Tieu luan mon CNCB Rau qua

Che bien Jam dau

M AU
Rau qua sau khi thu hoach neu khong nhanh chong c bao quan se b h
hong rat nhanh. Phan ln nhng h hong xay ra rau qua la do vi sinh vat va
enzyme gay nen. e han che hien tng nay va lam cho thi bao quan rau qua
c nhieu hn, ngi ta thng tm cach c che hoat ong cua 2 tac nhan nay.
Co 2 phng phap chu yeu la : bao quan lanh va bao quan bang cach nau (nau
mt). Co nhieu loai mt khac nhau, phan chia theo phng phap nau, thanh
phan nguyen lieu va san pham cuoi cung.
Dau la loai trai cay giau chat dinh dng, tuy nhien lai ch moc nhng
vung kh hau mat me. Lai khong thu hoach c quanh nam. Do o viec bao
quan dau la ieu can thiet. Hn na sau khi che bien, san pham mt dau co
c nhng gia tr cam quan mi. Bai tieu luan nay xin gii thieu ve qui trnh
che bien mt ong dau va nhng ac iem cua san pham mt sau khi che bien.

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Che bien Jam dau

MUC LUC
1. Gii thieu ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Nguon goc va s phat trien cua cay dau [3]..................................................................... 3
1.2. Phan loai [3][5] .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Thanh phan dinh dng .................................................................................................. 5
Vitamins ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.4. Thu hoach va bao quan [1] ............................................................................................... 7
2. Che bien jam dau ................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Nguyen lieu..................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1. Trai dau .................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2. Pectin........................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.3. Acid .......................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4. ng:...................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Che bien jam dau .......................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1. Quy trnh cong nghe ............................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe .......................................................................... 11
2.2.3. Nhng van e co the xay ra oi vi san pham ...................................................... 14
2.3. San pham jam dau......................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1. Trnh bay ................................................................................................................ 15
2.3.2. Ch tieu chat lng ................................................................................................. 16
2.3.3. Thanh phan dinh dng [5] ...................................................................................... 17
3. Phu luc ................................................................................................................................. 18
4. Tai lieu tham khao ............................................................................................................... 19

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1.GII THIEU
1.1.Nguon goc va s phat trien cua cay dau [3]
Cay dau co ten khoa hoc la Fragaria, thuoc ho Rosaceae. Cay dau c phat hien
lan au tien vao nam 1400 chau Au, en nam 1700 ngi ta cung tm thay mot loai
dau moc chau My. Ke t o dau xuat hien rong rai va tr thanh lmot loai thc an
pho bien. Ngay nay cay dau co mat hau het cac chau luc, tr chau Phi, nc Uc va
New Zealand.
Cay dau la loai cay than thap va mem, qua tru xuong nam sat mat at. Phan
mong nc cua dau c xem la qua gia do cuong hoa tao thanh, con qua that chnh la
nhng hat nam rai rac xung quanh qua gia.

1.2.Phan loai [3][5]

Theo T ien bach khoa online Reference, co khoang 12 loai dau, nhng pho bien
va phat trien manh nhat la 4 loai sau :

Fragaria vesca
La loai dau rng thng moc chau Au va mien Bac nc My. Loai dau nay
co qua nho, san lng thap nhng co v ngot, ngon t nhien.

Fragaria Virginiana
Co nguon goc t bang Virginia nc My. Loai dau nay c trong nhieu trong
khu vc Bac My. ac iem : kch thc trung bnh, qua rat ngot.

Fragaria chiloensis
Co nguon goc t Chile, qua to, mong nc, san lng cao.

Fragaria ananassa
La loai cay lai gia Fragaria Virginiana va Fragaria chiloensis nen cay dau
Ananassa co c u iem cua ca 2 loai nay : va co v ngot ngon va qua to, san
lng thu hoach nhieu. Do o, giong dau nay thng c dung trong che bien
thc pham cong nghiep.

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Fragaria vesca

Fragaria virginiana

Fragaria chiloensis

Fragaria ananassa

Hnh 1 Hnh anh cac loai dau [5]

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Viet Nam, dau c trong tap trung nhieu a Lat. Tai ay, dau co hai
loai : loai co nguon goc t Phap c a vao a Lat t xa (Fragaria vesca), ay
la loai dau qua nho, au hi nhon, mau o nhat nhng co hng v rat am a va
ngot va chua. Loai th hai la giong nhap t My (Fragaria ananassa) qua ln hn,
au chop tron hn co mau o mong rat ep, v t chua nhng nhat, thng dung
trong san xuat cong nghiep. [2]

1.3.Thanh phan dinh dng

Cay dau khong nhng la mot loai trai cay ngon ma con la mot loai thc pham
giau dinh dng. Trong trai dau co rat nhieu hp chat co li cho c the. Trc het phai
ke en cac hp chat fenolic, tap trung vo qua dau, hnh thanh nen mau sac va mui v
cho trai dau. Cac hp chat fenolic nay co tac dung rat tot oi vi sc khoe : chong oxi
hoa, giam nguy c ung th, chong cac benh tim mach va tang sc e khang cho c the.
trong trai dau, cac fenolic ton tai 3 dang [3]:
Flavonoid : bao gom cac nhom flavonol, flavone, flavonone, flavan,
anthocyanidin (anthocyanin), isoflavone...tao nen mau sac s cho trai dau.
Fenolic acid : bao gom cac acid Hydroxybenzoic acid, Hydroxycinnamic acid,
Ellagic acid. Cac chat nay hnh v chua cua trai dau.
Tannin : Proanthocyanidin, Gallotannin, Ellagi tannin.
Trai dau c xem la mot trong nhng nguon cung cap vitamin C tot nhat cho c
the v ham lng vitamin C cua no rat cao. Khong ch co vitamin C, trong trai dau con
cha nhieu vitamin khac cung rat tot cho c the nh : vitamin A, cac vitamin nhom B,
vitamin E, folat va thiamin
Ngoai ra trong trai dau con cha hau het cac khoang chat can thiet cho c the :
Na, K, Fe, Mg va mot so nguyen to vet co li khac (Cr,Zn,Cu,Si,Se). ac biet, t le
Na-K trong trai dau rat can bang cho nhu cau cua c the ngi.

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Bang 1 Thanh phan dinh dng trong 144g nc ep dau [3]

Thanh phan
Nc
Nang lng
Nang lng
Protein
Lipid tong
Carbohydrat
Chat x
Tro

n v
G
Kcal
Kj
G
G
G
G
G

Ham lng
132
43
181
0,88
0,53
10,1
3,3
0,62

Bang 2.. Ham lng mot so vitamin

Bang 3. Ham lng mot so chat khoang

trong qua dau [3]

trong qua dau [3]

Cac chat khoang

Vitamins
Ca

mg

20

Fe

mg

0,55

0,03

Mg

mg

14

mg

0,10

mg

27

Niacin

mg

0,33

mg

240

Pantothenic acid

mg

0,49

Na

mg

1,44

Vitamin B-6

mg

0,09

Zn

mg

0,19

Folate

25

Cu

mg

0,07

Vitamin B-12

Mn

mg

0,42

Vitamin A, IU

IU

39

Se

1,01

Vitamin A, RE

g RE

4,3

mg
ATE

0,20

Vitamin C,
ascorbic acid

mg

82

Thiamin

mg

Riboflavin

Vitamin E

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1.4.Thu hoach va bao quan [1]

Dau la qua mong nc nen rat de b ton thng va h hong khi co va cham. Do o
viec thu hoach phai c thc hien bang tay. Qua dau sau thu hoach phai c con
nguyen cuong, kho rao va khong b dap.
e gi nguyen chat lng, qua dau sau thu hoach phai c bao quan ngay. Co 2
phng phap bao quan trai dau ti :
Bao quan lanh : dau sau thu hoach c xep thanh 1 lp tren giay hut am e
gi cho kho rao, a vao ni co nhiet o thap, kho rao hoac e ni thoang
mat va t anh sang. Neu bao quan tot, trai dau co the gi c chat lng trong
vong 3-7 ngay.
Bao quan lanh ong : phng phap thc hien cung giong nh bao quan lanh,
nhng nhiet o bao quan c ha xuong di 0oC e co the gi cho trai dau
c ti trong khoang 9-12 thang.
ieu ac biet quan trong khi bao quan dau la trai dau phai luon c gi cho kho
rao.
Ngi ta thng che bien dau thanh nhng mon an, nc uong rat ngon va bo
dng nh: ru dau, mt dau, mat dau, siro dau

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2.CHE BIEN JAM DAU

2.1.Nguyen lieu
2.1.1.Trai dau
La thanh phan chnh cua jam dau, no quyet nh chat lng san pham sau
cung va cung anh hng en cac ham lng cua cac thanh phan nguyen lieu
khac. Dau c chon cho che bien phai va chn, con ti va khong b h hong
hay sau benh.

2.1.2.Pectin
Pectin la thanh phan t nhien san co trong trai dau, c hnh thanh do s
thuy phan protopectin trong qua trnh chn cua qua dau. Pectin la thanh phan quan
trong de hnh thanh gel. Mot so loai qua co u pectin t nhien e tao gel co cau
truc vng chac, mot so khac oi hoi phai bo sung pectin t ben ngoai. Loai pectin
tao gel tot nhat ch co mat trong qua mi chn ti, pectin qua cha chn hoac
chn qua se rat kho tao gel. Lng pectin trong dau thng co ham lng thap, do
o khi che bien jam dau can phai bo sung them pectin.
Pectin ngay nay c san xuat rong rai va c s dung nh phu gia trong cac
san pham can o set. Pectin thng mai thng c san xuat t vo cam, quyt va
tao vi nhieu ch tieu khac nhau. Pectin c san xuat thanh dang long hoac say
kho thanh bot e de bao quan. Viec la chon pectin e s dung phu thuoc vao
nguyen lieu, muc ch cong nghe va ca quy trnh che bien san pham. Khi s dung
pectin bo sung cho mt ong, ta c cac u iem :
Co the s dung trai dau cha chn ti hoac chn qua e a vao san
xuat, viec bo sung pectin va ng thch hp co the khac phuc c o
chn cua trai dau khong thch hp. Nh o qua trnh san xuat jam t b
phu thuoc vao mua vu.
Rut ngan thi gian nau trong qua trnh che bien. Chu ong hn trong
san xuat.
Hieu qua san xuat cao hn.

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ieu quan trong khi s dung pectin la can phai tnh toan lng ng bo sung
cho thch hp.
Ma so quoc te cua pectin la E440.
Bang 4. Mot vai loai pectin thng pham :

Pectin
CF201
CF301
CF401
CF501

DE
68-72%
65-70%
60-64%
56-62%

ac tnh
Tao gel nhanh
Tao gel va
Tao gel cham
Tao gel rat cham

ng dung
SS>58%, pH 2.9-3.3
SS>58%, pH 2.9-3.3
SS>58%, pH 2.9-3.3
SS>58%, pH 2.9-3.3
(*)Nguon : H&F Company
SS : o ng
DE : ch so dextrin

2.1.3.Acid
Acid cung la thanh phan quan trong trong viec hnh thanh gel cho san pham.
Tuy trong dau co mot lng acid ang ke, nhng trong qua trnh che bien can
them vao mot lng acid citric e a pH xuong t 3-3.5, ay la pH thch hp cho
viec tao gel cua pectin.

2.1.4.ng:
ng phai co mat vi ty le thch hp so vi pectin va acid e tao gel tot,
thng lng ng cho vao phai ln hn 50% so vi khoi lng nguyen lieu.
ng con gop phan tao v ngot cho san pham va ngan chan s phat trien cua vi
sinh vat trong qua trnh bao quan.
Trong che bien jam dau thng s dung ng cat trang. Cac chat tao ngot
nh ng vang, sorghum khong nen s dung bi v mui cua chung se che mat
mui cua qua va lam cho v ngot thay oi. ng tinh luyen hoac ng co tron lan
vi dextrose, fructose hoac cac chat tao ngot khac cung khong nen s dung.
Co the thay the mot phan ng bang siro ng t dch thuy phan tinh bot
hoac mat ong co mau sang nhng khong c thay the hoan toan v nh vay se
che mat hng t nhien cua trai dau va co the anh hng ti viec tao gel.

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2.2.Che bien jam dau

2.2.1.Quy trnh cong nghe
Trai dau

Ra

Phan loai

Trai h, cuong

Ra

Cha

Acid citric

ng : pectin
(50:1)

Co ac

Rot lo

Hoan thien

San pham jam dau

Hnh 2. QUY TRNH SAN XUAT JAM DAU

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2.2.2.Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe

2.2.2.1.Nguyen lieu

Dau nguyen lieu la loai Fragaria ananassa. Chon trai dau va chn ti, co
mui thm va mau sac sac s. Trc khi a vao san xuat, trai dau phai c ra
s qua e loai bo mot phan tap chat c hoc nh at, cat.
Hon hp ng va pectin bot ty le co 50:1. Lng ng s dung thng c
tnh theo khoi lng dau nguyen lieu, t le ng : dau thng vao khoang 1:2.
Tuy theo o chn cua dau, lng ng co the thay oi. oi vi dau chn, lng
ng can dung se giam xuong. Neu dung nguyen lieu la dau lanh ong, lng
ng s dung cung se t i.
2.2.2.2.Phan loai

Trai dau trc khi a vao san xuat can qua phan loai e bo nhng trai dap
va sau benh. Cong viec phan loai con co muc ch chon nhng trai co o chn nh
nhau e a vao cung 1 me. Viec phan loai dau thng c thc hien thu cong
do trai dau rat de b ton thng.
2.2.2.3.Ra

Sau khi phan loai, dau c ra sach bo phan cuong, la va cac tap chat c hoc
nh at, cat va lam giam lng vi sinh vat tren trai dau.
Yeu cau c ban cua qua trnh ra la : dau sau khi ra phai sach, qua khong b
dap, cac chat dinh dng t b ton that, thi gian ra ngan va ton t nc.
Nc ra phai la nc sach, am bao cac ch tieu do Bo Y te quy nh. Neu
dung nguon nc thien nhien nh nc ao, ho, song th phai qua he thong loc
trong va sat trung bang voi clorua. (3CaOCl2.Ca(OH)2.3H2O).
Qua trnh ra gom 2 giai oan : ngam va ra xoi. oi vi trai dau, qua trnh
ngam c rut ngan e giam ton that chat dinh dng. Sau khi ngam, ra xoi dau
trong be ngam co dong nc chay lien tuc. [2]

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2.2.2.4.Cha

Dau c em i cha e lay dch puree chuan b em nau. Nguyen tac cua
qua trnh cha la lam cho trai dau b ep manh vao mat ray co uc lo nho. Phan qua
li ray la dch puree, phan con lai thai ra la ba cha. oi vi trai dau la loai qua
mem, mong nc; lng ba cha khong ang ke. [2]
Puree sau khi cha cha khoang 10-15% ham lng chat kho.

Hnh 3. May ra qua dau

Hnh 4. May nghien

2.2.2.5.Co ac

Qua trnh co ac la bc quan trong anh hng en chat lng va cac ch tieu
cua san pham jam dau. Qua trnh lam cho san pham jam dau co nong o chat kho
cao nen co gia tr dinh dng cao, thi gian cat gi lau, chi ph bao goi, van
chuyen va bao quan giam. [2]
Viec bo sung cac phu gia cung c thc hien trong bc nay. Trc het can
them ng va co ac dch puree en ham lng chat kho khoang 60-65%. Khi o
lan lt cho acid citric, mot phan ng con lai va pectin vao e chuan b cho viec
tao gel. Acid c a vao e ha pH cua dch puree xuong khoang 3-3.5. Do
pectin de b thuy phan bi nhiet o nen viec tao gel phai thc hien cuoi qua
trnh nau. ng va pectin c chia ra thanh nhieu phan e cho vao dch co ac
e tranh hien tng pectin b von cuc lam anh hng en viec tao gel va giam gia
tr cam quan cua san pham. Qua trnh them ng va pectin c thc hien nh
sau : pha mot phan pectin va ng vao nc am, khuay cho pectin tan eu roi bat
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Che bien Jam dau

au cho vao dch ang nau. Do co bo sung them nc trong qua trnh them pectin,
dch puree phai c co ac len en 70-72% e san pham cuoi co c ham
lng chat kho la 68%.

Hnh 5. Thiet b co ac puree

2.2.2.6.Rot lo- Hoan thien

Khi san pham at c ham lng chat kho can thiet, ngng nau va tien hanh
rot vao lo thuy tinh tiet trung tiet trung, ghep nap vi o chan khong 150200mmHg. San pham jam dau co o kho cao nen khong can thanh trung, nhng
can ong hop nhanh va am bao ve sinh cong nghiep.
2.2.2.7.Hoan thien

Cac lo jam dau c lam mat nhiet o khoang 10-15oC e co the ong ac
hoan toan. Trong thi gian nay, khong nen lac ao e tranh anh hng en s
ong ac cua san pham.
Sau o la tien hanh dan nhan, bao goi va em bao quan ni kho rao. Ta a
co c san pham jam dau hoan thien.

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2.2.3.Nhng van e co the xay ra oi vi san pham

Bang 5. Nhng van e co the xay ra va cach khac phuc

S co

Nguyen nhan

Cach ngan chan

Xuat

hien 1.Co the ng khong 1.Thi gian nau phai chnh xac.

nhng

tinh c hoa tan het trong qua 2.Nen un nhanh, khong e dch

the nho trong trnh nau

long soi.

2.Nau trong thi gian dai 3. Can than lam sach dung cu rot

suot

dan en viec mat nc.

trc khi s dung.

3.ng khong hoa tan

bam vao dung cu rot, i
vao trong san pham.
Khong
mui

co 1.Trai cay cha u chn.

1.Dung trai chn cay, co mui thm.

2.Mt bao quan qua lau.

2. Nen s dung trong vong 1 nam.

3.Ni bao quan qua nong.

3.Ni bao quan phai kho, thoang

mat, tranh anh sang.

a nc

1.Qua trnh ong mt dien 1.Nen tuan theo ty le cac thanh

ra nhanh do lng acid qua phan thch hp.
nhieu va chat lng pectin 2.Nen bao quan ni kho thoang,
trong qua thap

tranh anh sang.

2.Ni bao quan qua nong.

Mt

khong 1.Qua con non.

1.Nen chon qua cng va chn.

trong suot, b 2.Dau c nau qua lau 2.Ch nen nau en khi tht qua
uc

trc khi loc.

mem.

3. Dch b lan tht qua.

3. Loc ky dch qua qua vai loc,

4. Hon hp c e qua khong cha xat vao phan tht qua.

lau trc khi rot vao chai 4.Nen rot vao chai lo khi hon hp
lo.

con nong.

Noi bot. Co 1.Neu bot nc di chuyen 1.S dung chai lo a qua kh

bieu hien h th san pham a b h hong trung. Tien hanh rot nong. Kiem
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do o kn kh khong c tra bao b trc khi bao quan.

hong.

am bao. (khong nen s 2.e dung cu rot gan mieng

dung).

chai, tien hanh rot nhanh.

2.Neu bot nc ng yen

th o la do dung cu rot at
qua xa mieng chai, hoac
rot cham lam cho khong
kh xam nhap vao hon hp.
Mt b ong 1.Pectin qua nhieu.
2.Qua trnh nau qua lau.

qua cng

1.Dung trai chn hn.

2.Nau ung thi gian quy nh.

3.t ng, v vay phai nau 3.Dung ung lng ng theo

thi gian lau e at dang yeu cau.
mt ong.
B len men. Do bao b khong kn kh Kiem tra ky bao b trc khi em
Co dau hieu nen nam men phat trien.

bao quan.

h hong.
Bien

en Do phan ng cua cac Loai bo kh ben trong lo bang

tren be mat

enzym co t nhien ben phng phap nhiet e cac phan

trong qua.

ng o khong the xay ra.

Moc (khong Khong am bao o kn kh. Tien hanh rot nong. Kiem tra tot
c

bao b.

dung)

2.3.San pham jam dau

2.3.1.Trnh bay
Do c rot nong ngay sau khi co ac, san pham thng c cha trong lo
thuy tinh, lo co mau trong suot e co the thay c o trong suot, ong nhat cua
jam. Theo tieu chuan My, lo cha thng co cac c 57g (2oz), 113g (4oz), 227g
(8oz), 340g (12oz) hoac 454g (1lb).

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2.3.2.Ch tieu chat lng

2.3.2.1.Ch tieu hoa hoc :

Nong o chat kho : 681%

Ham lng acid : 6%
pH : 3.5-4.5
2.3.2.2.Ch tieu hoa ly

o ong nhat >95%

San pham phai co o set cao. Co the th bang cach lat ngc lo
ng, neu san pham b chay hoac nho giot la khong at yeu cau.
2.3.2.3.Ch tieu cam quan

Mau : san pham phai co mau o ti t nhien, ac trng cho mau

cua giong dau Fragaria ananassa. San pham con phai co o trong
suot.
Mui : mui thm t nhien cua dau. San pham khong c co mui
cua pectin hoac mui cua ng.
V : v ngot cua ng khong c at mat v ngot t nhien cua dau.
San pham phai co v hi chua de chu cua acid.
2.3.2.4.Ch tieu ve an toan thc pham

Trong qua trnh che bien, dch qua c co ac nhiet o cao, san pham
cuoi lai co ham lng ng cao nen s xuat hien cac vi sinh vat la rat hiem.
San pham lai c rot lo va ay kn ngay sau co ac nen khong the b lay
nhiem vi sinh vat cung nh b kh xam nhap. Do o trong san pham khong can
dung en cac phu gia chong vi si vat va cac phu gia chong oxi hoa. Pectin la
phu gia co nguon goc t nhien, viec s dung ch gii han bi GMP nen san
pham noi chung la an toan.
San pham jam dau neu c ay kn va e ni kho rao, co the bao quan
en 9 thang. Sau o, san pham bat au sam mau va b va nhng van con dung
c them 3 thang na mi bat au b hong.

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Tieu luan mon CNCB Rau qua

Che bien Jam dau

2.3.3.Thanh phan dinh dng [5]

Moi 227g (8oz) jam dau cung cap khoang 210kcal (877kJ).

Hnh 6. Nang lng cung cap bi jam dau

T hnh ve, ta thay nang lng cua jam dau chu yeu c cung cap bi
cacbohydrat. ieu o cung noi len rang, trong jam dau, thanh phan protein va
lipid so vi carbohydrat la khong ang ke.
Bang 6. Thanh phan dinh dng trong 227g (8oz) dau
Chat beo
0.4g
Chat beo bao hoa
0g
Chat beo khong bao hoa a
0.2g
Chat beo khong bao hoa n
0.1
Cholesterol
0mg
Na
41mg
K
190mg
Carbohydrat
187.4g
Chat x
4.2g
Protein
0.9g

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Vit. A

15mcg

Vit. B6
Vit. C
Ca
Mg

0.1mg
71mg
23mg
16mg

Fe

1 mg

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Che bien Jam dau

3.PHU LUC

Phu luc 1. Quy nh cua Bo Y te ve nc s dung trong cong nghiep thc pham
Bang 7. Tieu chuan nc dung trong cong nghiep thc pham [2]

Ch tieu
Ch tieu vat ly
Mui v
o trong (ong Dienert)
Mau sac (thang mau Coban)
Ch tieu hoa hoc
pH
o can co nh (ot 600oC)
o cng toan phan (o c)
o cng vnh vien
CaO
MgO
Fe2O3
MnO
BO4-3
SO4-2
NH4+
NO2NO3Pb
As
Cu
Zn
F
Ch tieu vi sinh vat
Tong so vi sinh vat hieu kh
Ch so coli
Chuan so coli
Vi sinh vat gay benh

GVHD : Co Ton N Minh Nguyet

Tieu chuan
Khong
100ml
5o
6-7,8
75-150mg/l
Di 15o
7o
50-100 mg/l
50 mg/l
0,3 mg/l
0,2 mg/l
1,2-2,5 mg/l
0,5 mg/l
0,1-0,3 mg/l
Khong co
Khong co
0,1 mg/l
0,05 mg/l
2,00 mg/l
5,00 mg/l
0,3-0,5 mg/l
Di 100con/ml
Di 20con/l
Tren 50ml/con
Khong co

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Tieu luan mon CNCB Rau qua

Che bien Jam dau

4.TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1]. Tran c Ba chu bien- Lanh ong rau qua xuat khau. NXB Nong nghiep, 1993.
[2]. Nguyen Van Tiep, Quach nh, Ngo My Van- Ky thuat san xuat o hop, rau qua.
NXB Thanh nien, 1992.
[3]. Wim Jongen- Fruit and Vegetable processing- Improving quality. CRC Press, 2002.
[4]. Encyclopedia : www.reference.com
Tra cu ve dau : http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Strawberry
[5]. Nutrition Facts Calorie Counter : www.nutritiondata.com
Thanh phan dinh dng cua Jam dau : http://www.nutritiondata.com/foodsstrawberry%20jam
[6]. US PLANTS national database : http://plants.usda.gov
Phan hnh anh : http://plants.usda.gov/gallery.html

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