wm wOHhkh l, w;r thu fuys ol=Kq miska kej;;a olajd we;' ka fuys isf,lagr iaph fhdok wdldrhgu gr mqjref bkaflagr ,auo isfjhs' ta i|yd tla ksoiqkla f.k n,uq' by; ie,iqu wkqj isf,lagr iaph D msysug .;ag gr mqjref we;s D wl=r iys; n,anh ,ah hq;=h' th isjk whqre fidhd n,uq' isf,lagr iaph D msysug .;ag isf,lagr iapfhka 100 hk f,dla wxl ;=k msgfjk w;r th 4051 IC ma tfla fldavrhg inkaO jQ g msg;ska Ok w.%h inkaO lr we;s wxl 3 flduka w.%h we;=,;ska wxl 4 g inkaO fjhs' wxl 4 we;=,; w.%h IC tfla wxl 1 w.%hg inkaO w;r f wkqj th flduka w.%h yryd Ok w.%hla fjhs' tk thg inkaO D bkaflagrh ,afjhs' f wdldrhgu wfkl=;a msys j,o bkaflagr n,a ksj/j ,afjk whqre Tnu mCId ldr n,kak'
,lay~ hils wikakka fjkqfjka fYaI tlak mdGud,djla iEu uilu fmdfyda klu fkdf,a meje;aug lghq;= fhdod we;' f i|yd Yd,d myiql fYaI iyk ,la hgf;a ,ndfokq ,nkafka lgqneoao cd;sl wdOqksl;aj mqyqKQ lsf wdh;khhs' (ATI) fujr iZrdj Tn w;g m;ajk g fuys m<uq iuka;%Kh wjikaj ;snqko fojk iuka;%Kfha isg hils mdGl Tngo thg we;=,;a h yelsh' iyNd.s jkakkaf.a odhl;ajho ,nd f.k fuu jev igyk bfha ;j rg;a mq,a flfrkq we;' bkamiq m%dfoaYSh jYfhkao fujeks jevuq meje;aug woyia flfr' m%dfoaYSh jYfhka msysgqjd we;s mir ixOdk iy ;dCIksl ix. tl;=j ;u ;ukaf.a m%foaYj, fujka tlak i;s w. jevuqjla ixOdkh l,
2 1
4051
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
,lay~ hils mdGud,d

yels w;r th iyNd.s jkakka i|yd imQrKfhkau fkdf,a h hq;=h' f i|yd udOH wkq.%yh ,lay~ .=jka ,sfhka ,nd.; yels w;r wfkl=;a m%Odk ho kqf.af.dv frdg Tfgda f%kska wdh;kh u.ska orkq we;' fuu iuka;%Khl f;dard .kakd tla Ihla ms<sn|j imQrK wjfndaOhla ,nd fok w;r ta i|yd frdg Tfgda f%kska wdh;kh u.ska tu Ihg wod, kk r:j, we;s moaO;s ms<sn|j m%orYkhlao mj;ajkq we;' iEu fmdfydh ksjdvq klu Wfoa 9'30 isg iji 4'00 olajd jevuqj lgqneoao ATI wdh;kfha fkdlvjd meje;afjkq we;' tfy;a ta iEu jevuqjlg iyNd.s u i|yd l,ska ,shdmxh hq;=h' whe m;a hils mdGud,d kka hils irdf ,smskhg fhduq lrkak'
RS-16
8
hils
folu Ok w.% jqjfyd;a mu' fuys A iy B (A AND B) ia folu inkaO h hq;= fyhska th AND f.a kka ykajkq ,efnhs'
(inputs)
A B C
g,a bf,lafg%dkslaia
f,dla f.a /Logic Gates
idudkH ,s mm: ie,iq j, f,a tall

fhdod .kska wms tajd b;d ir, f,ig;a wvq hofukq;a ilia lr .kafkuq' ta wdldrhgu bf,lafg%dksla mm: ie,iq j,o wmg f,dla f.aia ke;ak ;rl oajdr + 5V fhdod tu mm: ie,iqu 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 b;d myiqfjka lr.; yelsfjhs' fuu f,dla f.a ;=, wekf,d.a mm: j, fuka Yd, frisig a r lka f vka i r Nd;d fkdjk 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 neka tajd IC maia ;=, (-) b;d myiqfjka ksrudKh SN 7408 .Dyia: mm:h lr.; yelsfjhs' fuys uQ,sl oajdr 3 la Nd;d jk w;r tajd AND f.a" OR f.a iy NOT f.a hkqfjka yekafjk w;r tajd tlsfkl O wdldrhg ilia lr .ekqfuka NAND , NOR jeks f.a jr. ksmo ;sfnhs' b;d wvq ,g fj<| fmdf,a ,nd.; yelsj we;s fuu IC tlla ;=, f.a .kkdjla wka;r.;j ;sfnhs' ksoiqkla f,i fuu igyfka olajd we;s SN 7408 IC ma tl ;=, weka f.a (AND gates) 4 la we;=,;aj we;s w;r th remsh,a iaila jeks wvq uqo,lg fj<| fmdf,ka ,nd.; yelsh' wmf.a mm: ie,iqu i|yd wjYH jkafka f.a tlla fyda folla k tajd Nd;hg f.k b;s w.% fuys ksoyiaj ;eh yel' fuu mm: ie,iq lsug;a ie,iq l, mm:hl fodaI fidhd .ekSug;a fuu f.a lsh % dld;ajh fyd|ska wjfndaO lr .ekqu b;d jeo.;a fjhs'
A B C
(Output)
X
X
m%odk .Kk jel, weka f.a tlla fmr igyfka olajd we;af;a bkamq folla iys; weka f.a tlla jqj;a fuhg jvd bkamq w.% fh weka f.ao ksrudKh lr we;s w;r wmf.a ie,iqug .e,fmk whqre tajd f;dard.; yelsh' fujeks mm: ie,iqula wjYH jkafka l=uk wdldrfha mm: ie,iqulgoehs fuys Tng .egjla we;sh yel' th bf,lafg%dksla mm:hl fhfok wdldrh jgyd .ekqug fmr idudkH ,s mm:hl fuh fhfok whqre ksoiqklg .ksuq'
ELECTRIC CUTTER
AND f.a ls%hdld;ajh

(input)
A X B
(input) (Output)
weka f.a l%uh i|yd ,s mm: ksoiqkla fuys olajd we;af;a uqK lghq;= j, lvodis lemSug fhdod .kakd Yd, hka;%hl ,s fudagrhl mm: ie,iquls' th ls%hdlrug ia folla hka;%fha fomi ilr we;s w;r fudagrh ls%hdlrug k w;a folu fhdod fuu ia folu tljr ;olr ish hq;= fjhs' tfia lr we;af;a fuh ;ks iaphlska ls%hdlrf ls%hdlre iska tl w;lska iaph ;o lrk w;ru wfkla w;ska lefmk lvodis f.dv ilia lsug f.dia w; lmd .ekSu je<elaugh' fuu ,s mm: ie,iqu AND f.a tlg ir, ksoiqkls' tfiau fuh bf,lafg%dksla mm:hlg fhfok whqreo fidhd n,uq' fudagr r: jdhqilrKh i|yd fhdod .efkk fldm%ir .ek wo l,dmfhao ia;r lr we;' fuys la,ph ,sfhka ls%hdlrk w;r th inkaO h hq;af;a jdhqilrKh wjYH jQ g mu' ta wkqj kk r:j, la,ph inkaO ug uq,skau hre jdhqilrKh ls%hdlrh hq;=h' bkamiqo bjmfrgr orfha WIaK;ajh fi'wxYl 00 g jvd my< nisk g fldm%irh wlS%h bjmfrgrfha whsia we;s u je<elah hq;=h' ta i|yd ;ruiage iaph fhdod ;sfnhs' <Zg moaO;sfha .Eia wvqula we;ak fldm%irh wlS%h lrugo iaphla fhdod ;sfnhs' tfia lr we;af;a fldm%irhg wjYH iafkaykh tk lkag ,efnkafkao fuu *s%fhdaka .Eia iu. neks' ka wms fuys ,s mm:h ksrudKh lsug W;aidy .ksuq'
+
(A) (B)
weka f.a tll ls%hdld;ajh by; olajd we;af;a weka f.a tll ls%hdld;ajhhs' fuh g,a ;rl oajdr ke;ak f,dla f.a j, we;s uq,au oajdrh f,i yekah yelsh' by; A igyfkka fuu f.a tl ykajk ixfla;h olajd we;s w;r B igyfkka tys we;=,; ls%hdld;ajh ykajk wdorY mm:hla olajd ;sfnhs' ta wkqj tu mm:hg inkaO n,anh ,afjkafka ia folu inkaO jqjfyd;a mu' ta wdldrhgu A igyfka olajd we;s weka f.a tfla wjq mq w.%h Ok w.%hla jkafkao tys bkamq w.%
hils
T P C
(input)
9
(Output)
(input)
ACC +
A X B
(input) (Output)
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
X 0 0 0 1
A . AC ka$*a iaph B. ;ruiage iaph C. .Eia m%Ir ia
(A)
(B)
fldm%ir la,ph fudagr r: jdhqilrK ,s mm: ksrudKh fuys olajd we;af;a idudkH jdhqilrK moaO;shl fmr fofhka olajd we;s wjYH;d bgqjk whqre ,s mm:h ielfik wdldrhhs' fuys A jdhqilrK iaph inkaO lsu;a iu. fldm%irfha la,ph ls%hd;aulj moaO;sh ls%hdlrhs' tys bjmfrgrh jvd;a isis,a jQ g B ;ruiage iaph ika fukao moaO;sfha .Eia wvq k C iaph ika fukao jdhqilrKh wlS%h u isfjhs' fuhu weka f.a tlla iys; f,a tallhlska ls%hd;aul jk f,i kk jdhqilrK moaO;sj, ls%hd;aul jk w;r ta flfiahs fidhd n,uq'
B+ A B C P
weka f.a AC fldm%irh AC la, f,a
weka f.a ls%hdld;ajh f,dla igyklska oelau fuys olajd we;af;a fmr msgqf i|yka jQ bkamq w.% folla iys; weka f.a tflys f,dla igykhs' th 0 iy 1 hk f,dlaa wCIr fol fhdod olajd we;s w;r tys f,dla 0 hkq iaph ika jq wjia:djls' f,dla 1 hkq iaph inkaO jq wjia:djls' ta wkqj fuu weka f.a mm:fha imQrK ls%hdld;ajh B f,dla igyfkka fmkajd fohs' tk tys wjq mq w.%h f,dla 1 jkafka bkamq w.% folu f,dla 1 jk g mu' weka f.a tl ms<sn|j ksoiqka /ila fhdod wm meye<s wOHkhla ,nd.;a neka ka bhg wOHhkh i|yd we;s m%Odk f.a fojr.h jq r (OR) iy fkd (NOT) f.a folo myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yelsh' ta wkqj my; oelafjkafka r f.a ls%hdld;ajhhs' AND f.a ls%hdld;ajh
A
(input)
(input) (Output)
ACC +
A 0
B 0 1 0 1
X 0 1 1 1
X
B
(input)
X
(Output)
0 1 1
weka f.a mm:hla yryd jdhqilrKh ls%hdlru by; ie<iqu m weka f.a tfla X w.%h Ok w.%hla fldm%irh ls%hd;aul jkafka tys A,B,C hk bkamq w.% ;=ku Ok w.% jqjfyd;a mu' ta wkqj fmr mm:fha ls%hdld;ajhu f u.ska myiqfjka ,e we;' kk r:j, f i|yd bkamq w.% 6 la iys; weka f.a tlla fhdod b;s w.% folg tkau jr ys jk g iy l+,ka f,j,a tl wvq jk g inkaOh f|k fikair ia folla iy Tfgda .shr r:j, k lsla vjqka jk g ;;amr 10 lg inkaOh f|k iaphlao fhdod fuu mm:h ilia lr we;' tjka ksrudK j, fuu f,dla f.a tl fld;r myiqjla foehs Tng is;d .; yel' tys fuu weka f.a tl u.ska f,a tallh ls%hdlrug g%dkaisiagrhlao fhdojd tu bf,lafg%dksla mm:h ;ks f,a tallhla ;=, l=vdjg ilr ;sfnhs' weka f.a tll ls%hdld;ajh fukau th fhfuka mm: ie,iqu b;d myiqjk whqreo ka wmsg meye<sh' tfy;a g,a ;dCIKfha fuu f.a j, ls%hdld;ajh f,dla igyklska lafjk w;r th fuu ;dCIKh wOHhkhg fukau mm: ie,iqugo b;d wjYH fjhs' ta wkqj fuu weka f.a ls%hdld;ajh f,dla igyklg f.k we;s whqreo fuys wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
(A) (B) (C) r f.a ls%hdld;ajh iy th f,dla igyklska oelau fuu A igyfkka r f.a ixfla;ho" B igyfkka tys ls%hdld;ajho olajd we;s w;r C igyfka tu ls%hdld;ajh f,dla igyklg f.k we;' ta wkqj fuys bkamq w.% tlla Ok w.%hla tk f,dla 1 jQ g wjq mq w.%h;a Ok w.%hla fjhs' fuh weka f.a tlla yd ii|k g th yhgu NPN g%dkaii s g a rhlg imQrK fhkau reoaO f,i PNP g%dkaisiagrh ls%hdlrkjd yd iudkh' fuh mm: j, fhfok whqre ia;rd;aul f,i <Z l,dmfhka ia;r flfrkq we;' NOT f.a ls%hdld;ajh
A
(input)
B
(Output)
(B) r f.a ls%hdld;ajh iy th f,dla igyklska oelau g,a f,dla f.a j, ;=kajk f.a tl f,i fuu fkd f.a tl ie,lsh yel' tys we;af;a b;d ir, ls%hdld;ajhla nj B igyfkka laf' tk fuys bkamq w.%h f,i imhk w.%hg reoaO f,i tys wjq mq tl ,nd.; yelsh' fuys wjYH;djho ,nk l,dmfhka ia;r flfrkq we;'
(A)
A 0 1
1 0
10
hils
w.%hla jkafka A,B,C hk w.% 0 0 0 0 ;=ku iDk w.% njg m;a jqjfyd;a 1 1 1 1 mu' thg msg;ska fuu w.% 1 0 1 1 flf,i inkaO l,;a tys wjq 0 1 0 1 mq w.%h Ok w.%hlaj mj;shs' 1 1 0 1 fuys olajd we;s j.=j u.ska th 0 0 1 1 b;d myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsfjhs' 1 0 0 1 fuh b;d fydka jgyd .ekqug wms th mm:hlg fhug r f.a ls%hdld;ajh W;aidy .ksuq' j.=jla f,iska fudagr r: bf,lafg%dksla md,k tall ;=, r f.a tlo nyq,j fhdod f.k ;sfnhs' thg tla ksoiqkla k i,a r: j, fhfok .af,da ma,.a ghsur mm:hhs' fuu .af,da ma,.a ls%hdl, hq;af;a tkau mk.ekaug fmr tkaf WIaK;ajh fi' wxYl 30 lg jvd wvqj we;ak muKh' tfukau tkau mk .ekau;a iu. fuh wlS%h h hq;= w;r lsish fodaIhla ksid fyda tkau mk.ekajQ miq ls%hd;aul fkdh hq;=h' tfukau tla .af,da ma,.a tlla fyda we;ak tgo fuh ls%hd;aul fkdh hq;=h' fuu ls%hdld;ajhka iu. idudkH wdldrhg g%dkaisiagr fhdod ilia flreKq fuu .af,da mm: miqj g,a wdldrhg ilia flreKqq w;r tys fuu r f.a tl fhdod mm: ie,iqu b;d ir, fukau wvq hofukao l,amj;sk wdldrhgo ilia flre' my; olajd we;af;a tjka mm:hls' r f.a mm:j, fhdod.ekqu
A B C X
Hand brake (ON/+)
g,a bf,lafg%dkslaia
;dCIKfha f,dla f.aia lsysmhla Nd;d jk w;r tajd fhdod .ekSfuka bf,lafg%dksla mm: ie,iqu b;d myiqjk whqre .shjr l<dmfhka ia;r h' tys weka f.a tll ls%hdld;ajh iy th mm:j, fhdod .kakd wdldrh ia;r jQ w;r r f.a iy fkd f.a ms<sn|j iq wjfndaOhlao ,ndfok ,' wo ,smsfhka fuu r f.a iy fkd f.a ms<sn|j fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ksuq'
A
(input)
(input) (Output)
g,a
B 0 1 0 1
X 0 1 1 1
A X B
(input) (Output)
B X
0 0 1 1
+
(1) (2)
(3)
r f.a tll ksrudKh iy ls%hdld;ajh g,a ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd fojk ;rl oajdrh OR f.a tl jk w;r fuu wxl 1 igyfka tys ixfla;h olajd we;' wxl 2 igyfka olajd we;s wdorY mm:h wkqj th ;=, we;af;a iudka;r .;j inkaO l, ia lsysmhls' kuq;a fuys olajd we;af;a ia folla iys; OR f.a tlls' wxl 3 igyfkka olajd we;s whqre fuys f,dla 1 f,i iapfha on wjia:dj;a f,dla 0 f,i tys off wjia:dj;a .;a g fuu ia ish,a, ika jk wjia:df muKla m%;sodkh f,dla 0 ke;ak off jk w;r wfkla iEu msysulu th f,dla 1 ke;ak on f' fuys m%;sodkh i|yd A w.%h fyda (OR) B w.%h inkaO h hq;= ksid fuh OR f.a kka yekafjhs' by; ia;r jq fuu r f.a tl mm:hl fhf f,dla 0 f,i neg iDk w.%ho f,dla 1 f,i neg Ok w.%ho ls%hd lrhs' ta wkqj fuu r f.a tlu we;=,; ls%hdld;ajh my; lafjk wdldrhg wmg wdorY igykla f,i f,a tall fhdod lah yelsh'
X
(inputs)
Brake Oil (Low +) Brake pad (wear+)
OR
A B C X
(Output)
+ +
+
B C
(1)
A
(2)
bkamq 3 la iys; r f.a ksrudKh fuys wxl 1 igyfkka olajd we;af;a bkamq 3 la iys; r f.a tlls' th we;=,; ls%hdld;ajh wxl 2 igyfkka f,a tall fhdod olajd we;af;a jgyd .ekqu jvd;a myiq ugh' ta wkqj tys X wjq mq w.%h iDk
f%la fjdarkska ,hs mm:hg r f.a tlla fhdod we;s whqre r f.a tl mm:hl fhdod .kakd wdldrh laug fuys ksoiqkg f.k we;af;a r:fha gr mqjref we;s f%la fjdarkska bkaflagrhhs' idudkHfhka r:fha we;s f%la ,hs fjdarkska bkaflagrh yEka f%la ls%hd;aulj we;s g" f%la Ths,a wvq jQ g" f%la mE f. we;s g jeks lreKq lsysmhla i|ydu fhdod .efkhs' by; igyfka j miska tu ,s mm: leg igykla u.ska olajd we;s w;r bka olajd we;af;a tu mm: ie,iqu wkqj A w.%h yEka f%la ls%hd;aulj we;s g A w.%h + w.%hla jk f,igh' tfukau f%la Ths,a wvqjQ g B w.%h Ok w.%hla fjhs' ta wdldrhgu f%la mE f. we;s g C w.%ho Ok w.%hla fjhs' by; ie,iqu hgf;a fhdod we;af;a r f.a tlla neka fuu A,B,C hk bkamq w.% w;=ka tl w.%hla fyda Ok w.%hla jqjfyd;a wjq mq Y w.%ho Ok
hils
w.%hla olajd we;s fjdarkska n,anh oe,afjhs' ta weiqka Tng r f.a ls%hdld;ajh fukau th fhdod .ekqfuka mm: ie,iqu myiqjk wdldrh ;j rg;a jegfykq
11
Glow plugs
B+ Ig+
A B D
we;' NOT f.a ls%hdld;ajh

A 0 1 B
C
OR gate NOT gate
A
(input)
B
(Output)
(A)
1 0
(B)
fkd f.a tll ls%hdld;ajh g,a ;dCIKh f.dv ke.=Kq m%Odk f.a j._ ;=kla we;s nj uq,ska i|yka jQ w;r fuys olajd we;af;a tys ;=kajk f.a tlhs' fuhg m%kh f,i 0 iemhQ g m%;skh f,i 1 o m%odkh f,i 1 iemhQ g m%;sodkh f,i 0 o ,ef' B igyfkka th olajd we;' f ksid fuh g,a m,aia ;rx.hl w.% B udre lr .ekSug (invert) fhdod .efkhs' th fndfyda g fhdod .efkkafka Ok w.%hla iDk w.%hla lr .ekSug fyda iDk w.%hla Ok w.%hla lr + .ekSugh' fuu ls%hdld;ajh A myiqfjka jgyd .ekqug f,a fkd f.a i|yd ksoiqkla tall folla fhdod fuu wdorY igyk ie,iq lr we;' tys A w.%hg Ok w.%hla iemhq g B w.%h iDk w.%hla jk whqreo A w.%hg iDk w.%hla iemhQ g B w.%h Ok w.%hla jk whqreo mm:h ;=,skau jgyd .kak' fuu f,dla f.a tlo b;d m%fhdackj;a jk w;r ksoiqkla u.ska th jgyd .ekSug W;aidy .ksuq'
Glow plugs
r f.a tlla u.ska npn g%dkaisiagrla l%shdlru fuhg fmr mm:fha mek ke.=kq .egjg tk f,a tallh ls%hdlrug npn g%dkaisiagrhla fhdod .ekqug jQ wmyiqj fkd f.a tlla u.ska i we;s whqre fuys laf' fuys r f.a tl u.ska m%;sodkh f,i ,efnk iDk w.%h fkd f.a tl yryd hefuka Ok w.%hla njg m;a lrf.k tu.ska npn g%dkaisiagrh yryd f,a tallh ls%hdlrjd ;sf'
Nand f.a iy Nor f.a

A X B
B A X
B+ Ig+
A B C
OR gate
Y
fuys olajd we;af;a r f.a tlla fh mm:hla jk w;r tu.ska f,a tallhla ls%hdlrug npn jr.fha g%dkaisiagrhla fhdod we;' fuh ls%hdl, hq;af;a r f.a bkamq w.% ;=ku f,dla 0 wjq mq Y w.%h f,dla 0 jQ ghhs is;kak' ta wkqj by; mm:h ls%hd fkdlrhs' ukao fia w.%hg wjYH Ok w.%h fkd,efnk neks' th ls%hdlrug k Y w.%fha f,dla 0 w.h f,dla 1 njg yerh hq;=h' th wmg by;ska W.;a fkd f.a tlla fhdod .ekqfuka l, yelsh'
Nand Gate Nor Gate (and+not) ( or+not) keka iy fkdar f.a ls%hdld;ajh g,a ;dCIKfha fhfok ;j;a f.a j._ folla by; olajd we;s w;r bka j miska olajd we;af;a keka f.a tlhs' th weka iy fkd f.a folla tl;= iE ;sfnhs' tys ol=Kq miska olajd we;af;a fkdar f.a tlhs' th iE we;af;a r iy fkd f.a fol tlg tlafuks' tk wm W.;a uQ,sl f.a ;=k tlsfkl hd fuka fuu fYaI f.a fojr. iE we;s neka tajd uQ,sl f.a f,i fkdie,fla' we;a;jYfhkau fjdfha wjYH;djh iy ls%hdld;ajh fuys ;jrg;a ia;r lsula wjYH fkdf' ukao ta ish lreKq fuhg fmr igyfkka b;d meye,sj olajd we;s fyhsks' tys mm:h ls%hdlrug r f.a tlla iy fkd f.a tlla tlg tlalr .;suq' tjf.au fuf,i weka f.a tl iy fkd f.a tlo tlalsug wjYHjk wjia:d we;sfjhs' tjka wjia:d jvd;a myiq lr,Sug ksrudKfhau th ;ks tallhla f,i bgq lsu ;=,ska keka iy fkdar f.a fol ysj we;s nj fydka jegfykq we;' by; wdldrhg noaOlr ;ekQ ;j;a f,dla f.a jr. we;;a fuf;la ia;r jQ m%Odk;u f.a lsysmh wmf.a b mdv i|yd uy;afia m%fhdackj;a jkq we;' flfia kuq g,a ;dCIKh bm;a flfrk iu; wdldrfha;a fuu ,sms fm< ;=,;a h fjkila we;' tfia lr we;af;a wm rf ldrl msia yg myiqfjka fuu ;dCIKh ,ndug nj wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h'
12
hils
fuu Tma wEma ls%hdld;ajh wema,s*hr jeks ixlSrK mm:j, O whqka fhfok kuq;a fuys wm tu ls%hdld;ajhka weiqka fhduq jkafka fudagr r:j, fuh fhdod we;s mm: ls%hdld;ajhka i|yd muKla nj isys ;nd.; hq;=h' ta wkqj fuu Tma wEma fuys ia;r flfrkafkao ldrlhska yg wjfndaO lr.; yels ir, wdldrhlg jk w;r th iu; bf.kq l%uh yd Y%% lr fkd.; hq;=h'
8 7 6 5
g,a bf,lafg%dkslaia
bf,lafg%dkslaia hkqfjka fuu ,sms fm< wdrN jqj;a fuys wm wruqKq lr we;af;a th kk fudagr r: i|yd fhdod we;s wdldrh ksrudKd;aul f,iska wOHhkh lsuhs' fuu ksrudK ie,iq lsf wjYH jk bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx. /ila oekgu;a wm wOHhkh lr we;s w;r ;j rg;a wjYH jk Wmdx. ykd.ekqug tf,i ie,iq l, mm:hla ksoiqkg .ksuq'
Ig.+
12V+
1 3
C1 R1 R3
g,a
Non inverting input
+ -
Output
741
a b
Glow lamp
7809
2
+ 2 - 741
R4
7 6 4
ZD 2
B+
Inverting input
a b c
9V+
R8 R6
R2 C2
D1
d
R5
S
C
D3
D2
Glow plugs
3
C3
2 R7
+ 741 -
ZD 1
Alternator D+ or "L"
T1
R9
Coolant temp. sensor
Starter moter solenoid (50)
g,a .af,da md,k moaO;shl ie,iqu fuys olajd we;af;a bf,lafg%dksla .af,da md,k moaO;shls' fuh ;=, wm fuf;la wOHhkh l, vfhdav" g%dkaisiagr" frisiagr muKla fkdj f,a tallhlao we;=,;aj we;' fuys oelafjk 7809 IC mm:h fjda,af iage,hsirhla jk w;r hils-04 irdfjka wm wOHhkh l, bf,lafg%dksla .f,da md,k mm:h i|yd wms th fhdod .;suq' thg wu;rj fuys 741 hkqfjkao IC ma folla fhdojd we;' fjd TmfrIk,a wema,s*hr f,iska yekaf' wo ,smsfhka wms fuu TmfrIk,a wema,s*hr fyj;a Tma wEma (OP-Amp) ms<sn|j wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
TmfrIk,a wema,s*hr ^Tma-wEma&

Operational Amplifier (OP-Amp) TmfrIk,a wema,s*hr fyj;a Tma wEma hkqfjka ykajkq ,nkafkao tla wdldrhl f,dla f.a tlla jqj;a fuh wm W.;a f.a j,g jvd ixlSrK ls%hdld;ajhlska hq;= jQjls' fuu fYaI Wmdx.fha isjkafka bkamq w.% foflys fjda,ah;d ixj, ikaikaokhla neka th fjda,af lmfrgrhla (Voltage comparator) kkao yekafjhs' isxy, fmd;am;a j, lrul jrOl kka fuh ykajd ;sfnhs' wema,* s hr jeks bf,lafg%dksla mm:j, fuh nyq,j lsh yels w;r fudagr r: bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKfhao th u.ska jeo.;a ldhH_hka lrf.k ;sfnhs' ksoiqkla f,i g,a fldmshg q r Nd;hg fmr EFI we;= ishu bf,lafg%dksla md,k tall j,o fhdod .ekqfka fuu Tma wEmah' f wkqj kk moaO;s uq, isg wOHhkhg wms f ms<sn|jo h muKlg oekqj;a h hq;=h'
Tma wEma tlla iy th ;ekam;aa l, IC ma tlla Tma wEma tlla hkq f.a tlla fukau yhsn%hs ;dCIKh hgf;a IC ma tlla ;=, ;ekam;a l, l=vd mm:hlss' g%dkaisiagrhla wema,s*hrhla f,i fhdod .kakd wdldrhg fuh u.skao j_, ;rx.hla jO_kh lr.; yels kuq;a thg wu;rj ;j;a ldhH_hka /ila fuh u.ska lr.; yelsf' bka tlla fyda lsysmhla IC ma tlla ;=, ;ekam;a lr ;sh yel' ksoiqkla f,i fuys olajd we;s 741 IC ma tl ksmojd we;af;a ;ks Tma wEma tlla th ;=, ;ekam;a lsfuks' tys ,s iemhq w.% rys;j uq,sl ls%hdld;ajh i|yd fhdod .efkk ix w.% ;=k muKla iys;j fuys ol=Kq miska olajd we;' fuu Tma wEma tllg bkamq w.% folla iy ;ks wjqmq w.%hla we;=,;a fjhs' tys tla w.%hla Non inverting input f,iska yekafjk w;r th ixfla; igyfka olajd we;s whqre Ok (+) w.%h f,iska ye|skafjhs' my;ska we;s b;s w.%h Inverting input f,iska yekafjk w;r th iDk (-) w.%h f,i yekafjhs' fufia th yekaug fya;=j fuys by<ska we;s + w.%hg Ok fjda,ah;djhla ,ndka g th ta whqkau tk bkajr fkd Ok w.%hla f,iska wjqmq w.%fhka ,nd.; yels jqj;a my;ska we;s iDk w.%hg Ok fjda,ah;djhla ,nd ka g th udre tk bkajr wjq w.%fhka msgjk neks' TmfrIk,a wema,s*hrhl uQ,sl ls%hdld;ajh b;d ir, jqjls' tk fuu ix bkamq w.% folg fmdis fjda,ah;d folla iemhsh hq;= w;r bkamq w.% fol w;r we;s tu fjda,ah;d fol ixikaokfha bkamq Ok w.%fha fjda,ah;djh je k wjqmq w.%ho Ok w.%hla fjhs' th wvq jqks k wjqmq w.%h iDk w.%hla fjhs' fuu uQ,sl ls%hdld;ajh msg;ska fhdok mm:h wkqj O lghq;= i|yd fhdod .; yels w;r tajd mm: ksrudKlre iska ie,iq l, hq;=f' by; olajd we;s whqre fuu fYaI Wmdx.fha isjkafka bkamq w.% foflys fjda,ah;d ixj, ikaikaokhla neka th fjda,af lmfrgrhla (Voltage comparator) kka yekafjhs'
hils
Tma wEma tll ls%hdld uQ, Ou_h ia;r lsu fukau th jgyd .ekqu;a myiq ug fuu Tma wEma tfla bkamq w.% fol fjk;a wdldrhlg k lr.ekSu jvd;a W; fjhs' iu; l%uh wkqj fuu w.% Ok iy iDk f,i k flreko tys tla w.%hla wfkla w.%hg idfmaCIj iDk jk wjia:d fukau Ok jk wjia:do we;s fyhska tys th ixfla; Ok iy iDk w.% yd jHdl+, ;;ajhla we;s lrhs' f ksid fuu w.% fuu ,sms fm<g wod, jk whqre a iy b f,i ykajd we;s w;r tys ls%hdld;ajh wjfndaO lr.;a miq kej;;a iu; l%uh wkqj Ok iy iDk w.% f,iskau Nd;hg .kak' ;jo fuys ixfla;fha olajd we;af;a w.% ;=kla kuq;a thg imhk Odrd w.% wkqj w.% .Kk jefjk njo isys ;nd.; hq;=h' b wdorY igyka ;=,ska th wjfndaO lr.; yels jkq we;' TmfrIk,a wema,s*hrhl ls%hdld;ajh
bkamq w.% iujQ g
13
m;afjhs' fuh Tma wEma ls%hdld;ajfha uQ,sl ls%hdld;aj ;=kg imQrKfhkau iudk fjhs' fuu wdorY igyko fhdod .kska tu b;s ls%hdld;aj folo jgyd .ksuq'
bkamq a w.%fha fmdis fjda,ah;djh je jQg
+V
+3V
+
1.5V
a
+1.5V
+V
-V +V
+V
Output
b
-V
+
1.5V
+
1.5V
a
(A)
(B)
Tma wEma tll uQ , sl ls%hdld;ajhka +V +1.5V ;=kla we;s w;r fuys a j miska olajd we;af;a OV +1.5V b Output bka tlls' Tma wEma -V mm:fha lsh % dld;ajh + + i|yd fjku Odrdjla 1.5V 1.5V iemhsh hq;= w;r th +V iy 0V f,iska olajd we;' fuys a iy b bkamq w.% folgu tl iudk fjda,ah;d Ok iemhq folla ndysrj imhd we;s w;r tys wjqmq w.%fha fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 0 ls' tk th Ok fyda iDk w.hla fkd.ks' fuh Tma wEma tll tla ls%hdld;ajhls'
+V -V
Tma wEma wjqmq w.%h Ok jk wjia:dj fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a Tma wEma kka bkajrka w.hg imhd we;s fmdis fjda,ah;djh b;s w.%hg jvd je jQ wjia:djls' tys m%;sM,h wjqmq w.%h Ok w.%hla njg m;auhs' fuys we;s fYaI;ajh jkafka b w.%hg jvd oYuhlska fyda fjda,ah;djh a w.%fha je jqjfyd;a fuu fjki we;s uhs' fuys wjq mq w.%fhka msgjk fjda,ah;djh jkafka +V w.%fha fjda,ah;djhg wdikak jQjla njo fuys u;l ;nd.; hq;=h' fuu B igyfkka olajd we;s ir, ksoiqfkka fuu ls%hdld;ajh jvd;a myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yelsh' bkamq a w.%fha fmdis fjda,ah;djh wvq jQ g
+1.5V
+V
+
1.5V
a
+3V
+V
-V -V
-V
Output
b
-V
Output
+
1.5V
+
1.5V
(A)
(B)
a
non inverting input
b
inverting input
Tma wEma ls%hdld;ajh i|yd ksoiqkla Tma wEma ls%hdld;ajh ir,j jgyd .ekqug wdorY igykla by;ska olajd we;' fuu ;rdfha orYlh fouka iaphla f,i i,ld tys fomig fjda,ah;d w.% folla inkaO lr we;' oeka fuu ;rdfha fomigu iudk nrla fh g tys by<ska olajd we;s oY_lh iDcqj msysgk w;r th fomi we;s ,s w.% tllgj;a inkaO fkdf' tk tys fjda,h;djh 0 ls' fuu fhdod we;s nr wiudkj j mig nr jqjfyd;a wjqmq w.%h Ok w.%hla jk w;r ol=Kq mig nr jqjfyd;a iDk w.%hla njg
Tma wEma wjqmq w.%h iDk jk wjia:dj fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a Tma wEma kka bkajrka w.%fha fmdis fjda,ah;djh b;s w.%hg jvd wvq l< wjia:djls' tys m%;sM,h wjqmq w.%h iDk w.%hla njg m;auhs' fuu ls%hdld;ajho ol=Kq miska olajd we;s B igyfkka jvd;a myiqfjka jgyd.; yels jkq we;' Tma wEma ms<sn|j meye<s jegySula ka wms ,nd we;af;uq' f wkqj fuhg fmr wm ir, f,i jgyd.;a g%dkaii s g a r" f,dla f.a jeks Wmdx. ms<n s |j jQ wjfndaOho Wmldrhg f.k fudagr r:j, fhdod we;s ixlSrK moaO;sj,g wh;a ECU tall b;d myiqfjka wjfndaO lr.; yels jkq we;' fuys uq,a mshjr f,i ,nk l,dmfhka bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,h ia;r flfrkq we;'
14
hils
fodaIhla we;s jQ g th fidhd .ekquo myiq fkdf' f ksid fuu md,k tall ls%hdld;ajfha fjkila fkdlr moaO;shg tlajk ,s /yeka m%udKh muKla wvq lr .ekqug .;a l,am ms<shula f,i lEka fgd nia l%uh ye|skah yelsh' tys fldmshqgrhlg inkaO jk fikair iy ,s iemhq moaO;sfha fjkila fkdjQ w;r fldmshqgr md,k tall w;r ix yqjudrej i|yd jQ Yd, jhr m%udKh muKla bj;a lr tu ish ix jhr folla muKla fhdod yqjudre lr .ekqug fuu l%ufhka yelsh'
lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh

CAN data bus ix yqjudrej i|yd ,s l rdYshla fjkqjg l folla fyda tlla fhdod .kakd wjia:djka wmg m.Kl cd, j, fyda ta inkaO fjk;a ie,iq j, fldf;l=;a l.ekSug yelsfjhs' g,a ;dCIKh ms<sn|j wOHhkfha wm W.;a f,dla 0$1 ix l%uh hgf;a fuf,i ixjka rdYshla l folla yryd .uka lrh yels w;r th Multiflexes fyda Data bus hkqfjka yekafjhs' fuu l%uhu uola fjkia lr fudagr r: ;dCIKfhao bf,lafg%dksla md,k tall w;r ix yqjudrej i|yd fhdod .kakd w;r tu ;dCIKh ykajkq ,nkafka CAN data bus hkqfjks' uq,skau wms fujka ix yqjudre l%uhla fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd fhdod .ekSug fya;=j fidhd n,uq'
lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh hgf;a tlg tlalr we;s md,k tall .Kkdjla fuu igyfkka olajd we;' kk fudagr r:j, fuf,i m.Kl md,k bf,lafg%dksla tall tla lsfuka ,efnk iyk /ilau fjhs' ksoiqkla f,i Tfgda .shr fldmsh qgrh iy tkaka fldmshqgrh tlg inkaO u ksid .shr udre lrk wjia:dj, tkau fudfyd;lg gd lr tys n,h wju lsfuka .shr udrej b;d iqug whqka lr.; yelsj ;sf' tfukau fuu inkaOh ksid Tfgda .shr md,lhg lEka fgd l%uhg md,k tall tlajk whqre wjYH jk m%Odk o;a; jk tkaka f.h" Ndrh iy f;%dg,a msysu jeks lreKq i|yd fjk fjku fikair i fkdlr tajd tkaka md,k fldmshqgrfhkau ,nd.; yelsj ;sf' kk r:j, fhfok iEu md,k tallhlu Yd, w.% .Kkla we;=,;a jk whqre fuys olajd we;s fudfg%dksla jr.fha tkaulg wh;a md,k tallfhka oel .; md,k tall i|yd w.% je yelsf' fuf,i fuu jYfhka tla u tallhlg inkaO jk jhr m%udKh jeu ;=,ska ks;r ks;r fodaI we;sf m%jk;djho jejk w;r tf,i
o;a; yqjudrej / Data transfer

tkaka f.h tkaka Ndrh

hr md,k .s fldmshqgrh
fudagr r: m.Kl inkaO lrk idudkH l%uh by; igyfka olajd we;af;a fmr i|yka jQ wdldrhg kk r: ixlSrK u;a iu. fudagr r: fldmshqgr w;r ix yqjudrej i|yd jhr inkaO jQ wdldrhhs' f i|yd tkaka iy .shr md,k fldmshqgr fol muKla ksoiqkg f.k we;' fuys tla ixjla i|yd tla jhrh ne.ska fhoug isjQ neka fldmshqgr w;r fjk jhr m%udKho Yd, h'
tkaka md,k fldmshqgrh
fgd nia l%uhg fudagr r: m.Kl inkaO lsu lEka fgd nia l%uh hgf;a fldmshqgr w;r jhr jeug ms<sh fhkq wdldrh fuys olajd we;' tys lr we;af;a ishZu ix yqjudrej i|yd jhr folla muKla fhdod .ekSuhs' ;j;a whqrlska mjikafka k fuh fndfyda rg Multiflexes l%uhg iudk jQjls' fuu l%uh uq,skau cruksfha Bosch wdh;kh u.ska fudagr r: i|yd ie,iq lrk ,o w;r wo th fudagr r: j._ .Kkdjlu idr:lj Nd;d fjhs' Bosch wdh;kfha ksrudKhla jk fuu ix yqjudre l%uh yka jkq ,nkafka CAN data bus hkqfjks' CAN hkq Controller Area Network hkak fllr lauls' flfia kuq fuh u,a*af,laiia l%uhg uola fjkia jQjls' ksoiqkla f,i u,a*af,laiia ;dCIKfha ix ish,a, wekf,d.a yevfha m,aia ;rx. yryd yqjudre jqj;a CAN fgd nia l%ufha g,a wdldrhg f,dla 0 iy 1 muKla fhdod .efkhs' fuys fhdod .kakd jhr udr. fol fgd nia ,hska (Data bus line) hkqfjka yekafjhs'
tkaka md,k fldmshqgrh
.shr udre lsu
-------------
ishu ix{d ^jhr folls&

.shr md,k fldmshqgrh
hils
fgd nia l%uh / Data bus system
Door ABS
15
fldkafg%da,a hqks
fldkafg%da,a hqks
fgd nia l%uh nia r:hlska u.S m%jdykh lsu yd iudkh fuu o;a; yqjudre l%uh fgd nia l%uh kka yekaug fya;=j by; igyk whqre fuu ix yqjudrej nihlska fyda,a w;r u.Ska m%jdykh lrk wdldrhg fnfyka iudk uhss' fuys fldmshqgr ;=kla nia fyda,a ;=kla f,i olajd tajd w;r u.Ska m%jdykh ;ks nihlska isu fgd nia l%ufha jhr follska o;a; Yd, m%udKhla f.khdug iulr we;' lEka fgd nia l%uh iEu r:hlu tl f,i ksrudKh fkdflfrhs' fuys uQ,sl ls%hdld;ajh tlu jqj;a r: j._fhka j._hg fjkia jQ wdldr ksIamdolhska iska fhdod f.k ;sfnhs' fuys wm iskao h fudagr r: j._hla ksoiqkg f.k fuu ksrudKh wOHhkh l< hq;=j we;' fuys wm iska ksoiqkg .ekSug hkafka Audi fudagr r: iud.u i|yd Bosch wdh;kh u.ska ksrudKh l< lEka fgd nia l%uhls' idudkHfhka wfkl=;a iud. yd ii|k g ;u ksrudKj, ;dCIl f;dr;=re jvd;au msg;g iemhSf Audi iud.u bfhkau iskd nekao fuys ksoiqkg .kakd fgd nia l%uh Tjqka iska uq,skau fhdod .;a tlla neka th t;r ixlSrK fkdjk nekao wmf.a uQ,sl kqu ,nd .ekqug fuh b;d W; fjhs' fuf,i fhdod .kakd ixlSrK fgd nia l%u fuu yqkajd fuka miqj bm;a flfrkq we;'
fikag, % a fldkafg%da,a hqks
tkaka fldkafg%da,a hqks
Tfgda .shr fldkafg%da,a hqks
fgd nia cd, / Data bus network

kk fudagr r:hl m.Kl md,kfhka hq;a md,k tall rdYshla tla tla moaO;s i|yd fhofjk whqre fmr msgqf uq,au igyfkka olajd we;' fgd nia l%uh hgf;a f ish,a,u tlg tla lrkafka ke;' ukao fjd w;r tlsfklg inkaO f wjYH;djhla fkdue;s m.Kl tla lsfuka fuys ls%hdld;ajh ixlSrK wjq,a h yels neks' ksoiqkla f,i ABS md,k tallh iy g,a jdhqilrK moaO;sh .;fyd;a ta fol w;r lsisu inkaO;djhla fkdmj;sh's f wkqj tf,i inkaO;djhka ;sfnk m.Kl lKavdh f,i j._ lr tajd muKla fjka fjkaj fgd nia l%uh hgf;a tlg tlalrkq ,ef' tjeks m.Kl tlaldiqjla m.Kl cd,hla fyj;a fkjrla tlla (Network) f,i yekafjhs' wm ksoiqkg .;a Audi r:fha fujeks m.Kl cd, folla fgd nia l%uhg tla lr ;sfnk whqre <Z igyfkka oelaf'
r:hl lEka fgd nia i|yd m.Kl cd, fjkalr we;s whqre by; ksrudKfha fuu m.Kl cd, fol Drive train system iy Convienience system hkqfjka m%Odk cd, follg fnod ;sfnhs' fuys v%hs f%ka hkqfjka woyia lrkafka r:fha Odjkhg wod, moaO;s jk w;r thg ABS" tkaka md,k iy Tfgda .shr md,k hk md,k tall ;=k inkaO fjhs' hre iy u.S myiqj i|yd jQ moaO;s Convienince system cd,hg wh;a w;r ta w;=kao fikag%,a f,dlska iy kafvda jhskavr moaO;s tlalr fuys fojk cd,h ilialr ;sfnhs' kk;u r:j, fuhg wu;rj ;j;a cd, f hg;g f.k we;s kuq;a fuys ia;r flfrkafka ta w;=ka jvd;au jeo.;ajk v%hs f%ka (drive train) cd, moaO;shhs' lEka fgd nia l% u h hgf;a r:fha fldmshqgrhlg inkaO jkafka jhr folla muKla hhs fuys jrojd f;are fkd.; hq;=h' ksoiqkla f,i r:fha fudfg%dksla md,lh .;fyd;a thg Odrdj iemhSu" thg inkaO jk fikair iy th u.ska md,kh jk bkafclagr b.aksIka moaO;s wdh fmr f,igu lsis fjkila fkdue;sj ksh; jhr yryd ls%hd lrhs' fjkila f,i lr we;af;a fuu fldmshqgrfha isg wfkl=;a fldmshqgr olajd ix f.k hdug ;snqkq jhr m%udKh bj;alr ta i|yd jhr folla muKla fgd nia l%uhg fhdod .ekquhs' by; wdldrhg lEka fgd nia l%uhg fhdod .efkk m.Kl md,k tall we;=,; fmr ksrudKh tf,iu mj;shs' fjkilg we;af;a fgd nia moaO;shg ix ,ndug iy bka ix ,nd .ekqug fjku g%dkaiaiSjr k fldgila iy tf,i ,efnk ix j,ska ;ukag wjYH ix muKla f;dard .ekqug lEka fldkafg%da,rh k fldgila thg we;=,;a lsuhs' < l,dmfhka tu m.Kl lsysmhla iys; fkjrla tll ls%hdld;ajh ia;r flfrkq we;'
AUDI
16
hils
fldgfiau th m%;sfCIam fjhs' wxl 3 fldkafg%d,a hqks tlg th jeo.;a fkdjk ksid th t;ekskau w;yer oud ;sfnhs' ixj ;ukag wjYH fjhs k lEka fldkafg%da,fha wjidk fldgfika (Accept data) th ms<s.efka' bkamiq th ,s ixjla njg yrjd md,lfha uhsfl%d fldmshg q rhg ,nd foa' tu wjia:df yehg th jeo.;a k muKla md,k fldmshqgrh th ,ndf.k wjYH iSreudrej lr.kshs' wjYH fkdf k fkdi,ld yhs' by; wdldrhg lEka fgd nia l%ufha fgd nia ,hska tlg jka jr cd,hg wh;a fldmshqgr u.ska fgd we;= lrkq ,nhs' fuys fgd nia l%uhg tljrlg .uka lrh yels jkafka tla fldmshqgrhl o;a; muKla neka tla fldmshqgrhl o;a; we;= lr wjika jk ;=re wfkla fldmshqgr j,g iSjr f,iska n,d iskakg isfjhs' tfy;a f i|yd .; jkafka ,s ;;amr 7 ;a 20 ;a w;r jQ b;d wvq ld,hla neka th mudjla f,i fkdie,fla' tfy;a fuys jeo.;a o;a; ix i|yd uq,a ;ek ,eh hq;=h' f wkqj wdrCIdj w;ska jeo.;au jQ ABS md,lfha ix i|yd uq,a ;ek foka th ix ksl=;a lrk g wfkl=;a fldmshqgr iSjr njg m;aj tu ix ,nd .kS' f ms<sn|j miqj ;j rg;a ia;r flfrkq we;' by; ls%hdld;ajh ;j rg;a meye,s lr .ekqug b;d fyd| ksoiqkla f,i wm rf fmd,sia ks<Odka iska Nd;d lrk fjdals fgdals mjqv yqjudre l%uh oelah yelsh' fuys tla m%foaYhl we;s fmd,sia ia:dk" fmd,sia r:" iy ks<Odka w; we;s fjdals fgdals hka;% ish,a, tlg tla lr cd,hla f,i ilia lr ;sfnhs' uQ,ia:dkfhka ksl=;a lrk ix f ish,a,gu tljr wid.; yels fjhs' ta w;r ;uka w; jQ fjdals fgdals hka;%fhkao fuu cd,hg l:d lsug ks<Odkag yelshdj ;sfnhs' tys tu ix ,nd .kakd ks<Odka tajd ;ukag wod, k muKla ,nd .kS' th ;ukag jeo.;a fkdf k fkdi,ld yhs' tfukau tla ks<Odfhl= ;u fjdals fgdalsfhka l:d lrk g wfkl=;a ishu fjdals fgdals iSjr njg m;afjhs' f wdldrhgu lEka fgd nia l%ufhao tla fldmshqgrhla ix ksl=;a lrk g wfklajd ish,a, iSjr njg m;afjhs' th wjYH jk md,k tall muKla tajd ms,s.kakd w;r wfkla ishu fldmshqgr tu ix fkdi,ld yhs' jrlg ix ksl=;al< yelaflao tla fldmshqgrhlg mu' lEka fgd nia l%ufha f%la moaO;shg wh;a wdrCIdj w;ska b;d jeo.;a jQ ix ksl=;a lrk g thg bvlv ;nd wfkla fldmshqgr ksy~ iSjr njg m;afjk nj fmr i|yka h' tho fmd,sia fjdals fgdals ksoiqfkkau jgyd.; yels fjhs' tu cd,h Tiafia tljru fndan msmsula jeks wk;=re kq ula isjk g wfkl=;a ks<Odka jdyk ;onohla fyda tjeks fjk;a iq mjqv cd,hg we;=,a lr tu w;HjYH ix yqjudrej,g wjysr lrkafka ke;' fuys fmd,sia ks<Odka is;d u;d lrk foh CAN fgd nia l%ufhao ishu fldmshqgr wkq.ukh lrhs' tk wdrCIdj w;ska b;d jeo.;a jQ
lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh

CAN data bus fudagr r:hl m.Kl md,k tall w;r ix o;a; yqjudrej jhr follg muKla iSud lr f,dla 1$0 u.ska mj;ajdf.k hk l%uh lEka fgd nia hkqfjka ykajk w;r tu moaO;shg wh;a fgd nia ,hska" fgd nia grk,a" lEka fldkafg%da,r iy lEka g%dkaiaiSjr jeks fldgiao tajd inkaO jk wdldrho miq .sh l,dmh jk g wms wOHhkh lr iskafkuq' wo uq,skau tys o;a; yqjudrejk wdldrh jgyd .ksuq'
Data bus line
m.Kl 4 lska hq;a fgd nia ,hska tl ;=, ix .uka lru lEka fgd nia l%ufha o;a; yqjudre jk wdldrh Data Transfer process hkqfjka ykajk w;r by; igyk u.ska tu ms<sfj; myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsh' fuys fldkafg%da,a hqks 4 la tla cd,hlg (Network) f.k we;' fjd ms<sfj,ska tkaka md,k fudfg%dksla tallh" ABS tallh" Tfgda .shr md,k tallh iy EDL fyda ASR tallh f,i is;d .ksuq' ta wkqj fuu wxl 2 hkq ABS tallhhs' fuys olajd we;af;a tu tall y;r ;=, fjka fjkaj we;s lEka fldkafg%da,r iy lEka g%dkaiaiSjr tall y;r f' fuu g%dkaiaiSjrh fgd ksl=;a lrk g send data tallh f,io fgd ,nd .kakd g Receive data tallhla f,io ls%hdlrhs' fuhg tljrlg l< yelafla fgd msg lsu fyda ,nd .ekSu mu' tfukau fgd nia ,hska tflao .uka lrh yelafla tla jrlg tla md,lhl fgd ixjla mu' ta wkqj tla md,lhlska fgd ksl=;a lrk g wfkla ishu tall fgd ksl=;a lsu j<ld tajd ,nd .ekSug iSjr f,i ls%hdlrhs' by; igyfka wxl 2 fldkafg%da,a hqks tflka fgd ksl=;a flfrk w;r tys b;s g%dkaiaiSjr ;=ku fgd iSjr njg m;aj we;af;a f ksidfjks' fuf,i ,efnk fgd ,s ix lEka fldkafg%da,rh u.ska ;u tallhg wod, ixjlao hk nj <g mCId lr n,hs' igyfka Check data hkqfjka olajd we;af;a tu fldgihs' th ;ukag wod, fkdjk ixjla k tu
hils
f%la moaO;shg wh;a m.Klfhka fgd ksl=;a lrk g cd,fha wfkla ishu m.Kl isjr njg m;afjhs'
17 tkaka fldkafg%da,a hqks 010 1000 0000
fgd fm%dfgdfld,a$ Data protocol

lEka fgd nia cd,hlg wh;a tla fldmshqgrhla u.ska wfkla fldmshqgr i|yd f,dla 1$0 weiqka ix hef tu ixf wdrCIdj i|yd ta iu. ;j;a lreKq heh hq;=f' ksoiqkla f,i tkaka md,k tallh u.ska fjkia jQ tkaka f.h cd,hg oekq fok wjia:djla .ek is;kak' tys tu ixj ,nd.kakd md,k tallhla u.ska tu ixj ,enqfka l=uk md,k tallhlskao" tu ixj l=ulao tu ixj ksj/j ,enqfkao jeks lreKq iy;sl lr .ekqug ;j;a o;a; /ila tu ixj iu. heh hq;= f' fuf,i hjkq ,nk tla o;a; fm< .eiaula ykajkq ,nkafka fgd fm%dfgdflda,a (data protocol) kks' lEka fgd nia l%ufhao tla fldmshqgrhl isg wfkla fldmshqgrhla i|yd hjkq ,nk o;a; fm< .eiaul tk fgd fm%dfgdflda,a tll m%Odk ixj iu. ;j;a tll oekq 7 la muK we;=,;a fjhs' g,a wdldrhg wxl weiqka kEu ixjla f,dla 1$0 fhdod g,a wdldrhg ikaksfokh l< yels whqre 13 jk l,dmfhka ia;r h' fuyso ta wdldrhgu wjYH ix .uka lru isfjhs' tfia ilia l, ix fm< .eiaula tk fm%dfgdflda,a tlla fldgia jYfhka ksrudKh lr my; igyfkka olajd we;' fuh fgd nia ,hska tlg h fldmshqgrhlska we;=,a l, g tys uq,skau ,efnk ;ks tlla iys; iagdr *SS,a tflka mjqvhla tk fgd fm%dfgdflda,a tlla ,efnk nj fiiq fldmshqgr ykd .kshs' fuys hjk ixj we;=,;aj we;af;a wxl 5 ka olajd we;s fgd *S,a tl ;=,h' th fomi we;s wfkl=;a *S,a fldgia th Yajdi f,iska wdrCId iys;j ikakhkh lsug fhdod ;sf' fuu fgd fm%dfgdflda,a ls%hdld;ajh jrK igyklska jgyd .ekqu jvd;a myiqjk ksid wo l,dmfha miq msg ljrfha we;=,a msgqf fuu fgd fm%dflda,a tl iy thg we;=,;a ix u.ska isjk fiajdj fjka fjkaj i|yka lr we;' ta wkqj tu igyk iy ta iu. we;s ia;rho Wmfhda.S lr .ekqfuka fuu ls%hdld;ajh myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsh'
ABS
.shr fndlaia fldkafg%da,a hqks 100 0100 0000
fldkafg%da,a hqks
001 1010 0000
Status field
fgd nia ,hska
iafgia *S,a (11 bits )
iafgia *S,a ix u.ska uQ,sl;aj ix j._ lr .ekqu fuys olajd we;af;a wm fuf;la ksoiqkg .;a Audi fudagr r: j, fhdod .;a Drive train CAN fgd nia cd,hhs' fuys tljr fgd fm%dfgdflda,a ksl=;a flfrk wjia:djl m%Odk;u ;ek ABS tallhg;a fojk ;ek tkaka fldkafg%da,a hqks tlg;a ;=kajk ia:dkh Tfgda g%dkaiaIka tk .shr fndlaia md,k tallhg;a ,nd fok f,i ie,iq lr ;sfnhs' ta wkqj ;ukag ys ia:dkh ,nd .ekqug fgd fm%dfgdflda,a tfla uq,skau tk 11 lska hq;a iafgia *S,a fldgi fjkalr ;sfnhs' fuys fgd heu i|yd fhdod .kakd 0 iy 1 g,a ia foflka f,dla 0 hkq w.fhka je tlla f,io 1 hkq w.fhka wvq tlla f,io ie<fla' ta wkqj iafgia *S,a tfla we;s 11 l g,a fma<sfhka uq,a ixLHd ;=k priority tk uq,a ;ek iemhsh hq;= wdldrh yekaug fhdod .efkhs' ta wkqj ABS md,lfha ixj 001 f,i f.k we;s neka th uq,a ;ekg .efka' 010 we;s tkaka md,k tallhg fojk ;ek;a 100 f,i we;s .shr fmfhka ,efnk ixjg f;jk ;ek;a fuys ysj ;sfnhs' 18 jk l,dmfha isg ia;r flrekq lEka fgd nia uQ,sl lreKq ;=,ska ka Tn lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh ms<sn|j h wjfndaOhla ,nd .kakg we;' g,a ;dCIl ,sms fm< ;=,ska f ms<sn|j ;j rg;a lreKq miqj bm;a flfrkq we;'
6 7 8
start field
iagdr *S,a (1 bit )
Nd;d fkdflfr (1 bit )
Data field
fgd *S,a (64 bits )
Safety field
fia*a *S,a (16bits )
End field
tka *S,a ( 7 bits )
Status field
iafgia *S,a (11 bits )
Check field
fpla *S,a (6 bits )
Confirmation field
lka*fIka *S,a (2 bits )
fgd nia ,hska tfla .uka lrk fgd fm%dfgdflda,a tlla
18
hils
we;=,;a h hq;=h' tajd msg;g fkdfmfka' fldmshqgr fol jhr follska tlg inkaO flfrk w;r tu jhr fol ykajkq ,nkafka CAN data bus line hkqfjks' tu fgd nia ,hska fol fl<jr m%;sfrdaOl folla ij ;sfnhs' fgd nia grk,hla hkqfjka ykajkq ,nkafka fuu jhr fol tlg tla lrk m%;sfrdaOlhls' fuu Wmdx. u.ska isjkafka fudkjdo hkak <g uola ia;rd;aulj uid n,uq' fuys olajd we;af;a tkaka fudfg%dksla md,lhla CAN fgd nia l%uh i|yd uhsfl%d fldmshqgrh ie,iq lr we;s wdldrhhs' fuys tkaka md,lh ;=, we;s uhsfl%d fldmshqgrh idudkH CAN bkafclaIka tkaka md,lhla fldkafg%da,r ;=, fhdod we;s uhsfl%d fldmshqgrhlg jvd fjkia jkafka fuhg fgd nia cd,hla CAN f,i inkaO jk wfkla g%dkaiaiSjr fldmshqgrhla i|yd heh hq;= o;a; ix ieliSf iy msg lsf;a tfukau wfkla fgd nia ,hska fldmshg q rh u.ska tjkq ,nk o;a ; ,nd .ekq f iy CAN fgd nia ie,iqu lshf;a yelshdj ,nd isuhs' uhsfl%d fldmshqgrh fgd nia i|yd o;a; ,nd .kq ,nkafka;a msg lrkq ,nkafka;a lEka fldkafg%da,r k fldgila yrydh' g%dkaii a j S rfha o;a; uhsfl%d fldmshg q rhg ,nd u;a bka ,efnk o;a; g%dkaiSjrhg ,ndu;a fuh u.ska isfjhs' fuu g%dkaiaiSjrfha ls%hdld;ajh ;ukag msg lsu i|yd ,efnk ix g,a wdldrhg f,dla ia u.ska (0/1) fgd nia ,hska ud._hg we;= lsu;a tu fgd nia ,hska tfla ;uka fjkqfjka we;s ix ,ndf.k uhsfl%d fldmshqgrhg CAN fldkafg%da,rh yryd kej; we;=,a lsu;ah' <g wms fgd nia ,hska tfla ie,eiau fidhd n,uq'
lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh

CAN data bus
r: fndfyduhl fhdod .kakd lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh ms<sn|j .shjr l,dmfhka ykajd ka w;r tys we;s fYaIh m.Kl md,k folla w;r yqjudrejk ix ish,a, i|yd jhr folla muKla fhdod .ekquhs' fuys r:fha we;s m.Kl md,k tall tlg tla lr ilid .kakd m.Kl cd, tk fk jrla ms<sn|jo ia;r jQ w;r wo t;eka isg wOHhkhg fhduq fjuq' lEka fgd nia l%uh hgf;a r:fha fldmshqgrhlg inkaO jkafka jhr folla muKla hhs fuys jrojd f;are fkd.; hq;=h' ksoiqkla f,i r:fha fudfg%dksla md,lh .;fyd;a thg Odrdj iemhSu" thg inkaO jk fikair iy th u.ska md,kh jk bkafclagr b.aksIka moaO;s wdh fmr f,igu lsis fjkila fkdue;sj ls%hd lrhs' fjkila f,i lr we;af;a fuu fldmshqgrfha isg wfkl=;a fldmshqgr olajd ix f.k hdug ;snqkq jhr m%udKh bj;alr ta i|yd jhr folla muKla fgd nia l%uhg fhdod .ekquhs' fuu ie,eiau iy fgd nia l%uhg wh;a Wmdx. jgyd .ekqug r:fha tkaf fudfg%dksla md,lh iy Tfgda .shr fldmshqgrh tlg tlalr we;s wdldrh tk md,k tall folla muKla tlajk wdldrh ksoiqkg .ksuq'
CAN
kk
fldkafg%da,h iy isjrh iys; fudfg%dksla md,lh

CAN
fldkafg%da,h iy isjrh iys; Tfgda g%dkaiaIka md,lh
fgd nia ,hska / Data bus line
fgd nia grk,a fgd nia ,hska

CAN
fgd nia grk,a
fgd nia moaO;shlg wh;a Wmdx. fuys olajd we;af;a fgd nia l%uhg wkqj fudfg%dksla iy g%dkaiaIka md,k fldmshqgr fol muKla tlg tla lr we;s wdldrhhs' idudkH fudfg%dksla iy Tfgda g%dkaiaIka fldmshqgr j, we;s md,k moaO;s ta whqkau fjd ;=, wvx.= jk w;r thg wu;rj fgd nia l%uhg wjYH jk Wmdx.o fuys we;=,;a lr ;sfnhs' fuys CAN fgd nia l%uh fjkqfjka fuu tla fldmshqgrhlg CAN Controller iy CAN Transceiver hk md,k folo
fgd nia ,hska tl ;=, ix .uka lru fgd nia ,hska hkq fldmshqgr w;r ix ia tyd fuyd f.khkq ,nk ,s l folls' cd,fha we;s ishu fldmshqgrj, we;s g%dkaiaiSjr u.ska fnod yeug we;s o;a; (Transfer data) fuu fgd ,hska tlg imhkq ,efnhs' ta i|yd fuu igyfka we;s whqre tu g%dkaiaiSjr
fudfg%dksla md,lh
hils
iudka;r .; f,i fuu fgd nia ,hska folg inkaO flfrhs' bkamiq fgd nia ,hska tlg o;a; iemhSu fukau tys we;s o;a; ,nd .ekSuo fuu g%dkaiaiSjr u.ska isfjhs' fuf,i o;a; g%dkaia lsu (Transmit) iy ,nd .ekSu (Receive) hk ls%hd folu fuu ;ks tallfhka isu ksid thg g%dkaiaiSjr (Transceiver) hk ku fhdod ;sfnhs' g,a wdldrhg mjqv yqjudre lrk wdldrh b;d ir, f,iska wms fuhg fmr g,a bf,lafg%dkslaia ,sms fm< u.ska wOHhkh lf<uq' we;a;jYfhkau tu oekqu ,nd kafka fujeks ixlSrK moaO;s wOHhkh myiq lrugh' fuu lEka fgd nia l%ufhao md,k tall ;=, ielfik o;a; fmr igyfkau j miska olajd we;s whqre g,a ia wdldrhg f,dcsla 0 iy f,dcsla 1 f,ig fgd nia ,hska folg fhduq flfrk w;r tu udr. foflysu .uka lrkafka tlu ixj m%;s reoaO f,igh' fuu fgd nia l%uh u.ska ix ikaksfokh is foS th b;d ksj/j ish hq;=h' ukao ABS f%la md,k tallfhka ksl=;a lrk wdrCIdj w;ska b;du;a jeo.;a jQ ixjkao fu cd,hg wh;aj we;s neks' f ksid ndysr pqnl fCIa;%hkaf.ka fuu ix wdrCId h hq;=h' tfukau fuu tla ixjla fgd nia ,hska ;=, .uka l, hq;af;a tla jrla mu' tfukau th ndysr pqnl ;rx. u.ska lD;s ulg ,la fkdh hq;=h' fuu wjYH;d bgqjk whqre <Zg fidhd n,uq' fuys olajd we;af;a r:fha fuu fgd nia ix ikakhkfha ndOd we;s h yels wdldr lsysmhls' r:fha b.aksIka moaO;sfhka" ,s mm: u.ska fukau fi,shq,r jeks rl:k i|yd fgd nia wjq,a flfrk fya;= iqrejd yk pqnl ldrl fm%arK ix u.ska fuu CAN fgd ix lD;s u idudkHfhka isfjhs' ABS f%la jeks moaO;sj, fujekakla isu Yd, wk;=rlg fya;=h yels w;r th je<elaug lr we;af;a fgd nia ,hska folla fhdod tajd tlg wUrjd ;euhs' tu.ska fuu ndOl (Sources of Interference) bj;ajk wdldrh my; olajd ;sf'
19
fuys l foflau .,d hkafka tlu ixj jk w;r tajd ksl=;a lrkafka tla ;rx.hla f,dcsla 0 jk g wfkl f,dcsla 1 jk f,igh' fmr igyfka th fjda,ah;djh wkqj olajd we;s w;r tys wvq fjda,ah;djh f,dcsla 0 f,ig;a je fjda,ah;djh f,dcsla 1 f,ig;a .efkk nj wms oksuq' tg jhrhl ixjlska we;s lrk l=vd pqnl fCIa;%hg reoaO whqka wfkla jhrfha ixfjka fCIa;%h we;s lsu ksid jhr folu fCIa;%hlska f;drj mej;Sfuka ndysr fCIa;%hlska ndOdjla we;s fkdfjhs' fgd nia i|yd ;ks jhrhla Nd;d fkdlr jhr folla Nd;d lsug tla fya;=jla jkafka fuf,i interference bj;a lsu ;ks jhrhlska muKla l< fkdyels uhs' ;jo fuu ix ;rx. Odrdjla f,i fgd nia ,hska ;=, .uka l, hq;=h' ta i|yd fgd nia grk,a kka frisiagr folla fuu jhr w.% wjidkfha ijk w;r ta i|ydo fuf,i jhr folla fhdod .ekqug isf' fuhg fmr igyfkka ia;r l< whqre pqnl fCIa;% u.ska isjk ndysr ndOl wju lsug fgd nia ,hska fol tlg weUf ta tlla fyda fgd nia ,hska fol tl .ska fjkia jqjfyd;a 0$1 iudk .ska h hq;=h' ix ia tl t,af,a m%;sreoaO f,i msysu isfkdjk w;r tu.ska fodaIh kej;;a we;sh yelsh' f ksid fuu fgd nia ,hska fol fuu igyfka lafjk whqre b;d ksj/j tl iudk f.ka f.k iEu ;eklau taldld yevfhka isk f,ig wUrjd ;sfnhs'
fgd nia grk,a Data bus Terminal
fgd nia grk,a
fgd nia grk,a
fjda,ah;djh 0 hs
fjda,ah;djh 5 hs
fgd nia ,hska weUrfuka ndysr ndOl bj;ajk whqre fuys olajd we;af;a fgd nia ,hska fol tlg weUrfuka ndysr pqnl n, frLd u.ska we;sh yels ndOl n,mEu (Interference) bj;a lr we;s whqrehs'
fgd nia grk,a iy fgd nia ,hska ijk whqre fgd nia ,hska tllg 0$1 f,iska we;=,afjk ixj tys fomigu tla jrla .,d hd hq;= kuq;a th wdmiq .,d tau (Echo) is fkdh hq;=h' fgd nia grk,a u.ska tu fodaIh j<lajkq ,ef' fgd nia grk,a hkq fgd nia ,hska fl<jr ijk idudkH m%;sfrdaOlhla nj fmr i|yka h' fgd nia ,hska tl w. olajd 0$1 wdldrhg ,s ixjla f,iska mefKk fgd ia fuu m%;sfrdaOl u.ska fIdar lr ;dmh f,i kdY lr oukq ,efnhs' fuf,i tla md,k tallhl isg wfkla md,k tallhlg hefjk ixjla fgd fm%dfgdflda,a (Protocol) kka ye|skafjk w;r <Z l,dmfhka tu ix yqjudrej ia;r flfrkq we;'
20
hils
Y%%K wkqmd;h ksj/ w.fha tk ,evd = 1 w.fha mj;S k tys ksmofjk fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 0.4V la f' Y%K wkqmd;h wvqjk g fuu fjda,ah;djho wvqjk w;r wkqmd;h jejk g fuu fjda,ah;d w.h by< hhs' by; ol=Kq igyfkka olajd we;s m%ia:drfhka th olajd ;sfnhs' ;jo fuu lreKq ish,a, hils uq,a l,dm j,ska wms r> f,i wOHhkh l, w;r fuys ta ms<sn|j lrkq ,enqf iq yekaula mu' Tma wEma ls%hdld;ajh fuys olajd we;af;a wm .shjr l,dmfhka wOHhkh l, a Output Tma wEma tlls' tys ixfla;h by<ska olajd we;s w;r my;ska olajd we;s 741 IC ma tlla b ;=, bka tla Tma wEma tlla we;=,;aj ;sf' fuys lsh % dld;ajh 8 7 6 5 jkqfha a iy b w.% folg fjda,ah;d folla iemhQ miq a 741 w.%fha fjda,ah;djh b w.%hg jvd je k wjqmq w.%h Ok 1 2 3 4 w.%hla uhs' tf,iu a w.%fha Tma wEma ixfla;h iy fjda,ah;djhg jvd b w.%fha th we;=,;a IC tlla fjda,ah;djhg jvd wvq k k wjqmq w.%h iDk w.%hla fjhs' wm iska ksrudKh lsug hk ,evd fldkafg%da,a bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallh i|yd fuhska Tma wEma folla wjYH fjhs' ,evd ls%hdld;ajh ,evd md,k tallh fpdala jE,ajh jd;h ksrudKh lsu i|yd th Y%K md,lh tkaulg wdfoaY lr we;s jelsh q wdldrho jgyd .; md,lh hq;=fjhs' ta wkqj fuys ola j d we;a f ;a th ldhqfrgr tkaula i|yd fhdod we;s wdldrhhs' fuys is h hq ; a f ;a fmg%,a ihs,kairhg i lr we;s ,evd fikairfhka msgfjk fjda,ah;djh f;%dg,a fodr wkqj Y%Kh ire nj k.;a g th nd, lsu;a nd, jQ g th ire ,evd md,kh iys; ldhqfrrgrhla lsu;a iy ksh; w.fha mj;sk g ta wdldrhgu mj;skakg bv yeu;ah' EFI tkaka j, th md,k tallh ;=,u is jqj;a ldhqfrgr tkaka j, th is jkafka b;d ir, wdldrhgh' by; olajd we;af;a bka tla wdldrhls' by; ldhqfrgrfha fpdala jE,ajh igyk whqre idudkH wjia:df imQrKfhkau jD; fkd uola jeiS mj;S' tu ;;ajh hgf;a ksh; ud;%d j,g fmg%,a kSug ldhqfrgr fc wdh ilid ;sfnhs' f w;r ,evd fikairh u.ska Y%Kh ire nj mejiqjfyd;a md,k
g,a bf,lafg%dkslaia
g,a f.a jr." Tma wEma we;= g%dkaisiagr" vfhda jeks bf,lafg%dksla mm: ksrudKhg wjYH Wmdx. /il ls%hdld;ajhka f jk g wm fndfyda rg wOHhkh lr we;af;uq' tu oekqu ;j rg;a jO_kh lr .ekqug fuu Wmdx. fhdod mm: ksrudKh lsug oeka wms W;aidy .; hq;=fjhs' f wkqj fuu ,sms fm< hgf;a kk fudagr r:j, fhdod .efkk m.Kl md,k moaO;s /ila ia;r flfrk w;r wo ,smsfhka W;aidy .kafka ,evd md,k moaO;shl bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallhla ksrudKh lsugh'
h moaO;shl ls%hdld;ajh i|yd bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallhla ksrudKh lsf uq,skau tu moaO;sh ms<sn|j fyd| kqula ,nd ish hq;=fjhs' fuys wm iska f;dard.;a ,evd msgdr jdhq md,k moaO;sh ms<sn|j miq.sh l,dm /ilska b;d fyd| oekqula ,nd.;a w;r tys md,k tallh we;=,; ls%hdld;ajh muKla wOHhkhg b;sj ;sfnhs' kk;u r:j, fuh uhsfl%d fm%dfiir fhdod fndfyda ixlSrK whqka ksrudKh jqj;a uq,skau th ls%hd lrkq ,enqf Tma wEma fhdod .ksks' f wkqj wms;a th oekg Tma wEma weiqka ksrudKh lsug W;aidy .ksuq' uq,skau fuu mm:h ksrudKhg wjYHjk Wmdx. j, ls%hdld;ajhka kej;;a isysm;a lr .ksuq' ,evd msgdr jdhq md,kh
Rich mixture Lean mixture
,evd fikairh
Air fuel ratio
,evd fikairh iy tys ix fjda,ah;djh fmg%,a tkaul fmg%,a jd; Y%Kh irejk g fukau nd, jk go CO, NOX jeks I jdhq ihs,kairfhka msgfjhs' jd; fmg%,a Y%Kh 14:1 wkqmd;fhka tk ,evd }1 wkqmd;fhka we;ak I jdhq lsis;a msg fkdjk w;r c,h iy ldnka vfhdlaihs muKla msgfjhs' fuu wkqmd;h ksh;j ;nd .ekqug fudagr r:j, lr we;af;a ,evd md,k moaO;shla tla lsuhs' by; j igyfka olajd we;af;a fuys Y%K wkqmd;h fidhd .ekqug fhdod .kakd ,evd fikairhhs' ihs,kairhg ijk fuh msgdr jdhqf iy wjg jd;h w;r we;s Tlaiscka m%;sY;fha wkqmd;hg wkqj l=vd fjda,ah;djhla ksmojk w;r
hils
tallh u.ska Y%K md,lhg imhk la;h fjkia lr fpdala jE,ajh imQrKfhkau jD; lrjhs' tg Y%Kh nd, fjhs' Y%Kh nd, nj k.;a g fpdala jE,ajh idudkH wjia:df isg ;j rg;a jikq ,nhs' tg Y%Kh ire fjhs' ,evd fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 0'4 la jQ g tk Y%Kh ksh; wkqmd;fha mj;sk g th idudkH msysf mj;skakg ykq ,nhs' by; ldhqfrgrfha ,evd md,kh b;d ir, jqj;a th wmf.a ksrudKh i|yd uola jHdl+, fjhs' ukao Y%K md,kh i|yd la;h md,kh lrk jelshq fr.shqf,agr ls%hdld;ajho fuys wjfndaO lr h hq;= fyhsks' tfy;a fuhu ir, Odrd fudagrhlska ls%hdlrug fndfyda ldhqfrgr j, ilid we;s w;r th wmg fhdod .ekqu b;d myiqfjhs' tk tys lr we;af;a fuu ksrudKfhau jelshq fr.shqf,agrh iy Y%K md,lh bj;a lr tys fldkafg%da,a frd tl fudagrhlska ls%hdlrug ie,eia uhs' fudagrh tla w;lg ls%hdlrk g fpdala jE,ajh jeiSu;a wfkla w;g th jD; u;a isjk w;r ,evd md,k tallfhka l, hq;af;a fudagrfha w.% udrelr lerflk osidj udre lsu mu'
21
A B +
+
a
0.4V
+
a b
0.4V
,evd fjda,ah;djh
,evd md,k moaO;shl o< ie,iqu fuys olajd we;af;a imQrK ,evd md,k moaO;shl uq,sl ie,iquls' fndfyda g ,evd md,k fldmshqgrh f,iska fmd; mf;a iy mdGud,d j, i|yka jkafka fu;r ir, ksrudKhlaoehs Tng ka isf;kq we;' ka fuys ls%hdld;ajh ms<sfj,ska wOHhkh lruq' fuys fudagrfha w.% fol udre lrk g tys lerflk w;o udrefjka fpdala jE,ajh jeiSu fyda ;j rg;a jD;u isfjhs' bf,lafg%dksla md,k fldgi u.ska is jkafka ,evd fjda,ah;djhg wkqj fuu fudagrh ls%hd lrjd wjYH .Kkg fpdala jE,ajh jeiSfuka fyda jD; lsfuka Y%Kh 14:1 wkqmd;fhka ;nd .ekquhs' f i|yd jmi Tma wEma b w.%hg;a ol=Kq mi Tma wEma a w.%hg;a fjda,a 0.4V l ksh; fjda,ah;djhla
iage,hsia lr ,nd we;' fIkr vfhda u.ska fjda, a h;dj iage,hsia lrk whqre 18 jk l,dmfhka ia;r h' <g b;sj we;s jmi Tma wEma by< w.%hg;a ol=Kqmi Tma wEma my< w.%hg;a imhd we;af;a ,evd fjda,ah;djhhs' oeka fuys ls%hdld;ajh fidhd n,uq' Y%Kh ksh; w.fha we;s g Y%K wkqmd;h 14:1 f,iska ksh; w.fha we;sg ,evd fikairfha Wmk fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 0.4V la nj wms oksuq' f wkqj tkaug imhk Y%K wkqmd;h ksj/ k ,evd fjda,ah;djh imhd we;s jmi Tma wEma by< w.%fha;a ol=Kq mi Tma wEma my< w.%fha;a fjda,ah;djho fjda,a 0.4V la fjhs' Tma wEma foflau b;s w.% folgo imhd we;af;ao fjda,a 0.4V la neka fuf,i Tma wEma foflau bkamq w.% fjda,ah;djh iufuka tajdfha wjqmq w.% fjda,ah;djhkao fjda,a 0 njg m;af' tk fudagrh ls%hd;aul fkd fpdala jE,ajh ta whqkau mj;s' Y%Kh fjkia fkdf' Y%Kh nd, jQ g fuf,i tkau ls%hd;aulj mj;sk w;r Y%Kh jvd;a nd, jqjfyd;a ta fya;=fjka NOX I jdhq we;sh yelsh' th je<elau i|yd jyd Y%Kh ksh; w.h olajd ire lsu fuu mm:fhka isfjhs' th isjkafka fufiah' Y%Kh nd,u;a iu. ,evd fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 0.4V g jvd wvqjk w;r tys jmi Tma wEma tfla by< bkamq w.%fha fjda,ah;d w.h wvq my< bkamq w.%fha fjda,ah;d w.h by< hhs' tk tys wjq mq w.%h iDk w.%hla fuka fudagrfha A w.%ho iDk w.%hla fjhs' tfiau ol=Kq mi Tma wEma tfla by< w.% fjda,ah;djh je my< bkamq w.%fha fjda,ah;djh je fjhs' tk tys wjq mq w.%h yryd fudagr B w.%h Ok w.%hla fjhs' tg fudagrh ls%hd;aulj fpdala jE,ajh uola jeiSfuka Y%Kh ireu isf' ta iu.u ,evd fjda,ah;djho kej;;a 0.4V la u ksid Tma wEma wjqmq w.% fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 0 fuka Y%Kh ksh; w.fha mj;S' Y%Kh ire jQ g Odjkfha Y%Kh ire jqjfyd;a tys ,evd fjda,ah;dh 0.4V blaujkq ,nhs' tk fmr f,iu fuys jmi Tma wEma wjq mq w.%h Ok w.%hlaj ol=Kq mi Tma wEma wjqmq w.%h iDk w.%hla fjhs' fuf,i fudagr w.% fol Y%Kh nd, jQ wjia:df w.% msys wdldrhg reoaO f,i we;su ksid fuys fudagrh reoaO idjg lerlS fpdala jE,ajh imQrKfhkau jD;j Y%Kh nd, lrkq ,nhs' ta iu.u ,evd fjda,ah;djh kej;;a fjda,a 0.4V la u;a iu. fudagrh k;rj Y%K wkqmd;h ksh; w.hl mj;shs' fuys ia;r l< whqre fuu bf,lafg%dksla mm: ie,iqu ksj/ jqj;a fuys ielish hq;= wvqmdvq /ila fjhs' ksoiqkla f,i Tma wEma tlla yryd by< Odrdjla ,nd.; fkdyels fuka fuf,i fudagrhla ls%hdlru wmyiq fjhs' tajdg ms<sh <Z l,dmfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
22
hils fudagr r:
fmr igyfka olajd we;af;ao wm fuhg fmr ,evd md,kh i|yd ksrudKh l, mm:hu jqj;a thg foux f,a folla tla lr we;' ta wkqj idudkH wjia:df fudagr w.% folu iDk w.% njg m;aj mj;S' f w;r Y%Kh ire j mi Tma wEma wjqmq w.%h Ok w.%hla jk g jmi f,a tallh inkaO fudagr A w.%h Ok w.%hlaj fudagrh ls%hd;aulj fpdala jE,ajh imQrKfhka jD; lr Y%Kh nd, lrhs' tjf.au Y%Kh nd, jk g ol=Kq mi Tma wEma wjqmq w.%h (B) Ok w.%hla fuka ol=Kq mi f,a tallh ls%hd;aulj fudagr B w.%h Ok w.%hla fudagrh reoaO w;g ls%hdlr Y%Kh nd, lrhs' fuys Tma wEma u.ska ls%hdlrjkafka wvq Odrdjla ,nd .kakd f,a tall jk w;r fudagrhg .kakd je Odrdj f,a lkagEla yryd .,d hhs' by; mm:h idr:l jqj;a fuys f,a tall fhdod .ekqu bf,lafg%dksla md,lhlg t;r iqiq fkdjk w;r ta i|ydo g%dkaisiagr mm:hlau fhu wjYH h' my; lafjkafka ta i|yd ksrudKh jqkq mm:hls'
bf,lafg%dkslaia
r:j, fhfok g,a fukau wekf,d.a mm: ksru dKh lsru S ;=,k s a ldrlhskg a wjYH bf,lafg%dksl oekqu fukau tu moaO;s ms<sn|jo tljru wjfndaOhla ,ndu fuu ,sms fmf<ka isfjhs' f hgf;a wm W.;a ,evd md,k moaO;sh ;j rg;a klrKh lruq'
fu`gr
B +
U
+
a
0.4V
+
a b
+
0.4V
R1
R2
b
,evd fjda,ah;djh
T3
T4
M
A
,evd md,k moaO;shl o< ie,iqu fuys kej;;a olajd we;af;a wms .shjr l,dmfhka b;d ir, f,i wjfndaO lr .;a ,evd md,k moaO;shl ksrudKhhs' fuys ls%hdld;ajh jkafka Y%Kh irejk g Tma wEma fol yryd fudagr A w.%h Ok w.%hlao B w.%h iDk w.%hlao njg m;a fudagrh tla w;lg ls%hdlr fpdala jE,ajh imQrKfhkau jD; lr Y%Kh nd, lrkq ,eu;a tfiau Y%Kh nd, jk g fudagr w.% udre lr fpdala jE,ajh jeiSfuka Y%Kh ire lsu;ah' tfy;a fuys we;s tla fodaIhla k Tma wEma fol yryd ,efnk iq Odrdfjka fujka fudagrhla ls%hdlru wmyiq uhs' fujka mm: j, f,a tall fhdod fuu .egjg ms<sh fhdok w;r fuhgo th fhdod n,uq'
T2
T1
+
a
0.4V
a b
0.4V
Tma wEma
A +
B + +
a
0.4V
+ x
+
y
a b
U
0.4V
Tma wEma
mm:fhka f,a tall bj;a lsu wm ksrudKh l, Tma wEma mm: fldgig by; igyfka g%dkaisiagr 4 lska hq;a mm:hla fhdod fudagrh ls%hdlrug i<iajd ;sfnhs' fuys Tma wEma X w.%h Ok w.%hla jk g g%dkaisiagr mm:h yryd fudagr A w.%ho Ok w.%hla fjhs' tu X w.%h iDk w.%hla jk g fudagr A w.%ho iDk w.%hla fjhs' Tma wEma y w.%h iy Tma wEma B w.%ho ls%hdlrkafka ta f,iguh' f wkqj ,evd ls%hdld;ajfha Y%Kh ire lsug Tma wEma X w.%h Ok w.%hla Y w.%h iDk w.%hla jk g fudagr A iy B w.% folo ms<sfj,ska Ok iy iDk w.% fuka fudagrh tla w;lg ls%hd lr Y%%Kh nd, lrhs' tf,iu Y%Kh nd, X w.%h iDk Y w.%h Ok jk g ta wdldrhgu fudagr w.%o g%dkaisiagr yryd udre fudagr reoaO w;g ls%hd lr Y%Kh nd, lrhs' fuys Tma wEma
f,a tall u.ska Tma wEma wdrCId lr .ekqu
hils
j,g fhfok f,da tl b;du;a wvqh' ukao tu.ska imhkafka g%dkaisiagr fia Odrdj muKla neks' fudagr j,g Odrdj iemfhkafka olajd we;s g%dkaisiagr yrydh' bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,a jeks mm: /il fuu mm:h fhdod we;s neka tu ls%hdld;ajh ms<sfj,ska f.k n,uq'
23
+
R1 R2
T3
T4
M
A
T2
T1
+
a
0.4V
a b
0.4V
Tma wEma
mm:fha f,a tall fjkqjg g%dkaisiagr fhu

ia;r lsu myiq lr .ekqu i|yd fmr mm:hu kej;;a fuys olajd we;' fuys T3 iy T4, PNP g%dkaisiagr jk w;r tajd ls%hd;aul ug tu fia w.% j,g iDk w.%hla iemhsh hq;= fjhs' tfiau T2 iy T1 , NPN g%dkaisiagr neka tajd ls%hd;aul ug tu fia w.% Ok w.% njg m;ah hq;= fjhs' fuys X w.%h Ok w.%hla Y w.%h iDk w.%hla jQ wjia:dj uq,skau ksoiqkg .ksuq' tg Y w.%h yryd T2 fia w.%ho iDk w.%hla jk neka tu NPN g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aul fkdfjhs' tfy;a X w.%h yryd T1 fia w.%h Ok w.%hla fuka tu NPN g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aulj fudagr B w.%h iDk w.%hla fjhs' ta iu.u tu fudagr B w.%h yryd T3, PNP g%dkaisiagr fia w.%ho iDk w.%hla fuka th ls%hd;aulj fudagr A w.%h Ok w.%hla njg m;afjhs' fuf,i Tma wEma X iy Y w.% msysgk wdldrhgu fudagrfha A iy B w.%o w.% msysfuka fudagrh tla w;lg ls%hd lrhs' fuu wjia:df T2, NPN g%dkaisiagr fia w.%h iDk u ksido" T4, PNP g%dkaisiagr fia w.%h Ok w.%hla u ksido tu g%dkaisiagr fol wlS%hj mj;S' by; wdldrhgu Tma wEma X w.%h IDk w.%hla f,igo Y w.%h Ok w.%hla f,igo w.% udre jQ g fmr wjia:df wlS%hj ;snQ T2 iy T4 g%dkaisiagr fol ls%hd;aulj fudagr w.%o udre th lerflk idjo udrefjhs' tys fmr wjia:df ls%hd;aul jQ T1 iy T3 g%dkaisiagr fol wlS%h mj;s' fuu fojk ls%hdld;ajh Tnu mm:h ;=,ska wjfndaO lr .ekSug W;aidy .kak' bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKh tla tla fCIa;% i|yd O whqka fhdod .efkhs' ksoiqkla f,i ldrl hka;% iQ;% i|yd fhdod .efkk bf,lafg%dksla l%u bkavia%h,a bf,lafg%dkslaia hg;g wh;a fjhs' fuys fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd fhdod .kakd bf,lafg%dksla moaO;s Tfgdanhs,a bf,lafg%dkslaia hkqfjka fjka flfrk w;r by; olajd we;s lD;sh imQrKfhkau fjkaj we;af;a tu Ih i|ydh' .dhkh idr:l ug jdokho wjYHjkjdla fuka bf,lafg%dkslaia wOHhkh idr:l ug ,sh ms<sn|jo oek.; hq;= fjhs' ta wkqj fuu lD;sh uq,a mfo fjka lr we;af;a ,sh ms,sn|j o ekqj;a lsug jk w;r tho is lr we;af;a fudagr ,s moaO;s weiqks' bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd uQ,sl ixrpl (Components) jk vfhda g%dksiaiagr wdh fuys uq,a mfo ;=,ska b;d ir,j ykajd bkamiq fudagr r: bf,lafg%dksla moaO;s ia;r lsu wrUd ;sfnhs' fuu .%ka:h mdie,a fukau ldrl oHd, j,o w;afmd;la f,i nyq,j fhdod .ekqks'
24
hils
w.%hg fjda,a 6 la ,efnhs' tg md,k tallh u.ska lrkq ,nkafka md,k tallfha 6 jk w.%hg f;%dg,a fmdfgkafIdagrfhka fjda,a 6V la ,efnk f;la fudagrh ls%hdlruhs' tg f;%dg,a fodro y wvla jD; fjhs' fuys mev,h ;o lf,a tys imQrK frka ld,la k md,k tall wxl 3 w.%hg fjda,a 3 la ,efnk w;r tu fjda,ah;djh wxl 6 w.%hg ,efnk f;la fudagrh ls%hdlrfuka f;%dg,a jE,ajho yhgu ld,la jD; fjhs' wmg msg;ska fuu v%hs nhs jhr l%uh w;s ixlSrK moaO;shla f,i fmkqko th ;=, we;af;a ir, ls%hdld;ajhla nj ka jegfykq we;' wm ,nd.;a g,a bf,lafg%dksl oekqu hgf;a fuh wmg myiqfjka ksrudKh lsugo mqjk' my; lafjkafka ta i|yd mm:h iliah hq;= wdldrhhs'
bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,a

Electronic Gas Pedal
r:j, bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,a l%uh nyq,j fhdod .efkhs' fndfyda g fuh v%hs nhs jhr kkao yekafjhs' welai,frgr flan,h bj;a lr th bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallhla yryd ls%hdlru fuys ls%hdld;ajhhs' 5 jk l,dmfhka wms fuu moaO;sh ms<sn|j idudkH oekqula ,nd.;a w;r 06 jk l,dmfhka th weka ia,sma fr.shqf,aIka (ASR) moaO;shl fhdod we;s wdldrh jgyd .;suq' bf,lafg%dksla i,a bkafclaIka l%ufha fuh wksjdrhfhkau fhdod .efkk neka fuys wms fuu moaO;sh ms<sn|j ;j rg;a wOHhkhla ,nd.; hq;=j ;sfnhs'
kk
+
mev,a fmdfgkafIda grh
6V
+
a
+
A
+ B a b
2V
1 4 2 5 3 6 7
welai,frgr mev,h
2V
6V
6V
8
bf,lafg%dksla md,lh f;%dg,a jE,a
+
12V
+
f;%dg,a fmdfgkafIda grh mev,a fmdfgkafIdagrh
2V
f;%dg,a fmdfgkafIdagrh
bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,hl ksrudKh fuys kej;;a olajd we;af;a bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,a ls%hdld;ajhhs' f i|yd fYaI bf,lafg%dksla md,lhla Nd;d jk w;r hre welai,frgr mev,h ;o lr we;s m%udKh thg inkaO fmdfgkafIdagrhla u.s k a tu md,k ta l lhg kq fokq ,nhs ' fmdfgkafIdagrhla hkq w.h fjkia l, yels m%;f s rdaOlhls' frfhda lei hka;%j, we;s fjd,shq fldkafg%da,rh fuhg fyd|u ksoiqkls' by; ksrudKfha f;%dg,a je,ajh ls%hdlrug fjku fudagrhla fhdod .efkk w;r f;%dg,a fodr we we;s m%udKh oek .ekqug thgo fmdfgkafIdagrhla fhdod ;sfnhs' md,k tallh u.ska fudagrh yryd f;%dg,a fodr jD; lrk w;r th jD; jk m%udKh fuu fojk fmdfgkafIdagrh u.ska md,k tallhg oekq fokq ,efnhs' ka fuys ls%hdld;ajh fuf,i wjfndaO lr.; yel' tk fuys fmdfgkafIdagr fomi w.% i|yd fjda,a 12V la imhd we;ehs is;uq' ta wkqj welai,frgr mev,h y wvla ;o l,fyd;a md,k tallfha 3 jk
b$ .Eia mev,h $f;%dg,a fodr jD; lsu by; igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg wmg bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,a mm:h uQ,sl f,i ie,iq l, yelsh' f i|yd wm W.;a Tma wEma folla fhdod .; hq;= w;r fmdfgkafIdagr folla f;%dg,a jE,ajhg fukau .Eia mev,hgo fhh hq;=h' fuu Tma wEma ls%hdld;ajh jkafka igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg tys a iy b bkamq w.% fjda,ah;d iemhq iudk jk g wjq mq w.% fjda,ah;djh 0 u;a" a w.% fjda,ah;djh b g jvd jejk g wjq mq w.%h Ok w.%hla u iy thg reoaO f,i tk a w.%hg jvd b w.% fjda,ah;djh jejk g wjq mq w.% fjda,ah;djh iDk u;a nj wms fuhg fmr l,dm j,ska bf.k .;suq' by; igyfka olajd we;af;a f;%dg,a jE,ajh fndfyda rg jeiS we;s fgl .Eia mev,h y wvla ;o l, wjia:djls' fuys mev,a fmdfgkafIdagrh y wvla ;o lr we;s ksid jmi Tma wEma a w.%h;a ol=Kq mi Tma wEma b w.%hg;a fjda,a 6 la ,e ;sfnhs' ukao fmdfgkafIdagr fomi fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 12 la neks' tfy;a f;%dg,a jE,ajh jeiS we;s ksid Tma wEma b;s w.% folg ,efnkafka fjda, a 2 l muK jQ wvq fjda, a h;djhls' fuys m%;sM,h jmi Tma wEma wjq mq w.%h Ok w.%hla u;a ol=Kq mi Tma wEma wjqmq w.%h iDk w.%hla u;ah' ta wkqj igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg fudagrh f;%dg,a jE,ajh jD;jk idjg N%uKh fjhs'
hils
+
a
6V 0V
25
6V
+
A
0V
a b
6V
6V
wm iska .shjr l,dmfha by; f,a mm:hu ,evd md,k moaO;sh i|yd fhdod .;a w;r tys tu mm:fhka f,a tall fol bj;a lr thg g%dkaisiagr mm:hla tla lr fuys ;snQ fodaI ;j rg;a bj;a lf,uq' thu fuu mm:hg;a wdfoaY l< yelsh'
+
6V
+
12V
R1
R2
6V
T3 T4
b$ .Eia mev,h $f;%dg,a fodr jD; u wjika lsu fmr igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg .Eia mev,h wvla ;o lsf we;s jQ Tma wEma fjda,ah;d fjki hgf;a fudagrh ls%hd;aul f f;%dg,a jE,ajh jD;jk w;ru thg inkaO fmdfgkafIdagrho W;al%uKh tys wjqmq fjda,ah;djh je lrkq ,nhs' tfy;a by; igyk whqre f;%dg,a jE,ajh y wvla jD; jQ miq tys wjqmq fjda,ah;djho fjda,a 6 la u;a iu. Tma wEma bkamq fjda,ah;djhka fol (a & b) iu tajdfha wjq mq fjda,ah;djhka 0 njg m;aj fudagrh wlS%h fjhs' flfia fyda fuys isj we;af;a .Eia mev,h wvla ;o lrk g f;%dg,a fodro wvla jD; uhs' fuf,i .Eia mev,h ;j rg;a fjkia lsf thg iudkqmd;sl f,i f;%dg,a fr jD; u fyda jeiSuo isfjhs' f bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,h ksrudKh we;s wdldrhhs' tfy;a by; wdldrhg Tma wEma tlla yryd fudagrhla ls%hdlrug ;r Odrdjla ,nd.; fkdyels w;r ta i|yd my; lafjk wdldrhg ms<shula fhh yelsh'
+ S1 A B
M
A
T2
T1
+
a b
+
a b
+ -
M
S2
+ -
+
a b
+
a b
+ -
b$ .Eia mev,h $ f,da vlaIka g%dkaisiagr mm:h fuys olajd we;af;ao fmr mm:hu jqj;a tys f,a tall fol u.ska isjQ fiajdj i|yd PNP g%dkaisiagr folla iy NPN g%dkaisiagr folla fhdojd we;' uq,skau jmi Tma wEma tl Ok w.%hlaj ol=Kq mi Tma wEma tl iDk w.%hla jQ wjia:dj f.k n,uq' tg T1 fia w.%hg ,efnkafka iDk w.%hla ksid th ls%hd fkdlrhs' tfy;a tys T2 fia w.%hg ,efnkafka Ok w.%hla neka th ls%hd;aulj fudagr A w.%h iDk w.%hla lrhs' tu iDk w.%hu R2 yryd .uka lr T4, PNP g%dkaisiagrho ls%hd;aul lr B w.%h Ok w.%hla lrhs' tk fudagrh tla w;lg ls%hd lrjhs' f wdldrhgu ol=Kqmi Tma wEma wjqmq w.%h Ok w.%hla jQ g T1 iy T3 ls%hd;aulj fudagr w.% udre lr ls%hdlrjhs' tu ls%hdld;ajh igyk u.ska Tnu wjfndaO lr.kak W;aidy .kak' ;jo fuu mm:hu .shjr l,dmfhkao b;d iia;r f,i bm;a h' ls%hdld;ajh jgyd .ekqu myiqu i|yd fuu mm:hgo tlal, hq;= wdrCIs; Wmdx. we;=,;alr fkdue;s nj fuys u;l ;nd.; hq;=h' by; wdldrhg bf,lafg%dksla mm:hla yryd f;%dg,a jE,ajh jD; lsu v%hs nhs jhr kkao ykajk w;r fuys we;s tla wjdishla k flan,hla u.ska th ls%hdlrjkjdg jvd iq mudjla we;suhs' tfy;a w f.S fudagr fhdod .ekqfuka tu mudj fndfyda rg wjulr ;sfnhs' tfy;a g%elaIka fldkafg%da,a i|yd fuu l%uh wksjdrhfhkau wjYH jk w;r b l,dm ;=,ska tu moaO;s ia;r flfrkq we;'
b$ .Eia mev,h $ f,da vlaIka f,a mm:h fuys olajd we;af;ao fmr mm:hu jqj;a thg wu;r f,a folla fhdod ta yryd fudagrh ls%hdlrug i,id we;' oeka Tma wEma j,g we;af;a f,a or i|yd wjYH wvq Odrdj iemhSu muKla neka fuh wmg Nd;hg .; yelsh' fuys Tma wEma wjqmq w.% Ok iy iDk f,i udref ta wdldrhgu f,a lkagEla yryd fudagr w.%o udrejk whqre mm:h ;=,ska jgyd .kak'
26
hils
fudagr r:j, fhdod .kakd m.Kl i|yd fudksgrhla fyda lS fnda tlla fhdod fkd.efkk w;r th wm ldrhd, iy ksjfia Nd;d lrk idudkH PC fldmshqgrhlg (Persional Computor) jvd fnfykau fjkia jQjls' tfy;a fuu iEu m.Klhlau ls%hdlrkafka tlu wdldrhlg neka wmg wfma wOHhkh idudkH PC jr.fha fldmshqgrhlskau wdrN lsu jvd;a iqiq jkq we;' ukao fudagr r:j, fhdod .kakd m.Klj,g jvd fuu idudkH PC jr.fha fldmshqgr wmg jvd;a im neks' ;jo tu PC jr.fha fldmshqgro ta wdldrfhkau fudagr r: fiajd lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd neka idudkH fldmshqgr Nd;d lrk wdldrho wo ldrlhska oek.; hq;=f' fudagr r: fiajd lghq;= i|yd PC jr.fha fldmshqgr fhdod .kakd wjia:d lsysmhla my; laf'
m.Kl ;dCIKh
ieliqu$ f,dhs chfld
fudagr r: i|yd ,sh fhdod .ekqfka b.aksIka moaO;sh i|yd mu' tkau mk.ekau mjd is jQfha th w;ska l%Ekala lsfuks' rd;S% Odjkh i|yd ldnhs ,dmq hq.,hla fhdod .ekqkq w;r is.ak,a ,dmq moaO;sh fjkqjg w;ska fhdok is.ak,a l%uho fydaka tl i|yd w;ska lSfuka ls%hdlrk thdr fydaka tllao fhdod .ekqks' miqj fuhg neghla iy th wdfrdamkh lsug vhskfudajlao fhd tkau mk.ekau i|yd iagdgr fudagrhla fhdod .ekqks' bkamiq fy ,dmq is.ak,a ,dmq jeks moaO;s tlska tl thg tl;=j r:hl ,s moaO;sh ieliqkq w;r miqj thg bf,lafg%dksla md,kfhka hq;a is.ak,a *a,EIr" ,agfkagr iy .af,da ghsur wd fldgia /ila tl;= jqks' tf,i bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKhg fhduq jQ fudagr r:j, < whr jQfha m.Kl ;dCIKh fhdod .ekSuhs'
fmr
b.aksIka moaO;sh i|yd muKla ksrudKh jQ m.Kl md,k tallhla fudagr r: i|yd uq,skau m.Kl ;dCIKh fhdod .ekqfka tys bf,lafg%dksl md,kfhka hq;=j ;snQ bkafclaIka iy b.aksIka moaO;s folgh' by; igyfka olajd we;af;a tf,i kk r:hl uema b.aksIka iys; b.aksIka moaO;sh i|yd muKla fhdod .ekqkq m.Kl md,kfhka hq;a ECU tlls' miqj tu bkafclaIka iy b.aksIka hk moaaO;s fol i|yd jQ m.Kl md,kfhka hq;a md,k tall fol fjkqjg ;ks md,k tallhla fhdod .ekqkq w;r tu l%uh ykajkq ,enqf fudfg%dksla (Motronic) ;dCIKh hkqfjks' f w;r r:fha f%la moaO;sh" Tfgda .shr moaO;sh" jdhqilrKh jeks wfkl=;a moaO;s md,kh i|ydo m.Kl ;dCIKh fhdod f.k ;sfnhs' f wdldrhg we;e kk;u r:j, fuf,i m.Kl md,kfhka hq;a ECU tall ;syla muK fhdod .kakd wjia:do wo oelsh yels f' fuu md,k tall j, lsis w;ajehdjla l< fkdyels kuq;a fiajdjka lsf tajdg ydks fkdjk f,i ;u fiajdjka bgq lsug;a" tu moaO;s j, wka;r.; fodaI u;l ykd.ekqug;a ldrl Tn fuu m.Kl ms<sn|jo h wjfndaOhla ,nd isu kk r: w;ajehdjka j, b;d jeo.;a fjhs'
(B) mrik,a jr.fha m.Kl fudagr r: fCIa;%h i|yd fhdod .kakd wjia:d by; A igyfkka olajd we;af;a Audi iy VW hk fudagr r: fiajdjka i|yd fhdod .kakd ialEkrhla jk w;r B igyfkka olajd we;af;a ,a t,hskrhls' fuu Wmdx. folu ksrudKh lr we;af;a idudkH PC jr.fha fldmshqgr fhdod .ekSfuka nj Tng fmkS hkq we;' fujka ;j;a ksoiqka /ilau wmg kk fudagr r: ;dCIKfha ,nd.; yelsjkq we;' fudagr ldrlhska f,i m.Kl ms<sn|j wOHhkh idudkH fldmshqgrhlskau wdrN lsu jvd;a iqiq jk nj ;j rg;a fmkS hkq we;' ta wkqj wms idudkH ir, fldmshqgrhlskau wms wmf.a wOHhkh wdrN lruq'
tkaka ialEkrhla ,a t,hskrhla
(A)
m.Klh hkq l=ulao@

wm iska ,nd fok o;a;hka (DATA) blaukska wjfndaO lr.ekSu;a bkamiq wm ,ndfok Odkhkag wkqj imhk ,o tu o;a;hka weiqka ksh; ldrhh b;d blaukska fukau b;d ksj/j ,ndu;a m.Klhlska isjk uQ,sl fiajdj f,i oelah yelsh' f i|yd b;d ir,u fukau wmg jvd;au im;u m.Kl Wmdx.h f,i le,alshqf,agrh oelah yelsh' tys uq,skau wms tl;= lsug fyda .=K lsug we;s ixLHdjka o;a;hka f,i tys lS mE tl u.ska ,nd fokafkuq' <g Odkhla f,i tajd tl;= lsug fyda .=K lsug tafia;a ke;ak fnug fyda jr. uQ,h fiug lS fnda tflau wod, fnd;a; u.ska Odk ,nd fokafkuq' tu Odkh;a iuu lsis
hils
mudjlska f;drj wms wmf.a .egjg ms<s;=r tys we;s ;Srfhka (Display) b;d ksj/j ,nd .kafkuq' idudkH PC jr.fha fldmshqgrhlskao wms ldrhhka lr .kafka ta f,igh' f i|yd idudkH fldmshqgrhl fldgia tl,ia lr we;s wdldrh uq,skau ykd .ksuq'
27
Wmdx.hls' th fndfyda rg leurdjl ls%hdld;ajhg iu jQjls' tk wmg mska;+rhlaa fyda igykla PdhdrEmhla f,iska m.Klhg we;=,a lsu is lr.; yelafla fuu ialEkrh u.sks' m.Klh ;=, we;s o;a; fyda wm iska lrk ,o ldrhhla uqs; msgm;la f,i ,nd .ekqu i|yd wxl 5 ka olajd we;s ms%kagrh fhdod .efka' CPU tll we;=,; ie,iqu
mrik,a jr.fha m.Kl tl<ila i|yd fhdod .efkk fiiq Wmdx. fuys olajd we;af;a wms ldrhd,hl fyda ksjil Nd;d lrk fldmshqgrhla iy thg wjYH w;sfrl fuj, lg,hls' fjd fjka fjkaj f.k tajdfhka isjk fiajdjka fudkjdoehs ykd .ksuq' fuys wxl 1 ka olajd we;s CPU (Central Procesesing Unit) hkq fldmshqgrhl we;s m%Odk;u fukau jkd;u fldgi fjhs' fuh ;ks tallhla f,iska mej;=ko th we;=,; m.Kl moaO;shg wh;a ydr v%hs (Hard drive), CD, Floppy, Microprocessor iy Motherboard hk uq,sl fldgia ;ekam;aj tajd tlsfklg inkaOj mj;S' fuu fldgia fjka fjkaj f.k b;d .eUqka ia;r lsu bfha isjkq we;' idudkH m.Klhl Yd,;u fldgi f,i wxl 2 ka olajd we;s fudksgrh oelah yelsh' m.Klh we;=,; fldgia wmg fkdfmfkk w;r tajdfha isjk ldrhhka wmg fmkakq lrkafka fuu fudksgrfha orYk ;Srh u.sks' fuys lS fnda tl iy ujqia tl yryd wmg wjYH o;a; iy Odk ksh; whqre CPU tlg we;=,a lsugo Wmldjkafka fuu fudksgrhhs' fudagr r:j, Nd;djk m.Kl tall hre iska md,kh fkdlrk w;r tajd tu m.Kl u.skau iajhxlS%hj md,kh ug i<iajd we;s fyhska tajdg fudksgrhla fyda lS fnda" ujqia lsisjla fhdod fkd.efka' tfy;a fuys i|yka m.Klh ksrudKh lr we;af;a wmf.a ldrhhka lrjd .ekqug neka tajd isjk wdldrh oel n,d .ekqug fudksgrh;a tu o;a; iy Odk ,ndug wxl 3 ka olajd we;s lS fnda tl iy ujqia tl;a fhdod .efka' ;jo fuu m.Klh imQrKfhkau md,kh flfrkafka fuu lS fnda tl iy ujqia tl u.sks' fuys wxl 4 ka olajd we;s ialEkrho lS fnda tl fukau m.Klhg o;a; we;=,;a lsug fhdod .kakd fldmshqgr CPU tallh ;=, fldgia ij we;s whqre fuys olajd we;af;a m.Klhl CPU tallh we;=,; fldgia ;ekam;aj we;s wdldrhhs' fuu CPU tl we;=,; ;ekam;a fldgia i|yd tla tla fjda,ah;d w.hkaf.ka hq;a ir, Odrdjka wjYH w;r tajd fjkia fkdjk f,i b;d ksj/j tu fldgia j,g iemhsh hq;=f' .Dyia: ,sfhka ,nd .kakd 220V la jQ fjda,ah;d iemhqu u.ska tu wjYH fjda,ah;d w.hka ,nd f.k tajd ir, Odrdjka f,i yrjd iage,hsia lsu fuys olajd we;s mjr ima,hs (Power supply) fldgfika isf' wm iska fjk;a fldmshqgrhl lrk ,o jev fldgila tfia;a ke;ak uD ldx.hla fuu fldmshqgrhg we;=,;a lsug fyda msg;g .ekSug *af,dms v%hs tl fyda CD frd tl Nd;d flfrhs' tfy;a *af,dms v%hs tll we;af;a 1.44 MB jeks iq Od;djla ksid th ;=, fldms l, yelafla b;d l=vd jev fldgila iys; *hs,a tlla fyda uD ldx.hla mu' tfy;a miqj me CD ;ehl Od;djh *af,dms ial tll fuka yh ish .=Khlska muK je ksid wo *af,dms v%hs l%uh Nd;fhka bj;aj CD frd muKla fhdod .ekSu isf' f ksid th ix.S; ;e fyda fhda ;e f,io fhd.; yelsj ;sfnhs' fuu CPU tl ;=, ;ekam;aj we;s ydr v%hs tlo CD ;ehlg iu l, yels kuq;a th CD ;e yd *af,dms ;e yd ii|k g w;s f.j;a Wmdx.hls' fuu ish Wmdx. .eUqka ia;r lsu < l,dmfha isg isjk w;r tu oekqu ,nd.;a miq wmg fudagr r:j, fhdod .efkk fldmshqgr i|yd myiqfjka fhduqh yels jkq we;'
28
hils
ls%hdld;ajh fjkia fkdf' mm:hlg fhu i|yd fuu RS *a,sma *af,dma mm:h wmg fjku ksrudKh lsug wjYH fkdjk w;r tajd wka;r.; l, ;ks IC tall fj<| fmdf,ka ,nd.; yelsf' ksoiqkla f,i 74279, Logic IC tl ksmojd we;af;a fuu RS Flip Flop mm:h tys ;ekam;a lsfuks' wfkl=;a *a,sma *af,dma mm: fukau RS *a,sma *af,dma mm:ho wruqKq /ila bgqlr .ekqug fhdod .efkk w;r fuys wms uq,skau bka ir, fukau b;d jeo.;a wjia:djla ksoiqkg .ksuq' tk fmd,d mekSulska tk njqkaia (bounce) ulska f;drj h iaphlska ,ndfok ixjla f yryd g,a mm:hlg fhduql, yels uhs' fuys wms uq,skau fmd,d mekSu tk njqkaia u hkq l=ulaoehs wjfndaO lr.; hq;=fjhs'
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh

fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd g,a ;dCIKh tlalr .ekqu iS.%fhka isfjka mj;sk neka jel,a fkdf.dia fudagr ldrlhska yg fuu kk r: w;ajehdj i|yd g,a ;dCIl oekquo b;d wjYH flfrkq we;' f wkqj wmf.a hils mdGlhska jk ldrlhska yg ta i|yd wjYH Wiia g,a ;dCIKh ,ndu fuu ,sms fmf<a wruqK jk w;r ta i|yd jvd;a blaukska im ug miq.sh hils irdj, m<jQ uQ,sl g,a ;dCIl ,sms fm<u tys w. isg bhg f.k huq' f hgf;a uq,skau wms Flip Flop tk ms<s fmd, mm: j,ska fuu Wiia g,a ;dCIl ,sms fm< wdrN lruq'
ms<s fmd< (Flip Flop) mm: g,a ;dCIKfha f.a mm: lsysmhlau fhdod .kakd kuq;a tajdg u;l (Memory) ;nd .ekqf yelshdjla fkdue;s w;r tajd CIlj m%odkhg (input) wkqj m%;sodkh (Out put) ,nd foa' ta wkqj u;lhka ;nd .ekqu l< yelafla *a,sma *af,dma tk ms<s fmd< mm: j,sks' fuys wvx.= m%;sodk fofla f,dla ;;ajh tk ;rl ;;ajh tlsfklg reoaOh' tk tu m%;sodk tll ;rl ;;ajh Low tk 0 jk g wfkfla ;rl ;;ajh High tk 1 f' fuhg ,ndfok m%odkh (input) fjkia lsfuka fuu ;;ajh fjkia l, yelsh' fuu *a,sma *af,dma (FlipFlop) jr. lsysmhlau we;s w;r tajd my; lafjk whqre jr. l< yelsh' 1. RS Flip Flop 2. D Latch Flip Flop 3. D Type Flip Flop 4. RST Flip Flop
fmd,d mekSu (Bounce) hkq l=ula o@

wms rnr fnda,hla ug w; yeh fyd;a th tljr fmd<f k;r fkd lsysm jrlau by< iy my< .uka lsu tk nma u isfjhs' fuf,i fnda,hl fuka yq,x mqrjd ke;;a frir fnda,hla jeks jdfka fnda,hla u w; yerh go thu isfjhs' ta jdfkaj,o fuu .=Kh we;s neks' fuu wjia:dj ldrl wm iska fydkau w;a gq wjia:djla f,i lsysrhla u; hla m;s; lrk wjia:djla lah yelsh' tys h tljr lsysh u; m;s; l, fkdyels w;r th lsysm jrlau nma fuka miq k;r u isfjhs' njqkaia ula tk fmd,d mekSula hkqfjka yka jkafka tu njqkaia uhs' wmf.a fudagr ldrl fCIa;%fha fuh isfuka wmyiq;djhla we;sfjk tla wjia:djla fuys ksoiqkg .ksuq'
5. JK Flip Flop
Nd;fha we;s *a,sma *af,dma mm: jr.

by; olajd we;s wdldrfhka O wruqKq ;dCIKfha fhdod .efka' f ls%hdld;ajhlska hq;a RS ls%hdld;ajh ykd .ksuq' *a,sma *af,dma mm: O bgq lr .ekqug g,a w;=ka uq,skau wms b;d ir, *a,sma *af,dma mm:hl
CB fmdhska
w;r we;sjk fmd,d mekSu
Set Reset
RS jr.fha
S FF R
Q Q
Normal
Complementry
*a,sma *af,dma ixfla; igyk
fuu igyfkka olajd we;af;a RS jr.fha *a,sma *af,dma mm:hla olajk ixfla; igykhs' fuu *a,sma *af,dma mm:hla ilia lsu O f.a jr. fhdod .ekqfuka l< yelsh' th flfia ksrudKh jqj;a ksrudKh l=ula jqj;a fmdf fuu RS *a,sma *af,dma mm: j, uq,sl
fuys olajd we;af;a CB fmdhska iys; b.aksIka moaO;shl by< f.fha lkagEla fmdhska tljr inkaO fkd lsysm jrla fmd<d mksk tk njqkaia jk wdldrhhs' fuu fmdhska hq.,fha lkagEla mqvq ksrudKh jkafka ;o f,dayhlska nekaa iapfha fhdod we;s kq u.ska ;ka iaph inkaO lsf tu lkagEla mqvq tl jr inkaO fkd lsysmjrla fmd,d mekSu isfjhs' th wmg msh weiska ksCIKh l< fkdyelalls' kk r:j, bf,lafg%dksla b.aksIka moaO;sj,ska CB fmdhska imQrKfhkau bj;a lr ta fjkqjg fmdhska rys; m,aia fckfrgr jeks Wmdx. fhdod we;af;a fuu fodaIh ksidh'
hils
by; wdldrhg ;o f,day j,ska ksrudKh lrk ,o fmdhska iys; ia j, muKla fkdj wfkl=;a ia j,o fuu fmd,d mekSu iq jYfhka fyda isfjhs' by; wdldrhg isjk njqkaia u ta yryd n,anhla oe,af .egjla fkdjQj;a .Kkh lsula jeks lghq;a;lg fhdod we;s g,a m:hl m%odkhla f,i ta yryd ix bkamq ,ndfok g bkamq ,ndfok tu iaphl fufia fmd,d mekSu isjqj fyd;a m%;sodk (OUTPUT) w.h wkfmaCIs; whqka jer w.hla f' tfy;a iaph iu RS Flip Flop mm:hla fhdod .ekqfuka fuu fmd,d mekSu ;=,ska isjk ixf u imQrKfhkau bj;a lr ;ks ula f,iska ,ndfoa' my; lafjkafka tu *a,sma *af,dma mm: ie,iquls'
29 fuu wjia:dj Q m%;sodkhg (Output)
1.Disabled 2. Set 3. Reset 4.Prohibited
lsisu n,mEula fkdflfr'
S m%odk w.%hg ;;ajh 1 ,e fuka Q m%;o s dkfha ;;ajh 1 ;sf' R w.%hg m%odkh ;;ajh 1 ,e fu Q m%;sodkfha (Output) ;;ajh 0 f,i
(reset) iliaj ;sfnhs'
fuu wjia:j mm:j, fhdod fkd.efka' tk fuh ;yk wjia:djhs'
RS *a,sma
*af,dma m%;sodk y;r
NAND
NAND
by; olajd we;s wdldrhg fuu *a,sma *af,dma mm:hl m%;sodkh fjkia lrug R iy S bkamq w.% udrefjka udrejg ls%hdlru l< hq;=fjhs' tk bka tla bkamq w.%hla .;fyd;a th uq,a jrg ka ixj wkqj wjq mq m%;sM, fjkia jQ miq tu iaphu kej; fjkia l, g m%;skh fjkia jkafka ke;' th fjkia lsug k < bkamq w.%h fjkia l, hq;=h' by; ls%hdld;ajh hgf;a h mm:hla iDcqju hdka;S%l iaphla yryd ls%hd fkdlr fuu *a,sma *af,dma mm:h fhdod ls%hdlrfuka hdka;S%l iapfha fmd,d mekSu is jqjo *a,sma *af,dma mm:fhka miqj th isfkdf' f wkqj g,a mm: ie,iqf fuh fhdod .ekqfuka bkamq ia ix u.ska we;slrk fmd,d mekSu imQrKfhkau bj;alr moaO;sh b;d ksj/j ls%hdlrh yelsf' f wkqj fuu RS *a,sma *af,dma iys; iaphla Bounsless Switch kkao yekaf' my;ska olajd we;af;a tu ia ksrudKhls' Vdd
+5V
NOT
NOT
S FF R
Q Q
S
RS
*a,sma *af,dma wdorY mm:h
fuu igyk ol=Kq miska RS *a,sma *af,dma ixfla;h olajd we;s w;r m%Odk igyk ;=,ska olajd we;af;a th ksrudKh lr we;s wdldrhhs' fuh ilid we;af;a NAND f.a folla iy NOT f.a folla fhdod .ksks' fuu f.a fojr.hu hils 17 iZrdfjka ia;r lr we;s ksid fuys kej;;a th ia;r flfrkafka ke;' fuys ls%hdld;ajh my; igyfka j.=jla f,iska olajd we;'
14 1 2
Switch NOR
Out put 3
In put
Mode of Operation R 0 0 1 1 S 0 1 0 1
Out put
Q Q No Change 1 0 1 0 1 1
100K
Disabled Set Reset Prohibited

RS jr.fha
5 6
100K
NOR
4 7
*a,sma *af,dma mm:hl ls%hdld;ajh

GND 8,9,12,13
fuu j.=fjka fukau fuhg fmr igyfkka olajd we;s whqre R yd S w.%hka m%odkhka (in puts) f' fuys R wl=ka Reset iy S wl=ka Set hk m%odkhka ixfla;j;a f' Q m%;sodkhls' Q ys ;;ajh Q m%;sodkh fha ;rl ;;ajfha m%;Hjr:hhs' m%odk folla we;s ksid fjkiajQ ;rl wjia:djka we;af;a y;rls' th j.=fjka meye<s f' tajd fjk fjku f.k n,uq'
njqkaia ,ia mm:hl ie,iqu

fuys ol=Kqmiska olajd we;s 4001 IC tl ;=, fkdar f.a 4 la we;=,;a w;r igyk whqre bka folla inkaO lr .ekqfuka njqkaia,ia iaphla myiqfjka ksrudKh lr.; yelsh' <Z l,dmfhka fuys b;s *a,sma *af,dma mm: ia;r flfrkq we;'
RS-44
30
hils
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh -1

g,a ;dCIKh ms<sn|j uQ,sl oekqula ,ndu i|yd hils uq,a l,dm j, ,sms .Kkdjlau m<jQ w;r th kej;a jQ ia:dkfha isg fuu ,sms fm< miq.sh l,dmfhka wdrN flre' tfy;a mdGl fndfyduhlf.a b,a,Su u; fuh kej; uq, isgu wdrN lsug isj we;s w;r wo m< jkafka tys uq,a ,smsh nj i<lkak' ixialdrl
ldrl fCIa;%fha muKla fkdj ix.S;" iskud" lDIsldrl" ffjoH" ikaksfok jeks iEu fCIa;%hlau tajdfha by<u hqKqj ,nd we;af;a g,a ;dCIKh fhdod .ekSu ;=,sks' la; jE,a hq.fhka g%dkaisiagr hq.hgo" bkamiq ix.Dys; hq.hgo th wjidkfha ffufl%d fm%dfiir hq.hgo me miq oeka wms m;aj we;af;a laIq fldmshqgr tk uhsfl%dfldmshqgr hq.hgh' t;kska k;r fkd ka wms kefkda (Nano) hq.hg md ;eug iQodkj iskafkuq' fudagr r: ;dCIKho wo wfkl=;a fCIa;%hka fukau by; lS ish fCIa;h % ka miqlr ffufl%d fldmshg q r ;dCIKfhao Wmuhg meK is' ksoiqkla f,i ieg,hs ;dCIKh yd taldnoaO jQ ABS moaO;s Nd;hg .ekqfka oekg jir y; wglg muK fmr isgh' wmf.a wruqK wm yd tlaj isk hils mdGl msfika iq fldgila fyda wo fuu kQ;k fudagr r: g,a ;dCIKfha lvbu njg m;aj we;s ffufl%d fldmshg q r fyj;a ffufl%d fldkafg%d, a r olajd oekqj;a lsuhs' hils g,a ;dCIKssl ,sms fm< k;rl, ;eka isg th wdrN lsug W;aidy .kq ,enqf fuu lvbu fj; blaukska <d ug jqj;a mdGl Tnf.a b,a,Su u;u th kej;;a uq, isg wdrN lsug isj we;' ta ;=,ska fuu ,sms fm< yd tlajk hils mdGl msi by< kkajd .ekSug yelsjk neka th idr:l mshjrla f,i wmg tla w;lska ie,lsh yelsh' wms okakd g,a Wmdx. wekf,d.a yd g,a WmlrK wm fndfyda oel ;sf' hils uq,a l,dm ;=,ska m<jqkq g,a ;dCIl ,sms fm< wdrN jQfhao fuu g,a iy wekf,d.a gr fjki ykajdfuka nj Tng u;l we;' ta wkqj h grhl mdGdxl oelau i|yd orYlhla fhdod we;ak th wekf,d.a jr.fha grhla f,io" mdGdxl olajkafka iDcqju b,lal j,ska k tk fijka fi.auka (Seven segment) LED fyda LCD fldgia j,ska k th g,a jr.fha grhla f,io wms ykajkafkuq' ta wkqj by; A igyfkka olajd we;af;a fudagr r:hl wekf,d.a gr mqjrejla jk w;r ta i|yd miqj fhdod .;a g,a gr mqjrejla B igyfkka olajd ;sfnhs'
wekf,d.a gr mqjrej
wo
g,a gr mqjrej
fudagr r: i|yd fhdod .efkk wekf,d.a iy g,a gr mqjre by; olajd we;s ksoiqkg wu;rj wmg b;d im;u g,a WmlrKhla f,i le,alh s f q ,agrh yekah yelsh' tfy;a fuf,i fijka fi.auka LCD fyda LED b,lal ;snqkq ksidu th g,a Wmdx.hla f,i ye|skau ksj/ fkdf' ksoiqkla f,i kk fudagr r:j, Nd;djk iEu fudfg%dksla tkaulau g,a ;dCIKfhka hqla; jk nj wms ljqre;a okafkuq' tfy;a tu ECU tallh ;=, we;s uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhg fijka fi.auka LED fyda LCD fhdod ke;' fuys wm Nd;dl, fijka fi.auka b,lal hkq l=ulaoehs we;efula fkdokakjd h yel' ta wkqj uq,skau wms th ykd .ksuq' fijka fi.auka b,lal ksrudKh
a f g e d c
e d a a b g e d f g c b
g,a b,lal ksrudKh jk whqre fuys olajd we;af;a g,a Wmdx. j, b,lal ilialr we;s wdldrhhs' fuu g,a wl=re l%uh le,alshqf,agr iy g,a Trf,daiq Nd;fha wmg ks;r yuqfjhs' fuu A igyk whqre a isg g olajd klr we;s os.e LED y;lska fuu tla wl=rla ielfik neka th Seven segment LED f,iska yekafjhs' B igyk whqre tu.ska 2 b,lalu ieliSug f iy c hk LED fol yer b;s LED myu oe,ah hq;=fjhs' ta wdldrhgu C igyk whqre b LED tl yer b;s ish,a, oe,afuka 6 b,lalu iaf' f wdldrhg 0 isg 9 olajd ishu wl=re fuu.ska myiqfjka u;=lr.; yels f' f w;r A,B,C jeks bx.S%is wl=re lsysmhlao f wdldrhg u;=lr.; yels kuq;a X,K,M,N jeks yria frLd iys; wCIr u;=lr .ekqu l< fkdyels f'
hils
g,a ;dCIKh hkq l=ulao@ wo mj;sk bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKh uQ,sl f,i wekf,d.a iy g,a jYfhka m%Odk fCIa;% follg fnod ;sfnhs' frfhda rEmjdyskS wdh wekf,d.a fCIa;%hg wh;a jQ tajd f' tfy;a hqKq fndfyda rgj, fuu fCIa;% folu g,a ;dCIKh olajd hqKqlr lr ;sfnhs' g,a ;dCIKh mok we;af;a oaHdx.S tk nhsk (binary) .;h mok lrf.kh' tfy;a wm tfkod ;fha bf.k .kq ,nkafka;a" tjf.au Nd;hg .kafka;a oyfha mdofha .;hhs' th fvisu,a (Decimal) wxl l%uh kka yekaf' tfy;a fuys oaHdx.S tk nhsk hkqfjka ye|skafjkafka fofla mdofhka hq;a .; l%uhlss' g,a ;dCIKh bf.k .kakd wm fofla mdofhka .ekSu;a bfha oyifha mdofhka .ekSu;a bf.kSu l< hq;=f' g,a hkq isxy," bx.S%is" yska jeks ;j;a tla NdIdjla f,io ie,lsh yelsh' tfy;a fuu iEu NdIdjlgu jpk ,sug wl=re Yd, m%udKhla iy ixLHd m%ldY lsug b,lal 10 la fhdod .efkhs' tfy;a fuu g,a NdIdf fjki fuu wCIr fukau b,lal i|ydo 1$0 jeks b,lal folla muKla fhdod .ekquhs' g,a ;dCIKh mok jQ oaHdx.S .;fha Nd;djk b,lal fol th 1 iy 0 hs' wm oekg Nd;d lrk fvisu,a tk oyfha mdofha .;fha kaf isg kuh olajd b,lal 10 la we;s ksid jvd wudre .; l%uh tk oekg wm Nd;d lrk fvisu,a wxl l%uh fjk g;a wm yodrd wjika we;s nj jegfykq we;' ta wkqj wmg oeka wOHhkh i|yd b;sj we;af;a 1 iy 0 hk wxl fol muKla we;=,;a jvd;a myiq .; l%uhls' uq,skau wms oekg Nd;dlrk fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl njg yrjk wdldrh jgyd .ksuq' Decimal wxl Binary wxl njg yeru
31
23 8
22 4
21 2
20 1
fofla mdofhka tk nhsk l%ufhka wm Nd;dlrk idudkH fvisu,a wxl tk oyfha mdofha wxl ,shk wdldrh jgyd .ekqug ir, ksoiqkla fuys olajd we;' kEu ixLHdjl 0 n,h 1 la nj wms oksuq' ta wkqj 20n,ho 1 ls' igyk ol=Kq fl<jfr th olajd we;' ta wdldrhg 23 n,h olajd muKla wxl y;rla fuys olajd we;' ksoiqkla f,i fuys 22 n,h 4 lao (2x2=4), 23 n,h 8 lao (2x2x2x=8) lao f' f wdldrhg fofla mdo j, uq,a f,dla wxl 4 la .;a g tu.ska wmg idudkH fvisu,a wxl 15 olajd nhsk l%uhg ,sh yel' <g olajd we;s j.=fjka th meye<sj ykd.; yelsh' < l,dmfhka le,alshqf,agrhl we;=,; ls%hdld;ajh olajk neka th jgyd .ekqug Tn fuu .; l%uh wksjdrhfhkau jgyd.; hq;= fjhs'
fuys kej;;a by<skau olajd we;af;a 4 2 8 1 fuhg fmr igyfkka Decimal wm wjfndaO lr.;a wxlh Binary wxl f,dla wxl 4 jk 0 0 0 0 0 w;r tu wxl y;r 0 0 1 1 0 muKla fhdod.ekqfuka 0 1 0 2 wmg 0 isg 15 olajd 0 fvisu,a wxl 16 la 0 1 1 3 0 nhs k l%uhg tk 1 0 0 4 0 oa mdo l%uhg ,sh 1 0 1 5 0 yelsfjhs' fuu j miska 1 1 0 6 0 tu wxl 16 ms<sfj,ska 1 1 1 7 0 olajd we;' 0 0 0 8 1 fuu igyk 0 0 1 9 1 weiqka fvisu,a wxlhla nhsk wxlhla f,io 0 1 0 0 1 nhsk wxlhla fvisu,a 0 1 1 11 1 wxlhla f,igo yrjd 1 0 0 12 1 .kakd whqre meye<s 1 0 1 13 1 flfrhs' ksoiqkla f,i 1 1 0 14 1 fuu igyk whqre 11 1 1 1 15 1 wxlh nhsk l%uhg wkqj laf lr we;af;a th 8+2+1=11 f,i f.k th 2 mdo j,g yrjd 0/1 hk f,dla w.hka u.ska muKla lauls' tk th 1011 f' fuu 1 fyda 0 f,dla wxlhla ykajkafka (bit) tlla f,isks' by; wdldrhg g,a l%ufha 4 la .;ag tu.ska lah yels Wmu w.h 15 f' tfukau wms 3 la fhdod .;af;a k lah yels Wmu w.h 7 f' tfiau 15 g je jQ w.hla laug 5 la fhdod .; hq;= w;r tg tu.ska 31 olajd jQ w.hla .;yels fjhs' by; wdldrhg fofla mdofhka b,lal ,shk g b,lal je .Kkla fhdod .; hq;=fjhs' fuhg ms<shula f,i oyih mdofhkao .k l%uhla g,a ;dCIKhg fhdod .efkk w;r th wms miqj ykd .ksuq' wms 1$0 hkqfjka f,dla 5.0V ia fojr.h yekajqjo tu wjia:d fol mm:hl Logic-1 .uka lrh hq;af;a fjda ,ah;d w.hka folla 2,0V Not used f,isks' fuu igyk whqre 0.8V 0V-0.8V olajd wvq Logic-0 0V fjda,ah;d w.hla fuys f,dla 0 f,igo 2.V isg 5.0V olajd fjda,ah;d w.hla f,dla 1 f,io .Kka .kq ,ef' ta wkqj f,dla 1 High (H) f,io f,dla 0 Low (Ld) f,igo .efkk neka f,dla 1 fjkqjg H wl=ro f,dla 0 fjkqjg L wl=ro fhdod .efkk wjia:d fndfyduhla f'
23
22
21
20
32
hils
nhsk wxl fldavrh yryd fvisu,a tk oyfha mdofha wxl f,iska orYk ;Srfha olajkq ,nhs' fydka is;d nejfyd;a m.Klhl lS fnda tflkao is jkafka fujeksu ls%hdjla nj yeS hkq we;' tfia jqj;a th m.Klhlg wdfoaY lsf l< hq;= fjkial /ilau we;s w;r ta fudkjdoehs fidhd n,uq'
m.Kl ;dCIKh
fldmshqgr lS fnda /Computer key board
m.Klhl idudkH ie,iqu wms fuys uq,a ,smsfhka wjfndaO lr.;a w;r fu;eka isg tys fldgia uola .eUqka wOHhkh l, hq;=f' fuys uq,skau m.Klhl we;=,; we;s ixlSrK fldgia j,g tljr fhduq jkjdg jvd thg ndysrj ijk fldgia iy tajdfha ls%hdld;ajhka wOHhkh lr isuq' f hgf;a uq,skau fldmshqgrhg o;a; iy ix imhk m%k;u fldgi jQ lS fnda tl wOHhkhg .ksuq' fuys uQ,sl ls%hdld;ajh wjfndaO lr.;a miq O lS fnda jr. iy tu ie,iq wOHhkhg .; yels jkq we;'
fuys olajd we;af;a h;=re 102 lska hq;a lS fnda tlla jk w;r fuh ksrudKh lr we;s wdldrh myod u i|yd tu iEu h;=rlgu wxlhla we;' ksoiqkla f,i fuys my<u fma<sfha we;s B wl=r iys; h;=r wxl 50 f,i klr we;' tu iEu h;=rlau hka tla iaph ne.ska ij we;s nj wms oksuq' ta wkqj fuhg ia 102 la we;s w;r tu iEu iaphlskau w, lS tfla i|yka wxlh" wl=r fyda ixfla;h CPU tallhg oekq fokq ,nhs' by; igyfka olajd we;s whqre wOHhkh 4 myiqug lS fnda tfla 05 5 we;s iEu lS tllau wxl 8 09 9 lr we;s w;r tu lS w 11 18 tfla wl=r fyda wxlh t i|yd fjku ialEka flda 14 21 wxlhlao we;' bka y 15 22 lsysmhla muKla fuu j 39 61 Space bar igyfkka olajd we;' ialEka flda wxl we;s whqre ksoiqkla f,i fuys f;jk fma,sh .;fyd;a wxl 18 lS tl w wl=r i|yd f' th tnQ g w wl=r CPU tlg kq fokafka ialEka flda wxl 11 f,isks' fuf,i iEu lS tlla i|ydu ialEka flda wxlhla ,nd ;sfnhs' ksoiqkla f,i lS fnda iafmaia ndr tfla lS wxlh 61 nj fmr igyfkka olajd ;sf' tfy;a th CPU tallhg oekq fok ialEka flda wxlh 39 f' tk fldmshqgrhg wxl 39 fgd tlla f,i ,enqkq .i iafmaia ndr tl ;o l, nj ykd .kS'
Key Number Scan Code Key
kk m.Klhl lS fnda tlla fuys olajd we;af;a wo Nd;djk fldmshqgr lS fnda tlla jk w;r fldmshqgrhg o;a; iemhSu is jkafka fuu Wmdx.fha we;s h;=re ;o lsfuks' idudkH ghsma rhsgrhl lS fnda tlg iudk whqka th uq,skau ksrudKh jqj;a l,ska l,g th klrKh wo thg h;=re (Keys) 102 la muK we;=,;aj ;sfnhs' f w;r fujr l,dmh olajd g,a ;dCIl ,sms fm< ;=,ska ia;r jqkq fvisu,a iy nhsk wxl iy tu fla; lrK l%u" Encordig iy Decording l%u wdh ms<sn|j ,ndka oekqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k wmg fuu lS fnda ksrudKh iy ls%hdld;ajho .eUqka wOHhkh l, yels fjhs' fYaIfhkau wo 18 jk msgqf tu ,sms fmf,kaa ia;r jqkq le,alshqf,agrhl lS fnda tl ;=,ska tys CPU tlg o;a; ,ndfok wdldrh ia;r jQ w;r ta yd iudku l%uhla fuu fldmshqgr lS fndaj,o isjk ksid tu ,sms fm,o fuhg inkaO lr .ekqu jvd;a myiq jkq we;' fuys olajd we;af;a wo l,dmfhau 18 jk msgqf i|yka g,a ;dCIK ,sms fm, u.ska ia ; r lrk ,o le,alh s f q ,agrhl we;=,; ksrudKhhs' fuys lS fnda tl u.ska ,ndfok le,alshqf,agrhl ie,iqu fvisu,a ixLHd tkafldavr mm:h u.ska nhsk wxl njg yrjd CPU tlg imhk w;r th u.ska tff,au tu
by; wdldrhg lS 102 lg wh;a ialEka flda f.khdug jhr 102 la wjYH jqj;a 0 iy 1 wdldrhg th jhr 7 lska lr.; yels nj 18 msgqf wo m,j we;s g,a ;dCIl ,smsfha my<ska olajd we;s igyfkka jgyd.; yelsh' ta i|yd fuys j mi my<skau olajd we;s le,alshqf,agr igyk whqre lS fnda tflka ,efnk fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl njg yerug tkafldavrhla wjYH fjhs' m.Klhg iEu o;a;hlau lshh yelafla g,a wdldrhg neka tu ldrhh fukau wvq jhr .Kklska fgd f.k hdf ldrhh;a fuys tljr tkafldavrfhka isf' tfy;a le,alshqf,agrhl fuka fijka is.auka iamaf,a tlla m.Klhl fhdod
hils
fkd.efkk ksid fuu nhsk wxl kej; fvisu,a wxl njg yerug fldavrhla m.Klhg wjYH fkdf' le,alshqf,agrhla ;=, fgd .uka lrjk wdldrh yd m.Klhl lS fnda l% u h ieif .eg lsysmhla we;sfjhs' tk wm wjfndaO lr.;a whqre nhsk l%uh wkqj jqjo lS USB jr.fha lS fnda tlla 102 lska ,efnk fgd f.k hdug jhr 7 la wjYH kuq;a fuys olajd we;s USB jr.fha lS fnda tll ta i|yd we;af;a jhr folla mu' thskao ish fgd .uka lrkafka tla jhrhla yryd jk w;r ta flfiaoehs wjfndaO lr.; hq;= fjhs' nhsk wdldrhg fgd .uka lru iudka;r .; iy fY%a.; (Prallel & Serial) hkqfjka wdldr follg is l, yelsfjhs' fuys jdis fukau wjdiso f' tajdk mer,,a l%uhg fgd f.k hdf .Kkg wkqj jhr .Kko je h hq;= kuq;a iSh,a l%uhg ;ks jhrhla ;=,ska wjYH kEu .Kkl fgd .ukalrh yelsh' tfy;a fuys we;s wjdish mer,,a l%ufha tljr fgd ish,a, ,ndh yels kuq;a iSh,a l%uhg th tlsfkl ndr f mudjla we;s uhs' f wkqj lS fnda tll ;ks jhrhla ;=,ska fgd .uka lrh yelafla iSh,a l%uh fhdod .ekqfuka nj meye<sh' tho fuys ieflka wjfndaO lr .ksuq' iSh,a iy mer,,a l%uhg fgd g%dkaia lsu wjfndaO lr .ekqug lS fnda tl u.ska W wl=r m.Klhg ,ndfok wdldrh wjfndaO lr .ksuq' fuys jgyd .ekqu myiqj ;ld lS fnda tl isg m.Klhg fgd f.k hkafka 4 lska tk jhr y;rlska hhs is;uq' ta wkqj W wl=r ykd .ekqf ialEka flda wxlh 11 jk w;r th uq,skau nhsk l%uhg yrjd.; hq;=fjhs' fvisu,a wxl nhsk 23 22 21 20 wxl njg yrjk wdldrh .shjr l,dmfha g,a ;dCIK ,smf s hka 8 4 2 1 b;d ir,j jgydka w;r fuys olajd we;s wdldrhg 4 la .;a g th u.ska 0 isg 15 olajd ixLHd 16 la nhsk l%uhg yerh yels nj wms wjfndaO lr .;suq' fuu igyk weiqka th kej;;a isysm;a lr.; yelsh' ta wkqj fuys W wl=r i|yd jQ ialEka flda wxlh 11 fvisu,a wxlhla jk w;r th nhsk l%uhg ,shfjkafka 1011 f,isks' fuh fgd ,hska 4 la yryd m.Klhg we;=,a lrk wdldrh fidhd n,uq'
a b c d
1 0 1 1
33
tljr ksl=;ajk w;r m.Klh iskao th tljr ,nd .efkhs' tfy;a ta i|yd jhr ,hska y;rla fhdod .; hq;=fjhs' fuhu iSh,a l%uhg ;ks jhrhlska .uka lrjk wdldrho fidhd n,uq' fuys olajd we;af;a iSh,a l%uhg ;ks jhrhlska wxl 11 tk nhsk 1101 .uka lrjk whqrehs' fuys 1 1 0 1 tla jrlg tl tl u.ska tlla miqmi tlla f,i ks l = ; a ls u is fjhs ' ta iSh,a l%uhg fgd heu wdldrhgu m.Klh tu wxl tl;= lr .kshs' ta wkqj fuys kEu w.hl nhsk wxlhla ;ks jhrhla yryd .uka lrh yelsfjhs' tfy;a tlla miqmi .uka lsu ksid ta i|yd h ld,hla .;fjhs' mer,,a l%ufha fuu fgd ish,a, tljr .ukalr jQ wdldrh fmr ia;r jQ w;r tys tf,i mudjla we;s fkdfjhs' oyfha mdofha fvisu,a wxl fofla mdofha nhsk l%uhg ,sf wxl folla muKla fhdod .ekSf jdis /ila w;ajqj;a tla wjdishlao isfjhs' tk l=vd wxlhla jqjo ,sf thg wh;a jk ixLHd .Kk je uhs' fuys jqjo oyfha mdofhka 11 ,sug wxl folla fhdod.;a kquq th nhsk l%uhg 1101 f,iska wxl 4 la fhdod ,sug ish' Yd, wxl ,sf fuf,i we;=,;ajk ixLHd .kko b;d Yd, jk neka th tla wmyiqjla fjhs' f ksid nhsk l%uho 1 isg 10 olajd wxl oyihlg fnod Nd;d jk wxl l%uhla we;s w;r Hex Decimal kka yekafjk tu l%uh u.ska oyfha mdohg;a jvd flfhka Yd, wxl ,sh yelsfjhs' lS fnda i|ydo fhdodwe;af;a tu l%uh jk w;r th wm fuf;la wOHhkh lr fkdue;s ksid fuys ksoiqka i|yd jqjo .kq ,enqf oyifha mdofha uq,a ixLHd iys; ialEka flda lsysmhla muks'
ENCODER
mer,,a l%uhg fgd heu
fuys olajd we;af;a mer,,a l%uhg a,b,c,d hk fgd ,hska y;r yryd w wl=fr ialEka flda wxlh ^11& nhsk l%uhg 1011 f,iska .uka lrjk wdldrhhs' fuys tkafldavrh isg fuu nhsk wxlh
lS fnda bkagrf*aia fldgi wm lS fnda ms<sn|j jqjo ir,j is;d isho th ;=,o ixlSrK ls%hdj,shla isjk w;r ta i|yd fuys olajd we;s wdldrfha fjku g,a mm:hla lS fnda tl ;=, fhdod .efkhs' lS fnda bkagrf*aia kka yekafjk fuu fldgfia ls%hdld;ajh iy O lS fnda jr. ms<sn|j < ,smsfhka ia;r flfrk w;r hils g,a ;dCIksl ,sms fm, yd inkaO wmg fjd ms<sn|j wOHhkh jvd;a myiq lr.; yels jkq we;'
ENCODER
RS-45
34
hils
Tfgda.shr isf,lagr iaph sg,a wdldrhg fhdod .ekqu
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh -2

g,a iy wekf,d.a w;r fjki fukau g,a
NdIdf 0 iy 1 hk ;rl wjia:d foflka muKla ish ikaksfok lghq;= isjk wdldrho .shjr l,dmfhka ykajd fok ,' idudkHfhka g,a NdIdj yefrkakg wfkl=;a NdIdj, wl=re Yd, .Kkla iy b,lal 10la fukau tl;= ls .=K ls jeks Odk i|ydo i<l=Kq /ila fhdod .efka' tfy;a g,a NdIdf ixLHd muKla fkdj wl=reo ,shfjkafka 0 iy 1 hk fol weiqks' fvisu,a fyj;a oyfha mdofhka wms .Kka lrk wdldrh mdo follska tk g,a wdldrhg fhdod .kakd whqreo .shjr l,dmfhka ia;r h' fuu nhsk l%uh yryd wxl muKla fkdj fjk;a ixo b;d myiqfjka hjk wdldrh jgyd .ekqug wmf.a fudagr r: fCIa;%fhkau ksoiqka f.k n,uq' f;%dg,a ia ixj g,a wdldrhg ,nd u fmg%,a bkafclaIka *q,a f,da iaph l%ufha ,evd md,kh" whs,ska iage,hsiska ls % h dld;a j h jeks lreKq lsysmhla i|yd a b tkaka md,k tallhg whs," mdr f,da iy whs, *q,a f,da iaph *q,a f,da hk wjia:d iaph ;=k ykd.;hq;= w;r whs, iaph ta i|yd fhdod .kakd A B f;%dg,a iaph fuys A B on off whs,ska wxl 1 igyfkka olajd 1 0 we;' fuys uhsfl%d off off mdr f,daa 0 0 fm% d fiirhla iys ; off on *q,a f,da 1 0 tkaka md,k tallhg on on 1 1 fuu ix ykd.; yelafla g,a f;%dg,a ia ixj g,a wdldrhg iemhSu wdldrhg muKla jk w;r igyk my;ska th ielfik whqre olajd we;' fuys iaph inkaO jqkq wjia:d ;rl "1" tk f,dl "1" af,igo th ika jQ wjia:d f,dla "0" f,igo Nd;d jk w;r ta weiqka f,dla wjia:d 4 la md,k tallhg ,nd.; yelsf' igyk wkqj thska whs,ska wjia:dj nhsk 1 iy 0 f,igo mdr f,da wjia:dj 0iy 0 f,igo *q,a f,da wjia:dj 0 iy 1 f,igo ykd .efka' fuys 1iy 1 hkqfjka ;j;a w;sfrl ;rl wjia:djla we;s kuq;a th fuys fhdod fkd.efka'
(A)
(B)
P R N D 3 2 1
Tfgda .shrisf,lagr iaph u.ska .shr wjia:d ,ndu fuys olajd we;af;a bf,lafg%dksla md,k Tfgda .shr moaO;shl isf,lagr iapfha isg md,k tallh olajd tys P.R.N.D.3.2.1. hk wjia:d 7 kq ka uq,au wdldrhhs' f i|yd isf,lagr iaphg ia 7 la we;=,;a jQ w;r ta fjkqfjka tu frdg iaph isg md,k tallhg jhr 7 la inkaO l, hq;=h' tfy;a fuh miq ld,fha ia ;=kla fhdod .kska jhr ;=kla yryd ,ndh yels f,i ilia jkq w;r my; lafjkafka ta wdldrhhs' fuys olajd we;s whqre kk fndfyda r:j, Tfgda .shr frdg iaph f,i fhdod .kq ,nkafka ia ;=kla iy jhr ;=kla P 1 0 1 mu' tu ia ;=k A,B,C hkqfjka R 1 1 0 olajd we;' tys 1 iy 0 we;=,;a N 0 1 1 ;=kla weiqka tlsfklg fjkia D 1 0 0 jQ wdldr 8 la .; yels kuq;a fuys 3 0 0 1 Nd;hg f.k we;af;a thska wdldr 2 7 la mu' tu wdldr mdrlska" jia" 0 1 0 kshqg%,a hk wdldrhg ykd .ekqug 1 1 1 1 yels f,i md,k fldmshg q rh ie,iq 0 0 0 lr ;sfnhs' fuf;la ia;r l, wdldrhg ia tk folla we;ak wmg ,nd.; yelafla wdldr 4 ls' ^22& fuhg fmr bm;a l, f;%dg,a ia ksoiqfkka th fmkajd ks' tfiau ia tk 3 la we;ak wdldr 8 la ,nd.; yelsfjhs' ^23& f wdldrhg f.k ne g ia .Kk 2 n,h f,i .;ag bka ,nd.; yels wdldr .Kk fidhd .; yelsfjhs' ksoiqkla f,i .Kk n f,i .;fyd;a bka ,nd.; yels wjia:d .Kk 2N f' ;j;a whqrlska mjikjd k tla iaphla iys; tla jhrhlska heh yels o;a; wjia:d ^0 iy 1& .Kk folla jk w;r ia folla iy jhr follska wjia:d 4 la heh yelsf' fuf,i jhr 10 la olajd heh yels f,dla wjia:d my; olajd ;sf'
A B C
by; olajd we;s ksoiqk wkqj ia folla tk folla we;ak thska wmg f,dla wjia:d 4 la ,nd.; yels f' f wdldrhg 3 la tk ia ;=kla fhdod .;af;a k tu.ska wmg wjia:d 8 la ,nd.; yels jkq we;' ta i|ydo fudagr r: weiqkau ksoiqkla f.k n,uq'
01= 02/ 02=04/ 03=08/ 04=16 /05 =32 06= 64/ 07= 128/ 08= 256/ 09= 512/10=1024
hils
fuf;la wm wOHhkh lf,a g,a wdldrhg tla tla wjia:d oekq fok wdldrhhs' fuys 0 fyda 1 hk tla wjia:djla tlla f,i yekaf' fhdod .ekqf myiqj ;ld fuu 8 la nhs (byte) tlla f,i yekaf' nhsk l%uhg tla tla wjia:d fyda wCIr ikaksfokh lrk wdldrh oeka wms ykd .;af;uq' ksoiqkla f,i fmr i|yka jQ .shr isf,lagr l%ufha Park wjia:dj i|yd P wl=r fukau 2 jk .shr wjia:dj i|yd 2 wCIrho oekq kafka 1 iy 0 hk f,dla wjia:d foflks' f wdldrhgu wm Nd;d lrk idudkH oyfha mdofha fvisu,a wxlhla nhsk wdldrhg fmr,d .uka lrjk wdldrh;a kej; tu nhsk wxl fvisu,a wxl f,ig yrjk wdldrh;a fuys wjfndaO lr .ksuq' nhsk w.hka fla; lrKh iy fla; lrKh Encording & Decording Binary Numbers idudkH oyfha mdofha fvisu,a wxl fofla mdofha tk nhsk wxl f,ig yerug;a kej; tu nhsk wxl fvisu,a wxl njg yerug isjk wmg im;u Wmdx.hla f,ig le,alshqf,agrh yekah yelsh' tys wm le,alshqf,agrfha h;=re mqjrej u.ska .Kka iEu is lrkafka idudkH fvisu,a wxl j,sks' tfy;a wmf.a Odkhkag wkqj tu .Kk le,alshqf,agrh ;=, we;s fikag%,a fm%dfiiska hqks (CPU) tl u.ska i|kafka nhsk wxl l%ufhks' ta wkqj wmg h;=re mqjrej u.ska ,ndfok fvisu,a wxl uq,skau nhsk wxl njg yerh hq;= fjhs' fla;lrKh (Encording) f,i th yekaf' f w;r wm iska h;=re mqjrej yryd CPU tlg imhk oyfha mdofha fvisu,a wxl iy CPU tl u.ska imhk ms,s;=reo iamaf,a tl u; orYkh h hq;af;a fvisu,a wxl j,sks' f i|yd kej; nhsk wxl fvisu,a wxl j,g yeru fla; lrKh (Decorder) kka yekafjhs' fuu ls%hdld;ajhka le,alshqf,agr ie,iqu u.skau th ykd .ksuq'
35
tlg oekq fokafka tkafldavrh (Encorder) k fldgi u.sks' .shjr l,dmfhka fuf,i fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl f,ig yrjk wdldrh ia;r l, w;r ta wkqj wxl 5 fuys fla;j;a flfrkqfka 0101 f,ig nj wms oksuq' CPU fldgig fuf,i h;=re mqjrej yryd wxl 5 nhsk f,iska (0101) ,ndka .i md,k tallh tu wxlh fvisu,a wxl 5 f,ig kej; yrjd orYk ;Srfha i|yka l< hq;=fjhs' ta i|yd orYk ;Srfha we;af;a wm .shjr l,dmfhka wOHhkh l, fijka is.auka iamaf,a wxl lsysmhls' wxl 5 olajk whqre fuu fijka is.auka ;=, wvx.= LED fjka fjkaj oe,afuka wjYH wxl u;=lr .; yels w;r fuu igyfkka olajd we;af;a tys wxl 5 olajk wdldrhhs' ta i|yd b iy e yer b;s LED ish,a, oe,ah hq;= fjhs' by; wdldrhg wxl 5 oekq fuka miq <g tl;= lsf i,l=K (+) fnd;a;u ;o l, hq;= fjhs' tys tu + ,l=Kg wh;a nhsk wxlh by; wdldrhgu CPU tlg ,efnk w;r bka woyia lrkafka <g oekq fok wxlh fmr oekq ka 5 wxlhg tl;= lsu nj CPU tl oek .kS'
wxl 4 olajk whqre oeka wms kej;;a thg tl;= l, hq;= wxl 4 fnd;a;u ;o l, g tys nhsk wxlh jk 0100 f,iska tkafldavrh yryd mjr;kh CPU tlg ,efnk w;r CPU tl ta iuu tu nhsk wxlh fldavrh yryd fvisu,a wxlh 4 njg yrjd iamaf,a tfla olajkq ,nhs' ta i|yd fuu igyk whqre f,g,iy b.c hk LED y;r ,ah hq;= fjhs' oeka wms le,alshqf,agrhg wxl 5" + ^tl;= lsu& iy wxl 4 we;=,;a lr we;s w;r W;a;rh ,nd .ekqug h;=re mqjref we;s = ,l=K we;s fnd;a;u th hq;f = jhs' tu = Odkh;a iu wxl 5 g 4 tl;= lrk CPU tl tys W;a;rh 9 nj orYk ;Srfha fmkakq lrhs' fuu W;a;rh tk wxl 9 olajk wxl 9 CPU tl u.ska ksl=;a jkafka whqre 1001 f,iska nhsk wdldrhg jk w;r fldavrh u.ska th fvisu,a wxl 9 f,iska orYk ;Srfha olajkq ,nhs' ta i|yd fuu igyk whqre e, LED tl yer b;s LED ish,a, o,ajkq ,efnhs' fuu tkafldavrh iy fldavrh fjka fjka jYfhka jQ IC folla ;=, ls%hd;aul jk w;r th < l,dmfhka ia;r flfrkq we;'
le,alshqf,agrhl uQ,sl ksrudKh fuys olajd we;af;a le,alshqf,agrhl we;=,; ie,iqu jk w;r ksoiqkla f,i th u.ska wxl 5 iy 4 tl;= lrk wdldrh (5+4=9) fidhd n,uq' f i|yd uq,skau h;=re mqjref we;s wxl 5 fnd;a;u wms ;o l, g tu iaph u.ska wxl 5 g,a wdldrhg nhsk l%uhg CPU
36
hils
fmkS hhs' g,a ;dCIKfha b,lal ,su myiqlru fuf,i 16 mdofha .Kka lsf l%uh ykajdug uq,aj we;s nj fuys wmg fmkS hhs' ka fuu b,lal l%uh ksrudKh lr we;s wdldrh fidhd n,uq' fuys fvisu,a iy nhsk l%uh muKla ikaikaokh l,fyd;a tys fvisu,a l%ufha 0 isg 9 olajd .efuka miq 10 tk b,lal follg mefKa' tfy;a nhsk l%ufha b,lal follg tk 10 g meug .eh hq;af;a wjia:d folla mu' fuf,i 10 f;la .eug we;s wjia:d .Kk jejk g ixLHdjla oelaug wjYH b,lal .Kk wvqjk nj fmkS hhs' fuu wjia:d .Kk ;j rg;a jel, fyd;a wmsg ixLHdjla olajk fuu b,lla .Kk ;j rg;a wvqlr.; yels f' ta wkqj ;=kajk fma<sfha tu wjia:d .Kk 16 la olajd je lr ;sf' th fvisu,a wdldrhgu 1" 2" 3 hkd jYfhka olajd we;' tu .Kka l%uh Hex Decimal kka olajd we;af;a tf,i wjia:d 16 la 1 isg 10 olajd we;s neks' fylaia fvisu,a l%ufha b,lal foll w.h tk 10 lshfjkafka wjia:d 16 lg miqj neka tys 9 g miq we;s wjia:dj ,su .egjla we;sf' tk 9 g miqj ,shfjkafka 10 kuq;a tf,i b,lal folla iys; 10 w.h meh hq;af;a ;j;a wjia:d 6 lg miqj neks' f ksid fuys lr we;af;a tu wjia:d yh ms<sfj,ska A.B.C.D.E.F hkqfjka ixfla;j;a lsuhs' tu wl=rej,g miqj h fhdod we;af;a th oyifha mdofha ixLHdjla nj ixfla;j;a lsug nj fmr i|yka h' fuh fld;r myiqo hkak ksoiqkla f.k n,uq' j.=f fmfkk m nhsk l%ufha 0 isg 16 olajd .ekSfuka miq t<fUk tu wjia:dj laug ixLHd tk myla (10000) fhh hq;= fjhs' igyfka th wre lr olajd we;' tfy;a fylaia fvisu,a l%ufha 10h hkqfjka th b;d flfhka ,sug yelsj ;sfnhs' fuh ;j rg;a jgyd .ekqug ksoiqkla f,i 5F h fylaia fvisu,a ixLHdj nhsk wxlhla f,ig yrjd n,uq'
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh -2

miq.sh l,dmh jk g wm wOHhkh lrka isfha idudkH oyfha mdofha wxl tk fvisu,a wxl fofla mdofha tk nhsk wxl njg yeru iy nhsk wxl kej; fvisu,a wxl njg yerug isjk le,alshqf,agrfha tla ls%hdld;ajhla ms<sn|jh' fla; lrKh (Encording) fla; lrKh (Decording) hkqfjka ykajk fuu ls%hdld;ajh tk fla;j;a lsu hkq l=ulao hkak wmg my; lafjk whqre idudkH ksoiqklska jgyd.; yelsh' ixjla jpkhlg;a pjkhla ixjlg;a yrjk wjia:d idudkH ;fha wms fldf;l=;a lrk w;r th fla; lrKh iy fla; lrKh i|yd ksoiqkla f,i ie,lsh yel' tk Tn wE; isk flfkl= le|f uq,skau w;amqhla .id wjOdkh ,nd .ekqu;a bkamiq w;jkd Tyq le|u;a ixjka f,iska fla;j;a lsulg iul, yelsh' Tyq tys ;uka le|jQ njg tu ix jpkj,g fla;j;a lr .kS' g,a ;dCIKfha fuu fla; lrKh iy fla; lrKh isjk wdldrh jgyd .ekqug fmr wm wOHhkh l, oyfha mdofha fvisu,a iy fofla mdofha nhsk wxl ms<sfj,g wu;rj oyifha mdofha fylaia fvisu,a (Hex Decimal) wxl l%uho wjfndaO lr.; hq;=fjhs' uq,skau wms tu wjfndaOh ,nd .ksuq' fofla mdofhka iy oyifha mdofhka .Kka lsu 10 mdoh
Decimal
hils
2 mdoh
Binary
16 mdoh
Hex Decimal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h Ah Bh Ch Dh Eh Fh 10 h
10" 2 iy 16 mdofhka .Kka flfrk whqre
10 mdofhka" 2 mdofhka iy 16 mdofhka .Kka lrk wdldrh fuu igyfka ;ks j.=jlska olajd we;' fuys 16 mdofha w.g h wl=r fhdod we;a f ;a th oyifha mdofha ixLHdjla nj ixfla;j;a lsug jk w;r th .Kka lsug lsis f,ilska tl;= fkdf' ta wkqj ne ne,augu h lsis ixLHdjla la f nhsk l%ufha thg b,alla je m%udKhlao" fvisu,a l%ufha thg wvq m%udKhlao fylaia fvisu,a l%ufha thg;a jvd wvq b,lal .Kklao wjYHjk nj
F5 h
1111 0101
F5 h = 11110101
fuys olajd we;s F5 h ixLdf h hkq th fylaia fvisu,a wxlhla nj olajk ixfla;h neka th fkdi,ld yefr' ta wkqj fuya F j, nhsk w.h 1111 nj fmr j.=fjka jqjo n,d.; yelsh' tf,iu 5 nhsk w.h 0101 f' ta wkqj F5 hkqfjka folla fhdod .kska ,sh yels ixLHdj nhsk l%uhg ,sug .shfyd;a 11110101 f,i wgla fhdod .; hq;=f' oyifha mdofha ixLHd l%uh fhdod .ekqfuka g,a ;dCIl lghq;= fld;r myiq we;aoehs fuys Tng jegfykq we;'
hils BCD (Binary Coed Decimal)

g,a ;dCIKh wOHhkh wdldr lsysmhlg fn hk w;r fuys wmf.a wruqK ta w;=ka ffufl%dfldkafg%da,r ms,sn|j wOHhkhla ,nd .ekquhs' fuu ffufl%dfldkafg%da,r wOHhkfha fukau ta i|yd l%u ms<sfj, (Programme) ,shk g;a oyifha mdofhka b,lal fhu b;du;a myiqf' kuq;a O ls%hdldrl i|yd 10 mdofhka fukau 2 mdofhka w.hka fhdod .kakd wjia:do ke;af;a fkdf' flfia kuq;a je jYfhkau fhdod .kafka 16 mdoh neka ta ms<sn|j fuys ,nd.;a oekqu b wOHhkhka i|yd b;d jeo.;a jkq we;' Yd, fvisu,a w.hka nhsk j,g fmr<Su;a" nhsk w.hka fvisu,a j,g fmr<Su;a is;kd ;r myiq ldrhhla fkdf' ksoiqkla f,i 248 fvisu,a w.h nhsk j,g fmr g ,efnk nhsk w.h 11111000 f' fuys tljru nhsk w.h .ek n,d tys fvisu,a w.h fldmuKlaoehs mejiSug fkdyels neka th mejiSug myiq whqre nhsk fldav fvisu,a w.h fhdod .ekSfuka m%ldY lsu Nd;d f' BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) kka th yekaf' fuys flfrkqfha fvisu,a w.h nhsk w.hla f,i fjka fjkaj oelauhs' th 7 segment orYl ;=klska fmkauo myiqf' ksoiqkla f,i 523 fvisu,a wxlh BCD f,i yrjk wdldrh;a th 7 segment orYl ;=klska fmkau;a myiqfjka lr.; yels wdldrh flfhka jgyd .ksuq'
37
wm oeka Decimal, binary, Hex Decimal hk wdldr ;=k u.ska .k whqre;a" BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) l%uh fhdod .kakd whqre;a fydka wjfndaO lrf.k we;s ksid tkafldavr iy fldavr fla;lrKh iy fla; lrKh ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels ugulg m;aj we;af;uq' tfy;a th jvd;a myiq ug k ta i|yd fhdod .kakd IC jr. ms<sn|jo h wjfndaOhla ,nd isu myiq jk neka tu uQ,sl oekqu;a ,nd .ksuq'
IC (Intergated Circuit) ;dCIKh

bf,lafg%dksla mm: uQ,sl f,i ie,iq jkafka g%dkaii s g a r"vfhda" lemEisgr iy frisig a r fhdod .ekqfuka jqj;a fjd fjka fjkaj fhdod .ekqu ;=,ska ixlSrK mm:hla ksrudKh lsu i|yd w;s Yd, bvla fukau ld,hla jehl, hq;=f' fuu g%dkaisiagrhla fyda vfhdavhla w;g yiqjk f,i Yd, f,i ksru dKh jqjo we;a;jYfhkau th ;=, we;s ls%hdld wrO ikakdhl fldgi i|yd fjkaj we;af;a w,afmfk;a;s ;=vlg;a jvd wvq bv m%udKhls' ta wkqj g%dkaisiagr iy vfhda j, fldmqj bj;alr tajdfha mm: fldgi muKla f.k mm:hla ksrudKh l, yels k ta i|yd jehjkafka b;du;a wvq bv m%udKhls' tf,i ilialrk ,o mm: we;=,;a bf,lafg%dksl ixrpl ykajkq ,nkafka IC hkqfjks' wo fuu ;dCIKh b;d hqKqj we;s w;r tys ksmojd we;s f,dla IC jr. DTL, TTL, ECL, CMOS, Schottky hkd jYfhka fjkalr ;sf' f ms<sn|j miqj ia;r flfrk w;r kg ta ms<sn|j fl wjfndaOhla muKla ,nd .ksuq'
DTL hkq Diode Transistor Logic hk IC
523 5
0101
2
0010
3
0011
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
l%uhg wxl Nd;d lsf myiqj BCD l%uhg wxl Nd;d lsf myiqj by;
igyfkka wjfndaO lr.; yelsh' fuys 523 hk fvisu,a wxlh 5"2'3 f,i wjia:d ;=klg fjka fjkaj f.k tajd kej; fjkafjkaj nhsk w.hg yrjd ;sf' bkamiq igyk my;ska olajd we;s whqre tu nhsk w.hka fjka fjkaj wjia:d ;=klska fijka fi.auka orYl f,i oelah yelsh' fuf,i Yd, fvisu,a w.fhka hq;a ixLdjl wxl fjka lr kej; tajd y;rlska hq;a nhsk w.fhka m%ldY lsu Binary Coded Decimal hkqfjka yekaf'
jr.h ykajk fl ku jk w;r th vfhdav iy g%dkaisiagr muKla fhdod ksmojd ;sfnhs' TTL hkq Transistor Transistor Logic hk woyi jk w;r th vfhda fjkqjg g%dkaisiagr fhdod ksmojd ;sfnhs' th f,dla mm:j, nyq,j fhdod .kakd IC jr.hla f' ECL hkq Emiter Coupled Logic hk woyi jk w;r th b;d f.j;a ls%hdld;ajhlska hqla; jQjls' tneka fldmshqgr" ,s ixfoaY iy ieg,hs wdfhys th nyq,j fhdod .efkhs' CMOS hkq Comlementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic hk wr:h jk w;r fuh wvq n, mfNdackfhka hq;a Wiia .=Kdx. j,ska hqla; jQjls' th 3V isg 18V jQ fjda,ah;d mrdihl ls%hdlrkq ,nhs' Schottky TTL hk fuu l%uh fmr i|yka TTL l%uhg iu jqjo fuys uQ,sl fjki we;=,; msys g%dkaisiagr fia iy lf,lagr ikahg fYdls jr.fha vfhda fhdod ;suhs' fuu.ska tu w.% fol w;r fjda,ah;djh l,m fldg ix;Dma; u j<ld,hs' ta w;ru b keUqrej i|yd wjYH jkafka wvq fjda,ah;djhls' fuys i|yka IC w;=ka wmg fla; lrKh iy fla; lrKh i|yd fhdod .; hq;= jkafka TTL, IC jr.h jk w;r ta weiqka th bgq lr .ekSu < l,dmfhka ia;r flfr'
RS-47
38
hils
by; wdldrhg wxl 5 nhsk w.hla f,i CPU tallhg fh miq thg 4 tl;= lsu i|yd <g h;=re mqjref + h;=r ;o l, hq;=f' th Odkhla f,iska CPU tallhg ,efnkafka <g olajk wxlh uq,ska olajk ,o wxl 5 g tl;= l, hq;= f,igh' <g by; wdldrhgu wxl 4o h;=re mqjrej yryd ,ndka miq = ,l=K we;=,a l, g CPU tallh u.ska ms,s;=r tk wxl 9 orYk ;Srfha olajkq ,nhs' (5+4=9) fuys olajk ,oafoa wm 45 jk l,dmfhka wOHhkh l, fla; lrK iy fla; lrK ls%hdj,shhs' f i|yd ksoiqkg.;a le,alh s f q ,agrh ;=, we;s tkafldavrh (Encorder) iy (Decorder) fldgia fol ls%hdlrk wdldrh wo l,dmfhka wjfndaO lr .ksuq' tkafldavr (Encorder) ls%hdld;ajh le,alshqf,agrfha h;=re mqjref h;=re ;o lsf tajdg wod, fvisu,a tk oyfha mdo wxl nhsk wxl njg yrjk fldgi tkafldavrh jk w;r th ;ks IC tllska bgqlr.; yels fiajdjls' fuu ls%hdj,sh wOHhkh i|yd le,alshqf,agrh ;=, ls%hd lrk fuu imQrK mm:hu ksoiqkg .; fyd;a fuu tkafldavr ls%hdj,sh wjfndaO lr .ekqu b;d wmyiq fjhs' ukao th b;d ksj/j ls%hdlrug w;sfrl mm:o thg tlajk neks' ksoiqkla f,i wms 43 l,dmfha m,jq g,a ;dCIKh ,smsfhka jgyd.;a whqre lS fnda tfla iEu iaphlau fmd,d mekSu je<elaug Bounce less iaphlaa iys;j inkaO l, hq;=fjhs' ;jo le,alshqf,agrfha h;=rla ;o l, miq th ksoyia l,;a bka lshjqkq wxlh orYk ;Srfha .gu iah hq;=fjhs' ta i|ydo w;sfrl friagr mm: fhh hq;=fjhs' f wdldrhg fuu mm:h wx. imQrK f,iu wOHhkhg .;ag th wmyiqjk ksid f i|yd fhdod .kakd IC tl muKla fhdod fuu tkafldavr ls%hdld;ajh ykd .ksuq'
+5V
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh -4

nhsk w.hka fla; lrkh iy fla; lrKh Encordimg & Decording Binary Numbers nhsk w.hka fla; lrKh iy fla;lrKh ms<sn|j fuhg fmr 45 jk l,dmfhka wm wOHhkh l, w;r ta i|yd ksoiqkla f,i .kq ,enqf le,alshqf,agrhl wxl 5 iy 4 tlg tl;= lrk wdldrhhs' tfy;a ta jkg Decimal, Binary, Hex Decimal hk wdldr ;=k u.ska .k whqre;a" BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) l%uh fhdod.kakd whqre;a wOHhkh lr fkd;snQ ksid ta ms<sn|j lrk ,oafoa ykajdula mu' tfy;a oekg fuu l%u muKla fkdj f i|yd fhdod .kakd IC jr. ms<n|jo oekqj;aj we;s ksid thu uola .eUqka wOHhkh lruq' ta wkqj uq,skau wm W.;a le,alshqf,agr ls%hdj,sho ieflka kej;;a isysm;a lr .ksuq'
IC-74147
le,alshqf,agrhl wxl 5" tys 7 is.auka iamaf,atlg .kakd whqre fuys kej;;a olajd we;af;a le,alshqf,agrhl we;=,; ie,iquhs' fuh u.ska wxl 5 iy 4 tl;= lrk whqre kej;;a wjfndaO lr .ksuq' ta i|yd uq,skau wms lS mE tflka wxl 5 tnQ g oyfha mdofha tk fvisu,a wxlhla jQ tu wxl 5 fofla mdofha tk nhsk wxlhla f,i yrjd th CPU (Central Processing unit) tlg oekq h hq;=fjhs' fuu fvisu,a wxl 5 tys nhsk w.h jQ 0101 f,i yeru tkafldavrh (Encorder) u.ska isjk wdldrh;a th CPU tlg oekq fok wdldrh;a igyfka jmiska meye<sj olajd ;sfnhs' by; wdldrhg h;=re mqjref Tnk ,o wxl 5" CPU tallhg ,ndu;a iuu 7 is.auka iamaf,a ;Srfhao lah hq;=fjhs' miq.sh l,dmfhka wOHhkh l, BCD(Binary Coded Decimal ) wdldrhg th orYk ;Srfha wxl lsysmhl ixLHdjla f,iska olajkq ,nhs' ta i|yd CPU tallh u.ska wxl 5 olajk 0101 nhsk w.h kej; fvisu,a w.hg yerh hq;= w;r th isjkafka igyk ol=Kq miska olajd we;s whqre Decorder fldgi u.sks' igyfka wm h;=re mqjrej u.ska ;ol, wxl 5 orYk ;Srfha oelafjk whqre fmkajd we;'
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
D C B A
Out puts
inputs
tkafldavr ls%hdld;ajh isjk whqre fuys olajd we;af;a le,alshqf,agr tkafldavrfha ls%hdld;ajh wjfndaO lrug ieliQ wdorY mm:hls'
hils
fuys tkafldavrhla f,i ls%hdlrkafka 74147 wxlh iys; IC tlhs' fuu igyk u.ska fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl njg yeru tk tkafldar lsu jgydu uQ,sl woyi neka thg myiqjk whqre b;d ir, whqka wdorY igyk ilia lr we;' fuys j miska bkamq f,i w.% 9la olajd we;s w;r tajdg inkaO ia ;o lr tu w.% wr;a lsfuka ol=Kq miska olajd we;s A,B,C,D hk w.% y;r u.ska y;rlska hq;=j wod, nhsk wxlh ksl=;a flfr' tu wjq mq w.%j,g inkaO l=vd ,s nqnq,la oe,afjk wjia:dj f,dla 1 f,io ks we;s wjia:dj f,dla 0 f,io .;fyd;a my; i|yka whqre fuys ls%hdld;ajh ;rl igykla u.ska oelah yelsh' 23 22 21 20 DECIMAL VALUE A B C D
39
fhdod .kska tkafldavrfhka fhduqjk nhsk wxl fuys 7 is.auka fvisu,a wxl f,i olajk whqre my; igyfkka olajd ;sf'
BCD to 7 segment Decorder driver

5V+ D C B A g f e d c b a
RBO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
test
RBI
IC- 7448
5V +V
tkafldavr IC tl u.ska fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl njg yrjk whqre fuu igyfkka oelajkafka fmr igyfkka olajk ,o tkafldavrh u.ska h;=re mqjref we;s ia u.ska imhk fvisu,a wxl ol=Kq miska olajd we;s wjq mq w.% u.ska nhsk wdldrhg msgfjk whqrehs' ksoiqkla f,i h;=re mqjref wxl 3 ia fnd;a;u tnQ g wdorY igyfka A iy B ,s nqnq fol ks mj;sk w;r C iy D ,s nqnq fol oe,afjhs' tk tu.ska 0011 hk nhsk wxlh ixfla;j;a flfr' by; igyk whqre th wxl 3 olajk nhsk w.h nj jegfykq we;' le,alshqf,agrhl k fuu nhsk wxl tys CPU tlg imhk w;ru fijka is.auka iamaf,a tlgo imhd tu wxlh iamaf,a lrkq ,nhs' ta i|yd fldavr mm:hla fhdod .; hq;= w;r ta flfiaoehs <g fidhd n,uq' fuys kej;;a olajd we;af;a wm W.;a fijka is.u a ka g,a wCIrhla jk w;r tys a,b,c,d, h k d j Y f h k a we;=,;alr we;s LED wjYH whqre ,afuka fvisu,a wxl iamaf,a u isf' fuh BCD l%uhg myiqfjka ls%hd;aul l, yels whqreo miq.sh l,dmfhka ia;r h' fldavr mm:hla
tkafldavr IC tl u.ska fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl njg yrjk whqre tkafldavrfhka ,efnk nhsk wxl fijka fi.auka orYlfha oelau i|yd fldavrhla f,i oelaug TTL jr.hg wh;a 7448 hk IC tl fhdod .efka' by; igyfka olajd we;af;a tu fldavr v%hsjr mm:hhs' fmr igyfka olajk ,o tkafldavrfha ABCD hk wjqmq w.% by; igyk whqre fuu fldavr IC tfla bkamq f,iska we;s ABCD w.%j,g inkaO h hq;=h' fuu IC tfla a isg g olajd we;s w.% 8 igyk ol=Kq miska olajd we;s whqre fijka is.auka iamaf,a tlg inkaO l, hq;=h' tg h;=re mqjref i|yka lrk fvisu,a wxlh fuu iamaf,a tfla ta whqkau olajkq ,ef' fuys BCD IN i|yd fhh hq;= BCD w.h;a ta iuu oe,afjk fijka is.auka wxlh;a my; j.=fjka oelaf'
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
7 SEGMENT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
g,a ;dCIKh yeu i|yd b;d wjYH jk f.a jr. ms<sn| oekqj;a lsu < l,dmfha isg wdrN jkq we;'
7 is.auka iamaf,a wxlhla
40
hils
wl=ka ixfla;j;a lr we;' fuu f.a tl we;=,; we;af;a g%dkaisiagr lsysmhlska hq;a mm:hla jk w;r th fmdf hdka;S%l ia follg iul, yelsh' ta wkqj fuys ls%hdld;ajh wxl 2 igyk whqre ia folla iy n,anhla iys; mm:hlg idudkf' tk tys A iy B ia folu inkaO jQ g Y n,anh oe,af' ta wdldrhgu weka f.a tflao A iy B bkamq w.% folu Ok w.% jQ g muKla wjq mq Y w.%h Ok w.%hla f' ;j;a whqrlska mjikjd k fuu bkamq w.% folu f,dla 1 jQ g muKla Y w.%ho f,dla 1 ;;ajhg m;af' ;j rg;a fuh meye,s lrkafka k A iy B w.% fol High jQ g muKla Y w.%ho High f' by; olajk ,o f.a tfla A iy B tk A and B bkamq fol High fyda f,dla 1 jQ g th ls%hd;aul jk neka fuys iy tk AND hk jpkh fhdf.k weka f.a hkqfjka fuh ykajd we;s nj Tng myiqfjka jgyd.; yels jkq we;' r (OR ) f.a ls%hdld;ajh
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh -5

f,dla f.a jr./Logic Gates
g,a fCIa;%h imQrKfhkau f,dla f.a ls%hdld;ajh u; f.dv ke.S ;sfnhs' ta wkqj g,a ;dCIKh yeoEug m<uqj l, hq;af;a fuu f,dla f.a jr. iy tajd ls%hdlrk wdldrh b;d fydka wjfndaO lr .ekquhs' ;jo idudkH ,s mm: ksrudKfha jqjo .eg iy.; ;eka b;d myiqfjka ksrdlrKh lr .ekqug f,dla f.a fhdod .; yelsfjhs' fudagr r: ,s mm:j, tjka wjia:d /ila oel.; yelsf' my; lafjkafka g,a ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd f.a jr. lsysmhls' 01. weka (AND) f.a 02. r (OR) f.a 03. fkd (NOT) f.a 04. keka (NAND) f.a 05. fkdar (NOR) f.a 06. XOR= Exclusive -OR 07. XNOR = Exclusive - NOR g,a ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd m%Odk f.a jr. by; olajd we;s f.a jr. w;=ka weka" r" iy fkd hk f.a jr. ;=k g,a ;dCIKfha m%Odk;u f.a jr. f,i ie,fla' fuu uq,sl f.a jr. O wdldrfhka tl,ia lr b;s f.a ilid ;sf' fjd vfhda" g%dkaisiagr iy frisiagr weiqka l=vdjg ksrudKh lr IC ;=, ;ekam;alr ;sf' ksoiqkla f,i wxl SN 7408 orK IC tl ;=, keka f.a 4 la ;ekam;alr ;sf' ldrl wmg jgyd.; yels m weka" r iy fkd hk m%Odk f.a jr. ;=k b;d ir, whqka wo l,dmfhka jgyd .ksuq' weka (AND) f.a ls%hdld;ajh
in puts
A
OR
x
Y
A 0 0 1 1
Out put
A B Y
B 0 1 0 1
Y 0 1 1 1
A
in puts
AND
x
Y
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1
Out put
B
A + Y B
Y 0 0 0 1
r f.a ls%hdld;ajh fuys olajd we;af;a g,a ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd ;j;a m%Odk f.a tlla jk r f.a ls%hdld;ajhhs' wxl 1 igyfkka tys ixfla;h olajd w;s w;r fmr igyfka we;s ixfla;hg jvd fuh fjkialr we;af;a tys miqmi fldgi jl% lsfuks' fuhgo A iy B hkqfjka bkamq w.% folla we;=,;a lr we;s kuq;a thg jvd je .Kkska hq;a w.% .Kkla jqjo thg we;=,;ah yelsh' wxl 2 igyfkka tys we;=,; ls%hdld;ajh olajd we;s w;r ta wkqj fuh iudka;r .;j inkaO l, ia foll mm:hlg iul, yelsh' tk fuys A fyda B hk ia foflka tlla inkaO lsu ;=,ska n,anh ,ah yelsh' fuys ls%hdld;ajho f,dla 1 iy 0 f,i f.k i;H;d j.=jlska (Truth table) wxl 3 igyk whqre lah yelsh' ta wkqj bkamq w.% tlla f,dla 1 g tk High jQ g wjq mq Y w.%ho f,dla 1 tk High ;;ajhg m;afjhs' fuhg fmr ia;r l, weka f.a tl tu kka yekajQfha tys wjq mq w.%h f,dla 1 ;;ajhg taug A iy B (A and B ) bkamq w.% folu f,dla 1 ;;ajhg m;ah hq;= neks' tfy;a by; olajk ,o f.a tfla ta i|yd A fyda B (A or B ) inkaO h hq;= neka fuh OR f.a kka yekafjhs'
weka f.a ls%hdld;ajh fuys wxl 1 igyfkka olajd we;af;a weka f.a ixfla;hls' thg bkamq w.% folla we;=,;a w;r th A iy B f,iska olajd we;' fuhg we;=,;aj we;af;a bkamq w.% folla jqj;a fuhg jvd je bkamq w.% ixLHdjla jqjo fuhg we;=,;ah yelsh' fuys wjq mq w.%h Y
hils
fkd (NOT ) f.a ls%hdld;ajh (1) (2)
41
A
(input)
B
(Output)
A 0 1
1 0
fkd f.a ls%hdld;ajh fuys olajd we;af;a g,a ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd ;j;a tla m%Odk f.a jr.hla jk w;r th ykajd we;af;a NOT f.a hkqfjks' wxl 1 igyfkka olajd we;s fuys ixfla;fhka oelafjk whqre fuhg we;af;a tla bkamq w.%hla iy tla wjq mq w.%hla mu' wfkl=;a f.a jr. yd ii|k g fuys we;af;a b;d ir, ls%hdld;ajhls' tk fuys bkamq tl f,i f,dla 1 iemhQ g th f,dla 0 f,iska wjq mq w.%fhka msgf' f ksid fuh bkajrgrhla (Invertor) f,iskao yekaf' f wkqj fuhg Ok w.%hla ,nd ka g th iDk w.%hla f,iskao iDk w.%hla ,nd ka hg th Ok w.%hla f,iskao msgfjk neka fuh b;d nyq,j f,dla mm:j, fhdod .efka' f,dla f.a mm:j, fhdod.ekqu g,a mm: imQrKfhkau f.dv ke.S we;af;a fuu f,dla f.a u.ska jqj;a tajd idudkH ,s mm: j,o fhdod .efkhs' fjdfha we;s jeo.;alu jgyd .ekqug wms fuys W.;a f,dla f.a fudagr r: ,s mm:j,u fhfok wjia:d lsysmhla ksoiqkg .ksuq'
ACC +
AC . On /Off
wdrCIdj m;d tyso fldm%ih k;r h hq;=h' fuf,i .Eia mSvkh by< hdu ykd .ekqug .Eia moaO;shg High pressure iaph ilr ;sf' tfukau .Eia ,Sla tlla we;sj .Eia ugu wvq jqj fyd;a tyso fldm%irh k;r h hq;=h' ukao fldm%irhg iafkaykh ,efnkafka fuu .Eia yd Y% jqkq iafkayk f;,a u.ska neks' ta i|yd .Eia moaO;shg Low pressure iaph inkaO lr ;sf' fuu ish wjYh;d iys;j jdhqilrK ,s mm:h ksrudKh lsu fld;r wmyiqoehs Tng is;d.; yel' tfy;a by; igyk whqre weka f.a tlla fhdod .ekqfuka th fld;r myiqfjka ksrudKh l, yels oehs Tng is;d .; yelsh' fuys olajd we;s f,a tallh inkaO lsfuka fldm%irh ls%hd;aul jk w;r f,a tallh ls%hdlrjk g%dkaisiagrhg wjYH fia Odrdj weka f.a tflka ,nd ;sfnhs' tys bkamq w.%hg inkaO tl iaphla fyda wlS%h fuka g%dkaisiagrho wlS%h jk neka mm:fhka bgqh hq;= ish wjYH;d fuys imQrKj ;sf' r f.a mm:j, fhdod.ekqu
Hand brake (ON/+)
Brake Oil (Low +) Brake pad (wear+)
OR
Thermostat AC . Clutch Eng. Over heat

1 2 3 AND 4 5
jdhqilrK fldm%Ir la,ph Y ls %hdlrug weka f.a tlla fhdod we;s whqre
Low pressure High pressure
fudagr r: jdhqilrK moaO;sj, fldm%ir la,ph lsh % dlrf tys ,s mm:h wdrCIs; mm: /ila iu fhdod .; hq;=f' tk th jdhqilrK iaph (AC, ON/ Off) inkaO l, g ls%hd;aul h hq;=h' bkamiq jdhqilrKh ls%hd lsf bjmfrgr WIaK;ajh fi' 00 g jvd my< nisk g fldm%irh k;r h hq;=h' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a tys bjmfrgrh u; whsia neu isf' ;ruiage iaph yryd th isf' tkau jr yS jqjfyd;a tyso fldm%irh wlS%h h hq;=h' f w;r h fyhlska moaO;sfha *s%fhdka .Eia mSvkh by< .shfyd;a
f%la fjdarkska ,hs mm:hg r f.a tlla fhdod we;s whqre r f.a tl mm:hl fhdod .kakd wdldrh laug fuys ksoiqkg f.k we;af;a r:fha gr mqjref we;s f%la fjdarkska bkaflagrhhs' idudkHfhka r:fha we;s f%la ,hs fjdarkska bkaflagrh yEka f%la ls%hd;aulj we;s g" f%la Ths,a wvq jQ g" f%la mE f. we;s g jeks lreKq lsysmhla i|ydu fhdod .efkhs' by; igyfka j miska tu ,s mm: leg igykla u.ska olajd we;s w;r bka olajd we;af;a tu mm: ie,iqu wkqj A w.%h yEka f%la ls%hd;aulj we;s g A w.%h + w.%hla jk f,igh' tfukau f%la Ths,a wvqjQ g B w.%h Ok w.%hla fjhs' ta wdldrhgu f%la mE f. we;s g C w.%ho Ok w.%hla fjhs' by; ie,iqu hgf;a fhdod we;af;a r f.a tlla neka fuu A,B,C hk bkamq w.% w;=ka tl w.%hla fyda Ok w.%hla jqjfyd;a wjq mq Y w.%ho Ok w.%hla olajd we;s fjdarkska n,anh oe,afjhs' ta weiqka Tng r f.a ls%hdld;ajh fukau th fhdod .ekqfuka mm: ie,iqu myiqjk wdldrh ;j rg;a jegfykq we;' wo l,dmfhka wms m%Odk f,dla f.a w;=ka folla wjfndaO lr .;suq' f wdldrhgu fuys b;s f.a jr. ms<sn|j ksoiqka iys;j ,nk l,dmfhka ia;r flfrkq we;'
42
hils
mjikjd k th idudkH weka f.a tllska ,efnk ;rl M,fha wkajr: (invert) w.hhs' b igyk whqre weka f.a tllg fkd f.a tlla inkaO lsfuka th ,nd.; yelsfjhs' c igyfkka wmg wjYH jQ fuu ;rl M,h ,efnk wdldrh ;jrg;a meye<s jk whqre j.=j olajd we;' ta i|yd thg weka f.a wjq mq w.%h iy fkd f.a bkamq w.%h tlg inkaO jk fmdhska tl jk X w.%fha ;rl M,ho we;=,;a lr we;'
A and B x Not A Nand B Y A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Y 1 1 1 0
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh -6

f,dla f.a jr./Logic Gates g,a mm: i|yd fhdod .efkk m%Odk;u
f.a jr. ;=k jk weka (AND)" r (OR)" iy fkd (Not) hk f.a jr. ms<sn|j wms miq.sh l,dmfhka wjfndaO lr .;suq' b;sj we;s keka (Nand) iy fkdar (Nor) hk f.a fojr.h ms<sn|j wo uq,skau wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
A
in
Not
B
0ut
A 0 1
B 1 0
fkd f.a ls%hdld;ajh fuys kej;;a olajd we;af;a miq.sh l,dmfhka wm W.;a fkd f.a tl jk w;r thg we;af;a tla bkamq w.%hla mu' ol=Kq miska olajd we;s tys i;H;d j.=j wkqj fuhg bkamq w.% f,i imhk f,dla w.%h udre tk wkajr: (Invert) wjq mq w.%fhka msgfjhs' f wkqj g,a mm:j, f,dla 1 w.%hla f,dla 0 lr .ekqug fyda f,dla 0 w.%hla f,dla 1 w.%hla lr .ekqug fuh fhdod .efkhs' keka f.a ksrudKh wmg h A B Y A B Y f,dla mm:hla A 0 0 1 0 0 0 and Y 0 1 1 fuys a igyfkka 0 1 0 1 0 1 olajd w;s i;H;d 1 0 0 B 1 1 0 1 1 1 j.=jg wkqj ls%hd;aul h weka f.a ls%hdld;ajh hq;=hhs is;uq' tfia k wmg wksjdrhfhkau ta i|yd fhdod .; hq;a;f;a b igyfkka olajd we;s wdldrfha weka f.a tlls' tfy;a h h mm: ls%hdlrk ms<sfj, wkqj wmg C igyfka oelafjk i;Hh;d j.=j m y wjq mq w.hka ,eh hq;= k tk idudkH weka f.a tllska ,efnk ;rl M,h bkajr h hq;= k ta i|yd fuu wjq mq w.%hg fkd f.a tlla inkaO l, hq;=fjhs'
weka iy fkd f.a fol tl;= keka f.a tl ielfik whqre fuu A igyfka olajd we;af;a fuhg fmr olajk ,o i;H;d j.=jla ,nd .ekqu i|yd weka f.a tlla fkd f.a tlla yd inkaO l, wdldrhhs' f wdldrhg wmg f,dla mm: ksrudKfha Yd, jYfhka weka f.a iu fkd f.a tla l, hq;=f' th myiq lsug b igyk whqre keka f.a tl ksmojd ;sfnhs' tk th we;=,; weka f.a tlla iy fkd f.a tlla tlg tla lr ;ks tallhla f,iska fj<| fmd,g ksl=;a lr ;sfnhs' c igyfkka olajd we;af;a tys i;H;d j.=jhs' b igyk whqre keka f.a ixfla;h ksrudKh lr we;af;a weka f.a tlgu tys bfhka l=vd kajla tla lsfuks' fkdar f.a
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 1
A
OR
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Y 1 0 0 0
r f.a tll ls%hdld;ajh fuys b igyfkka olajd we;af;a r f.a tlls' tys i;H;d j.=j a igyk whqre msysgk nj wms .shjr l,dmfhka wjfndaO lr .;suq' fuu a i;H;d j.=ju c igyfkka olajd we;s whqre wkajr; ,nd.; hq;= k fuyso l, hq;af;a weka f.a tlg l,dla fuka r f.a tl bfhka fkd f.a tlla inkaO lsuhs' my; igyfkka th olajd we;'
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Y 1 0 0 0
A
OR
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Y 1 1 1 0
A and B
x Not
A 0 0 1 1
BXY 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
x Not
A 0 0 1 1
BXY 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 11 0
keka f.a ksrudKh fuu a igyfkka kej;;a olajd we;af;a fuhg fmr igyfka c i;H;d j.=jhs' th wms ksoiqkla f,i .;a wmg wjYHj we;s i;H;d j.=jhs' ;j;a whqrlska
fkdar f.a tll ls%hdld;ajh fmr igyfkka c j.=fjka olajk ,o wmg wjYHj ;snq i;H;d j.=j by; a igyfkka kej;;a olajd we;' th r f.a tll i;H;d j.=fu wkajr:hla
hils
neka th ,nd .ekqug b igyk whqre r f.a tl bfhka fkd f.a tlla fhh hq;=h' tg tu inkaOfhka wmg wjYHj ;snQ a i;H;d j.=j ,efnk w;r th ,efnk whqre ia;rd;aul f,i c igyfka i;H;d j.=fjka olajd we;'
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Y 1 0 0 0
43
we;af;a weka f.a folla iy fkd f.a follao tla lr tu tl;=f m%;sodkh tk wjq mq tl r f.a tlla yryd msg;g .ekSfuks' i;H;d j.=j wkqj m%odk fjkia lrka tys m%;sM,h ,efnk whqre iu mm:h ;=,ska wjfndaO lr .kak' XNOR f.a ls%hdld;ajh
A XNOR B
A
OR
x Not
Y
B
NOR
ixfla;h iu mm:h
Y
AND
fkdar f.a ksrudKh iy tys i;H;d j.=j fuu a igyfkka olajd we;af;a wmg wjYHj ;snQ C igyfkka olajd we;s i;H;d j.=j ,nd .ekqu i|yd r f.a tl iu fkd f.a tlla hd lr we;s wdldrhhs' weka f.a tl idok ,o wdldrhgu fuyso fuu r f.a tl fkd f.a tl iu ;ks tallhla f,i ilid we;s w;r tys ixfla;h b igyfkka th olajd ;sf' fuu f.a tl ykajkq ,nkafka fkdar (Nor) f.a f,isks' r f.a ixfla;hg bfhka w;sfrl kajla fhdod tys ixfla;h ksrudKh lr ;sfnhs' g,a ;dCIKfha fhfok uQ,sl f.a lsysmh oeka wms ia;rd;aul f,iska wjfndaO lr f.k iskafkuq' weka " r" fkd" keka iy fkdar hkqfjka tu f.a jr. my yekajqks fuu fkdar iy keka f.a j,g wu;rj ;j;a f.a jr. lsysmhla Nd;fha w;s w;r tajdo fuys wOHhkg .ksuq' XOR f.a ls%hdld;ajh
XOR f.a mm:h uola ixlSrK jQ g,a
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Y 1 0 0 1
O R
NOT
AND
f.a ksrudKh iy tys i;H;d j.=j XNOR f.a ixfla;h iy tys i;H;d j.=j fuu igyfka jmiska olajd we;s w;r ol=Kq mi igyfkka tys iu mm:h olajd we;' fuh ksrudKh lr we;af;a XOR f.a tlgu tys m%;sodk w.%hg fkd f.a tlla tl;= lsfuks' fuu f.a jr. foflys i;H;d j.= fol ikaikaokh lrk g fmkShkafka XOR f.a m%odk w.% wiudk jk g m%;sodk w.%h 1 jqj;a XNOR f.a tfla thg m%;s reoaO f,i tk m%odk w.% iudk jQ g m%;sodk w.%h 1 uhs'
+ 5V 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
XNOR
mm: i|yd fhfokakls' bkamq wiudk jk iEu wjia:djlu wjq mq w.%h 1 jk w;r bkamq ish,a, iudk jk g fuys wjq mq w.%h 0 u isf' fuhg fmr ia;r jQ f.a jr. myu wdorY mm: igyka u.ska ia;r jQ ksid ta weiqka fuu XOR f.a tfla ksrudKh iy ls%hddl;ajh fidhd n,uq' ixfla;h
A XOR B
O R
SN 7408
Y
(-)
AND
SN 7408 .Dyia: mm:h
iu mm:h XOR f.a ksrudKh iy tys i;H;d j.=j XOR f.a ixfla;h iy tys i;H;d j.=j fuu igyfka jmiska olajd we;s w;r ol=Kq mi igyfkka tys iu mm:h olajd we;' iu mm:h wkqj fuh ieliS
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Y 0 1 1 0
NOT
AND
w;S;fha fuu f.a j._ g%dkaisiagr fhd ieliqk;a wo th IC ;dCIKh hgf;a muKla ksmofjhs' tu IC ;=, we;s mm:h ykd .;ag th wmg wjYH whqre fjkia lrka ndysr mm:j,g fhd .; yel' ksoiqkla f,i fuys olajd we;af;a SN 7408 wxlh orK IC ma tl jk w;r th m%k folla iy tla m%;skhla iys; weka f.a 4 la iys;j ksrudKh lr we;' fuu ma tfla 14 iy 7 hk w.% j,g fjda,a 5 lska hq;a Odrdjla iemhQ g fuu f.a 4 u ls%hd;aul jk w;r tajd ndysrj wmf.a mm:j,g wjYH whqre fhdojd .; yel'
44
hils
keka f.a u.ska weka f.a ilid .ekqu
Wiia g,a ;dCIKh -7

hils wjidk l,dmh neka kj g,a ;dCIKfha kj mdvulg hdu wmyiq w;r wm wOHhkh l, f.a jr. lsysmh ms<sn|j ;j rg;a wjfndaO lrf.k f weiqka ilid we;s ixlSrK fudagr r: moaO;shla ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ksuq' g,a mm: ie,iqf h f.a jr.hla mm:hlg tlalsf tu f.a we;=,;a IC tlla fhdod .; hq;= w;r mska 14 lska hq;a tu IC tlla ;=, f.a 4 la we;=,;aj ;sfnhs' miq.sh l,dmfhka tjka weka f.a 4 la iys; IC tlla fmkajd ks' f wdldrhg wmg wjYH iEu f.a jr.hlau IC f,iska ,nd.; yels fjhs'
+ 5V 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
fuh
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Y 0 0 0 1
A B A B
AND
NAND
NAND
AND GATE
keka f.a u.ska weka f.a tlla ksrudKh lr .ekqu fuu igyk ;=, fldgq lr olajd we;af;a weka f.a ixfla;h jk w;r tys j miska tu f.a tfla i;H;d j.=j olajd we;' keka f.a folla fhdod .kska wmg fuu weka f.a tl ilid.; yels whqreo igyk my;ska fjku olajd we;' keka f.a u.ska r f.a ilid .ekqu
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 1
A
OR
7400
7 Gnd
NAND NAND
keka f.a y;rla iys; 7400 IC tl .shjr l,dmfhka wm wOHhkh l, weka f.a 4 la iys; SN 7408 IC tl wdldrhgu keka f.a 4 la iys;j ksmojd we;s 7400 IC tll ie,iqu fuys olajd we;' wmg h mm:hlg AND, NAND, iy NOR, XOR hk f.a jr. j,ska tl ne.ska wjYH jQfha hhs is;uq' tg fuu IC tlla fhdod .;a g bka f.a ;=klau Nd;d fkdlr ;eh hq;=fjhs' tfukau kslrefka je IC m%udKhla fhdod .ekqugo isfjhs' tfy;a fuu keka f.a fhdod .kska wfkl=;a iEu f.a tllau ksrudKh l, yels neka tu l%ufhka fuu tl IC tllskau O f.a lsysmhlau ilid .; yelsfjhs' fuu keka f.a iys; IC tllskau wmg wjYH wfkl=;a f.a ilid .kakd wdldrh uq,skau jgyd .ksuq' keka f.aghlska fkd f.aghla ilid .ekqu
A
A
(input)
OR GATE
B
NAND
keka f.a u.ska r f.a tlla ksrudKh lr .ekqu fuu igyk u.ska olajd we;af;a fmr wdldrhgu keka f.a lsysmhla tla lr r f.a tlla ksrudKh lrk whqrehs' r f.a tlla yd tys i;H;d j.=jo fuys olajd we;s w;r wmf.a r f.a ieliqu u.ska tu i;H;d j.=ju ,efnk whqre f,dla 1 iy 0 fhdod mCId lr wjfndaO lr.; yelsh' keka f.a u.ska tlaia r f.a ilid .ekqu
B 1 0
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Y 0 1 1 0
A XOR B Y
B
(Output)
0 1
AND
XOR GATE
NAND
keka f.a tllska fkd f.a tlla ksrudKh lr .ekqu fuys jmiska olajd we;af;a fkd f.a tlla jk w;r tys i;H;d j.=j igyk ueoafoa olajd we;' thu keka f.a tll bkamq w.% fol tla lr ol=Kq mi igyk whqre ilid .; yels w;r f,dla 0 iy f,dla 1 fhdod th fkd tl wdldrhgu ls%hdlrk whqre i;H;d j.=j weiqka jgyd .; yelsh'
A B
NAND NAND
NAND
keka f.a u.ska tlaia r f.a tlla ksrudKh lr .ekqu fuf;la ia;r l, wdldrhg wmg g,a ;dCIKfha fhdod .kakd iEu f.a tllau keka f.a
hils
45
muKla fhdod ksrudKh l, yels w;r ta ish,a,u laug bv m%udKj;a fkdjk neka uola ixlSrK jQ tlaiar f.a tlla keka f.a u.ska ksrudKh lrk whqre muKla fuys olajd we;' tlaia Tr f.a tll fYaI;ajh jkafka tys bkamq w.% iudk jQ g wjq mq w.%h f,dla 0 u nj wms oksuq' fuu i;H;d j.=j u.ska th kej;;a olajd we;s w;r ,ta iuu keka f.a y;rla fhdod th ilid.kakd wdldrho fuys fmkakq lr we;' fuyso Tng f,dla 1 iy 0 fhdod th i;H;d j.=j yd .e,fmk whqre jgyd.; yelsh' ka wms uola ixlSrK jQ fuu tlaiar f.a tl fhdod we;s fudagr r: ,s mm:hla ksrudKh lr n,uq' tlaiar f.a fhdod bfud,hsir moaO;shla ksrudKh lsu
ia h;=r g%dkaif a *dkavr
fid,fkdhs
f,dla is,skavr
bfud,hsir fldkafg%da,a hqks tkaka fldkafg%da,a hqks
fuys olajd we;af;a fuhg fmr hils irdfjkau wm wOHhkh l, kk r:hlg wh;a bfud,hsir moaO;shls' r: fidrl lsu je<elaug fhdod we;s fuu moaO;sfhka uQ,sl f,i flfrkafka fm%da.%E lrk ,o h;=frka muKla r:h mk .ekaug bv ie,iSuhs' r:h mk.ekaf fid,fkdhsvh u.ska ,ndfok pqnl fCIa;%h u.ska h;=r ;=, we;s g%dkaiafmdkavrh ls%hdlrug wjYH ,sh ksmojd tys fm%da.%E lr we;s ryia wxlh ,ndf.k th bfud,hsir fldkafg%da,a hqks tlg ,nduhs' tkaka fldkafg%da,a hqks tl ;=,o tu tu ryia wxlhu we;ak muKla mk.kajk ,o tkau .gu ls%hdlrjkq ,nhs'
bfud,hsir moaO;shl ie<iqu by; ls%hdld;ajfha ryia wxlh .e,mSu i|yd tlaia r f.a iys; mm:hla fhdod .kq ,efnhs' uhsfl%d fldkafg%da,r fhdod .;a kk;u r:j, fuh ;j rg;a ixlSrK lr we;;a wdrNfha fuh fhdod f.k we;af;a tlaiar f.a ls%hdld;ajh weiqks' fuu tlaia r f.a ls%hdld;ajh ykd .ekqu uQ,sl lrf.k wms tu ksrudKh wjfndaO lr .ekqug W;aidy .ksuq'
0
Engine ECU
A
XOR
A
XOR
A
XOR
0
B
0
B
0
B
XOR
0 O R 0 NOT 1
tlaia Tr f.a y;rla fhdod bfud,hsir moaO;shla ls%hdlrh yels whqre fuys olajd we;s tkaka fudfg%dksla tallfha hlsis w.%hla olajd we;s g%dkaisiagrh yryd wr;a jqfkd;a muKla b.aksIka mq<s= we;s tkau ls%hd;aul l, yelshhs is;kak' tu g%dkaisiagrh ls%hdlrjk tlaiar f.a 4 la igyfka fmkajd we;s w;r tu f.a y;fru bkamq A w.%hg ryia wxlh f,i ms<sfj,ska f,dla wxl 0" 1" 1" 0 f,i we;=,;alr we;ehs is;kak' igyk by<ska th olajd we;' flda lrk ,o h;=frka tkau mk.kajk gu tys bfud,hsir mm:h u.ska tu tlaia r f.a j, bkamq B w.% j,go f,dla 0"1"1"0 hk w.% ,ndu isfjhs' tg ishu tlaiar f.a j, bkamq w.% iudk jk neka tajdfha wjq mq w.%o f,dla 0 u isfjhs' ta wkqj tu w.% inkaO r f.a bkamq w.% y;ru f,dla 0 u fya;=fjka tys wjq mq w.%ho 0 th inkaO fkd f.a bkamq w.%ho 0 f' tk tys wjq mq w.%h f,dla 1 g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aul mk.ekajqkq tkau ta whqkau mj;ajd .efkhs' h fyhlska je/ h;=rla fhdod tkau mk .ekajqjfyd;a tys fuu ryia wxlh mCIdj;a iu r f.a wjq mq w.%h f,dla 1 u;a iuu g%dkaisiagrh wlS%h fjhs' tk tkau wlS%h fjhs' by; igyfka tlaia r bkamq B w.% y;r i|yd f,dla 0110 yer fjk;a lsisu wxlhla fhdod Tng tys tkau ls%hd;aul l< fkdyels jk whqre jgyd .; yelsh' fuu mm:h tkaka ECU tl we;=,;skau ijd i lsfuka fidrekag flfiaj;a tkau mk.kajd .ekqu l, fkdyelsf'

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hils

fudagrr: wdorY l,dm folla

ismar: wdorY l,dm folla

wekf,d.a iy g,a fjki

fvisu,a iy nhsk wxl l%uh wekf,d.a gr mqjrej

High (Logic-1) Low(Logic-0)

fjda,ah;djfhka f,dla w.h oelau

fvisu,a wxl nhsk wxl j,g yeru

g,a bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKh-02

fudaia flda l%uhg wkqj bx.S%is fydah iy wxl ixfla;j;a lr .ekqu

fudaia flda l%uhg wkqj igyka jQ wl=re fm<la

g,a wCIr fol u.ska ix iemhSu

whs,ska mdr f,daa *q,a f,da

g,a bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKh-04

,lay~ hils mdGud,d

idudkH ,s mm: ie,iq j, f,a tall

AND f.a ls%hdld;ajh

A . AC ka$*a iaph B. ;ruiage iaph C. .Eia m%Ir ia

Brake Oil (Low +) Brake pad (wear+)

we;' NOT f.a ls%hdld;ajh

Nand f.a iy Nor f.a

Non inverting input

Coolant temp. sensor

Starter moter solenoid (50)

TmfrIk,a wema,s*hr ^Tma-wEma&

lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh

o;a; yqjudrej / Data transfer

tkaka md,k fldmshqgrh

tkaka md,k fldmshqgrh

.shr udre lsu

ishu ix{d ^jhr folls&

fikag, % a fldkafg%da,a hqks

tkaka fldkafg%da,a hqks

Tfgda .shr fldkafg%da,a hqks

fgd nia cd, / Data bus network

lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh

Data bus line

17 tkaka fldkafg%da,a hqks 010 1000 0000

fgd fm%dfgdfld,a$ Data protocol

.shr fndlaia fldkafg%da,a hqks 100 0100 0000

001 1010 0000

fgd nia ,hska

iafgia *S,a (11 bits )

Nd;d fkdflfr (1 bit )

fgd nia ,hska tfla .uka lrk fgd fm%dfgdflda,a tlla

lEka fgd nia ;dCIKh

fldkafg%da,h iy isjrh iys; fudfg%dksla md,lh

fldkafg%da,h iy isjrh iys; Tfgda g%dkaiaIka md,lh

fgd nia ,hska / Data bus line

fgd nia grk,a fgd nia ,hska

fgd nia grk,a

fgd nia grk,a Data bus Terminal

fgd nia grk,a

fgd nia grk,a

Air fuel ratio

f,a tall u.ska Tma wEma wdrCId lr .ekqu

mm:fha f,a tall fjkqjg g%dkaisiagr fhu

bf,lafg%dksla .Eia mev,a

bf,lafg%dksla md,lh f;%dg,a jE,a

m.Klh hkq l=ulao@

Wiia g,a ;dCIKh

fmd,d mekSu (Bounce) hkq l=ula o@

Nd;fha we;s *a,sma *af,dma mm: jr.

w;r we;sjk fmd,d mekSu

Nd;fha we;s a,sma af,dma mm: jr.

a,sma af,dma ixfla; igyk

a,sma af,dma wdorY mm:h

a,sma af,dma mm:hl ls%hdld;ajh